ANNALS 


OF 


PENNSYLVANIA, 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  DELAWARE. 


BY 


SAMUEL  HAZARD, 


EDITOR   OP   "the   EEGISTER   OF   PENNSYLVANIA,"   AND    "THE    UNITED    STATES    COMUEECIAL   AND 

STATISTICAL   EEGISTER," 

MEMBER    OF  THE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY    OF   PENNSYLVANIA, 

AND  CORRESPONDING  MEMBER  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY,  AND  OP  THE 

AMERICAN  STATISTICAL  ASSOCIATION  OF  BOSTON. 


1609—1682. 


PHILADELPHIA  *. 

HAZARD    AND    MITCHELL, 

No.  178    CHESTNUT    STREET. 

1850. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1850,  by 

SAMUEL    HAZARD, 

in  the  Office  of  the  Clerk  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


STEREOirPED   BY   L.  JOHNSON   *   CO. 

PHILADELPHIA. 

PRINTED    BY   KITE   k   WALTON. 


r  n  Tn:r  IFORNIA 

"^  ^  ,  -:TA  BAKBAfiA 


H35 


PREFACE. 


The  appearance  of  the  present  volume  has  been  delayed  much  longer  than 
was  anticipated  when  the  prospectus  was  issued.  Judging  from  the  inci- 
dental allusions,  in  the  works  already  published,  to  events  prior  to  the  arrival 
of  William  Penn,  the  author  was  impressed  with  the  belief  that  few  materials 
existed  in  relation  to  the  early  settlements  on  the  River  Delaware,  and  felt  a 
desire  that,  if  others  did  exist,  they  should  be  discovered,  in  order  to  render 
more  complete  our  history  from  the  period  of  the  first  European  attempts  at 
settlement  and  civilization.  It  was  astonishing  to  find  how  little  was  known 
of  these  attempts,  even  by  many  persons  well  acquainted  with  our  subsequent 
history;  while,  by  a  large  portion  of  our  citizens,  the  fact  of  settlements 
having  been  made  many  years  previously  to  the  appearance  of  Penn,  will  be, 
perhaps,  at  this  day,  learned  with  surprise.  "With  a  strong  desire  to  supply 
the  defect,  the  author  was  induced  to  undertake  the  task  of  exploring  this 
comparatively  untrodden  field.  Happily,  through  the  liberality  and  care  of 
the  Legislature  of  New  York,  (whose  early  history  was  intimately  blended 
with  our  own,)  the  means  of  gratifying  this  desire  were  placed  within  his 
reach.  Many  of  the  original  Dutch  documents  have  been  preserved,  and,  at 
the  expense  of  that  body,  translated  by  a  gentleman  from  Holland,  fully 
competent  to  the  task  in  all  respects,  except  in  a  perfect  knowledge  of  our 
language.  The  result  of  his  labour  is  nearly  thirty  volumes,  bound,  and 
furnished  with  an  ample  index :  these,  with  many  other  records  in  the  Secre- 
tary's of&ce  at  Albany,  were,  during  a  protracted  visit  there,  diligently 
examined,  and  extracts  made  from  them  of  such  portions  as  suited  the  pur- 
pose ;  generally  in  the  language  of  the  record.  In  them  will  be  found  an 
almost  unbroken  series  of  events,  from  the  first  connection  of  the  settlements 
of  the  Dutch  on  the  Delaware  with  those  on  the  Hudson,  illustrating  at  the 
same  time  the  history  of  both.  Further  additions  having  been  made,  under 
the  patronage  of  the  same  legislature,  through  the  researches  of  Mr.  Brodhead, 
their  agent  in  Europe,  which  have  been  referred  to  on  page  42, — to  these, 
also,  the  author  had  free  access :  a  portion  of  them,  however,  being  from 
Holland,  and  in  the  Dutch  language,  was,  on  that  account,  not  available, 
with  the  exception  of  some  extracts  which  he  caused  to  be  translated.  They 
are  understood  to  contain  important  matter  connected  with  our  history,  and 
it  is  believed  that  Mr.  O'Callaghan  (whose  late  excellent  work  on  New  Nether- 


ly  PREFACE. 

lauJs  has  frequently  supplied  our  deficiency)  is  engaged  in  the  translation 
of  them.  It  is  therefore  hoped,  that,  in  a  few  years,  they  may  add  much  to 
our  present  stock  of  knowledge.  From  the  English  documents,  obtained 
also  by  Mr.  Brodhead,  has  been  ascertained,  as  the  author  thinks,  with  some 
degree  of  accuracy,  the  period  of  the  arrival  of  the  Swedes  upon  the  Dela- 
ware, a  question  hitherto  involved  in  doubt  and  uncertainty.  For  the 
remaining  portion  of  the  Swedish  history,  the  documents  furnished  to  the 
American  Philosophical  Society  by  our  former  Minister  to  Sweden,  Mr.  Rus- 
sell, and  which  were  published  some  years  since  in  the  Register  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, have  been  chiefly  relied  upon.  No  doubt  many  valuable  records  remain 
among  the  archives  of  Sweden,  which  ought  to  be  obtained,  for  the  purpose 
of  rendering  the  history  of  her  people  on  our  shores  more  complete. 

Another  desirable  object  of  research  connected  Avith  this  early  period,  was 
the  arrival  and  settlement  of  the  English  on  our  river,  respecting  which  but 
little  was  known.  As  the  fii'st  attempts  were  made  by  New  Haven  and  other 
parts  of  New  England,  the  author,  (notwithstanding  the  records  of  the  United 
Colonies  had  been  generally  examined  by  his  father,  and  published  in  his 
Historical  Collections,)  supposing  that  some  facts  could  be  found  which  had  not 
attracted  his  attention,  carefully  examined  the  records  in  New  Haven,  Hart- 
ford, Boston,  and  Plymouth,  as  well  in  the  public  oflaces  as  in  possession  of 
Historical  Societies  there,  and  in  New  York ;  which  research,  though  not 
very  fruitful,  furnished  some  documents,  which  appear  in  their  proper  places 
in  this  work.  Besides  these,  the  records  at  New  Castle  and  Dover  have  been 
put  under  requisition  for  information  respecting  the  English,  after  the  dis- 
appearance of  the  Dutch  and  Swedes.  Much  valuable  matter  was  thence 
obtained,  especially  at  the  former  place,  respecting  the  courts,  (which  then, 
under  the  governors  at  New  York,  managed  affairs  of  both  church  and  state,) 
early  grants  of  land,  the  landing,  and  taking  possession  by  Penn,  &c.  The 
records  in  our  own  public  offices  have  not  furnished  much  information  rela- 
tive to  this  period,  though  they  no  doubt  will  be  of  value  for  the  subsequent 
portion  of  the  work. 

From  these,  and  all  other  promising  sources,  the  author  has  endeavoured, 
with  much  labour,  time,  and  expense,  to  obtain  the  most  authentic  infor- 
mation of  this  early  period,  in  which  but  little  assistance  could  be  derived 
from  books  or  individuals.  Only  they  who  have  been  in  the  practice  of 
examining  ancient  records,  can  appreciate  the  difficulty  frequently  attend- 
ing it,  in  deciphering  the  names  of  persons  and  places,  &c.  This  is  men- 
tioned to  account,  in  part,  for  the  variety  used  in  printing  names,  it  being 
often  impossible  to  ascertain  the  correct  mode  of  spelling,  as  well  as  the 
person  or  place  intended.  In  general,  the  mode  adopted  by  the  writers  has 
been  employed.  Many  places  cannot,  at  the  present  time,  be  identified  by 
the  name. 


PREFACE.  y 

With  regard  to  dates,  it  lias  also  been  sometimes  found  difficult  to  ascertain 
whether  they  belong  to  the  old  or  new  style,  as  the  documents  do  not  always 
occur  in  such  juxtaposition  as,  in  the  absence  of  other  marks,  would  indicate 
it.  The  Dutch  having  adopted  the  new  style  prior  to  1600,  their  dates  are 
so  considered  in  this  volume.  The  Swedes  did  not  make  the  change  till 
1753,  but  the  materials  being  few,  and  having  nothing  to  mark  the  period 
to  which  they  belong,  the  dates  found  in  them  are  given,  which  we  suppose 
to  be  old  style.  The  English  adopted  the  present  mode  in  1752,  one  year 
before  the  Swedes,  and  their  dates  are,  of  course,  old  style.  The  dates  in 
the  margin  are  designed  to  be  neio  style ;  when  they  occur  in  the  text,  old 
style,  which  it  has  been  thought  best  sometimes  to  preserve,  as  some  docu- 
ments have  been  so  long  recognised  by  their  dates  as  to  be  familiar  to  the 
memory.  Dates  in  old  style,  by  the  addition  of  ten  days,  are  converted 
into  new  style  for  the  margin ;  by  which  means,  if  any  apparent  discrepancy 
between  dates  and  events  occur,  they  may  be  tested.  Although  great  pains 
has  been  taken  to  render  them  correct,  it  is  possible  some  errors  may  be 
noticed. 

Throughout  this  work,  therefore,  the  main  object  has  been,  by  the  intro- 
duction of  facts,  documents,  and  even  personal  correspondence,  of  every 
variety  of  form  and  importance,  to  trace  the  settlements  on  the  river  from 
their  commencement,  and  by  them  to  show  the  character  and  circumstances 
of  the  different  nations  who,  for  seventy  years,  had  possession  before  the 
arrival  of  Penn;  and  the  state  of  the  country  when  he  first  appeared.  We, 
at  this  day,  can  hardly  estimate  the  peculiar  difficulties  and  dangers  to  which 
the  handful  of  Dutch  who  originally  seated  themselves  at  Fort  Nassau  were 
exposed,  in  the  midst  of  forests,  and  among  savages,  who  then,  for  the  first  time, 
beheld  the  white  man ;  and,  considering  the  natural  ferocity  and  barbarity  of 
the  natives,  we  cannot  but  wonder  that  that  feeble  company  was  not  imme- 
diately destroyed,  and  every  subsequent  attempt  at  settlement  rendered 
abortive.  With,  however,  the  exceptions  recorded,  we  find  but  few  instances 
of  great  cruelty  exercised  towards  them.  In  a  few  years,  another  nation  (the 
Swedes)  approaches;  conflicts  and  jealousies  ensue  between  the  two  races  of 
white  men,  while  the  savages,  as  they  gradually  mingle  with  them,  become 
still  more  peaceable  and  friendly,  unless  when  stimulated  to  espouse  the  cause 
of  one  or  the  other  of  the  rival  parties.  After  dwelling  together  in  this 
manner  for  some  years,  making  but  little  progress,  one  nation  drives  the 
other  from  these  shores,  and  for  a  while  maintains  the  sole  command  of  the 
river.  A  third  power  then  appears,  and  both  of  the  former  nations  vanish. 
Being  a  people  homogeneous  in  their  character  and  views,  order  is  established, 
as  well  as  courts  and  churches;  lands  are  taken  up  and  settled  on  all  sides; 
towns  are  erected;  the  ferocity  of  the  savages  becomes  more  subdued,  and 
the  prospect  brightens  for  the  future.     Still  was  wanting  a  man  who,  by  his 


yl  PKEFACE. 

prudence,  wisdom,  and  enlarged  views,  sHould  command 'the  confidence  and 
respect  of  the  people  and  the  natives ;  who  would  improve  the  present  favour- 
able condition  of  the  country,  though  comparatively  still  a  wilderness,  and 
lay  the  foundation  of  a  great  and  happy  province.  For  this  purpose.  Provi- 
dence appears  to  have  made  provision,  by  opening  the  way,  and  selecting 
the  person  best  fitted,  under  all  the  circumstances,  for  the  occasion — 
our  illustrious  founder,  William  Penn  ;  whose  course,  from  the  time  of 
receiving  the  charter  to  his  taking  possession  of  the  country,  and  establishing 
the  government,  has  been  traced  in  this  volume,  by  collecting  and  introducing 
all  his  public  acts  connected  with  that  period.  A  desire  to  do  this,  and  thus 
finish  the  first  part  of  the  plan,  has  increased  the  size  of  the  volimie  beyond 
the  stipulated  limits.  The  present  volume  may  be  considered  either  as  com- 
plete in  itself,  for  the  period  embraced  in  it,  or  as  preliminary  to  what  may 
succeed  it.  As  will  be  seen,  it  includes  a  large  portion  of  the  early  history 
of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  Maryland. 

The  form  of  annals,  which  has  been  adopted  in  this  work,  has  been  pre- 
ferred, as  best  suited  to  the  introduction  of  isolated  facts,  but  especially 
because,  by  a  regular  chronological  series  of  events,  their  connection  with 
each  other  is  more  apparent.  It  is  from  facts  that  history  derives  its  import- 
ance, not  from  a  selection  of  a  few  striking  incidents,  embellished  by  fascinat- 
ing language,  and  perhaps  distorted  by  the  views  of  the  author.  The  habits, 
manners,  and  customs  of  a  people  are  best  ascertained  by  their  prevailing 
practices  and  sentiments,  as  derived  from  their  own  records  and  correspond- 
ence. Under  this  impression  the  author  has,  in  a  great  measure,  confined 
himself  to  them,  believing  his  readers  as  competent  as  himself  to  form  a  just 
estimate  of  the  people,  and  draw  the  proper  inference  from  the  events.  For 
the  purpose  of  facilitating  investigation,  marginal  notes  have  been  intro- 
duced ;  the  names  of  the  kings  and  governors  during  whose  administration 
the  events  oceun-ed,  as  well  as  the  year,  have  been  printed  at  the  head  of 
the  page,  and  a  reference  to  the  authorities  at  the  bottom  of  it.  The  docu- 
ments are  placed  in  connection  with  the  events.  To  the  whole,  a  copious 
Index  is  added,  of  which  necessary  appendage,  it  is  to  be  regretted,  the  pre- 
vious histories  of  this  state,  as  well  as  of  many  others,  are  entirely  deficient. 

The  volume  is  commended  to  the  candid  attention  of  the  reader,  with  the 
hope  it  may  afford  information  and  amusement. 


:aiit!inntb  xtfmtt  k  k  tjiis  Mum. 


MANUSCRIPTS. 

Albany  Records,  translated  by  Vanderkemp. 

Holland  Documents,  in  Dutch,  procured  by  J.  R.  Brodhead. 

London  Documents,  "  "  " 

New  Haven  Court  and  Colony  Records. 

Records  of  the  United  New  England  Colonies,  at  Hartford,  Boston,  and  Plymouth. 

Records  in  the  OflSce  of  the  Secretary  of  State  at  Boston. 

Trumbull  MSS.,  at  New  Haven,  and  in  possession  of  Massachusetts  Historical 

Society,  Boston. 
New  Castle  Records. 
Records  at  Dover,  Delaware, 
Records  of  Chester,  at  West  Chester ;  and  also  Records  of  Upland  Court,  in 

possession  of  the  Logan  Family. 
Records  at  Harrisburg. 
Records  at  Philadelphia. 
Records  of  Bucks  County,  at  Doylestown. 
Records  of  Swedes'  Church,  Philadelphia. 
Miller,  and  other  MSS.,  in  New  York  Historical  Society. 
MSS.  in  possession  of  American  Philosophical  Society,  Philadelphia. 
MSS.  of  Du  Simitiere,  in  Philadelphia  Library. 
Letter-Book  of  James  Claypoole,  in  possession  of  W.  P.  Foulke,  Esq. 
Pemberton  MSS.,  in  possession  of  the  family. 


LIST  OF  PRINTED  WORKS. 
{More  paiiicularly  referred  to  where  quoted  in  the  wcnrk.) 

E.  Hazard's  Historical  Collections. 

Stith's  and  Beverly's  Histories  of  Virginia. 

Smith's  History  of  New  York. 

Collections  of  Historical  Society  of  New  York,  (for  Acrelius,  and  other  early 

writers.) 
O'Callaghan's  History  of  New  Netherlands. 
Collections  of  Historical  Society  of  Massachusetts. 
Belknap's  American  Biography. 
Clarkson's  Life  of  Penn. 

Tii 


y[[\  LIST  OF  AUTHORITIES. 

Brodhead's  Address  to  New  York  Historical  Society. 

Purchas's  Pilgrims. 

Argonautica  Gustaviana,  in  Cambridge  Library. 

Loccenius's  History  of  Sweden,  (quoted.) 

Trumbull's  History  of  Connecticut. 

Winthrop's  Journal,  with  Savage's  Notes. 

Chalmers's  Political  Annals. 

Smith's  New  Jersey. 

Mickle's  Reminiscences  of  Gloucester. 

New  Albion,  by  Plantaganet,  in  the  Philadelphia  Library. 

Edwards's  History  of  the  Baptists  in  New  Jersey. 

Memoirs  of  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  (for  Campanius,  translated  by 

Duponceau,  &c.) 
Histories  of  Maryland,  by  Bozman,  McMahon,  and  McSherry. 
Bancroft's  United  States. 

Collection  of  Laws,  &c.,  of  New  Jersey,  by  Leaming  and  Spicer. 
Proud's  and  Gordon's  Histories  of  Pennsylvania. 
Watson's  Annals. 
Moulton's  History  of  New  York. 
Thurlow's  State  Papers. 
Votes  of  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania. 
Mulford's  History  of  New  Jersey. 
Gordon's  Gazetteer  of  New  Jersey. 
Gorton's  Biographical  Dictionary. 
Johnson's  History  of  Salem. 
S.  Hazard's  Register  of  Pennsylvania. 
Breviat  of  Evidence  in  case  of  Penn  and  Lord  Baltimore. 
Delaware  Register. 

Foote's  Anniversary  Address  to  Drawyers'  Congregation. 
Kingsley's  Anniversary  Address  at  New  Haven. 
King's  Address  to  New  Jersey  Historical  Society. 
Clay's  Annals  of  the  Swedes. 
Ferris's  Early  Settlements  on  Delaware. 
Hawks's  History  of  Episcopal  Church. 


ANNALS 

OF 


PENNSYLYANIA. 


1609. 

Without  noticing  the  laloours  and  discoveries  of  the  nu- 
merous navigators,  (from  the  time  of  Columbus,)  of  the 
American  continent  generally,  it  is  our  intention  to  confine 
ourselves  to  those  whose  more  immediate  claim  is  asserted  to 
the  discovery  of  the  Bay  and  River  Delaware. 

In  an  official  report  drawn  up  by  a  Dutch  Chamber,  from  claimants  of 
documents  and  papers  placed  in  their  hands,  December  15,  *'^'^  discove- 

.  .  l  T.  .  .        .  .       '    ry  of  the  De- 

1644,  it  is  said  that  "  New  Netherland,  situate  in  America,  laware. 
between  English  Virginia  and  New  England,  extending  from 
the  South  (Delaware)  Eiver,  lying  in  latitude  38J°,  to  Cape 
Malabar,  in  latitude  4li^°,  was  first  frequented  by  the  inha- 
bitants of  this  country  in  the  year  1598,  and  especially  by 
those  of  the  Greenland  Company,  but  without  making  any 
fixed  settlements,  only  as  a  shelter  in  the  winter;  for  which 
purpose  they  erected  there  two  little  forts  on  the  South  and 
North  Rivers,  against  the  incursions  of  the  Indians."^ 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  Lord  Delaware  have  also  been  sir  Waiter 
mentioned  as  discoverers  of  the  Delaware.  With  regard  to  ^'^^^'s^- 
the  former,  it  is  by  no  means  certain  that  he  ever  was  in  this 
country  at  all.  It  is  true,  he  obtained  a  patent  for  Virginia, 
and  was  engaged  in  fitting  out  an  expedition ;  but  Stith,  the 
historian  of  Virginia,  asserts  that  he  "  did  not  come  himself, 
as  hath  been  generally,  though  erroneously,  thought."^ 

It  is  said  that  Lord  Delaware  "  touched  at  Delaware  Bay  ^ord 
bn  his  passage  to  Virginia,  in  1610 ;"  from  this  circumstance  Delaware. 

'  See  tliis  report  at  length  in  O'Callaghan's  History  of  New  Netherlands, 
vol.  i.  p.  418.  2  Stith's  History  of  Virginia,  p.  8. 

1  A  1 


DISCOVERY  OF  DELAWARE  RIVER. 


1609. 


llonry 
Hudson. 


Aug.  28. 


Hudson's 
Journal  of 
voyage. 


the  bay  prohahhj  received  his  name,  and  may  have  given  to 
him  the  credit  of  its  discovery,  as  it  was  so  called  in  a  letter 
from  Captain  Argall,  written  from  Virginia  in  1612."^  But 
if  this  be  the  fact,  it  did  not  take  place  till  one  year  after 
the  well-known  visit  of  Henry  Hudson  in  1609,  to  whom  his- 
torians, almost  universally,  now  concede  the  most  rightful 
claim  to  the  honour  of  the  discovery. 

Henry  Hudson  was,  by  birth,  an  Englishman,  but  had  been 
for  some  time  previously  to,  and  at  the  time  of  the  discovery, 
employed  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company. 
The  subject  of  a  north-west  passage  to  China  at  this  time 
occupying  much  attention,  he  was  engaged  by  that  company 
as  captain  and  supercargo  of  the  ship  or  "  yagt  Halve- 
Maan,^  or  Half-Moon,  of  40  lasts  or  80  tons  burthen."  She 
left  the  Texel,  April  9,  1609,^  but  did  not  reach  the  Dela- 
ware till  28th  of  August  following ;  and  though  it  does  not 
appear  that  he  was  on  shore,  yet  he  examined  its  soundings 
and  currents,  and  the  appearance  of  the  land.^  Both  the 
English  and  the  Dutch  laid  claim  to  the  honour  of  the  dis- 
covery, and  the  right  to  the  land ;  the  former,  from  the  cir- 
cumstance of  his  birth ;  the  latter,  from  the  fact  of  his  being 
actually  in  their  service  at  the  time,  and  under  their  flag. 

The  journal  of  Hudson,  as  well  as  that  of  Robert  Juet,  his 
mate,  have  both  been  preserved  in  "Purchas's  Pilgrims;"^ 
the  former  is  republished  in  the  first  volume  of  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  and  the  latter  in 
vol.  i.  N.  S.,  of  the  same,  page  320.  Of  Hudson's,  DeLaet, 
in  his  <'  New  World, "^  has  furnished  the  following  summary  : 

"  The  Directors  of  the  authorized  East  India  Company,  in 
the  year  1609,  despatched  the  '  yacht  Half-Moon,'  under  the 
command  of  Henry  Hudson,  captain  and  supercargo,  to  seek 
a  passage  to  China  by  the  N.  E.  But  he  changed  his  course, 
(owing  to  ice,)  and  stood  over  towards  New  France,  and 
having  passed  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  in  lat.  43°  23',  he 
made  the  land  in  lat.  44°  15',  with  a  W.  N.  W.  and  N.  W. 
course,  and  went  on  shore,  at  a  place  where  there  were  many 


»  N.  Y.  Historical  Collections,  N.  S.,  vol.  i.  p.  320. 

2  Brodhead"s  Address  to  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc,  p.  14. 

3  Ibid.     The  date  heretofore  given  for  her  sailing  is  6th  of  April.    The  pre- 
sent date  was  obtained  by  Mr.  B.  from  a  document  still  in  existence. 

*  Belknap's  Am.  Biog.  vol.  ii.  p.  397. 

5  Purchas's  Pilgrims,  vol.  iii.  pp.  510,  567,  London  ed.  1625. 

6  See  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  N.  S.,  vol,  i.  pp.  85,  290. 


JOURNALS  OF  HUDSON'S  VOYAGE.  3 

of  the  natives,  with  whom,  as  he  understood,  the  French  came    1609. 
every  year  to  trade.^     Sailing  hence,  his  course  was  to  the     '    •    ' 
S.,  until  running  S.  S.  W.  and  S.  W.  hy  S.,  he  again  made 
land  in  41°  43',  which  he  supposed  to  he  an  island,  and  gave  Hudson's 
to  it  the  name  of  New  Holland ;  hut  afterwards  discovered  f.°''T^  '"''^' 

^ '  ^  tinued. 

that  it  was  Cape  Cod.  Pursuing  his  course  to  the  S.,  he 
again  saw  land,  in  lat.  37°  15'.  The  coast  was  low,  running 
N.  and  S.,  and  opposite  to  it  lay  a  bank  or  shoal,  within 
which  was  a  depth  of  8,  9,  10,  11,  7,  and  6|  fathoms,  with 
a  sandy  bottom.  This  he  called  Dry  Cape,  (supposed  to  be 
Chesapeake  Bay  and  Cape  Charles.)  Changing  his  course 
to  the  northward,  he  again  discovered  land,  in  lat.  38°  9', 
where  there  was  a  white  sandy  shore,  and  within  appeared  a 
thick  grove  of  trees,  full  of  green  foliage.  The  direction  of 
the  coast  was  N.  N.  E.  and  S.  S.  W.  for  about  24  miles  ; 
then  N.  and  S.  for  21  miles,  and  afterwards  S.  E.  and  N.  W. 
for  15  miles.  They  continued  to  run  along  this  coast  to  the 
N.  until  they  reached  a  point  from  which  the  land  stretches 
to  W.  and  N.  W.,  where  several  rivers  discharge  into  an  open 
bay.  Land  was  seen  to  the  E.  and  N.  E.,  which  Hudson  at 
first  took  to  be  an  island,  but  it  proved  to  be  the  main  land, 
and  the  second  point  of  the  bay,  in  lat.  38°  54'.  (This  was, 
without  doubt.  Cape  May,  now  laid  down  in  lat.  38°  57', 
varying  only  3'  from  the  observations  of  Hudson ;  the  re- 
mainder of  the  description  applies  well  enough  to  Delaware 
Bay  and  River,  now  first  discovered  by  the  Dutch.)  Standing 
in  upon  a  course  N.  W.  by  E,,  they  soon  found  themselves 
embayed,  and  encountering  many  breakers,  stood  out  again 
to  the  S.  S.  E.  Hudson  suspected  that  a  large  river  dis- 
charged into  the  bay,  from  the  strength  of  the  current  that 
set  out,  and  caused  the  accumulation  of  sands  and  shoals. 
They  then  continued  along  the  coast  towards  Sandy  Hook."^ 

The  following  is  the  mate's  account,  or  log-book,  of  that 
portion  of  the  voyage  : 

"Friday,  Aug.  28.     Fair  and  hot  weather;  wind  S.  S.  W.  rom. Juet'3 
In  the  morning  at  6  o'clock  we  weighed,  and  steered  away  Journal  of 
N.  12  leagues  till  noon,  and  came  to  the  point  of  the  land ; 
and  being  hard  by  the  land,  in  5  fathoms,  on  a  sudden  we 
came  into  3  fathoms ;  then  we  bore  up,  and  had  but  10  feet 

'  Supposed  near  the  mouth  of  Penobscot,  or  a  small  French  settlement,  now 
Annapolis,  N.  S. 

2  N.  Y.  Hist.  S.  Coll.  vol.  i.  N.  S.  p.  290.     De  Laet's  description. 


the  Toyage. 


4  NAMES  OF  THE  DELAWARE. 

1609.     "water,  and  joined  to  the  jDomt.     Then  as  soon  as  "we  were 

"^^^ —     over,  we  had  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  12,  and  13  fathoms.     Then  we 

found  the  land  to  trend  away  N.  W.  with  a  great  bay  and 

Juefs  rivers.      But  the  hay  we  found  shoal,  and  in  the  ofiBng  we  had 

^u^! ''°°  10  fathoms,  and  had  sight  of  breaches  and  dry  sands.  Then, 
we  were  forced  to  stand  back  again,  so  we  stood  back  S.  E. 
by  S.  3  leagues,  and  at  7  o'clock  we  anchored  in  8  fathoms 
water,  and  found  a  tide  set  N.  W.  and  N.  N.  W.,  and  it  rises 
1  fathom  and  flows  S.  S.  E.  And  he  that  will  thoroughly 
discover  this  great  bay,  must  have  a  small  pinnace,  that  must 
draw  but  four  or  five  foot  water,  to  sound  before  him.  At  5 
in  the  morning  we  weighed,  and  steered  away  to  the  eastward 
on  many  courses,  for  the  more  northern  land  is  full  of  shoals ; 
we  were  among  them,  and  once  we  struck  and  we  went  away, 
and  steered  away  to  the  S.  E.,  so  that  we  had  2,  3,  4,  5,  6, 
and  7  fathoms,  and  so  deeper  and  deeper."^ 

The  bay  and  river  have  been  known  by  different  names  at 

Names  of      different  times,  according  to  the  nations  who  have  occupied. 

myeT  Thus,  for  instance,  the  Indians  called  it  Poutaxat,  Mariskit- 
ton,  and  Makerish-kisken  ;  Lenape  Wihittuck ;  the  Dutch, 
Zuydt,  or  South  River,  Nassau  Eiver,  Prince  Hendrick,  or 
Charles's  River ;  by  the  Swedes,  New  Swedeland  Stream  ;  by 
the  English,  Delaware ;  Heylin,  in  his  Cosmography,  calls  it 
Arasapha.  The  bay  has  also  been  known  as  New  Port  May, 
Godyn's  Bay. 

Owing  to  the  destruction  of  documents  in  Holland,  there 
is  no  satisfactory  information  of  events  for  several  years  after 
this  period. 

1614. 
In  consequence  of  numerous  petitions,  "by  certain  raer- 
March27.      chants  interested  in  maritime  discovery,"  presented  to  the 
High  and  Mighty  States-General  of  Holland,  a  general  edict 
was  passed  in  favour  of  all  persons  who  had,  or  should  there- 
after,   discover    « any   new    courses,    havens,    countries,    or 
places,  of  the  exclusive  privilege   of  resorting  to,  and  fre- 
gpeciaiprivi-  qucuting  the  same  for  four  voyages."     Persons  contravening 
?to«°t?-  ^^  ^^^^®  ^^^^-*^®  *°  ^^^  confiscation  of  their  vessels,  and  a  fine 
ers.  of  50,000  Netherland  ducats,  to  the  profit  of  the  discoverer. 

The  discoverer,  in  fourteen  days  after  his  return  from  the 

1  N.  Y.  Hist.  S.  Coll.  vol.  i.  p.  130;  vol.  i.  N.  S.,  p.  320.  De  Laet,  pp.  302, 
320.     Proud,  ii.  291. 


VISIT  OF  CAPTAIN  MEY  TO  THE  DELAWARE.  5 

voyage,  ^as  required  to   deliver  to  the  States-General,  "  a     1614. 
pertinent  report  of  his  discoveries."     If  one  or  more  com-     ' — • — ' 
panies  discover  the  same  countries  "within  the  same  time," 
then  they  unitedly  were  to  enjoy  the  privilege  of  the  four 
voyages,  the  time  when  they  shall  cease  to  be  determined  by 
the  States,  who  were  also  to  settle  any  differences  arising.^ 

Five  vessels  were  fitted  out  by  merchants  of  Amsterdam,  Five  vessels 
&c.,  under  this  edict,  one  of  which,  called  the   "  Fortune,"  I^n^fi"'" 
belonging  to  Hoorn,  was  commanded  by  Captain   Cornelis  America.  Af- 
Jacobsen  Mey ;  he,  with  Captain  Adriaen  Block,  and  Hendrick  on'e^'b^iit 
Cortiansen,  of  the  Tiger,  and  another  vessel  also  named  For-  and  another 
tune,  besides  two  others,  proceeded  on  an  exploring  expedition  turTof  four 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Manhattan  River,  where  Block's  vessel  was  to  HoUand. 
unfortunately  destroyed  by  fire.     In  order  to  supply  its  place,  ^J^„  ^^^^^^ 
he  immediately  commenced  building  a  yacht  of  38  feet  keel,  '^  the  Deia- 
44|  feet  long,  and  llj  feet  wide.     This  was  the  first  vessel  ^"^^^ 
constructed  in  this  country  by  Europeans.     She  was  called 
the  ^^  Restless  "  of  about  16  tons  burden.     All  these  vessels 
were  employed  in  maKing  discoveries  at  the  eastward,  except 
the  Fortune,  Captain  Mey,  who  went  south,  and  arrived  at 
the  Delaware  Bay ;  from  him  the  eastern  cape  was  called 
Cape  May,  and  the  western,  Cape  Cornelis,  while  the  princi- 
pal cape  was  named  Hindlopen ;-  some  say  after  a  town  in 
Friesland,  and  others  from  Ilmer  Hinlop.     These  explora- 
tions being  completed,  the  vessels  all  returned  to  Holland,  to 
make  their  report,  except  the  "Restless,"  which  being  placed 
under  command  of  Captain  Hendrickson,  was  left  for  the 
purpose  of  more  minute  examination  of  the  coast.     She  pro- 
ceeded to  the  Delaware  for  information  regarding  the  country, 
as  well  as  the  native  trade.^ 

Deputies  of  the  United  Company  of  Merchants  who  had  October  11. 
discovered   "New  Netherland,"  made  a  report  of  it  to  their  Reportofdis- 
Hi^jh  Mightinesses  the  States-General,  and  asked  for  a  special  '=°^<="';^' ^'^ 

P      ,       ~  ^  request  for 

edict  in  their  favour,  agreeably  to  the  terms  of  the  general  confirmation 

ordinance  of  the  27th  March.     They  stated,  that  at  great  f  ^^"^  p^'"" 

•'  '_  _  c         leges  pro- 

expense  and  heavy  damage  to  themselves,  arising  from  the  misedby 

loss  of  vessels,  during  the  last  year,  they  had,  with  five  ships 

owned  by  them,  discovered  and  explored  certain  new  lands 


edict  of  27  th 
March. 


'  Brodhead's  Address,  p.  15.     Holl.  Doc.  i.  15,  17,  19,  translated  at  length  in 
OCallaghan,  vol.  i.  p.  71. 

2  The  cape  now  failed  Henlopen  was  then  Cornelis. 
'  OCall.  75.     De  Laet.     Brodhead,  p.  19. 

a2 


6  DISCOVERY  OF  THE  RIVER  SCHUYLKILL. 

1614.  lying  in  America,  between  New  France  and  Virginia,  in  the 
"— ^' — '  latitude  of  from  40  to  45  degrees,  w^hich  they  called  "  New 
Netherland."  They  also  presented  a  map  of  the  newly- 
discovered  country ;  it  is  about  three  feet  long,  and  is  spoken 
of  as  a  faithful  delineation  of  the  Hudson  River,  as  far  as 
Albany,  made  within  five  years  after  its  discovery,  and 
"perhaps  by  one  of  the  companions  of  Hudson  himself."  A 
fac-simile  of  it  is  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  at 
Albany.^ 

After  hearing  the  report,  and  examining  the  map,  their 
PrivUegesse-  High  Mightinesses  ordained  that  the  owners  of  the  ships 
cured  by  gpe-p        Captain  De  With;  the  Tiger  and  Fortune,  Captains 

cial  edict,  Co-  '  ^  ,  °  .  .         ^ 

tober  11.  Adriaen  Block  and  Hendrick  Cortiansen ;  the  ship  Nighten- 
gale, Captain  Volkertsen,  and  the  ship  Fortune,  Captain 
Jacobsen  Mey,  now  united  into  one  company,  be  authorized 
and  allowed  "  exclusively  to  navigate  to  the  said  newly-dis- 
covered lands  lying  in  America,  between  New  France  and 
Virginia,  the  coast  of  which  is  situated  in  latitude  from  40° 
to  45°,  now  called  'New  Netherlands,'  for  four  voyages, 
within  the  period  of  three  years,  commencing  the  1st  January, 
1615,  next  ensuing,  or  sooner,  without  any  other  persons 
directly  or  indirectly,  shall  be  at  liberty,  out  of  these  United 
Netherlands,  to  sail  to,  navigate  to,  or  frequent  the  said 
newly  discovered  lands,  havens,  or  places,  within  the  said 
period  of  three  years,  under  pain  of  confiscation  of  ships  and 
cargoes  wherewith  the  same  shall  be  attempted,  contrary  to 
this  decree,  and  of  a  fine  of  50,000  Netherland  ducats,  to  the 
benefit  of  the  aforesaid  discoverers,  &c."  They  do  not  intend 
to  prejudice  or  curtail  former  grants,  and  reserve  the  right  to 
decide  in  any  cases  of  disagreement ;  it  was  dated  at  the 
Hague,  October  11.^ 

1616. 

Captain  Hendrickson,  in  the  "Restless,"  which  had  been 

Capt  Hen-     left  for  the  purpose  of  more  particularly  examining  the  coast, 

'^for.ul^  and  especially  the  Delaware,  having  completed  these  objects, 

coveryofthe  and  asccnded  that  river  as  high  as  the  Schuylkill,  which  river 

Schuylkill,     it  appears  he  discovered  about  this  time,  also  took  his  de- 
August  18.  /•       TT  n       1  1  • 

parture  tor  Holland ;  on  his  arrival,  made  a  report  of  his  dis- 
coveries, and  demanded,  under  the  edict  of  27th  March,  1614, 

1  Brodhead's  Address,  p.  16.     Holl.  Doc.  p.  39. 

2  Ibid.  p.  53.     Holl.  Doc.  i.  p.  47.     O'Callaghan,  i.  p.  76. 


DEATH  OF  LORD  DELAWARE.  7 

the  exclusive  privilege  therein  promised.     From  some  cause,     1616. 
not  exactly  known,  his  application  proved  unsuccessful.     His      ' — ^ — ^ 
report  is  among  the   Holland  documents,  and  furnishes  but 
little  information.     He  speaks  of  "having   discovered  and  ms report 
explored  certain  lands,  a  bay,  and  three  rivers,  situated  be-  *°<i™fP^5 

^  .  ^^ys  three 

tween  38°  and  40°,  in  a  small  yacht  of  16   tons   burden,  natives;  ub 
named  the  '  Onrust,'  (Restless.)  which  had  been  built  at  Man-  P'^««°'if°'^ 

'     ^     ,  '  .  privileges 

hattan."  He  also  furnished  a  very  curious  map,  drawn  on  not  granted, 
parchment,  about  2  feet  long  and  18  inches  wide,  and  "  exe- 
cuted in  the  most  elegant  style  of  art;"  showing,  "  very  accu- 
rately," the  coast  from  Nova  Scotia  to  the  Capes  of  Virginia, 
&c.  A  fac-simile  of  this  map  is  also  at  Albany.  This  report 
was  probably  a  verbal  one,  as  the  States,  prior  to  deciding 
upon  his  application,  required  one  in  writing,  which  he  next 
day  presented ;  in  it  he  states  his  discoveries,  describes  some 
of  the  productions  of  the  country,  and  says  that  "  he  bought 
three  of  the  native  inhabitants  from  the  Maquas  and  Mohi- 
cans, who  held  them  in  slavery,  for  whom  he  gave  in  exchange 
kettles,  beads,  and  merchandise."  It  does  not  appear  that 
the  special  privilege  applied  for  was  granted.^ 

1618. 
The  privileges  granted  by  the  octroy,  or  edict  of  1614,  ex-  January  i. 
pired  this  year  by  its  own  limitation.     An  application  for  a  ^f  <^o™pa- 

■^  .  .  iiys  charter 

renewal  was  partially  granted,  and  for  limited  periods.^  expires. 

Lord  Delaware  dies  this  year  off  the  Western  Isles,  or  as  Death  of 
some  say,  off  the  Capes  of  Delaware ;  he  was  on  a  voyage  ^^^^  ^^^^ 
from  England  to  Virginia.     There  was  some  suspicion  that 
he  had  been  poisoned.'^ 

From  this  period  till  1620,  various  private  adventures 
were  undertaken,  and  frequent  applications  made,  unsuccess- 
fully, to  the  States-General,  for  exclusive  privileges. 

1620. 
«  The  Directors  of  the  Company  trading  to  New  Nether-  February  12. 
land,"  whose  grant  had  expired  in  1618,  and  by  which  event 
that   trade  became  free  to  every  person,   represent  to  the 
States-General,  that  "  there  is  residing  at  Leyden,  an  English 
preacher,  well  versed  in  the  Dutch  language,  and  who  is  in- 

'  Brodhead's  Address,  p.  18.     Holl.  Doc.  vol.  i.  p.  59.     OCall.  vol.  i.  p.  78. 

2  OCall.  p.  81.     Holl. Doc.  vol.  i.  82. 

3  Beverly's  Virginia,  p.  32.     Stith,  p.  148.     Belknap's  Biog.  vol.  ii.  p.  20. 


3  CHARTER  OP  THE  WEST  INDIA  COMPANY. 

1620.      clined  to  go  there  to  live,"  and  that  400  families  would  go 

' — > — '      with  him,  "from  Holland  as  well  as  England,"  with  suitable 

protection  from  the   States-General ;  and  also  express  their 

AppUcations  belief  that  the  English  were  disposed  to  colonize  those  lands, 

for  special     ^^^  ^^ms  deprive  the  States  of  the  benefits  of  their  discove- 

priviloges  to  '^  .... 

Kev.  Mr.  Ko-  rics  ;  thoj  ask  to  be  taken  under  their  protection,  and  "  that, 
othcM '^'^    provisionally,  two  ships  of  war  may  be  sent  to  secure  the 
Plymouth     lands  to  the  government."     After  deliberating  till  April  11, 
colony.         ^Y^^  prayer  of  the  memorialists  was  rejected.     Within  about 
three  months,  however,  (July,  1620,)  some  of  the  associates 
of   the  Rev.   Mr.   Robinson,  the  English  preacher  alluded 
to,   embarked  at  Delft    Haven,  in   the    May-flower,  arrived 
after  some  time  at  Plymouth,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  that 
colony.^   In  August  of  the  same  year,  petitions  were  presented 
by  Captain  Mey,  Henry  Elkins,  and  others,  (the  latter  in 
opposition  to  the  former.)     Vain  attempts  to  reconcile  them 
having  been  employed,   both    grants  were    denied.      These 
various  movements,  however,  probably  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  West  India  Company,  in  1621. 

1621. 

The  celebrated  West  India  Company  was  chartered,  under 
Junes.        whose  power  and  government  the  first  settlements  on  this 
river  were  made,  and  continued  for  many  years.    The  follow- 
ing is  a  summary  of  the  provisions  of  this  charter. 

The  charter  from  the  States-General  of  the  United  Nether- 
summaxyof  lauds  to  the  Wcst  India  Company,  provides,  "  that  for  the 
*^!u^^*'''.    term  of  24  years,  none  of  the  natives  or  inhabitants  of  these 

of  the  West  .  *^  . 

India  Co.  couutrics  shall  be  permitted  to  sail  to  or  from  the  said  lands, 
or  to  trafiSc,  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  from  the  tropic  of  Cancer 
to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  nor  in  the  countries  of  America, 
or  the  West  Indies,  beginning  at  the  south  end  of  Terra 
Nova,  by  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  La  Maire,  or  any  other 
straits  and  passages  situated  thereabouts,  to  the  Straits  of 
Anian,  as  well  on  the  North  Sea  as  the  South  Sea ;  nor  on 
any  islands  situated  on  the  one  side  or  the  other,  or  between 
both ;  nor  in  the  western  or  southern  countries  reaching, 
lying,  and  between  both  the  meridians,  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  in  the  east,  to  the  east  end  of  New  Guinea  in  the 
west,  but  in  the  name  of  this  united  company  of  these  United 

1  Brodhead's  Address,  p.  22  ;  and  the  Memorial  at  length,  p.  54,  translated 
from  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  i.  p.  95. 


CHARTER  OF  THE  WEST  INDIA  COMPANY.  9 

Netherlands,"  under  penalty  of  forfeiture  of  goods  and  ships    1621. 
found  for  sale  on  the  above  coasts  and  lands.     The  charter  to         '    ' 
operate  from  1st  July.     The  salt  trade  at  Ponte  del  Re  to 
continue  under  instructions  already  given. 

"The  company  may,  in  the  name  and  authority  of  the  charterer 
States,    make    contracts,   engagements,   and   alliances  with  company'* 
princes  and  natives  of  the  countries"  mentioned,  and  "  also  continued, 
build  forts,   &c.,   there ;    appoint  and  discharge  governors, 
people  for  war,  officers  of  justice,  and  other  public  officers," 
&c. ;  "they  must  advance  the  peopling"  of  these  countries, 
&c.,  and  transmit  a  report  of  such  contracts  and  alliances, 
and  "  the   situation"  of  the  fortresses,  &c.,  taken  by  them. 
The  States  to  approve  of  instructions  to  governors,  &c.,  and 
grant  the  commissions,  with  various  other  regulations  of  their 
internal  concerns,  which  may  be  seen  at  length  in  Hazard's 
Historical  Collections,  vol.  i.  pp.  121—131, 149,  181. 

Five  branches,  or  chambers,  were  established  in  different 
sections,  but  the  great  centre  was  that  at  Amsterdam,  which 
furnished  at  first  eight,  and  afterwards  nine,  of  a  board  of 
nineteen  persons,  who  had  the  general  superintendence  and  di- 
rection of  the  affairs  of  the  company,  from  which  it  is  usually 
styled  the  "Assembly  of  XIX."  The  States-General  fur- 
nished one  member  of  the  board,  and  Zealand,  Maeze,  Fries- 
land,  the  North  Department,  and  Groeningen  the  remainder. 
This  charter  was  extended  and  amended  somewhat,  two 
years  afterwards. 

It  appears  that,  although  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  sept.  28. 
had  obtained  the  foregoing  charter,  it  did  not  commence  vessels  de- 
active  operations  under  it  for  some  time  ;  licenses  were,  in  the  ^e^^*^ Nether- 
mean  time,  granted  to  several  enterprising  individuals,  to  send  land;  one  for 
out  two  vessels  to  certain  countries  which  had  been  discovered  ^are. 
between  40^  and  45°,  called  "  New  Netherland,"  and  to  the 
adjacent  territories,  together  with  a  great  river  lying  between 
38°  and  40°,  "  and  to  truck  and  trade  with  the  natives." 
This  great  river,  to  which  one  of  these  vessels  was  to  proceed, 
was  no  doubt  the  Delaware.     These  vessels  were  bound  to 
return  on  or  before  the  first  of  July  following,  with  their 
cargoes,  by  which  time  it  was  supposed  the  West  India  Com- 
pany would  be  ready  to  go  into  operation.^    Of  the  arrival  of 
this  vessel  in  the  Delaware,  and  of  her  success,  we  have  seen 
no  account.  But  it  seems  that  information /romsewera?  hands 

'  Roll.  Doc,  quoted  by  O'Callaghan,  vol.  i.  p.  94.  95. 


10 


1621. 


Virginia  as- 
serts her 
claim  to  the 
country  and 
Indian  trade. 
Unsuccessful 
expedition. 


English  am- 
hafisador  at 
Hague  to 
present 
claim,  and 
remonstrate 
against 
Dutch. 


Dec.  15,  0.  S. 


VIRGINIA  CLAEVI  TO  TRADE  OF  DELAWARE. 

had  reached  the  Virginia  Company,  that  the  French  and 
Dutch  carried  on  a  very  profitable  trade  with  the  Indians  in 
Delaware  and  Hudson  Rivers,  "  which  were  within  their  grant, 
and  then  esteemed  parts  of  Virginia.  The  company,  there- 
fore, this  year  resolved  to  vindicate  their  right,  and  not  to 
permit  foreigners  to  run  away  with  so  lucrative  a  branch  of 
their  trade.  One  Captain  Jones  was  accordingly  sent  upon 
the  voyage,  but,  by  the  wickedness  of  him  and  his  mariners, 
the  adventure  was  lost,  and  the  whole  project  overthrown," 
after  having  been  supported  by  the  Earl  of  Southampton  and 
Sir  Edwin  Sandys,  who  each  subscribed  .£200.^ 

The  attention  of  the  English  govei'nment,  through  the 
privy  council,  having  been  awakened,  by  the  Virginia  Com- 
pany, to  the  progress  making  by  the  Dutch  in  New  Nether- 
land,  they  directed  their  ambassador,  Sir  Dudley  Carleton,  at 
the  Hague,  « to  bring  the  subject  of  the  Dutch  plantations  in 
North  America,  to  the  special  notice  of  the  States-General." 
This,  as  far  as  known,  is  the  first  assertion  by  the  British 
government  "  of  the  unlawfulness  of  the  Dutch  colony."  The 
council  say,  "  Whereas,  his  majesty's  subjects  have,  many 
years  since,^  taken  possession  of  the  whole  precinct,  and  iur 
habited  some  parts  of  the  north  of  Virginia,  (by  us  called 
New  England,)  of  all  which  countries,  his  majesty  hath,  in 
like  manner,  some  years  since,  by  patent,  granted  the  quiet 
and  full  possession  unto  particular  persons ;  nevertheless  we 
understand,  that  the  year  past,  the  Hollanders  have  entered 
upon  some  part  thereof,  and  have  left  a  colony,  and  given  new 
names  to  the  several  ports  appertaining  to  that  part  of  the 
country,  and  are  now  in  readiness  to  send  for  their  supply 
six  or  eight  ships ;  whereof  his  majesty  being  advertised,  we 
have  received  his  royal  command  to  signify  his  pleasure  that 
you  should  represent  these  things  to  the  States-General,  in 
his  majesty's  name,  (who,  jureprimce  occupationis,  hath  good 


'  Stith's  History  of  Virginia,  p.  198. 

2  The  first  colony  arrived  in  Virginia  in  1586,  but  returned  to  England,  and 
the  second  in  1587,  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  The  first  charter  was 
granted  by  King  James,  in  1606,  to  two  companies  ;  a  second  in  1609  ;  a  third 
in  1611-12.  The  first  company  was  to  extend  from  34°  to  41°,  and  the  second 
from  38°  to  45°  ;  thus  conflicting,  though  they  were  not  to  settle  within  100 
miles  of  each  other.  Thus  the  whole  country  was  known  as  Virginia.  An 
examination  of  the  charters  at  length,  in  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  i.  pp.  38,  40, 
60.  58,  72,  will  furnish  all  necessary  information  on  the  subject,  and  show 
wherein  the  charters  differ  from  each  other.  See  also  Stith's,  and  Beverly's 
Histories  of  Virginia.    Brodheads  Address,  p.  24. 


FIRST  SETTLEMENT  ON  THE  DELAWARE. 

and  sufficient  title  to  those  parts,)  and  require  of  them  that, 
as  vcell  those  ships,  as  their  further  prosecution  of  that  plan- 
tation may  be  presently  stayed." 

1622. 

Upon  this,  the  ambassador  engaged  in  ascertaining  the  February  5. 
facts  of  the  case,  "  that  about  four  or  five  years  previously,  Ambassador 
two  companies  of  Amsterdam  merchants  began  a  trade  to  ^''sages  in  / 

^       ^  ^  .  the  business. 

America,  between  40°  and  45  ,  to  which  they  gave  the  names  Facts  ascer- 
of  New  Netherland,  North  and  South   Sea,  &c.,  and  have  Gained  t,y 

'  '  '  him.  Hasan 

ever  since  continued  to  send  vessels  of  60  or  80  tons  at  most,  interview, 
to  fetch  furs,  which  is  all  their  trade,"  and  have  factors  there 
trading  with  the  savages ;  "  but  he  cannot  learn  that  any 
colony  is  as  yet  planted  there,  or  intended  to  be."    He,  how-  February  9. 
ever,   had  an  interview  with  the    States,  and  presented  a  Presents  a 
memorial,  dated  February  9,^  of  the  subject  of  which  they  ihrresuit 
pretended  to  be  ignorant,  but  promised,  on  the  16th  March, 
1622,  to  write  for  information,  "  to  the  participants  in  the 
trade  to  New  Netherlands."     There  is  at  present  to  be  found 
no  written  evidence  of  the  result,  though  a  reply  to  it  is  in- 
cidentally referred  to  many  years  later.^ 

1623. 
The  West  India  Company  having  made  arrangements  to  rirstattempt 
effect  the  objects  of  its  charter  of  1621,  and  as  afterwards  pJafrtoset- 
amplified,  turned  its  attention,  about  this  time,  to  planting  a  tie  upon  the 
colony  on  the  Delaware  ;  and,  with  few  exceptions,  historians    ^  *^*'*' 
generally  are  agreed  in  fixing  upon  this  year  as  the  date  of 
the  first  attempt  made  at  a  settlement  on  this  river,  by  any 
European  nation.     A  report   of   certain  commissioners,  in 
1659,  in  making  out  a  claim  which  they  were  then  defending, 
indeed  says,  "  that  the  river  (Delaware)  was,  in  the  •primitive 
times,  possessed  by  the  Dutch,  and  a  colony  planted  on  the 
western  shore,  within  the  mouth  of  the  South  Cape,  called 
the  Iloorekill  to  this  day ;  the  Dutch  nation  erecting  there, 
and  all  over  the  country,  their  states  arms,  and  a  little  fort ; 
but  after  some  time,  they  were  all  slain  and  murdered  by  the 
Indians,  so  that  the  possessions  and  propriety  of  this  river,  at 
the  first,  in  its  infancy,  is  sealed  up  with  the  blood  of  a  great 

'  See  the  Memorial  in  O'Call.  vol.  i.  p.  97,  from  London  Doc.  vol.  i.  22,  23. 
2  See   Brodhead's   Address  to  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  24,  25,  26.     London  Doc. 
vol.  i.  p.  17,  19,  20,  and  Holi.  Doc.  vol.  i.  p.  17. 


12  BUILDING  OF  FORT  NASSAU. 

1623.  many  souls.  After  this,  in  the  year  1623,  the  fort  Nassau 
"  •  '  was  built,  about  15  leagues  up  the  river,  on  the  eastern 
shore."^  The  circumstances  here  mentioned,  so  clearly  point 
Theovidencc  to  another  event,  which  occurred  some  years  subsequently,  as 
o[i°°  Jits?  to  produce  a  belief  that  the  commissioners  were,  in  order  to 
strengthen  their  cause,  induced  to  antedate  the  facts  stated. 
It  is  mentioned,  in  the  document  before  referred  to,  that  Fort 
Nassau  was  built  in  1624  f  and  in  another,  that  the  ^Vest 
India  Company  took  possession,  in  the  year  1626,  of  the  River 
Delaware,  and  built,  or  Jiad  built,  two  strongholds  or  forts, 
the  largest  about  16  miles  (Dutch)  up  the  river,  on  the  eastern 
shore,  called  Nassau.^  With  these  exceptions,  so  far  as  we 
know,  all  the  eai'ly  and  later  writers  agree.  There  is  also  the 
positive  testimony  of  an  Indian  sachem,  "  that  a  skipper, 
named  Cornells,  with  one  eye,  or  having  a  film  on  the  eye, 
was  the  first  who  coming  there,  (to  New  Netherlands,)  esta- 
blished himself  on  the  South  River."* 

We  feel  therefore  warranted,  from  these  facts,  to  assume, 
until  better  evidence  be  produced,  that  1623  was  the  date  of 
the  first  European  settlement  on  the  river. 

It  has  already  been  related,  that  in  1614,  Captain  Cornells 
Expedition  Jacobscn  Mey  visited  this  river  on  an  exploring  expedition, 
west\ndia  ^^'0^  Manhattan,  where  he  parted  with  his  companions,  they 
Company  to  proceeding  with  a  similar  object  in  view,  towards  the  north, 
verru^lr'^'  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^y  all  aftcrwards  returned  to  Holland.  To  what 
CaptainMey,  distaucc  Mcy  then  ascended  the  Delaware,  is,  we  believe, 
cond°Tisit.  uukuown,  but  he  was,  probably,  in  consequence  of  that  visit, 
He  builds      now  Considered  the  most  suitable  person  to  conduct  another 

Fort  Nassau.  -,.   .  i  •   i       i  i  i      • 

expedition,  which  the  company  were  then  contemplating  to 
send  thither.  An  agreement  having  been  entered  into,  on 
June  21.  the  21st  of  June,  between  the  managers  and  the  adventurers 
of  the  West  India  Company,  with  the  approbation  of  the 
States-General,^  and  they  having  selected  a  ship  called  the 
"New  Netherlands,"  Captain  Mey  and  Adriaen  Jorisz  Tien- 
pont  were  appointed  directors  of  this  expedition.  All  neces- 
sary preparations  of  colonists,  provisions,  and  all  other  means 
for  planting  a  colony  being  made,  Captain  Mey  took  his  de- 

•  Report  of  Heermansand  Waldron,  in  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  iii.  p.  375. 

2  Report  of  XIX.  OCall.  i.  p.  418. 

3  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  59  to  65. 

*  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  73,  translated  by  O'Call.  vol.  i.  p.  100. 

5  See  this  agreement  at  length,  in  Last's  Jaerl.  Verh.  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll. 
vol.  i.  p.  175;  also  in  OCall.  vol.  i.  p.  410. 


LOCALITY  OF  FORT  NASSAU.  13 

parture  for  the  Delawai'e,  then  called  Zuydt,  South,  or  Prince  1623. 
Hendrick's  River,  which  they  reached  in  safety.  Passing  '  •  ' 
between  Capes  May  and  Cornelis,  which,  either  now,  or  on 
the  former  visit,  received  his  name,  he  ascended  the  river 
about  15  leagues  from  its  mouth,  where,  on  the  eastern  shore, 
he  immediately  commenced  the  erection  of  Fort  Nassau,  as 
well  for  security  against  the  Indians,  as  for  a  trading  post 
with  them.  It  is  said  to  have  been  built  of  logs,  and  "  that 
a  garrison  was  continually  maintained  there." 

There  is  more  difficulty,  at  this  remote  period,  in  deter-  various 
mining  the  locality  of  this  fort,  than  in  settling  the  date  of  ^  thHocai- 
its  erection,  as  no  vestiges  remain  to  indicate  the  precise  spot,  ^ty  of  Fort 
and  tradition  can  aiford  but  little  aid  in  deciding  the  question. 
Most  historians,  however,  agree  that  it  was  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  present  Gloucester  Point,  and  at  the  mouth  of 
the  most  northerly  branch  of  Timber  Creek,  then  called 
Sassackon.-"-  Various  names  have  been  assigned  to  it,  or  its 
vicinity,  as  Ilermaomessing,  Arme  Wamix,  Tekoke,  Techa- 
acho,  Arwames,  &c.^  The  old  maps  that  we  have  con- 
sulted, place  the  fort  between  the  two  branches  of  Timber 
Creek ;  a  map  in  a  late  work  has  it  at  the  north  of  the  creek.^ 
It  is  referred  to  in  various  documents  and  books :  one  says, 
"it  was  15  leagues  up  the  river;"'*  "  about  five  or  six  miles 
(Dutch)  above  Fort  Christina;"  "about  16  miles  up  the 
river,  on  the  eastern  shore ;"  "  Beaver  Rede  on  Schuylkill 
is  said  to  be  down  the  river  from  Fort  Nassau."^  Another 
says,  "it  is  about  a  mile  south  of  a  purchase  he  had  made  north 
of  it,"  which  is  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  the  present  site  of 
Philadelphia.®  From  all  these  various  statements,  it  is  evi- 
dent that  there  can  be  but  a  few  miles  difference  between  the 
true  position  of  Fort  Nassau,  and  that  generally  assigned  to 
it ;  and  here  we  are  disposed  to  let  it  rest,  until  further  in- 
vestigations and  facts  are  produced  to  alter  it.  The  great 
changes  in  the  river,  by  currents,  embankments,  &c.,  render 
almost  hopeless  any  attempt  to  discover  more  accurately  the 
exact  locality ;  still  it  is  desirable  to  do  so,  if  practicable. 

How  long  Captain  Mey  cantinued  at  Fort  Nassau,  why  he 

'  Mickle's  "  Reminiscences  of  Gloucester,"  p.  8.     Mulford's  N.  J.  p.  49. 
2  Ibid.     Campanius,  Clay,  Barker,  Gordon,' &c. 
'  Ferris's  Oii<<.  Settlements,  p.  310. 

*  Report  before  referred  to  in  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  vol.  iii.  p.  375. 

*  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  32  to  51. 

«  Hudde's  Report,  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  vol.  iii.  N.  S.,  p.  428. 

B 


14  OCCUPATION  OF  FORT  NASSAU. 

1623.     departed,  what  were  his  operations  there,  and  whither  he 

' — • — '    went,  are  to  us  unknown.     The  probability  is,  he  for  some 

time  carried  on  a  trade  with  the  natives,  for  skins  or  furs, 

Uncertain     which  appears  to  have  been  one  great  object  of  the  colony. 

how  long      j^  jg  asserted,  that  when  he  left,  he  bore  with  him  the  afFec- 

Mey  conti-  ^  .        .  .    .  _ 

nued  there,    tiou  and  estccm  of  the  natives.     It  is  the  opinion  of  some 

writers,  that,  for  a  season  at  least,  after  his  departure,  the 

garrison  was  removed,  and  the  savages  took  possession,  but 

that  a  trade  in  skins  was  occasionally  carried  on  with  the 

natives  from  Manhattan.     In  1633,  the  fort  was  visited  by 

De  Vries,  who  says,  that  the  Dutch  families  had  left  it,  and 

that  it  was  in  the  possession,  then,  of  a  few  savages,  who 

wanted  to  barter  furs  ;^  and  yet  we  have  an  account,  in  the 

same  year,  that  Arent  Corsen  was  commissary,^  with  a  clerk, 

and  that,  by  direction  of  the  directors,  he  made  a  purchase 

Various        on  the  Schuylkill,  for  another  fort.     It  is  certain  that  the 

the'owu°^°^  administration  of  Van  Twiller  commenced  in  this  year,  and 

tion  and  de-  t^jg  probability  is,  that  learning  the  condition  of  Fort  Nassau, 

Etruction  of  ^  .  "^        '  °       .  .  ' 

Fort  Nassau,  onc  of  his  early  acts  was,  to  repair  and  restore  it  to  a  state 
of  defence.  We  are  informed  by  recorded  documents,^  that 
he  erected  a  large  house,  and  made  some  repairs,  for  which 
he  was  afterwards  called  to  account,  under  charge  of  extrava- 
gance in  the  expenditure  of  public  funds.  In  1635,  an  un- 
successful attempt  was  made  by  the  English  on  this  fort.* 
When  the  Swedes  arrived  in  1638,  it  is  said  the  Dutch  had 
no  forts  on  the  river,  they  having  all  been  destroyed  by  the 
Indians ;  and  yet  Hudde,^  who  had  commanded  that  fort, 
says,  there  was,  in  that  year,  a  sufficient  garrison  on  the 
river ;  and  a  public  document  exists  which,  in  1639,^  com- 
plains, that  "  Fort  Nassau  is  a  heavy  burden  to  the  company, 
as  regards  a  garrison,  provisions,"  &c.  There  was  certainly 
a  commissary  there  in  1638,  who  gave  the  governor  on  Man- 
hattan immediate  notice  of  the  arrival  of  the  Swedes,  which 
occasioned  a  protest  '^  and  in  1642  it  was  occupied  by  about 
twenty  men.^  From  that  time  up  to  1650,  we  have  facts  to  show 

'  De  Vries,  in  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  i.  N.  S.  p.  252. 

2  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  32  to  52.     0"Call.  vol.  i.  p.   142.     Holl.  Doc.  vol.  ii. 
p.  88.     Albany  Records,  vol.  ii.  p.  328. 

s  Albany  Records,  vol.  i.  p.  85,  86.     Holl.  Doc.  v6l.  iii.  p.  97. 

4  De  Vries,  259.     O'Call.  vol.'i.  p.  170. 

5  Hudde's  Report,  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  vol.  iii.  N.  S.,  p.  429. 

6  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  iii.  p.  32  to  52. 
'  Ibid. 

*  Reg.  of  Fenns.  vol.  iv.  p.  19. 


SWEDISH  WEST  INDIA  COMPANY  FOEMED.  15 

that  commissaries  were  stationed  there.     In  1650  or  1651,     1623. 
the  fort  was  destroyed  by  the  Dutch  themselves,  "  being  too     '    •    ' 
high  up,  and  too  much  out  of  the  way."     It  was  transferred 
to  the  new  Fort  Cassimir. 

We  have  deemed  it  important,  as  a  starting  point  in  our  its  Wstory 
Dutch  history,  to  collect  the  various  facts  in  relation  to  this  '™p°'''''"> 

•/  '  as  its  mam- 

fort,  contradictory  and  unsatisfactory  though  they  may  be ;  tenance  was 

and  perhaps  we  have  attached  more  consequence  to  them  than  dered. 

they  merit ;  but  this  fort  was,  for  many  years,  considered  by 

the  Dutch  a  very  desirable  point  to  be  maintained. 

1624. 

This  year  arrives  at  New  Amsterdam,  as  director  of  New  supposed  ar. 
Netherland,  Peter  Minuit,  or  Minnewit,  with  whose  history,  Mlmiu  at**"^ 
in  connection  with  the  settlements  on  the  Delaware,  we  shall  NewAmster- 
become  better  acquainted.     He  continued  in  this  oflBce  till 
1632,  when  he  returned  to  Holland.^ 

An  application  for  a  Swedish  West  India  Company,  upon  Proposal  for 
the  plan  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  whose  establish-  ^e^t^iniia 
ment  has  been  noticed,  was  this  year  presented  to  Gustavus  Company 
Adolphus,  king  of  Sweden,  by  William  Usselincx,  a  mer-  to  the  King 
chant  of  Antwerp,  the  original  projector  of  the  Dutch  West  "^  !r.!f.'''°' 
India  Company,   and  for  several  years  connected  with  it,  usseiincx. 
but   who,    for    some  reasons,  became    dissatisfied.     Having 
derived  much  information  from  his  long  intimacy  with  the 
operations  of  the  company,  and  being  convinced  of  the  ad- 
vantageous prospects  which  such  a  company  presented,  he  laid 
before  Gustavus  Adolphus  his  views  upon  the  subject,  in  such 
a  forcible  manner,  as  warmly  to  engage  the  feelings  of  that 
monarch  in  its  favour,  and  ultimately  to  lead  to  the  incorpo- 
ration of  a  company,  which,  however,  did  not  take  place  till 
1626.     Acrelius,  however,  says,  "  that  he  this  year  obtained 
a  commission  for  it,  dated  at  Stockholm,  December  21,  1624, 
upon  which"  a  contract  was  formed  for  the  approbation  and 
signature  of  the  company.     The  plan  was  recommended  by 
the  king  to  the  States,  and  confirmed  in  the  Diet  of  1627.^ 

»  O'Call.  vol.  i.  100,  130.     N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  i.  N.  S.,  p.  450. 
2  Acrelius,  p.  408.     Bancroft,   vol.  ii.  p.  284.     Argonautica   Gusta.  Campa- 
nius,  p.  64,  G5.     Loccenius,  p.  556. 


16 


CHARTER  OF  SWEDISH  WEST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


June  14. 

Reasons  for 
forming  the 
Swedish 
West  India 
Company. 


Duration  of 
the  compa- 
ny.   Extent 
of  its  trade. 


When  to 

commence. 
No  funds  to 
be  with- 
drawn.   No 
new  mem- 
bers. 


1626. 

The  charter  for  the  Swedish  West  India  Company,  before 
alhided  to,  was  this  year  obtained.  Having  never  seen  it  in 
English,  or  in  print,  a  full  summary  of  it  is  furnished,  as  it 
was  the  basis  of  the  Swedish  operations  on  this  river. 

Gustavus  Adolphus,  king  of  Sweden,  "  finding  it  serviceable 
and  necessary  to  the  welfare  and  improvement  of  our  (his) 
kingdom  and  subjects,  that  trade,  produce,  and  commerce 
should  grow  within  our  (his)  kingdom  and  dominions,  and  be 
furthered  by  all  proper  means,  and  having  received  of  credible 
and  experienced  persons  good  information,  that  in  Africa, 
Asia,  America,  and  Magellanica,  or  Terra  Australis,  very 
rich  lands  and  islands  do  exist,  certain  of  which  are  peopled 
by  a  well  governed  nation,  certain  others  by  heathen  and 
wild  men,  and  others  still  uninhabited  ;  and  others  not  as  yet 
perfectly  discovered,  and  that  not  only  with  such  places  a 
great  trade  may  be  driven,  but  that  the  hope  strengthens  of 
bringing  said  people  easily,  through  the  setting  on  foot  com- 
mercial intercourse,  to  a  better  civil  state,  and  to  the  truth 
of  the  Christian  religion,"  concluded,  "for  the  spread  of  the 
Holy  Gospel,  and  the  prosperity  of  our  (his)  subjects,"  to 
erect  "a  general  company,"  or  "united  power  of  proprie- 
tors of  his  realm,  and  such  others  as  shall  associate  them- 
selves with  them,  and  help  forward  the  work;  promising  to 
strengthen  it  with  his  succour  and  assistance,  providing  for 
and  founding  it  with  the  following  privileges:" 

1.  The  exclusive  right,  for  twelve  years,  to  sail  to  and  trade 
beyond  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  southward,  in  the  lands  of 
Africa,  as  in  America,  and  Magellanica,  or  Terra  Australis, 
reckoning  the  coast  of  America  at  the  like  latitude  as  said 
straits,  viz.  36°  ;  also,  with  all  lands  and  islands  between 
Africa  and  America  in  same  latitude.  The  vessels  and 
goods  of  other  than  the  company,  who  infringe  those  rights, 
to  be  confiscated.  The  government  vessels  of  war,  because 
not  traders,  to  be  exempted. 

The  company  to  be  considered  as  commencing  May  1, 
1627,  to  continue  for  twelve  years,  during  which  none  of  the 
company  to  have  power  to  withdraw  the  funds  embarked  in 
it,  and  no  new  members  to  be,  during  that  time,  admitted.  If 
at  the  end  of  twelve  years,  the  company  wish  the  term  ex- 
tended, it  may  be  granted  at  the  pleasure  of  the  king. 


CHARTER  OF  SWEDISH  WEST  INDIA  COMPANY.  17 

Accounts  are  to  be  settled  every  year,  at  which  every  per-    1626. 
son  interested  1000  scudis  or  thalers,  may  be  present.  Every    "    "    ' 
six  years,  there  shall  be  a  final  estimate  of  all  accounts,  and 
a  new  account  begun.     If  then  it  appears  to  the  majority  Accounts, 
of  stockholders  that  the  profits  or  usefulness  of  the  company  "^^^^^^^  ** 
do  not  justify  its  continuance,  it  may  be  dissolved. 

Residents  or  landholders  in  Sweden  may  become  members  whatper- 
until  the  1st  of  March,  and  those  beyond  sea  till  1st  of  May  Z^Lh^^. 
next,  after  which  none  can  enter  the  company,  either  for 
small  or  large  sums.     The  money  to  be  paid  in  instalments, 
one-fourth  on  subscribing,  and  the  remainder  in  three  annual 
payments. 

After  the  time  for  subscription  shall  expire,  there  shall  be  Election  of 
an  election  for  regents  or  directors,  in  proportion  to  one  for  Numbl^and 
every  100,000  thalers  subscribed.  If,  however,  the  subscriber  *'^'"'^- 
of  100,000  wishes  it  represented  by  two  directors,  it  may  be 
so,  but  the  two  only  to  receive  the  salary  of  one. 

The  directors  to  be  chosen  by  a  majority  of  votes  of  stock-  Majority  of 
holders,  none  to  vote  unless  owning  1000  thalers,  and  none  emdectionl! 
to  be  a  director  who  does  not  hold  2000  thalers,  and  which 
sum,  Avhile  a  manager,  he  cannot  divest  himself  of. 

The  directors  first  chosen  to    continue  in  office   for   six  Rotation  of 
years ;  after  this,  two-thirds  to  be  newly  elected,  and  one-  '^^'='°'^- 
third  to  be  taken  from  largest  stockholders ;  this  to  be  ob- 
served every  two  years  till  the  expiration  of  the  charter. 

All  countries,  cities,  and  individuals  who  bring  in  100,000  Directors  in 
thalers,  shall  be  entitled  to  appoint  a  director,  and  for  this,  ^  g^t' "ub. 
all  nations  who  have  signed  the  agreement,  and  transmitted  scribed, 
the  funds  to  some  person  in  whom  they  confide,  and  each 
individual  subscribing  shall  declare  the  nation  to  which  he 
wishes  to  belong,  and  place  his  money.     Foreigners  who  de- 
cide to  reside  in  Sweden,  and  contribute  25,000  thalers,  to 
enjoy  the  same  privileges  as  citizens,  and  be  free  from  every 
tribute,   and  as  they  carry    on   no    trade,    may   depart    at 
pleasure. 

The  directors  to  be  all  equal  in  power  and  authority,  take  Equaiityof 
oath  of  fidelity,  administer  justice  without  fear  or  aifection,    "**^'°"* 
not  deal  in  merchandise  nor  own  vessels. 

They  are  to  have  a  salary  of  1000  thalers  per  annum ;   in  To  have  a 
case  of  travelling  for  the  company,  besides  their  carriage  aisoHi'eMo. 
they  shall  receive  six  Swedish  marks  per  day.    The  secretary  retary,  &c. 
and  other  servants  to  be  paid  out  of  the  funds  of  the  com- 


18 


1626. 


Chambers  re- 
sponsible for 
directors. 


JTot  respon- 
sible for  com- 
pany debts. 
Pvinds  free 
from  confis- 
cation. 


Chambers, 
how  consti- 
tuted. 


Gottenberg, 
place  of  de- 
parture. 


Stocks  at 
each  to  be 
alit^e. 


Superinten- 
dents. 


May  be  re- 
moved to 
other  places. 


Diet  or  gene- 
ral meetings. 


Kcpresented 
from  each 
chamber. 


CHARTER  OF  SWEDISH  WEST  INDIA  COMPANY. 

pany,  the  directors  of  each  chamber  to  be  responsible  for 
them.  1 

If  any  damage  result  to  the  company  from  any  of  the 
directors  it  shall  attach  to  the  chamber  to  which  he  belongs, 
and  be  refunded  out  of  the  funds  contributed  by  it  to  the 
company. 

Neither  the  directors  nor  their  goods  shall  be  liable  for  the 
company  debts. 

All  funds  invested  in  tlie  company  shall  be  free  from  con- 
fiscation, even  in  the  event  of  war  of  the  King  of  Sweden 
with  the  nation  of  which  the  subscribers  are  a  part. 

Cities  convenient  for  navigation,  whose  merchants  contri- 
bute 30,000  thalers  or  scudi,  shall  constitute  a  chamber,  or 
different  cities  or  countries  may  unite  their  funds,  and  agree 
upon  the  location  of  the  chamber  convenient  to  the  company. 

The  company's  vessels  about  departing  from  the  different 
ports,  shall  unite  in  a  fleet  at  Gottenberg,  and  take  their  de- 
parture from  thence,  and  at  the  end  of  the  voyage  return 
thither  with  their  cargoes,  which  shall  be  unloaded  and  thence 
transported,  wind  and  weather  permitting  without  injury  to 
the  company. 

If  one  chamber  has  goods  which  another  requires,  they 
shall  be  furnished,  so  as  to  keep  up  a  similar  assortment  in 
each. 

There  shall  be  one  or  more  superintendents,  who  shall  ex- 
amine the  accounts  closely,  and  consult  with  the  directors  on 
important  matters  connected  with  the  interests  of  the  com- 
pany ;  and  in  elections  of  superintendents,  captains,  &c.  re- 
quired, stockholders  shall  be  preferred,  if  equally  capable. 

Superintendents  may  be  removed  from  one  chamber  to 
another,  and  every  chamber  shall  have  a  representative  at 
Gottenberg,  and  be  informed,  within  two  months  after  the 
sailing  of  the  vessels,  of  the  matters  connected  with  the 
voyages,  and,  every  three  months,  furnished  with  an  account 
of  goods  sold. 

When  necessary,  there  shall  be  held  a  diet  or  meeting  of  all 
the  chambers,  to  take  place  alternately,  at  different  chambers, 
in  the  order  of  the  largest  subscriptions,  the  object  being  to 
discuss  all  the  general  interests  of  the  company,  voyages, 
freights,  prices,  &c. 

To  each  diet,  twelve  managers  shall  be  sent  from  each 
chamber,  and  the  government  to  be  entitled  to  one  vote, 


CHARTER  OF  SWEDISH  WEST  INDU  COMPANY.  j[9 

making  tliirtecn,  or  casting  vote ;  every  chamber  having  a     1626. 
vote  in  proportion  to  its  furnished  capital ;  a  chamber  fur-     " — ' — ' 
nishing  half  has  six  votes,  one-third,  four  votes,  &c. ;  majority 
to  decide. 

On  all  imports  and  exports  to  or  from  Sweden,  a  duty  to  be  Duty  to 
paid  of  four  florins  per  cent.,  which  payment  entitles  them  to  so^^'"™'^'^'- 
be  transported  freely  thereafter  through  the  whole  kingdom. 

The  company  to  be  under  the  royal  protection,  in  the  free  umierroyai 
exercise  of  its  trade,  the  use  of  its  vessels,  and  defence  against  p'^'*'*''*''°°- 
all  attempts  to  injure  it  in  war  or  in  peace. 

The  government  to  furnish  vessels  of  war,  forts,  soldiers.  Government 
guns,  &c.,  at  its  own  expense.    All  vessels,  &c.,  taken  by  the  ^eis^.™^^ 
company  from  pirates,  &c.,  shall  be  for  the  compoiny's  bene-  share  cap- 
fit,  except  where  they  are  assisted  by  the  government  vessels, 
in  which  case  the  prizes  to  be  divided  equally. 

The  government  not  to  use  the  vessels  of  the  company,  nor  ooTemment 
their  funds  or  merchandise,  even  in  war,  without  its  consent.  TOmplii'y's 
The  company  shall  be  entirely  at  liberty,  within  the  afore-  p'^^p"'^- 
said  limits,  to  make  treaties  with  foreign  chiefs  or  people,  in  Powers  of 
their  own  name ;  to  build  cities,  castles,  fortresses ;  occupy  ptny!"^ 
desolate  places,  and  make  them  habitable ;  operate  and  pro- 
cure what  they  can,  of  use  to,  and  for  the  convenience  of  the 
company ;  but  not  to  commit  violent  hostilities  against  the 
inhabitants  of  the  country,  nor,  unless  so  tempted,  do  any 
other  thing  against  the  subjects  of  the  King  of  Spain,  nor 
exercise  commerce  in  places  with  their  subjects,  without  their 
express  license,  under  pain  of  penalties  against  transgressors 
of  the  king's  orders,  and  disturbers  of  the  public  peace. 

In  case  of  ill  treatment  in  the  use  of  its  trade,  or  by  force  May  avenge 
or  fraud,  the   company  is   at  full  liberty  to  avenge  itself  '°'^"^^°'^ 
on  its  enemies,  as  against  pirates,  robbers,  &c. 

In  order  to  manifest  the  desire  of  the  government  to  aid  Government 
and  improve  the  company,  it  will  contribute  and  put  at  ^'^''^•'"p'^°°- 
equal  risk  with  others,  400,000  Swedish  dollars. 

The  government,  besides  the  four  florins  per  cent,  duty.  Government 
will  receive  one-fifth  of  ores,  silver  and  other  minerals,  which 
may  be  transported  from  the  mines,  and  one-tenth  of  the 
fruits  of  the  country,  in  recompense  for  its  aid,  privileges,  &c., 
granted.  The  merchandise,  and  metals  received  for  mer- 
chandise, to  be  exempted,  and  remain  for  the  country. 

"  And  whereas,  William  Usselincx,  of  Brabant,  Antwerp, 
has  spent  much  time  of  his  life  in  seeking  out  said  ports,  and 


share  of 

miucs,  &c. 


be  consti- 
tuted. 


Of  Etock- 

tolders. 


CHARTER  OF  SWEDISH  WEST  INDIA  COMPANY. 

by  the  testimony  of  the  State  of  Flanders,   and  Maurice, 

Prince    of   Orange,    he   is    stated  as   the  chief  inventor  in 

Holland  of  the  West  India  Company,  and  by  him  its  admi- 

sharc  of  w.  nistration  has  been  much  aided,  and  having  already  resolved 

pro^osOT^^  to  establish  himself  in  Sweden,  has  promised  faithfully  to 

the  com-       excrt  himsclf;  therefore,  to  recompense  him,  the  company 

^*°^'  are  to  pay  him  1  florin  per  1000,  of  the  merchandise  -which 

the  company  shall  either  import  or  export  during  its  traffic 

within  the  limits  of  its  charter. 

The  company  to  constitute  a  council,  which,  with  its  offi- 
A  council  to   ccrs,  shall  attend  to  the  administration  of  justice,  preservation 
of  good  laws,  continuation  of  war  ;  appoint  soldiers,  gover- 
nors, directors,  and  judges ;  build  castles  and  cities ;  accom- 
modate   differences  between  citizens  of  the  country  and  the 
natives,  as  well  as  between  directors  or  chambers,  and  finally, 
preserve  every  thing  in  good  condition  and  under  good  order. 
This  council  must  consist  of  the  chief  stockholders,  and 
attend  to  the  business  and  consignments  on  commission  and 
others,  furnish  information  of  the  ships  and  advices  received, 
and  decide  on  operations.    The  number  of  council  to  be  deter- 
mined by  circumstances  and  the  judgment  of  the  company. 
Large  con-         If  any  chief  community,    city,    or   company   contributes 
may  appoint  500,000  to  the  company,  it  may  appoint  an  agent,  with  full 
agents.         powcrs  to  negotiate  about  things  necessary  to  be  done. 

If  the  company  requires  alterations  in  the  conditions,  &c., 
Alterations,    of  the  charter,  not  contrary  to  the  laws  and  welfare  of  the 
republic,  they  may  be  conceded  to  it.^ 

This  charter  is  dated  Stockholm,  June  14,  1626. 
This  company  having  received  its  charter,  is  said  to  have 
been  enthusiastically  encouraged  by  the  subscription  of  per- 
sons of  every  rank,  and  that  every  thing,  was  in  readiness 
regard  tothe  for  Carrying  out  the  plan  to  its  fullest  extent.  It  is  even 
uie' Swedes,  asscrtcd  that  the  expedition  actually  sailed,  but  was  captured 
by  a  Spanish  fleet,  but  documents,  hereafter  to  be  noticed, 
will,  we  think,  clearly  show,  that,  owing  to  wars,  &c.,  nothing 
was  effected  for  several  years  afterwards.  Some  of  the  early 
historians,  (at  the  head  of  whom  is  Campanius,)  even  assert 

1  The  above  charter  is  translated  from  "  Argonautica  Gustaviana,"  printed 
at  Francfort,  in  1633.  a  very  rare  work;  the  only  copy  known  to  be  in  this 
country  is  in  the  valuable  library  of  Harvard  College,  to  who.?e  librarian  the 
author  is  indebted  for  the  use  of  the  work:  it  is  in  the  German  language.  The 
charter  is  also  to  be  found  in  the  Italian  language,  in  die  4to  edition  of  Hart's 
Life  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  vol.  ii.  pp.  13,  14.  See  also  Bancroft,  vol.  ii.  p.  285. 


Errors  of 
early  histo- 
rians with 


PATROONSHIPS  ESTABLISHED.  21 

that  the  arrival  of  the  Swedes  took  place  in  this  year,  or  the     162G. 
next,  in  which  later  writers  have  naturally  followed.^  '    ^~^ 

It  will  be  seen,  as  we  proceed,  that  these  early  writers  are 
evidently  in  error,  which  we  can  only  account  for  by  the  iiowac- 
work  of  "  Campanius"  having  been  written  many  years  after  counted  for. 
his  death,  by  his  grandson,  who  was  never  probably  in  this 
country,  but  whose  information  was  derived,  as  the  translator''^ 
in  the  preface  observes,  "  from  notes  or  memoranda  left  by 
his  grandfather,  and  the  verbal  accounts  which  he  obtained 
from  his  father,  and  writers  who  preceded  him." 

It  is  a  little  remarkable,   that  while  Gustavus  Adolphus  Decembers. 
was  thus  laying  a  foundation  for  a  future  portion  of  her  em-  Christina 
pire,  his  daughter  Christina,  afterwards  the  empress,  should  ''°™' 
be  born.     This  took  place  on  the  9th  day  of  December." 

1629. 
For  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  settlement  of  colonies  June  7. 
in  New  Netherlands,  which  was  one  of  the  objects  originally  Patroon- 
intended  by  the    establishment  of  the  Dutch   West  India  «i^'P^«^ta- 

"  blished. 

Company,  the  Assembly  of  XIX.  granted  a  charter  of 
"  Freedoms  and  Exemptions,  to  all  such  as  shall  plant  any 
colonies  in  New  Netherland,"  by  which  members  of  the  com- 
pany might  send,  on  certain  terms,  in  the  company's  ships 
going  thither,  three  or  four  persons,  to  inspect  the  situation 
of  the  country,  with  a  view  to  the  selection  of  lands.  They 
who,  within  four  years  after  giving  notice  to  the  company, 
undertake  to  plant  a  colony  of  fifty  souls,  over  fifteen  years 
of  age,  one-fourth  of  the  number  vfithin  the  first  year,  and 
the  remainder  of  the  fifty  within  three  years  more,  were  to  be 
acknowledged  as  patroons  of  New  Netherlands ;  neglecting 
to  comply,  they  forfeited  the  privilege.  The  island  of  Man- 
hattan was  excluded.  They  were  to  have  the  preference  to 
the  lands  they  selected,  with  liberty  to  choose  others,  if  they 
did  not  suit  them,  (the  commander  and  council  approving.) 
They  might  extend  their  limits  four  miles  Dutch,  (sixteen 
English,)  along  shore  on  one  side,  or  two  miles,  (eight  Eng- 
lish,) on  each  side  of  a  navigable  river,  and  as  far  into  the 

1  Into  this  error  the  author,  in  the  Register  of  Pennsylvania,  in  a  hasty- 
sketch  drawn  up  on  the  moment,  from  the  then  accredited  authors,  and  before 
he  had  looked  as  much  as  he  has  since,  into  authorities,  fell ;  which  he  now 
embraces  the  opportunity  to  notice  and  correct. 

2  P.  S.  Duponceau,  p.  vi.  of  vol.  iii.  Mem.  Penns.  Hist.  See. 
^  Biographical  Dictionary. 


22 


1629. 


Charter  of 
Freedoms 
and  Exemp- 
tions for  Pa- 
troonships. 


June  19. 


g.  Godyn  de- 
clares his  in- 
tention of 
colonizing  in 
the  Dela- 
■ware. 


Purchase 
made  on 
west  side  of 
riyer. 


PRIVILEGES  OF  PATROONS. 

country  as  their  situation  would  permit ;  the  company  reserv- 
ing the  lands  remaining  between  the  limits  of  the  colonies, 
to  be  disposed  of  as  they  think  proper,  under  the  general 
rule  that  no  person  be  allowed  to  come  within  seven  or  eight 
miles  (or  thirty-two  miles  English)  of  them,  without  their 
consent.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  river  to  be  in  the  States- 
General  or  company.  They  were  to  enjoy  and  possess  for 
ever  the  lands  within  their  limits,  fruits,  rights,  minerals, 
rivers,  and  fountains  ;  have  "  chief  command  and  lower  juris- 
dictions," fishing,  fowling,  and  grinding,  exclusively,  as  a 
perpetual  inheritance  from  the  company,  or  if  it  devolved  to 
the  company,  might  be  redeemed  with  twenty  guilders,  paid 
within  one  year  and  six  weeks.  If  they  found  cities,  they 
may  establish  officers  and  magistrates,  and  use  the  title  of  the 
colony  at  pleasure,  and  according  to  the  quality  of  the  per- 
sons ;  and  may  dispose  of  it  by  will.  Besides  these  powers 
and  privileges,  others  of  trade,  exemptions  from  taxes,  &c.  &c. 
were  granted,  which  may  be  seen  at  length  in  the  authorities 
referred  to.^  It  was  a  system  of  "  feudal  tenure  and  feudal 
burdens,"^  transplanted  from  continental  Europe. 

By  the  following  extract  from  the  proceedings  of  the 
chamber  at  Amsterdam,  we  are  informed  of  an  intention  to 
commence  a  colony  on  the  Delaware,  and  which  led  to  an 
actual  purchase. 

"  The  Heer  Samuel  Godyn,  having  heretofore  given  notice 
here  that  he  intended  to  plant  a  colony  in  New  Netherland, 
and  that  he  also,  to  that  end,  had  engaged  two  persons  to 
proceed  thither  to  examine  into  the  situation  of  those  quar- 
ters, now  declares  that  he,  in  quality  of  patroon,  has  under- 
taken to  occupy  the  bay  of  the  South  River,  on  the  conditions 
concluded  in  the  last  Assembly  of  the  XIX.,  as  he  hath 
likewise  notified  the  director,  Peter  Minuit,  and  charged  him 
to  register  the  same  there.  "^  It  appears,  however,  that  pre- 
viously, viz.  June  1,  his  agents  had  purchased  from  the  natives 
the  tract  of  country  on  the  west  side  of  South  River  Bay, 
extending  from  Cape  Henlopen  inland  thirty-two  miles,  and 
two  miles  in  breadth,  which  purchase  was  ratified  July  15th 
of  the  next  year.^ 

I  OCall.  vol.  i.  p.  1 12  ;  and  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  ii.  98,  99.  Moulton,  389.  N.  Y. 
Hist.  Coll.  vol.  i.  p.  370,  N.  S.  2  O'Call.  vol.  i.  p.  120. 

"  Appendix  to  OCall.  vol.  i.  p.  479,  taken  from  a  notaricd  copy,  which  is 
among  papers  of  the  late  Proprietaries  of  Pennsylvania. 

*  OCall.  vol.  i.  p.  121. 


INDIAN  DEED  FOR  GODYN'S  PURCHASE. 

Who  the  agents  of  Godyn,  in  this  piu'chase  were,  does  not 
appear,  but  the  fact  tends  to  show  that  communication  must 
have  been  held  with  the  natives  by  sea,  and  that  vessels  then 
visited  the  river.  Moulton  says,  one  of  three  ships  sent  over 
by  the  department  of  the  West  India  Company  this  year, 
visited  the  Indian  village  on  the  south-west  corner  of  New 
Port  May,  or  Delaware  Bay,  and  that  the  purchase  was  then 
made  from  Cape  Hindlop  to  the  mouth  of  the  river.^ 

1630. 

Before  the   director-general  and  council  of   Manhattan,  Juiyis. 
appeared  several  chiefs  of  the  nation  from  whom  the  purchase 
of  land  had  been  eflfected  last  year,  on  Delaware  Bay,  then 
called  Godyn's  Bay,  and  made  their  formal  acknowledgment 
of  the  sale  in  the  following  words : 

"Before  us,  (the  Directors,  kc.)  in  their  proper  persons,  Indian  deed 
came  and  appeared  Quesquakous,  Ensanques,  and  Sickonesyns,  [o'g*  oc^y^ 
and  inhabitants  of  their  villages,  lying  on  south  corner  of  the  o°  Delaware 
Bay  of  South  Biver,  and  declared  voluntarily  and  deliberately,  or  west  side. 
and  with  the  special  order  of  the  rulers,  and  with  the  consent 
of  the  community  there,  that  on  the  1st  of  June,  in  the  last 
past  year  1629,  for  and  in  consideration  of  certain  parcels 
of  goods  which  they  acknowledge  to  have  satisfactorily  re- 
ceived into  their  hands,  before  the  passing  of  these  presents, 
they  have,  in  their  true  and  free  ownership,  transported, 
given  over,  and  deeded  to  and  for  the  behoof  of,  the  much 
esteemed  Mr.  Samuel  Godyn,  (absent,  and  for  whom  we,  ex 
officio,  under  stipulations,  accept  the  same,)  viz.  the  land  be- 
longing to  them  lying  on  south  side  of  aforesaid  bay,  by  us 
named  the  Bay  of  South  Biver,  extending  in  length  from 
Cape  Hindlop  to  the  mouth  of  said  river,  about  eight  large 
miles,^  and  landwards  half  a  mile,"  to  a  certain  valley  or 
marsh,  through  which  these  bounds  can  be  sufficiently  distin- 
guished, and  that,  with  all  the  action,  right  and  equity  which 
to  them  in  the  aforesaid  quality  appertain,  constituting  and 
putting  the  aforesaid  Mr.  Godyn  in  their  place  and  stead,  in 
the  sure  and  actual  possession  thereof,  and  moreover,  also 
giving  full  and  irrevocable  might,  authority,  and  special 
license,  unto  said  Samuel  Godyn,  or  his  assigns,  peaceably 
and  quietly  to  possess,  enjoy,  cultivate,  use,  and  have  the  said 
lands,  tanquam  actor  et  procurator  in  rem  suam  ac  propriam, 

'  Moulton,  p.  401.         2  Dutch,  or  32  English.         ^  Xwo  miles  English. 


24  PATEOONSHIP  FOPtMED  FOR  THE  DELAWARE. 

1630.     and  also  to  do  with,  manage,  and  dispose  of  the  same,  as  he 
'""'^     '     may  or  can  with  his  own  lands,  to  which  he  is  rightfully  and 
lawfully  entitled,  without  that  the  grantors  having  or  reserv- 
Saietos.      ing  thereto  or  thereout,  any  part,  right,  title,  or  authority, 
^°^^^-         either  of  ownership,  power,  or  jurisdiction,   but,  to  the  be- 
hoof as  aforesaid,  from  henceforth  for  ever,  desisting,  resign- 
ing, and  renouncing  the  same,  promising  moreover  not  only 
to  keep,  maintain,  and  fulfil  this,  their  transport,  and  whatever 
may  be  done  by  virtue  thereof,  for  ever  after,  firm,  inviolable, 
and  irrevocable,  but  also  to  maintain  and  defend  the  aforesaid 
land  against  all  persons,  free  from  all  claim,  challenge,  or 
incumbrance  to  be  made  thereon  by  any  person,  all  in  good 
faith,  without  fraud  or  deceit.     In  witness  whereof,  these 
presents  are  confirmed  by  our  usual  signature,  and  with  our 
seal  thereto  affixed.     Done  on  the  island  of  Manhattan,  this 

15th  day  of  July,  1630. "i  at     •       .  ^  j 

•^  -^  JNo  signatures  recorded. 

It  is  stated  by  O'Callaghan,  that,  according  to  "  Holland  Do- 
cuments" lately  received,  Samuel  Bloemmaert  was  interested 
with  Godyn  in  the  above  purchase  ;  his  name,  however,  does 
not  appear  either  in  the  original  or  translation,  in  the  Albany 
Documents  from  which  we  copied  the  foregoing  instrument.- 
David  Pieterszen  De  Vries,  of  Hoorn,   a  port  in  North 
A  patroon-     Holland,  "  a  bold  and  skilful  seaman,"  and  a  "  master  of  artil- 
Bhip  formed,  j^^,    -^^  ^-^^  scrvicc  of  the  United  Provinces,"  havincr,  about  two 

and  articles  "^  _  .  . 

of  associa-     months  prcviously,  returned  from  the  East  Indies,  met  with 
tion  entered  jyj-^,^  Samucl  Godvn,  a  merchant  of  Amsterdam,  and  the  pur- 

into  for  esta-  ./     ?  ^  7  r 

Mshing  a      chaser  of  the  land  above  mentioned,  who  informed  him  of  the 
sourh  Rh-er  ii^tcntion  of  himsclf  and  associates  to  form  a  colony  in  New 
under  Capt.   Netherlands,  particulaxdy  directing  his  attention  to  the  South 
e  nes.      j^iyer^  -yyith  a  vicw  to  the  whale  fishery,  "  whales  being  plenty 
in  those  regions,  and  fish  oil  being  60  guilders  per  hogshead" 
in  Holland.     The  olfer  of  "  commandership"   was  made  to 
De  Vries,   and  employment   "  as  second  patroon,"   as  was 
granted  by  the  States,  and  by  the  19th  of  the  West  India 
Company's  charter,  which  he  declined  to  accept,  unless  he 
was  made  in  all  respects  equal  with  the  others  as  a  patroon, 
which  being  readily  agreed  to,  a  patroonship  was  formed  by 
October  16.    entering  into  formal  articles  of  association,  on  16th  of  Octo- 
ber, 1630.     The  members  composing  it  were  Samuel  Godyn, 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xxvi.  GG.  p.  11,  12.     Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  82. 
2  O'Call.  vol.  i.  p.  122.     Holl.  Doc.  vol.  i.  p.  176—180. 


.     DE  VRIES'S  ARRIVAL  ON  THE  DELAWARE.  25 

Killiaen  Van  Rensselaer,  Samuel  Bloemmaert,  Jan  De  Laet,     1630. 
and  De  Vries,  to  which  number  several  persons  were  after-     ' — • — ' 
wards  added.     Immediate  measures  were  taken  to  prepare 
for  the  expedition.     A  ship  and  yacht  were  fitted  out,  "  as  Expedition 
well  for  the  whale  fishing  in  those  parts,"  as  for  the  establish-  ^"®<^°'*' 

*-'    _  ^  '  _   _  and  sails. 

ment  of  a  colony,  "  planting  of  tobacco,  raising  of  grain," 
&c.     All  things  being  ready,  and  about  thirty  colonists  re- 
ceived on  board,  the  vessels  left  the  Texel,  December  12,  December  13. 
1630.1 

1631. 

The  precise  date  of  the  arrival  of  De  Vries's  expedition,  De  vries's 
in  the  Delaware,  is  not  known,  but  as  he  told  us  he  sailed  on  ^eTawaw 
December  12,  1630,  and  allowing  for  the  length  of  the  pas-  settlement 
sages  usual  at  that  period,  we  conclude  he  arrived  in  March  dai.  Erection 
or  April  of  this  year.     After  passing  Cape  Cornelis,  he  en-  °^  ^^''^  ^p- 
tered  into  a  deep  creek,  abounding  with  oysters,  which  was 
called   Hoornkil    or   Hoerkil,    the  present   Whorekills,'^   or 
Lewes  Creek.     Here,  having  selected   a   suitable   spot,  he 
erected   a  house,  surrounding  it  with  palisades,  instead  of 
parapets  and  breastwork,  which  served  the  purposes  both  of 
trade  and  defence.     It  was  called  Fort   Oplandt.^     Being 
favoured  in  the  season,  they  sufiered  but  little  inconvenience 
from  the  weather.     Their  settlement  was  on  the  purchase 
made  in  1629  for  Godyn,  and  assumed  the  name  of  Zwanen- 
dal,  or  "Valley  of  the  Swans."     But  little  information  is  on 
record  respecting  the  progress  of  this  infant  Dutch  colony. 
No  doubt  every  effort  was  made  to  provide  for  their  wants, 
and  to  place  it  in  a  proper  state  of  defence ;  at  least  De 
Vries  so  considered  it,  for  in  the  course  of  the  year  pro-  DeVriesde- 
bably,  (for  the  date  is  not  given,)  he  left  it  in  charge  of  Gillis  HouIn7 
Hosset,  and  sailed  for  Holland. 

Another  purchase  was  made  on  the  South  River,  from  the 
Indians,  as  set  forth  in  the  following  acknowledgment  before 
the  director-general  and  council  at  Manhattan. 

"  Appeared  before  us,  Peter  Heysen,  skipper  on  board  the 
ship  named  "Walrus,  (or  Whale,)  lying  at  present  on  the  South 
River,  and  Gillis  Ilosset,  commissary,  lying  in  the  same,  and 
declared,  that  on  the  bth  day  of  May  last  past,  before  them  May  5. 

■  De  Vries,  in  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  i.  N.  S.,  p.  250.     OCall.  vol.  i.  p.  128. 
2  For  the  origin  of  this  name,  tradition  has  assigned  a  reason  which  needs 
the  support  of  evidence.  ^  j^g  Vries,  Moulton,  vol.  i.  p.  400. 

4  0 


26  SECOND  PURCHASE  ON  THE  DELAWARE. 

1631.  in  their  proper  persons,  appeared  Sannoowouno,  Wiewit, 
'  •  '  Pemhacke,  Mekowetick,  Teehepeuwya,  Matliamen,  Sacoock, 
Anchoopoen,  Janqueno,  and  Pokahake,  rightful  owners,  pro- 
Purchaso  on  prietors,  and  inhabitants  of  the  east  side  of  the  Godyn's  East 
east  side  for  Baj,  Called  the  Cape  of  May,  both  for  themselves  and  the 
Bioemmacrt.  7'ato  caverenclo,  (the  remaining,)  and  all  other  proprietors  of 
the  same  land.  The  said  appearers,  in  their  sacred  quality, 
voluntarily  and  deliberately  declared,  that  in  a  rightful,  full, 
and  free  ownership,  by  virtue  of  titles,  and  the  right  of  sell- 
ing, and  in  consideration  of  certain  parcels  of  goods,  which 
they  the  grantors,  in  the  said  quality,  before  the  passing  of 
these  presents,  acknowledged  to  have  received  and  obtained, 
they  had  transported,  ceded,  and  given  over,  and  by  these 
presents,  they  do  transport,  &c.,  to  and  for  the  behoof  of 
their  excellencies  Mr.  Samuel  Godyn,  and  Mr.  Samuel  Bloem- 
maert,  (absent,)  and  for  whom  the  said  appearers,  the  follow- 
ing did  accept  with  suitable  stipulations,  viz.  the  east  side  of 
Godyn's  Bay,  or  Cape  May,  extending  four  miles  from  the 
cape  aforesaid,  bayward  in,  and  four  miles  along  the  coast 
towards  the  south,  and  four  miles  landward  in,  being  a  square 
of  16  miles,  and  that,  with  all  which,  in  right  and  equity,  to 
the  said  appearers  in  the  aforesaid  quality  therein  apper- 
tained, constituting  and  substituting  the  said  grantees,  (the 
before  named  agents,)  in  the  stead  and  state,  in  the  real  and 
actual  possession  of  the  same,  and  at  the  same  time  to  their 
said  excellencies  Messrs.  Godyn  and  Bloemmaert,  or  to  their 
successors,  full,  absolute,  and  irrevocable  right,  tanquam,  &c., 
the  said  land  peaceably  to  enter  upon,  possess,  inhabit,  culti- 
vate, occupy,  use,  and  therewith  do,  and  thereof  dispose  and 
trade  away,  as  they  might  do  with  their  own,  honestly  and 
legally  gotten,  without  that  they  the  said  grantors,  in  their 
aforesaid  quality,  (capacity,)  thereto,  and  to  any  part  or  piece 
thereof,  should  have,  reserve,  or  save  in  the  least,  any  part, 
action  or  authority,  whether  for  ownership,  command,  or 
jurisdiction,  but  superabundantly  for  the  behoof  as  aforesaid, 
Junes.  from  this  time  forth,  and  for  evermore,  wholly  and  absolutely 
therefrom,  desisting,"  &c.^     June  3,  1631. 

This  purchase  has  been  stated,  by  several  writers,  to  have 
been  made  May  5,  1630.  This  has  arisen,  we  presume,  from 
an  error  in  quoting  from  the  records,  as  the  date  of  the  fore- 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xxvi.  pp.  27,  30,  GG.  29. 


COLONY  DESTROYED  BY  THE  INDIANS.  27 

going  paper,  Jan.  3,  1631,^  instead  of  June  3,  1631,  wliicli  1631. 
would  render  the  btli  of  May  last  2Mst,  as  in  1630.  The  date  '  '  ' 
■we  have  given  is  copied  from  the  Albany  record  itself,  and 
corresponds  with  the  date  of  the  two  preceding  acknowledg- 
ments, as  alluded  to  in  a  subsequent  instrument^  for  the  sale 
of  both  purchases.  It  appears  to  us  most  probable,  that  De 
Vries  having  arrived  prior  to  the  5th  May,  Heysen  was  the 
commander  of  the  ship  Walrus,  and  that  Hosset  was  the  com- 
missary of  the  expedition,  and  that  possessing,  by  previous 
purchase,  the  western  side  of  the  river,  it  was  deemed  advisa- 
ble to  obtain  the  east  side  also,  and  that  the  purchase  was 
accordingly  effected  as  above.  Both  sides  of  the  river,  it 
seems,  passed  by  the  name  of  "  Zwanendal,"  or  «  Valley  of 
Swans,"  although  the  term  has  generally  been  applied  to  the 
settlement  on  the  western  shore.  Hosset  was  an  agent  also 
in  the  purchase  of  lands  around  Fort  Orange,  for  Van  Rens- 
sellaer,  in  1630,^  and  must  therefore,  most  probably  have 
returned  to  Holland,  prior  to  accompanying  De  Vries,  unless, 
indeed,  he  was  despatched  for  the  purpose  from  Manhattan, 
upon  De  Vries's  arrival. 

The  departure  of  De  Vries  appears  to  have  been  unfortu-  Destnictioa 
nate  for  the  colony,  as  his  prudence  might  have  saved  it  from  colony byTu« 
the  unhappy  occurrences  into  which  the  indiscretion  of  ^"i'*"^- 
those  intrusted  with  its  management  involved  it.  It  seems 
that,  conformably  with  the  custom  of  the  Dutch,  a  pillar  was 
erected,  bearing  a  piece  of  tin,  on  which  were  traced  the  coat 
of  arms  of  the  United  Provinces,  which  being  innocently 
removed  by  an  Indian,  was  viewed  by  Hosset,  who  was  left 
in  charge,  as  a  national  insult,  and  led  to  the  entire  destruc- 
tion of  the  colony,  this  year,  or  early  in  the  next,  by  the 
Indians.  The  particulars,  as  subsequently  related  to  De  Vries, 
on  his  return  from  Holland,  we  find  in  his  journal.  De  Vries 
inquired  "  the  reason  why  they  had  killed  our  people.  He 
showed  us  a  place  where  our  people  had  erected  a  pillar,  to 
which  was  attached  a  piece  of  tin,  upon  which  was  figured 
the  emblem  of  Holland.  One  of  their  chiefs  wanted  to  take 
this  piece  of  tin  to  make  of  it  tobacco  pipes,  not  knowing 
that  it  was  improper.  Those  who  had  the  command  at  the 
house  showed  much  dissatisfaction,  so  that  the  Indians  did 
not  know  how  to  make  amends.     They  went  away  and  killed 

»  Moulton,  p.  401.     Acrolius,  p.  417.  2  0"CaIl.  vol.  i.  p.  479. 

»  O'Call.  vol.  i.  pp.  125,  138. 


28  CAUSE  OF  THE  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  COLONY. 

1631.  the  chief  -who  had  taken  the  tin,  and  brought  a  token  of  it  to 
""""^  those  who  commanded  at  the  house,  who  told  them  that  they 
had  done  wrong ;  that  they  ought  to  have  come  with  him  to 
Destruction  the  housc,  and  they  would  have  only  told  him  not  to  do  so 
colony.™^*  again.  They  then  went  away:  but  the  friends  of  the  mui-- 
dered  chief  had  resolved  to  be  avenged.  They  attacked  our 
people  when  they  were  working  in  the  field,  leaving  but  a 
single  sick  man  in  the  house,  and  a  large  bull-dog,  which  was 
chained  out  of  doors.  The  man  who  had  command  of  the 
house  stood  near  the  door.  '  Three  of  the  boldest  Indians, 
who  were  to  perpetrate  the  deed,  came  and  offered  him  a  par- 
cel of  beavers  to  barter,  and  contrived  to  enter  the  house. 
He  went  in  with  them  to  transact  the  business ;  that  being 
done,  he  went  to  a  garret  where  the  stores  were.  Coming 
down,  one  of  the  Indians  cleaved  his  head  with  an  axe,  so 
that  he  dropped  dead  on  the  floor.  They  then  murdered  the 
sick  man,  and  then  went  to  the  dog,  which  they  feared  most, 
and  shot  at  least  twenty-five  arrows  at  him  before  he  was 
killed.  They  then  went  in  a  treacherous  manner  to  the  peo- 
ple in  the  field,  approaching  them  under  the  aj)pearance  of 
friendship,  and  murdered  one  after  the  other.  Thus  termi- 
nated our  first  colony,  to  our  great  loss."-^ 

In  alluding,  several  years  later,  to  the  cause  of  this  de- 

Giius  Hosset  struction,  De  Vries  says,  "  When  we  were  erecting  a  colony 

thrcTuseof   i^  1630,  on  South  River,  at  Zwanendal,  on  the  Hoeren  Creek, 

"•  and  all  our  people  were  murdered  by  the  Indians,  occasioned 

by  some  trifling  quarrels  of  our  commander,  Gillis  Osset,  we 

lost  our  settlements  by  mere  jangling  with  the  Indians,  when 

thirty-two  of  our  men  were  murdered."^  Thus  charging  upon 

Hosset,  whom  he  had  left  in  command,  the  blame  of  it. 

The  ai-riyai        Some  of  the  early  writers  fix  the  arrival  of  the  Swedes, 

sw!des  as-     ^^^  ^^^  building  of  the  first  fort  by  them,  in  this  year,  which, 

Bignedto       from  documcnts  hereafter  to  be  noticed,  was  undoubtedly  an 

this  year  by     „„    „ 
some.  CLlUl. 

In  this  year,  also,  it  has  been  said  that,  upon  the  applica- 
Right  to  the  tion  of  his  excellency  John  Oxenstiern,  ambassador  to  Eng- 
^^"to^have  l^'^^)  King  Charles  I.  relinquished  to  the  Swedes  all  claim  to 
beenreiin-  this  part  of  the  couutry  by  reason  of  discovery.  Of  any 
the  English,  cvidencc  of  this  agreement,  no  documents  have  been,  thus 
far,  produced.  Acrelius  also  refers  to  this  circumstance,  but 
places  it  at  a  later  period. 

>  De  Vries,  in  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  vol.  i.  N.  S.,  p.  252.  2  ibid.  266. 


CHARTER  OF  MARYLAND  GRANTED  TO  LORD  BALTIMORE.  29 

1632. 

Director  Minuit  was  recalled,  and  embarked  some  time  in  PeterMinuit, 
tlie  sprino-,  for  Holland,  taking  with  him  5000  beaver  skins,  '^'^•"^*°'''  ^^- 

t  Ti    •  1  T        1  •  called,  and 

on  account  of  the  company.     Being  obliged  to  put  into  Eng-  rotumsto 
land  by  stress  of  weather,  the  vessel  was  seized  for  having  "°^^*°-^- 
traded  in  his  majesty's  dominions  against  his  express  com- 
mands, but  after  various  exchanges  of  documents  on  each 
side,  asserting  claims  to  the  country,  the  vessel  was  released.^ 

Lord  Baltimore  obtains  a  grant  for  Maryland,  under  which  June  20. 
he  claimed  a  right  to  the  lands  on  the  west  side  of  Delaware  Lord  Baiti- 
River,  and  which  arave  rise  to  continual  controversies  between  ^°^'^°^^^^^^ 

'a  ^  a  charter  for 

him  and  the  Dutch,  and  afterwards  with  the  Pennsylvania  Maryland, 
proprietaries,  which  were  not  settled  for  more  than  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty  years. 

Lord  Baltimore  first  intended  to  settle  in  Virginia,  but  LordBoiti- 
beino;  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  finding  himself  uncomfortable  ""'"^  '^f  ^°^ 

O  '  O  England. 

there  on  account  of  his  religion,  departed  for  England,  and  Patent  after- 
obtained  a  patent  for  land  originally  granted  to  the  South  g^^^/^  4°*^^;, 
Virginia  Company,  but  dying,  never  returned.     His  son,  in  son. 
1633,  had  the  patent  confirmed  to  himself.     It  occasioned 
unpleasant  feelings  between  Maryland  and  Virginia  for  a 
time,  owing,  chiefly,  to  their  being  rivals  in  the  tobacco  busi- 
ness.    The  following  proceedings  and  description  will  show 
the  extent  of  the  grant. ^ 

<'  By  letters  patent  of  this  date,  reciting  the  petition  of  charter  to 
Cecilius,  Lord  Baltimore,  for  a  certain  country  thereinafter  ^0^^*^  fo"'" 
described,  not  then  cultivated  and  planted^  thougli  in  some  Maryland, 
parts  thereof  inhabited  by  certain  barbarous  people,  having  cuimeda 
no  hioivledge  of  Almighty  Cfod,  his  majesty  granted  to  said  right  to  the 

T        1   T>    1 1  •  Delaware, 

Lord  Baltimore :  ...  .      which  was 

"  All  that  part  of  a  peninsula  lying  in  the  parts  of  America  long  a  source 
between  the  ocean  on  the  east,  and  the  Bay  of  Chesapeake 
on  the  west,  and  divided  from  the  other  part  thereof  by  a 
right  line  drawn  from  the  promontory  or  cape  of  land  called 
Watkins's  Point,  (situate  in  the  aforesaid  bay,  near  the  River 
of  Wighco,)  on  the  west,  unto  the  main  ocean  on  the  east ; 
and  between  that  bound  on  the  south,  unto  that  part  of  Dela- 
ware Bay  on  the  north  which  lieth  under  the  40th  degree  of 

•  O'Call.  vol.  i.  p.  130. 

*  Beverly,  47,  48.     Burke's  Virginia,  ii.  39.    Bozman's  Maryland,  1.344,  345, 
and  note  (S.)     Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  i.  p.  337. 


versy. 


30 


DE  VRIES  RETURNS  FROM  HOLLAND. 


1632. 


November. 

Gustavus 
Adolphus 
again  thinks 
of  the 
scheme  of  a 
company. 
His  death. 


December  5. 

De  Vries'a 
return  from 
Holland. 
Has  inter- 
views, and  fi- 
nally makes 
peace  with 
the  Indians, 
from  one  of 
whom  he 
learns  the 
particulars 
of  the  mur- 
der of  the 
colonists. 


north  latitude  from  the  equinoctial,  where  New  England 
ends;  and  all  that  tract  of  land  between  the  bounds  aforesaid, 
2.  e.  passing  from  the  aforesaid  bay  called  Delaware  Bay,  in 
a  right  line  by  the  degree  aforesaid,  unto  the  true  meridian 
of  the  first  fountain  of  the  River  of  PattoumecTc,  and  from 
thence  trending  towards  the  south  unto  the  further  bank  of 
the  aforesaid  river,  and  following  the  west  and  south  side 
thereof,  unto  a  certain  place  called  Cinquack,  situate  near  the 
mouth  of  the  said  river,  where  it  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Chesa- 
peake, and  from  thence  by  a  straight  line,  unto  the  aforesaid 
promontory  and  place  called  \Yatkins's  Point. "^ 

Gustavus  Adolphus,  one  of  the  noblest  monarchs  of  Europe, 
and  King  of  Sweden,  who  took  so  lively  an  interest  in  esta- 
blishing a  SAvedish  West  India  Company  in  1626-27,  and 
colonizing  this  country,  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Lutzen, 
nobly  fighting  at  the  head  of  his  army,  by  which  untoward 
event  the  accomplishment  of  the  object  which  he  had  so  much 
at  heart  was  still  longer  delayed  for  several  years.  But  a 
short  time  prior  to  his  death,  (October  16,)  at  Nuremburgh, 
he  drew  up  a  recommendation  to  the  people  of  Germany,  of 
his  favourite  scheme  of  a  company,  which  was  ready  for  his 
signature,  but  which  was  prevented  by  his  death.  It  was, 
however,  the  next  year  submitted  to  the  people  by  his  excel- 
lent chancellor  Oxenstiern.- 

In  the  latter  part  of  this  year,  De  Yries,  having  previously 
heard  of  the  destruction  of  his  colony  on  the  Delaware, 
sailed  from  the  Texel.  On  the  5th  of  December  he  entered 
the  South  Bay,  having  a  whale  near  his  vessel.  "  He  promised 
himself  great  things,  plenty  of  whales,  and  good  land  for 
cultivation."  On  the  next  day  he  proceeded  up  the  kill,  being 
well  armed,  in  case  of  meeting  with  Indians.  He  now 
realized  the  truth  of  what  he  had  learned  before  leaving  Hol- 
land. He  "  found  the  house  destroyed.  It  had  been  sur- 
rounded by  parapets  or  breastwork,  but  most  of  them  had 
been  burned.  The  ground  was  bestrewed  with  the  heads  and 
bones  of  his  murdered  men,  but  he  saw  no  Indians."  Sup-j 
posing  they  might  be  attracted  by  the  sound  of  a  gun,  he 
went  on  board  the  vessel,  and  ordered  a  gun  to  be  fired.  On 
the  7th,  two  Indians  appeared  near  the  destroyed  house ;  • 
afraid  to  approach,  they  wished  the  people  from  the  vessel  toj 

'  Statement  of  Perm's  Case,  by  Murray,  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  ii.  p.  204. 
2  Argonaiuica  Gustaviana.     Bancroft,  vol.  ii.  p.  282. 


I 


I 


INTERVIEW  WITH  THE  INDIANS.  31 

come  on  shore,  which  De  Vries  resolved  to  do  next  day,  in  1632. 
the  yacht,  that  he  might  "have  a  shelter  from  their  arrows."  '  ■  ' 
Accordingly,  he  went  in  the  yacht,  up  the  creek  to  the  house. 
The  Indians  were  on  the  shore,  hut  at  first  would  not  go  on 
board ;  at  last,  however,  one  went.  De  Yries  gave  him  a 
cloth  dress,  and  told  him  he  desired  to  make  peace  with  them. 
Others  then  went  on  board,  expecting  also  a  dress,  but  he  gave 
them  only  trinkets,  adding  that  the  dress  was  given  to  the 
first  as  a  reward  for  his  confidence  in  venturing  to  enter  the 
boat.  They  were  desired  to  come  next  day  with  their  chief, 
called  SaJcvnas,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  satisfactory 
peace.  One  Indian,  however,  remained  on  board  all  night  in 
the  yacht,  and  from  him  De  Vries,  upon  inquiry,  received  the 
account  which  has  already  been  given,  of  the  murder  of  the 
colonists.  On  the  9th,  the  Indians,  with  their  chief,  came : 
"they  sat  down  in  a  circle,  and  concluded  peace."  Presents 
were  made  them  of  duffels,  bullets,  axes,  and  Nuremberg 
trinkets,  with  which  being  well  pleased,  and  with  promises  of 
reciprocal  benefits,  they  departed  joyfully,  no  notice  or  ven- 
geance having  been  taken  of  the  previous  cruelties  committed. 

De  Yries  now  made  "preparations  for  the  fishery,  and  for  DeVries  pre. 
boiling  oil,  by  forming  a  lodging  place  of  some  boards."^         fi^hln^"^ 

1633. 

De  Vries,  after  remaining  since  the  conclusion  of  the  peace,  January  i. 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  creek,  probably  engaged  in  the  De  vries 
fishery,  proceeded  in  the  yacht  up  the  river,  to  procure  beans  ^^laware.  ^ 
from  the  Indians.     They  saw  a  whale  before  the  mouth  of  Meets  with 
the  river.     On  the  5th  he  was  before  the  little  Fort  Nassau,  gaveTby  aa' 
where  formerly  lived  some  families  of  the  West  India  Com-  Indian  wo 
pany.     Here  he  found  a  few  Indians  disposed  to  barter  some  destruction, 
furs,  but  wanting  only  Indian  corn,  and  having  parted  with 
most  of  his  articles  at  Zwanendal,  he  had  none  to  trade  for 
furs.     They  advised  him  to  proceed  to    Timmerkill,   (now 
Cooper's  Creek,)  from  which  he  was  prevented  by  the  kind 
interference  of  an  Indian  woman,  to  whom  he  gave  a  cloth 
dress  to  induce  her  to  communicate  what  she  knew.     She 
belonged  "  to  the  Sankitans."     She  informed  De  Vries  that 
they   had   murdered   the   crew    of  an   English   boat  which 
ascended  the   Count  Ernest  River,  and  would  undoubtedly 
attack  them.     On  the  6th  he  weighed,  and  lay  before  Tim- 

•  De  Vries,  p.  253. 


32 


DE  TRIES  SAVED  FROM  THE  INDIANS. 


1633. 


Many  In- 
dians come 
on  board. 
His  treat- 
ment of 
them. 


Finds  Fort 
Nassau 
crowded 
witli  In- 
dians.   Ex- 
change of 
presents. 


De  Tries  de- 
termines to 
go  to  Vir- 
ginia. 


merkill,  fully  prepared  for  the  Indians,  if  they  attempted  to 
harm  him.  They  soon  approached  the  boat,  offering  beavers, 
and  about  forty-two  or  forty-three  entered  the  yacht :  some 
began  to  play  on  reeds,  so  as  to  induce  no  suspicion  of  their 
designs,  but,  being  only  seven  in  number,  the  crew  were  upon 
their  guard,  and  when  De  Vries  thought  they  had  been  long 
enough  on  board,  he  ordered  them  ashore,  threatening  to  fire 
if  they  refused  to  depart ;  their  sachem  offered  beavers  for 
sale,  which  were  declined,  and  the  Indians  were  again  ordered 
on  shore,  and  given  to  understand  that  Manito,  their  devil, 
had  advised  him  of  their  evil  designs ;  they  then  went  on 
shore. 

These  Indians  are  said  to  be  "Roodehoeks  or  Mantes;" 
they  were  partly  dressed  in  English  jackets,  which  created 
suspicion,  and  confirmed  the  story  of  the  Indian  woman,  who 
so  providentially  was  the  means  of  saving  a  second  expedi- 
tion from  destruction.  On  the  8th,  De  Vries  returned  to  his 
position  before  the  fort,  which  was  now  crowded  with  Indians, 
and  their  numbers  increasing.  A  canoe,  with  nine  chiefs 
from  different  places,  came  off,  amongst  them  the  man  who 
had  appeared  with  the  English  jacket,  which,  however,  he  did 
not  now  wear.  They  sat  down  in  a  circle,  and  said  they  had 
discovered  that  De  Vries's  people  were  in  fear  of  them,  but 
they  came  to  conclude  a  permanent  peace,  and  presented  ten 
beaver  skins,  with  a  distinct  ceremony  with  each.  De  Vries 
in  return  offered  some  presents  for  each,  such  as  an  axe, 
adze,  small  knives,  &c.,  which  they  refused,  saying,  "  they  did 
not  make  their  presents  to  receive  others  in  return,  but  to  make 
peace."  They  were  told  that  some  presents  would  be  given 
for  their  wives,  but  they  replied,  "  these  must  be  given  to 
them  on  shore."  De  Vries,  on  the  9th  and  10th,  obtained 
from  them  in  barter  some  Indian  corn  and  furs ;  on  the  19th, 
he  went  upwards  of  a  mile  from  "Jacques  Eyland?"  entered 
a  fine  creek,  abounding  in  vines,  which  they  therefore  called 
"  Wyngaert's  Kill,  or  Vine  Creek." 

De  Vries  now  determined  to  proceed  to  Virginia,  as  he  had 
failed,  in  South  River,  to  procure  corn  and  other  provisions 
for  his  return  voyage,  in  doing  which  he  had  incurred  some 
danger,  and  as  none  of  the  Dutch  had  been  to  Virginia  before 
him,  he  would  have  the  honour  of  making  the  first  visit 
there. 

De  Vries  accordingly  sailed  for  Virginia,  where,  upon  his 


i 


DE  VRIES  VISITS  VIRGINIA.  33 

arrival,  the    governor,  attended   by   some  officers    and   sol-     1G33. 
diers,  met  and  cordially  welcomed  him,  inquiring  whence  he     ' — ■ — ' 
came;  on  being  informed  "from   South  River,"  he  invited 
him  to  his  house,  and  treated  him  to  a  glass  of  wine.     He  March, 
then  told  him  that  South  Bay  belonged  to  the  British,  and  DeVriesgoes 
was  by  them  named  Delaware  Bay,  after  Lord  Delaware,  who  *f  .^'■'s'l"*- 

''  .  .  Fnenaiy  re- 

some  years  ago  had  taken  possession  of  it,  but  not  supposing  ception  by 
it  navigable,  owing  to  the  sand  banks,  he  did  not  ascend  the  ^'^"s"^"'" 

C3  ■'  o  y  nor. 

river,     De  Vries  then  informed  him  that  he  was  mistaken ; 
that  the  Dutch  had  there  built  a  fort  many  years  ago,  called 
Nassau,  of  which  he  appeared  never  to  have  known  before, 
and  that  it  was  a  fine  navigable  river.     The  governor  spoke 
of  a  small  vessel  that  he  had  sent,   some  time  before,  to 
the  Delaware,  which  had  not  returned,  and  he  supposed  was 
lost.     De  Vries  then  related  the  circumstance  mentioned  by 
the  Indian  woman,  of  the  murder  of  an  English  boat's  crew, 
and  that  he  had  seen  an  Indian  wearing  an  English  jacket, 
which  he  concluded  to  have  belonged  to  his  boat's  crew,  who 
had  been  sent  there  to  make  discovery.     The  governor  gave 
him  six  goats  for  his  new  colony ;  he  purchased  some  provi- 
sions, and  returned  to  South  Bay.      He  learned  that  in  his  Returns  to 
absence  they  had  taken  only  seven  whales,  which  yielded  32  ^y^^'^.^'^'L- 
cartels  of  oil.     Finding,  therefore,  that  the  fishing  here  was  success  m 
too  expensive  in  proportion  to  the  profit,  and  the  fish  poor,  nliiyfeaves 
he  prepared  to  return  to  Europe,  and  on  the  16th  of  April  fo'^irope. 
weighed  anchor,  and  arrived  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  on  Man- 
hattan,  shortly  after,^  and  thus  finally  left   the  Delaware 
River  for  several  years ;   and  terminated  the  second  expe- 
dition. 

This  year  arrived  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  in  the  ship  Zout-  April, 
berg,  (or  Salt  Mountain,)  a  vessel  of  20  guns,  and  52  men.  Arrival  of 
and  104  soldiers,  Wouter  Van  Twiller,  having  the  appoint-  TwIiilTt 
ment  of  director-general  over  New   Netherlands.     He  had  Manhattan. 
been  a  clerk  in  the  employ  of  the  West  India  Company,  and 
was  now  successor  to  Peter  Minuit,  of  whom  we  shall  know 
more  hereafter.^ 

This  year  the  Timber  Creek  Indians  were  at  war  with  the  Indians  at 
Minquas,  on  the  Christina.     The  name  of  the  sachem  of  the  ^'*'^' 
former  tribe  was,  according  to  De  Vries,  Zee  Pentor." 

'  Do  Vries.      Du   Sim.  MSS.   Philada.   Library.     N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  i. 
N.  S.,  p.  254. 

2  OCall.  vol.  i.  p.  141.  8  De  Vries.     Mickle,  p.  II. 

5  * 


84 


PROCLAMATION  FOR  SWEDISH  WEST  INDIA  COMPANY. 


1633. 


April  10. 

Oxenstiom 
publishes 
the  procla- 
mation for 
the  Swedish 
West  India 
Company, 
left  unsigned 
by  Gustavus. 


June  26. 

And  also  an 
address 
assigning 
reasons  for 
the  delay  in 
organizing 
the  com- 
pany. 


The  period 
for  uniting 
with  the 
company  ex- 
tended. 

Pledges  and 
payment  of 
funds  in  the 
company. 


Chancellor  Oxenstiern  publishes  the  proclamation  which 
had  been  left  unsigned  by  Gustavus  Adolphus,  and  adds, 
"  though  the  above  declaration  and  amplification  of  the  be- 
fore-mentioned privileges  of  his  majesty,  of  glorious  memory, 
could  not  have  been  signed,  on  account  of  the  multifarious 
and  incredible  affairs  of  the  war,  I  cannot,  in  consequence 
of  my  duty  and  good  personal  knowledge,  but  certify  that 
the  same  has  been  the  highest  desire  and  wish  of  his  royal 
majesty ;  therefore  I,  by  the  crown  of  Sweden,  and  pleni- 
potentiary minister-general,  have  signed  it  with  my  own 
hand,  and  affixed  my  seal  to  it,  at  Heilebrunn,  April  10, 
1633." 

The  chancellor  publishes  an  address,  in  which  he  presents 
the  reasons  Avhich  have  already  so  long  delayed  the  carrying 
into  eff"ect  the  plans  previously  submitted  by  his  majesty. 
He  says,  "  our  worthy  king  and  lord,  a  few  years  ago,  after 
mature  deliberation  and  good  counsel,  found  it  expedient  and 
highly  useful  to  grant  and  to  forward  the  design,  that  in  his 
kingdom  and  lands  there  should  be  established  a  general  com- 
mercial and  navigation  company,  and  that  free  and  open 
commerce  should  be  carried  on  in  every  part  of  the  world 
where  the  greatest  advantages  might  be  derived.  We  also 
declare  that  this  work  was  almost  carried  into  operation, 
when  it  was  delayed  through  various  circumstances,  especially 
by  the  absence  of  his  majesty,  owing  to  the  necessary  cru- 
sades in  Prussia  and  Germany,  and  also  by  the  long,  tedious, 
and  necessary  absence,  (granted  by  his  majesty,)  of  the  ori- 
ginal projector  of  this  Avork,  until  this  date,  and  who  is  now 
appointed  first  director,  our  beloved  W.  Usselincx.  These 
delays  were  not  Avithout  a  special  divine  providence." 

The  period  for  uniting  with  the  company  was  extended 
to  the  1st  of  January,  1634,  and  the  people  were  urged  to 
enter  upon  the  work  with  zeal  and  liberality,  in  which  the 
government  tendered  its  aid  and  encouragement.^ 

It  appears,  by  the  document  left  unsigned,  that  "  many 
persons  had  already  pledged  themselves  to  furnish  large  sijms, 
and  paid  in  a  great  part  of  them,  but  the  object  had  been 
postponed  and  deferred  by  many  powerful  hinderances, 
chiefly,  of  late,  by  our  wars  in  Prussia  and  Germany." 

Arent  Corssen  was  this  year  commissary  of  Fort  Nassau, 


'  Aigonautica  Gustaviana,  1635.     Bancroft,  vol.  ii.  p.  284. 


PURCHASE  OF  SCHUYLKILL  BY  THE  DUTCH.  35 

under  Van  Twiller,^  at  Avhicli  a  large  house  was  also  directed    1633. 
to  be  built,  and  numerous  repairs  made.  "     '     ' 

Orders  were  given  to  Arent  Corssen,  to  purchase  a  tract 
of  land  on  the  Schuylkill,  on  which  was  afterwards  erected  a  Purchase  of 
fort  called  Beversrede,  "a  place  remarkably  well  situated,"  bylrent 
and  named  thus  on  account  of  the  beaver  trade,  which  was  Corssen. 
carried  on  there  very  briskly  with  the  natives  and  wild  In-  rede, 
dians,  "  which  it  was  estimated  might,  for  years  to  come,  be 
brought  to   amount  to  thousands.     Those  from  the  South, 
(called  Munquassen,)  and  the  wild  blacks,  are  brought  down 
in  large  quantities ;  so  that  this  river,  for  its  fitness,  hand- 
some situation,  as  well  in  regard  of  trade  as  of  culture,  will 
always  be  held  by  the  company  and  ministers  in  high  estima- 
tion."^    Under  these  favourable  anticipations,   Corssen  ob- 
tained from  the  chiefs  a  conveyance,  agreeably  to  the  follow- 
ing confirmation,  on  record  in  the  office  of  the  West  India 
Company,   in  1648,  and  witnessed  by  Augustin  Heermans, 
Govert  Loockermans,  Juriaen  Plancke,  Cornells  Jansen  Coele, 
and  Sander  Leendertsen. 

"  We,  the  subscribers,  Amattehooren,  Alebackinne,  Sin-  Indian  deed 
quees,  &c.,  chiefs  over  the  portions  of  the  tracts  of  land  ^^^^^^y^* 
lying  about  and  on  the  Schuylkill,  called  Armenveruis,  de- 
clare, that  after  a  proper  and  deliberate  consideration,  we 
have  sold  to  Arent  Corssen,  the  Schuylkill  and  adjoining 
lands,  for  certain  cargoes,  for  which  we  were  not  paid  in  full, 
but  for  which  we  are  fully  satisfied  at  present ;  therefore  we, 
the  above  chiefs,  with  this,  give  full  and  irrevocable  authority 
and  power,  and  confirm  the  said  purchase,  and  are  prepared 
at  all  times  to  stand  forth  and  clear  the  same  of  all  attempts 
and  claims,  and  all  intentions  by  anybody.  Passed  thus, 
and  in  token  of  the  truth,  by  us  natives  subscribed  in  pre- 
sence of  the  above-named  witnesses.  Done  at  Fort  Beversrede, 
the  Delaware  N.  N."  Signed  by  Amattehooren,  Sinquees, 
Alebackinne,  Michecksowwabbe,  Quironqueckock,  Kaucke, 
and  Walpackvouck,  with  their  appropriate  marks. ^ 

The  foregoing  purchase  is  referred  to  in  a  public  Dutch 
document,  in  1656,  and  also  in  Iludde's  report,  in  1645, 
where  he  says,  "  in  regard  to  the  Schuylkill,  these  are  the 
lands  purchased  and  possessed  by  the  company."''^ 

'  OCall.  vol.  i.  p.  142,  15G.         2  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  32  to  Sp,  translated. 

8  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  5-5,  56.     Also  in  O'Call.  vol.  ii.  p.  81. 

*  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.     N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  i.  N.  S.,  p.  429,  440 


36 


GRANT  TO  SIR  EDMUND  PLOWDEN. 


Edmund 
Plowden,  of 
New  AlVjion, 


1634. 
We  have  now  arrived  at  a  portion  of  our  history  'vrhich  has 
June  21.       much  perplexed  most  writers  who  have  preceded  us,  some  of 
Grant  to  Sir  whom  have  treated  it  with  gravity,  while  others  have  been 
disposed  to  view  the  whole  subject  in  the  light  of  fiction.     It 
seems  that  on  the  21st  of  June,  1634,  King  Charles,  of  Eng- 
land, made  a  grant  to  a  certain  person,  named  Sir  Edmund 
Plowden,  (or  Ployden,   as  it   is   most   frequently   written,) 
knight,  &c.,  which  recites,  that  "whereas  our  well-beloved 
and  faithful  subject,  Edward  Plowden,  knight,  from  a  laud- 
able and  manifest  desire,  as  well  of  promoting  the  Christian 
religion  as  the  extending  of  our  imperial  territories,  hath 
formerly  discovered,  at  his  own  great  charges  and  expenses, 
a  certain  island  and  regions  hereafter  described,  in  certain 
of  our  lands,  to  the  western  part  of  the   globe,  commonly 
called  North  Virginia,  inhabited  by  a  barbarous  and  wild 
people,  not  having  any  notice  of  the  Divine  Being,  and  hath 
amply  and  copiously  peopled  the  same  with  five  hundred  per- 
sons of  our  subjects,  being  taken  to  that  colony  as  companions 
of  the  same  pious  hopes  or  intentions ;  and  the  colony  being 
founded,  elected  to  himself  John  Lawrence,  knight  and  baro- 
net, &c.,  and  hath  humbly  supplicated  our  royal  highness  to 
erect  all  that  island  and  region  into  a  province  and  county 
palatine,  and  to  give  and  confirm  the  same,  with  certain  pri- 
vileges and  jurisdictions,  for  the  wholesome  government  of 
the  colony  and  region  aforesaid,  and  the  state  thereto  belong- 
ing, unto  them,  their  heirs  and  assigns  ;  and  also  praying  that 
we  should  create  and  invest  the  same  Edmund  Plowden,  knight, 
and  his  assigns,  with  the  dignities,  titles,  and  privileges  of 
governors  of  the  premises."   "  Therefore  know  ye  that,"  &c. 
"we  have  given,  granted,  &;c.,  to  the  before-named  Edmund 
Bounciaries.    Plowdcu,  &c.,  all  that  entire  island,  near  the  continent  or 
terra  firma  of  North  Virginia,  called  Island  of  Plowden,  or 
Long  Island,  between  39°  and  40°,  together  with  part  of  the 
continent  or  terra  firma  aforesaid,  near  adjoining  described ; 
to  begin  from  the  point  of  an  angle  of  a  certain  promontory 
called  Cape  May,  and  from  thence  to  the  westward,  for  the 
space   of  40  leagues,  running  by  the   River   Delaware,  and 
closely  following  its  course  by  north  latitude,  unto  a  certain 
rivulet  there,  arising  from  a  spring  of  the  Lord  Baltimore,  in 
the  lands  of  Maryland,  and  the  summit  aforesaid  to  the  south, 


GRANT  OF  NEW  ALBION.  37 

where  It  touches,  joins  and  determines  in  all  its  breadth ;  from  1634. 
thence  takes  its  course  into  a  square,  leading  to  the  north  by  ' — ''~~' 
a  right  line  for  40  leagues,  &c. ;  thence  likewise  by  a  square, 
inclining  to  east,  in  a  right  line,  for  the  space  of  40  leagues, 
to  the  river  and  part  of  Reacher  Cod,  and  descends  to  a 
savannah,  touching  and  including  the  top  of  Sandheey,  Avhere 
it  determines;  and  from  thence  toward  the  south  by  a  square, 
stretching  to  a  savannah,  which  passes  by  and  washes  the 
shore  of  the  island  of  Plowden  aforesaid,  to  the  point  of  the 
promontory  of  Cape  May,  above  mentioned,  terminates  where 
it  began,"  &c. 

The  grant  then  continues,  "  with  all  and  singular,  islands 
and  isles,  floating,  or  to  float,  and  being  in  the  sea,  within  10 
leagues  of  the  shore  of  the  said  region,"  all  ports  for  ship- 
ping, and  creeks  of  the  sea,  lands,  grounds,  woods,  lakes, 
salt  waters  and  rivers  adjoining,  "  with  fishery  of  all  kinds 
of  fish,  whales,  and  sturgeon,  and  all  other  royalties  in  the 
sea  or  fishing  rivers  ;"  all  gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones, 
and  otherwise,  &c.  The  churches  to  be  built  "may  be  held, 
&c.,  as  by  any  bishop  of  Durham."  The  said  Sir  Edmund, 
heirs  and  assigns,  to  be  true  and  absolute  lords,  &c.,  (saving 
the  faith  and  allegiance  to  the  king,)  with  <■<■  such  titles,  ad- 
ditions, dignity  and  privileges  as  George  Calvert,  knight, 
"within  the  province  or  county  palatine  of  Glastonbury,  within 
our  new  lands,  or  as  said  Lord  Baltimore,  within  Maryland, 
&c, ;"  the  said  Edmund  to  hold,  possess,  &c.,  the  said  title, 
addition,  dignity,  and  privilege  of  earl  palatine,  or  ofiice  of 
governor,  &;c.  The  region  granted  <•<■  we  erect  and  incorpo- 
rate, and  the  same  nominate  or  call  New  Albion,"  not  to 
be  subject  to  or  dependent  upon  Virginia  or  New  England ; 
may  make  law^s,  create  manors,  and  in  short  do  all  other 
things. 

It  is  added,  "  that  he  settled  the  said  province,  and  resided 
therein,  and  acted  as  chief  governor  for  many  years." 

Having  obtained  this  grant,  it  appears,  from  another  do-  Lease  and  re- 
cument  of  the  same  date,  that  an  agreement  was  entered  into  J^a-'etosir 
between  the  Right  Honourable  Sir  Edmund  Plowden,  of  Plow-  Danby!" 
den,  in  the  county  of  Salop,  knight,  lord  earl  palatine,  and 
governor  of  the  province   of  New  Albion,  and  Sir  Thomas 
Danby,  by  which  Sir  Edmund  leases  to  Sir  Thomas,  "  who 
hath  undertaken  to  settle  100  persons,"  10,000  acres,  Avhereof 
9800  are  tp  be  bounded  in  a  perfect  square,  on  a  part  of 


AUTHORITY  TO  PURCHASE  UP  PATROONSHIPS. 

Rickney  wood,  withm  three  miles  of  Watsesset,  his  lordship's 
plantation,  and  100  acres  lying  entire  and  adjoining  to  Wat- 
sesset town,  &c.,  paying  "  one  silver  penny  sterling  for  ever, 
for  every  person  resident  on  the  premises,  upon  certain  con- 
ditions ;"  the  town  to  be  called  Danhy  Fort.  From  another 
paper,  it  would  appear,  that  the  earl  had  made  over  to  certain 
persons,  as  trustees,  the  whole  property,  which  they  now 
retransfer  to  his  children,  "  Francis,  Lord  Plowden,  son  and 
heir  of  Sir  Edward,  earl  palatine,  and  George  Plowden  and 
Thomas  Plowden,  two  other  sons  of  said  Edmund,  to  the  use 
of  said  Sir  Edmund,  earl  palatine,  during  his  natural  life, 
with  power  to  grant  what  estate  he  pleases,  in  fee  simple, 
fee  tail,  for  life  or  years,  &c.,"  in  consideration  of  a 
certain  quantity  of  land  given  to  the  trustees  for  their 
services. 

Such  is  a  brief  sketch  of  the  various  documents  relating 
to  this  curious  matter,  as  are  contained  in  vol.  i.  pp.  160-174, 
of  Hazard's  Historical  Collections,  "  taken  from  papers  pub- 
lished by  Charles  Varlo,  who  visited  this  country  in  1784 
and  1785,  as  agent  for  the  Earl  of  Albion,"  and  who,  we 
understand,  then  applied  to  a  respectable  lawyer  in  this  city, 
unfortunately  for  our  purpose,  since  deceased,  for  the  prose- 
cution of  the  claim,  in  a  part  of  which  he  was,  by  purchase 
or  otherwise,  interested. 

Judging,  therefore,  from  these  documents,  upon  their  face, 
it  would  appear  there  is  reason  to  suppose  that  the  earl  had 
at  least  a  show  of  title.  But  as  to  his  operations  under  it, 
what  he  accomplished,  whether  he  was  even  in  this  country, 
and  whether  there  was  such  a  person,  have  all  been  subjects 
of  inquiry.  We  will  refer  hereafter  to  some  of  the  views 
taken  by  different  persons  on  the  subject. 

The  directors  of  the  West  India  Company  were  commis- 
August22.  sioned,  by  the  Assembly  of  the  XIX.,  "  to  treat  and  transact 
Authority  to  with  all  the  patroons  and  colonists  in  New  Netherlands,  for 
^mpa°y  to  '^^  purchase  of  the  patroonships,  colonies,  dignities,  houses, 
purchase  the  buildiugs,  lauds,   merchandises,   and  all  the  rights,  effects, 

patroon-  °   '  '  .        '  /•         ,  •    i        7  • 

ships.  appendages  and  dependencies   thereof,  which  they  were  in 

Nov. 27.  possession  of  there."  Under  this  authority,  the  commis- 
An  agree-  sioncrs,  November  27th,  entered  into  an  agreement  with  the 
t^r^dintrfor  patroous,  which  was  completed  next  year,  for  the  purchase 
the  purpose,  of  Zwauendal  from  them.  This  measure  was  probably  ren- 
dered necessary,  by  difficulties  arising  between  the  company 


I 


J 


SWEDISH  CHARTER  CONFIRMED.  39 

and  the  patroons  of  New  Netherland,  in  consequence  of  their     1634. 
pretensions  and  demands  against  the  company.^  ' 

The  charter  of  the  Swedish  West  India  Company  was  con- 
firmed in  Germany  by  the  deputies  at  Frankfort,  and  was  December  12. 
printed  at  Hamburg,  in  1635. 

It  does  not,  however,  appear,  that  matters  were  yet  ripe  Swedish 
for  execution,  as  no  decided  steps  were  taken  for  nearly  four  ch™teTcon- 
years  afterwards.  The  probability  is,  the  project  was  kept  firmed. 
alive,  and  gradually  progressing.^  We  have  seen,  in  the  oioeffstuie. 
possession  of  a  family  in  this  city,  descended  from  one  of  the 
Swedes  "who,  it  is  supposed,  came  with  the  first  colony," 
and  "bore  an  active  part,"  a  "passport,"  dated  December  2, 
1634,  given  to  OloeflF  Petersen  Stille,  "  to  the  so-called  New 
Sweden,"  "  he  wishing  to  try  other  places."  It  is  signed  by 
Erick  Bielke,  of  Wyck  Penningby  and  Nynanas.  It  is  rather 
a  certificate  of  good  conduct  than  a  public  pass ;  it  is  in 
Swedish,  and  Avas  copied  from  the  original  itself,  upon  the 
fly-leaf  of  the  family  Swedish  bible,  by  Jonas  Lidman,  one 
of  the  early  Swedish  ministers  at  Wicacco.  It  is  mentioned 
merely  to  show  that  the  subject  was  then  in  agitation,  and 
the  certificate  was  obtained,  probably,  under  the  belief  that 
the  plan  would  be  carried  into  effect  immediately.  The  do- 
cuments before  furnished,  however,  manifest,  we  think,  conclu- 
sively, that  for  the  reasons  before  assigned,  the  scheme 
originally  proposed  in  1624  or  1625,  had,  up  to  this  period, 
failed  to  be  accomplished. 

1635. 
By  a  regular  contract  signed  this  day,  by  the  patroon,  the  February  7. 
owners  of  Zwanendal  transfer  to  the  directors  of  the  West  saieof 
India  Company,  all  their  right,  title,   and  interest  in  that  ^JtheT^^ 
property,  upon  the  following  terms.     They  agree  "to  sur-  troonstothe 
render,  as  they  do  hereby,  their  two  colonies  named  Zwanen-  both  side's  of 
dal,  in  New   Netherland,    together  with   the  jurisdictions. 


the  river. 


'  See  O'Call.  vol.  i.  pp.  160— 1G5,  365,  479. 

2  MS.  Mem.  of  Rev.  Dr.  Collin,  former  pastor  of  Wicacco  church,  who 
says,  "  The  ancestor,  Oloeff  Stille,  son  of  Peter  Stille,  came  from  the  maritime 
part  of  the  province  Upland,  in  Sweden.  A  copy  of  the  original  passport  was 
taken  by  Jonas  Lidman,  who  was  pastor  of  Wicacco  church  from  1720  till 
nearly  1730."  "  The  time  of  his  arrival  here  is  not  on  record,  but  he  was  pro- 
bably with  the  iirst  colony;  he  resided  on  Tinnicnm,  and  was  much  esteemed 
by  tlie  Indians,  who  used  often  to  visit  him;  which  Rev.  J.  Acrelius,  pastor  of 
all  the  congregations,  mentions  in  his  book  on  the  Swedish  Missions,  printed  at 
Stockholm,  ia  1709."     N.  C. 


40  SALE  OF  ZWANENDAL  TO  THE  COMPA!v^Y. 

1635.  dignities,  lands,  rights,  and  dependencies  thereunto  belonging, 
""■^"^  '  which  they  there,  by  virtue  of  their  two  distinct  sealed 
patents  obtained  before  the  council  of  New  Netherland,  r^si- 
dent  on  the  island  of  Manhattan,  dated  15th  July,  1630,  and 
3d  June,  1031,  in  pursuance  of  letters  of  conveyance  passed 
by  Queskakous  and  Ensanckes,  Sickonesyns,  and  inhabitants 
of  their  villages,  and  the  other  by  Sawotbouc,  Wiewyt, 
Pemhacky  and  others,  appearing  on  the  aforesaid  date,  both 
situate  on  the  South  River,  as  well  on  the  south  hook  of  the 
bay,  as  on  the  east  side  of  said  river,  with  all  such  houses, 
buildings,  out-houses,  as  they  or  their  servants  may  have 
purchased,  erected,  or  brought  there,  none  excepted,  to  trade 
with  these,  together  with  their  own  free  goods,  without  re- 
serving therein  any  right  of  action,  placing  such  property 
from  henceforward  in  full  possession  of  the  aforesaid  com- 
pany, according  to  the  aforesaid  original  letters,  which  they 
do  hereby  deliver  over,  consenting  at  all  times  to  grant  to 
aforesaid  company,  &c.,  when  required,  further  conveyance," 
&c.  They  engage  further  to  deliver  over,  "all  charters, 
maps,  and  papers  concerning  the  aforesaid  colonies."  The 
payments  were  15,600  guilders,  ($6240,)  in  instalments  of 
one-third,  on  May  27,  1635,  Aug.  27,  1636,  November  27, 
1637 ;  each  partner  to  receive  a  special  obligation  for  his 
interest,  "  pro  quota  and  rata,"  "  without  the  one  being  holden 
to  wait  on  the  other  for  his  money ;"  or  they  may  receive  or 
purchase  from  the  company,  according  to  octroy,  in  whole  or 
in  part  goods,  deducting  six  per  cent,  per  annum  for  the  un- 
expired time  of  credit.  The  outstanding  accounts  between 
the  sellers  and  company  to  be  considered  as  discharged;  and 
they  not  be  subject  to  duties  on  an  expected  cargo  of  timber; 
and  the  rights  of  neither  party,  in  a  suit  depending  between 
the  patroons  and  company,  at  Amsterdam,  to  be  impaired. 
Subscribed  by  the  parties,  in  Amsterdam,  "each  for  his  part 
in  the  colony,  and  no  more,"  February  7,  1635.^ 

An  attempted  attack  on  the  company's  territory  on  the 
George  South  River  is  made  by  some  English  from  Connecticut.  A 
Holmes        certain  George  Holmes,  with  twelve  or  thirteen  pei'sons,  be- 

makes  an  at-  o  '  ttti  iit\i 

tempt  upon    sidcs  his  hired  man,  Thomas  Hall,  proceeded  to  Delaware, 

Tort  Nassau.  ^^^,  ^j^^  purposc  of  making  a  settlement  there.    Being  arrived 

there,  Hall  deserted.    An  attempt  by  the  others  was  made  on 

Fort  Nassau,  which  failed.     They  were  made  prisoners  by 

'  See  the  agreement  at  length,  m  0"Call.  vol.  i.  p.  481. 


ARRIVAL  OF  WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  41 

the  Dutch,  and  sent  to  Manhattan,  in  a  boat  of  the  company.  1635. 
They  were  not  punished.  They  are  said  to  have  been  the  '  "  ' 
first  English  settlers  on  Manhattan,  near  Fort  Amsterdam, 
■where  they  were  patronized  by  the  director-general.  De 
Vries  furnishes  an  account  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  Englishmen 
arriving  in  a  boat  of  the  company,  at  Manhattan,  who 
wanted  to  take  Fort  Nassau.  Hall  is  said  to  have  hired 
himself  to  a  farmer,  and  to  have  been  living  on  a  <'  small 
bowery"  of  the  company,  in  1650,^ 

From  this  period,  there  is  a  chasm  in  the  history  of  the  chasm  in  the 
operations  of  the  Dutch  on  this  river,  for  two  or  three  years,  fewyTars!"^* 
which  we  have  met  with  no  documents  or  records  to  supply. 
From  what  occurs  after  that  period,  it  is  presumed  the  esta- 
blishment at  Fort  Nassau  had  been  maintained,  and  that  it 
was  probably  done  with  a  view  to  protect  some  trade  which 
was  still  carried  on  there. 

1638. 

This  year  arrived  at  Manhattan,  William  Kieft,  as  succes-  March  28. 

sor  to  Van  Twiller,  director-general.     He  came  in  one  of  the  Arrival  of 

West  India  Company's  ships,  called  the  Herring,  of  280  tons  Di^ctor^ge- 

burden,  "  carrying  2  metal,   16   iron,   and  2  stone  guns."  J^eraiofNew 

^  J       o  '  '  o  Netherlands. 

Among  the  officers  and  servants  of  the  company  are  men- 
tioned, Andreas  Huddie,  first  commissary  of  wares,  (afterwards 
conspicuous  on  South  River,)  Jan  Jansen  Van  Ilpendam, 
commissary  of  Fort  Nassau,  and  Peter  Mey,  assistant." 
Kieft  was  the  third  director-general  of  New  Netherland,  and 
the  first  who  appears  prominently  to  have  assumed  a  direct 
supervision  over  the  operations  on  the  Delaware.-  He  found 
the  fort  at  New  Amsterdam  in  a  decayed  state. ^ 

As,  during  our  progress,  we  have  endeavoured  to  point  out 
the  errors  of  different  writers  respecting  the  period  of  the 
arrival  of  the  Swedes,  we  will  now  furnish  some  documents, 
sufficient,  as  we  think,  to  remove  all  doubts  upon  the  subject, 
and  which  the  late  researches  of  John  RomeynBrodhead,  Esq., 
have  enabled  us  to  present.  By  tho  liberality  and  public 
spirit  of  the  legislature  of  New  York,  he  was  commissioned 
as  Historical  Agent  to  Holland,  England,   and  France,  in 

»  De  Vrlcs,  j).  259.  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  iv.  p.  110;  vol.  v.  p.  399.  OCall.  vol.  i. 
p.  170. 

»  De  Laet.     O'Call.  vol.  i.  p.  180.     Albany  Records,  vol.  i.  p.  101.      3  Ibid. 
6  d2 


42  ARRIVAL  OF  THE  S^VEDES. 

1638.  1841,  to  examine  the  European  archives,  and  obtain  copies 
' — •  '  of  papers,  and  has  returned  with  the  rich  fruits  of  his  labours.' 
We  have  shown,  that  owing  to  wars,  &;c.,  nothing  had  been 
accomplished  by  the  Swedes  till  after  1635,  and  now  we  have 
their  actual  arrival  announced  in  an  ofEcial  letter,  which,  as 
it  has  probably  never  been  published,  we  give  entire ;  it  is  an 
extract  of  a  letter  from  Jerome  Hawley,  treasurer  of  Vir- 
ginia, to  Mr.  Secretary  "VVindebanke,  dated 

^i  Jamestown,  in  Virginia,  3Iay  8,  1638. 

"  Right  Hon. —  Upon  the  20th  of  March  last,  I  took  the 

Letter  from    holduess  to  present  1/ou  with  my  letters,  toherein  I  gave  only 

annoiTncin"    ^  touch  of  the  business  of  our  Assembly,  referring  your  honour 

totheEng-     to  the  general  letters  then  sent  by  Mr.  Kemp,  from  the  qo- 

lish  govern-  ^  .,  o-  7  •   V       •  7  •        7         t^         7 

ment  arrival  vemor  and  councit.  bince  ivhich  time  here  arrived  a  Dutch 
yivgl^^^  "^  ship,  with  commission  from  the  young  Queen  of  Sweden,  and 
May  8.         signed  by  eight  of  the  chief  lords  of  Sweden,  the  copy  whereof 

*  These  valuable  documents,  which  reflect  so  much  credit  on  the  legislature 
of  New  York,  and  whose  liberality  may  be  well  imitated  by  our  own  state,  are 
deposited  in  the  Secretary  of  State's  office  at  Albany,  and  are  freely  accessible 
to  persons  desirous  of  obtaining  information  from  them.  We  feel  ourselves 
much  indebted  to  the  politeness  of  the  secretary  and  deputy  for  the  conve- 
niences afforded  to  us,  while  engaged  for  four  weeks  in  examining  them, 
and  the  numerous  volumes  previously  translated,  at  the  expense,  also,  of  the 
state,  and  of  which  it  will  be  seen  we  have  largely  availed  ourselves.  The 
Brodhead  Documents  consist  of  sixteen  vokimes  of  '■  Holland  Documents,"  in 
the  original  language,  from  which  we  made  some  copies,  and  had  them  trans- 
lated, (but  we  have  availed  ourselves  largely  also  of  the  knowledge  and  labours 
of  E.  B.  0"Callaghan,  Esq.,  in  his  excellent  work  on  New  Netherlands,  for  fre- 
quent reference  to  them  ;)  forty-seven  volumes  of  "  London  Documents,"  and 
seventeen  volumes  of  "  Paris  Documents,"  in  French,  making,  as  the  result  of 
Mr.  Brodhead's  labours,  eighty  volumes.  A  catalogue  of  the  individual  docu- 
ments is  printed  by  the  state,  and  occupies  alone  374  large  pages.  The  "  Hol- 
land Documents,"  we  understand,  are  translating  by  Mr.  O'Callaghan,  at  the 
expense  of  the  state,  who  have  already  expended  many  thousand  dollars  in 
historical  information.  It  is  respectfully  recommended  to  our  legislature  to  de- 
vote the  small  sum  which  would  be  required  to  employ  some  person  to  extract 
from  them  those  parts  which  relate  to  our  early  history;  and  also  to  procure 
from  Sweden  copies  of  the  important  materials  there,  of  which,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  few  obtained  by  the  Hon.  Jonathan  Russel,  when  minister,  and 
now^  in  possession  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  we  are  wholly  igno- 
rant, and  of  course  that  portion  of  our  early  history  is  obscure.  Every  hour's 
delay  subjects  them  to  the  risk  of  entire  destruction,  as  Mr.  Brodhead  was  mor- 
tified to  learn,  when  in  pursuit  of  the  papers  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Com- 
pany, he  ascertained  'that,  after  having  been  kept  so  many  years,  apparently 
without  use,  they  had  been  disposed  of  at  auction,  as  waste  papers,  so  late  as 
1821;  thus  for  ever  excluding  all  hope  of  access  to  the  valuable  information 
they  contained.  And  the  author  would  also  avail  himself  of  the  occasion  to 
say,  that  unless  some  course  be  adopted  to  arrange  and  preserve  the  early 
records  at  Harrisburg,  which  are  scattered  through  the  various  public  buildings, 
"  unknowing  and  unknown,"  and  in  their  present  state  lying  useless  to  the  his- 
torian, they  will  meet  with  the  same  fate  as  the  Dutch  documents  have  done; 
or  be  lost  for  ever,  by  the  destructive  hand  of  time. 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  SWEDES.  43 

I  would  have  taken  to  send  to  your  lionour,  hut  tlie  captain  1638. 
would  not  2yermit  me  to  take  any  copy  thereof,  except  he  '^^-'^-^ 
might  have  free  trade  for  tobacco  to  carry  to  Sweden,  lohich 
being  contrary  to  his  majesty's  instructions,  the  governor  ex- 
cused himself  thereof.  The  ship  remained  here  about  ten 
days,  to  refresh  ivith  tvood  and  wetter,  during  which  time  the 
master  of  the  said  ship  made  known  that  both  himself  and 
another  ship  of  his  company,  were  bound  for  Delaware  Bay, 
ivhich  is  the  confines  of  Virginia  and  New  England,  and 
there  they  pretend  to  make  a  plantation,  and  to  plant  tobacco^ 
which  the  Dutch  do  also  already  in  Hudson's  River,  tvhich  is 
the  very  next  river  northtvard  from  DclaivareBay.  All  wliich 
being  his  majesty's  territories,  I  humbly  offer  the  considera- 
tion thereof  unto  your  honour,  and  if  his  majesty  should  be 
pleased  to  think  upon  any  course,  either  for  removing  them, 
and  preventing  others  from  settling  upon  his  majesty's  terri- 
tories, I  humbly  conceive  it  may  be  done  by  his  majesty's  sub- 
jects of  these  parts,  making  use  only  of  some  English  ships 
that  resort  hither  for  trade  yearly,  and  be  no  charge  at  all  to 
his  majesty."^ 

In  a  long,  early  Holland  document,  giving  a  connected 
account  of  New  Netherlands  from  the  commencement,  we  find 
the  following  passage: 

"  This  river  (Delaware)  was  in  the  quiet  and  peaceful  pos-  situation  of 
session  of  the  company  (West  India)  for  a  number  of  years,  and  It  i^^ 
until  at  last  a  certain  person,  Peter  Minuit,  forgettinsr  the  ''^'■"^'''loft^® 

.  -^  '  '  to  &  Swedes. 

benefits  bestowed  on  him  by  the  company,  he  having  been  its 
director  in  the  New  Netherlands,  kept  his  eye  on  it,  but  not 
knowing  under  what  pretence  he  could  go  there,  proceeded 
to  Sweden,  where,  (it  is  said,)  he  obtained  a  commission  from 
the  government,  which  had  him  transported  from  there  imme- 
diately, with  one  or  two  vessels  and  some  Swedes,  mostly 
bandits,  to  the  before-mentioned  River  Delaware,  where  he 
arrived  in  the  year  1638,  and  thus  twelve  years  after  the 
company  had  arrived  there,  where  he  had  a  fort  built  called 
Christina,  about  five  or  six  miles  below  the  company's  Fort 
Nassau,  notwithstanding  they,  as  the  first  discoverers  and 
possessors  of  the  before-mentioned  river,  have  protested 
against  this,  at  several  times,  by  their  ministers,  as  appears 
from  difi"erent  letters  from  its  director,  William  Kieft,  of  which 

'  Copy  from  Brodhead's  "  London  Documents,"  at  Albany,  vol.  i.  pp.  57,  58.  / 


44 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1638. 


T^ettcr  from 
AVm.Kieftto 
directors. 
Arrival  of 
Minuit  in 
the  Dela- 
ware, 
April  28. 


May  6. 


Director 
Kieft  pro- 
tests against 
the  proceed- 
ings of  Peter 
Minuit. 


the  following  are  extracts."    They  are  addressed  to  the  direc- 
tors of  the  West  India  Company. 

"  April  28,  1638. — The  assistant  commissary  of  Fort 
Nassau  writes  that  Minuit  was  on  the  Delaware,  and  that  he 
had  sent  his  sloop  below  the  fort ;  afterwards  he  wanted  to 
send  her  up  again,  but  this  we  prevented.  Peter  Mey  went 
on  board,  requesting  to  see  his  license  or  commission,  which 
he  refused  to  show,  saying  the  intention  was  to  build  a  fort 
there,  and  that  his  queen  Avas  as  justifiable  in  building  a  fort 
there  as  the  company.  I  sent  Jan  Jansen,  clerk  of  the  fort, 
there,  and  ordered  him,  in  case  Minuit  intended  to  do  any 
thing  to  our  disadvantage,  immediately  to  protest  against  it 
in  proper  form.     Expecting  further  news  from  there,  &c." 

Notwithstanding  the  previous  notices  given  to  Minuit,  it 
appears  he  was  progressing  with  his  operations,  which  was 
probably  the  occasion  of  the  following  "formal"  protest  sent 
to  him  by  Director  Kieft,  and  which  is  afterwards  alluded  to 
in  the  extract  below.  There  is  some  uncertainty  as  to  the 
date;  it  is  found  recorded  in  the  "Albany  Documents," 
between  May  6,  (immediately  preceding  it,)  and  May  17, 
(directly  following  it ;)  the  former  has  usually  been  considered 
by  historians,  vrhen  they  refer  to  this  protest,  as  its  date. 

"  I,  William  Kieft,  director-general  of  New  Netherland, 
residing  on  the  island  of  Manhattan,  in  Fort  Amsterdam, 
under  the  sovereignty  of  their  High  Mightinesses  the  States- 
General  of  the  United  Netherlands,  and  the  privileged  West^ 
India  Company  department  at  Amsterdam,  make  known  to 
the  Hon.  Peter  Minuit,  who  calls  himself  commissioner  in 
the  service  of  her  royal  majesty  of  Sweden,  that  the  whole 
South  River,  in  New  Netherland,  has  been  many  years  ia 
our  possession,  and  has  been  secured  by  us  with  forts  above 
and  below,  and  sealed  with  our  blood,  which  has  happened 
even  during  your  direction  of  New  Netherland,  and  is  well 
known  to  you.  Whereas  you  now  do  make  a  beginning  of  a 
settlement  between  our  forts,  and  art  building  there  a  fort,  to 
our  prejudice  and  disadvantage,  which  we  shall  never  endure 
or  tolerate,  and  which  we  are  persuaded  it  never  has  been 
commanded  by  her  royal  majesty  of  Sweden,  to  build  for- 
tresses on  our  rivers,  and  along  our  shores,  so  is  it,  that  we, 
if  you  proceed  with  the  building  of  forts,  and  cultivating  the 
lands  and  trading  in  furs,  or  engage  further  in  any  things  to 
our  prejudice,   protest  against  all  expenses,   damages,  and 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  SWEDES.  45 

losses,  and  will  not  be  answerable  for  any  mishap,  effusion    1638. 
of  bloocl,  troubles,  and  disasters  whicli  your  company  might    "    '    ' 
suffer  in  future,  while  we  are  resolved  to  defend  our  rights  in 
all  such  manner  as  we  shall  deem  proper.     This  done."'^ 

Minuit,  however,   still  persevered  in  the  erection  of  his  Minuitper- 
fort,  and  it  appears  from  the  other  extract  before  alluded  to,  ^'^^"''f •' *<> 

,  ^,  .  .  complete  the 

that  Director  Kieft  again  wrote  to  the  company  in  Holland,  fort. 
informing  them  of  the  fact  of  its  being  built.     He  says, 

^■^July  31,  1638. — Minuit  has  built  a  fort  near  the  Dela-  Letter  from 
ware,   five  miles  below  our  fort,   and   draws  all  the   skins  Kefftothe 
towards  him  by  his  liberal  gifts ;  he  has  departed  with  the  company,  re- 
two  vessels  he  had  with  him,  leaving  twenty-four  men  in  the  jifnuU's 
fort,  provided  with  all  sorts  of  merchandise  and  provisions,  ^°''*'  ^""^ 
and  has  put  down  posts,  on  which  are  the  letters  C.  R.  S.  ceedmgs. 
Jan  Jansen  has,  according  to  my  orders,  protested  against  Gets  aii  furs. 

°  He  leaves 

this,  on  which  he  gave  an  answer,  a  copy  of  which  goes  here-  there, 
with.     Yfe  afterwards  sent  him  a  formal  clause  of  protest, 
which  was  read  to  him,  but  he  did  not  feel  inclined  to  answer 
it,  and  his  proceeding  is  a  great  disadvantage  to  the  com- 
pany," &c.- 

Another  extract  referred  to,  (without  date,  but  probably  Fur  trade 
1639,)  says,  "  the  affairs  on  the  Delaware  remain  in  the  same  ^^^^°i'^^^y 
state  as  last  year;  the  trade  there  suffers  considerably,  be- 
cause the  Swede  has  spoiled  it,  and  still  does,  and  which  we 
are  forced  to  submit  to.     The  trade  being  taken  from  us  and 
our  country,  is  felt  very  sensibly  by  us."" 

The  foregoing  extracts,  therefore,  enable  us,  we  think,  to  conoiusion 
decide  very  nearly  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  Swedes,  and  ^J°^  of*ti^" 
of  their  building  their  first  fort.     Minuit,  according  to  Haw-  Swedes. 
ley's  letter,  arrived  at  Jamestown  shortly  after  the  20th  of 
March,  1638,  bearing  a  commission  from  the  "young  Queen 
of  Sweden  ;"  he  remained  there  ten  days,  and  then  sailed  for 
the  Delaware,  where  he  was  on  the  28tli  of  April,  and  even 
previously,  for  that  was  the  date  of  the  letter  of  Kieft  to  the 
company  from  Manhattan,  before  which  time  he  must  have 
been  informed  of  the  fact  from  Delaware,  so  that  he  probably 
arrived  here  early  in,  or  about  the  middle  of  April,  appa- 
rently for  the  purpose  of  refreshment,  but  he  soon  announced 
to  Peter  IMey,  who  was  sent  from  Fort  Nassau  to  see  his 

'  Albany   Records,  vol.  ii.   p.  7.     Reg.   Penns.   vol.  iv.  p.   82.     Breviat  in 
Penn's  Case,  p.  .35.     Smith's  N.  Y.  &c. 

2  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  32—50.  3  Ibid. 


46 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1 


1638. 


Arrival  of 
the  Swedish 
ehips  under 
Minuit. 


commission,  that  he  intended  to  build  a  fort,  against  wliich 
the  clerk  of  the  fort  (Nassau)  is  directed  to  protest.  Minuit 
however  proceeds,  and  on  or  about  the  6th  of  May,  Director 
Kieft  formally  protests,  in  which  he  notices  the  beginning  to 
build  the  fort,  which  does  not  produce  the  effect  of  stopping 
his  progress.  Accordingly,  on  the  31st  of  July,  we  find  by 
the  letter  of  the  director  to  the  company,  from  Manhattan, 
that  the  fort  had  actually  been  built,  and  the  Swedish  arms 
raised ;  so  that  between  April  and  July  the  Swedes  arrive, 
and  Fort  Christina  is  built,  having  been,  as  was  naturally  to 
be  expected,  the  first  object  of  attention;  and  as  all  the  early 
writers  agree  that  this  was  the  first  fort  erected  by  the 
Swedes,  it  seems  to  follow  as  a  consequence  that  this  must 
have  been  the  period  of  their  first  settlement  on  the  river.  ■ 
The  vessels,  too,  had  departed.  We  therefore  assume  it  to 
be  the  fact.  Peter  Minuit,  or  Minnewit,  as  we  have  seen, 
was  a  Hollander,  who  first  visited  America  as  director  of  the 
West  India  Company,  in  1624,  and  remained  at  Manhattan 
till  1633,  when  he  took  his  departure  for  Holland.  Becoming 
dissatisfied  with  the  company,  or,  as  is  generally  supposed, 
being  dismissed  for  some  reason  from  their  service,^  he  went 
to  Sweden,  and  offered  his  services  to  the  Swedish  govern- 
ment, or  company,-  which  had  been  several  years  previously 
established  for  the  purposes  of  trade  and  colonization,  and 
which  design  was  now  about  being  carried  into  effect.  The 
name  of  Usselincx,  the  original  suggester  of  both  the  Dutch 
and  Swedish  companies,  does  not  now  appear  in  connection 
with  it.  Minuit's  services  are  accepted,  and  under  the  favour- 
able patronage  of  the  queen,  and  her  efficient  minister,  Oxen- 
stiern,  two  vessels,  a  man-of-war  named  "Key  of  Calmar," 
and  a  tender,  the  "  Griffin,"  amply  furnished  with  suitable 
merchandise,  and  necessary  provisions  and  ammunition,  set 
sail  late  in  1637,  or  early  in  this  year,  destined  to  the  South 
River,  where,  as  we  have  seen,  after  touching  for  a  short 
time  at  Jamestown,  in  Virginia,  they  safely  arrived,  during 
the  month  of  April,  1638.  It  is  said  they  first  landed  near 
Cape  Henlopen,  and  from  the  beauty  and  apparent  fertility 
of  the  country,  they  called  it  Paradise  Point,  now  Mispillion 
Creek. 

It  is  supposed  that  his  company  did  not  exceed  fifty  per- 

i  Bancroft,  vol.  ii.  p.  250,-251.  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  374.  O'Call.  vol.  i.  p,  189. 
2  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  32—50. 


ERECTION  OF  FORT  CHRISTINA.  47 

sons,   of  whom   many  are   said   to  have  been   criminals,  in     1638. 
accordance  with  the  practice  of  the  Swedish,  as  well  as  other     ' — ' — ' 
governments,  at  that  time,  to  transport  convicts  and  labourers 
to  the  colonies,  where  they  were  sold  or  indented  as  servants.^  convicts  and 
His  first  interviews  with  the  Dutch,  after  his  arrival,  and  the  |*g°om-^ "" 
interruptions  to  his  schemes  of  trade  with  his  sloop,  up  the  pa^y- 
river,  by  their  Fort  Nassau,  have  been  already  noticed  above. 
He  early  proceeded  to  select  a  location  for  a  fort.   An  Indian 
sachem  named  Mattehoorn,    declared   that   "  when    Minuit 
came  into  the  country  with  a  ship,  he  remained  lying  before 
the  Minquas  kill,  (or  creek, ^)  near  which,  at  that  time,  the 
sachem  had  a  house,  in  which  he  lived.      Minuit  offered  and  Minuu  pur- 
gave  him  a  kettle  and  other  small  articles,  and  requested  of  jn^yan^o^e 
him  as  much  ground  as  to  enable  him  to  put  up  a  house,  and  land  for  a 
also  as  much  land  as  was  contained  within  'six  trees,'  which  garden'^ 
the  sachem  sold  Minuit,  who  promised  half  the  tobacco  which 
would  grow  upon  it,  which,  however,  the  sachem  says   he 
never  gave  him."^ 

On  this  creek  Minuit  commenced  and  erected  a  fort  and 
trading  house,   which,   in   honour   of   his   queen,   he   called 
Christina.     It  was  about  five  Dutch  miles  below  Fort  Nassau,  Fort  chris- 
on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  and  near  the  present  Wilming-  jts'^i^ation 
ton.     It  is  described,  in  1645,*  as  being  "  about  half  a  mile  described. 
Dutch,  or   2|-  miles  English,  within  the   creek,  and  nearly 
encircled  by  a  marsh,  except  on  the  north-west  side,  where  it 
can  be  approached  by  land ;  at  its  south-west  it  touches  the 
kill."    A  late  writer,  well  acquainted  with  that  neighbourhood, 
supposes  it  to  have  been  about  two  miles  in  the  creek,  "  at 
the  point  long  well  known  by  the  name  of  the  Rocks,  which 
here  form  a  natural  wharf  of  stone,  at  that  time  being  one 
of  the  capes  of  Christina,  and  so  called  in  the  ancient  records 
of  the  country."^  It  is  said  the  first  colonists  lived  near  to-  a  church 
gether  about  this  creek,  and  had  their  public  worship  in  the  fort  ^^  ^"^'^ 
there,    afterwards    constituting    a    town    called    "  Christina- 
ham."^ 

The  Rev.  Reorus  Torkillus  came  over  with  Minuit,  and  was 

»  Acrelius,  408. 

2  Christina  Creek  was  also  called,  by  the  Indians,  Paghaghacking,  and  Hopo- 
kahacking  ;  also,  Suspecough.     Campanius,  Duponceau,  &c.,  p.  79. 

3  Translation  of  a  Dutch  note,  in  O'Call.  vol.  i.  p.  190. 

4  Undde's  Report,  p.  428.     See  also  description  of  it,  by  Acrelius,  in  note  to 
Campanius,  p.  8.5. 

6  See  Ferris,  p.  42. 
6     Ibid.  p.  45. 


48 


PURCHASES  BY  THE  SWEDES. 


1638. 


S^vedcs  pur- 
chase lands 
from  Cape 
Hpnlopen  to 
falls  at  Tren- 
ton. Deeds 
and  map  in 
Sweden. 


>Xinuif  s  de- 
parture. 
Was  he  not 
first  gOTer- 
nor  of  the 
Swedes? 


Settlement 
of  New  Har 
Ten  com- 
menced. 


therefore  tlic  first  Swedish  clergyman ;  he  died  in  four  or 
five  years  after. ^ 

The  Swedes,  early  after  their  arrival,  purchased  all  the 
lands  from  Cape  Henlopen  to  Santickan,  (the  falls  at  Tren- 
ton,) and  then  fixed  up  stakes  and  marks.  The  original  deeds 
for  these  lands,  with  the  marks  of  the  Indians,  were  sent  to 
Sweden,  and  preserved  in  the  archives  of  Stockholm,  where 
they,  as  well  as  a  map  of  the  country,  made  hy  Magnus 
Kling,  their  surveyor,  were  seen  by  Israel  Helm,  and  a  copy 
of  the  map  made  and  brought  over  by  a  clergyman  who 
arrived  here  in  1697.^  It  will  be  recollected  that  a  portion 
of  the  land  in  this  purchase  had  previously  been  sold  by  the 
natives  to  the  Dutch  patroons,  and  afterwards  by  them  to  the 
"West  India  Company. 

By  the  extract  above,  under  date  of  July  31,  1638,  it 
appears  that  Minuit  had  "  departed  with  the  two  vessels  he 
had  with  him,  leaving  twenty-four  men,"  &c.  We  are  left 
to  conjecture  whither  he  went ;  it  is  said,  by  a  late  writer,^ 
"  he  went  home ;"  if  so,  who  did  he  leave  in  charge  of  the 
fort  and  men  ?  did  he  again  return  ?  He  has  usually  been 
considered  the  first  governor  of  the  Swedes,  and  Acrelius 
says  he  did  a  great  ser\ace  to  the  first  Swedish  colony. 
During  three  years  he  protected  this  small  fort,  (Christina,) 
which  the  Dutch  never  attempted ;  after  some  years  he  died 
there.  "^  Although  considered  by  historians  as  the  first  go- 
vernor of  the  Swedes,  we  believe  no  records  of  his  official 
acts  have  reached  us ;  yet  next  year  the  efi"ects  of  the  colony 
are  complained  of  by  the  Dutch.  But  whoever  was  governor, 
the  permanent  settlement  of  the  Swedes  seems  to  have  been 
maintained. 

In  this  year,  also,  commenced  the  settlement  of  the  town 
and  colony  of  New  Haven,  from  which  a  colony  was  attempted 
afterwards  to  be  established  on  the  Delaware.^ 

It  appears  from  a  long  remonstrance  of  the  commissioners 
of  the  Assembly  of  XIX.,  that  infractions  of  the  laws  of 
trade,  "  by  self-interested  persons,  in  New  Netherland,  are 
complained  of,  and  that  great  frauds  in  the  fur  trade  are 
committed  against  the  company,"  by  embezzling  and  appro- 

1  Notes  to  Cainpanius,  p.  109.     Clay,  p.  149. 

2  Rudman's  Notes,  in  Clay,  p.  17. 

3  OCall.  vol.  i.  p.  190.       " 

4  Acrelius,  p.  410. 

5  Professor  Kingsley's  Interesting  Address,  at  the  200tb  Anniversary,  1838. 


1 


REGULATIONS  FOR  TRADE  ON  THE  DELAWARE.  49 

priating  to   their   own  profit   and  benefit  the  largest   and    1638. 
choicest  assortment  of  furs,  far  superior  to  those  which  have    '    '    ' 
been  negotiated  for  the  company,    shipping  them  clandes- 
tinely on  board  the  company's  vessels,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  Frauds  in 
company's  cargoes,  and  those  of  the  patroons,  and  even  some-  col^iaiMd° 
times  defrauding  the  company  of  the  freight ;  exchanging  too,  of  by  the 
"  their  worst  skins  for  the  best  skins  of  the  company,  or  at  ^"^^^3 
least  purchasing  the  best  for  themselves  and  not  for  the  com-  furs  prohi- 
pany."     They  also  complain  of  the  expenses  of  fortifications,  outpennis- 
servants,  and  fitting  out  vessels,  "  through  which  the  state  of  ^ion. 
New  Netherland  is  on  the  decline;"  they  therefore  forbid 
all  persons  from  freighting  any  wares  or  merchandise  without 
the  knowledge  and  consent  of  the  company.     A  resolution 
is  passed  that   "no  person,  for  themselves  or  others,  may 
trade  in  furs  in  any  place,  directly  or  indirectly,"  unless 
authorized,  under  penalty  of  "  correction  at  discretion  of  the 
department,   or    director  and  council,    and  losing  all  their 
monthly  wages."     The  director-general  and  council  of  New 
Netherland,  and  all  other  officers,  are  to  see  this  executed, 
"without  any  connivance  or  compact,"   and  "publish  this 
command  in  all  places,  and  affix  it  in  all  the  colonies."^ 

Jan  Petersen,  from  Alfendolft,  is  mentioned  as  ^^  barber  "  Barber  em- 
(as  surgeons  were  then  denominated,)  on  South  River,  at  ten  oeuwVe" 
guilders  per  month,  from  10th  July,  1638.- 

1639. 

A  judgment  is  obtained,  before  the   authorities  at  Man-  Februarys, 
hattan,  against  one  Coinclisse,  for  wounding  a  soldier  at  Fort  convicts 
Amsterdam.     He  is  condemned  to  serve  the  company,  along  ^^"^"""""^ 
"^'ith  the  blacks,  to  be  sent  by  the  first  ship  to  South  River,  to  Delaware. 
pay  a  fine  to  the  fiscal,  and  damages  to  the  wounded  soldier.^ 
This  seems  to  be  the  first  intimation  of  blacks  being  in  this 
part  of  the  country. 

Director  Van  Twillor  having  been  charged,  after  Kieft's  March  22. 
arrival,  with  mismanagement  and  neglect  of  the  company's  Fort  Nassau 
concerns ;  among  other   things,  with    expenditures  at  Fort  f^^^^'"^^ 
Nassau ;  a  witness  by  the  name  of  Gillis  Pietersen  Vander  pairs,  &c. 
Gouw,  a  carpenter,  certifies  that  he  aided  in  all  buildings,  &c.,  ^^"nTt  van 
during  Van   Twiller's   administration,    at   Manhattan,  Fort  Twuier. 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  ii.  p.  10.  2  Ibij. 

3  Albany  Records,  quoted  in  the  Breviut  in  Case  of  Penn  and   Lord   Balti- 
more, p.  35. 

7  E 


50 


1639. 


March  31. 

Permits  ne- 
cessary be- 
tween Man- 
hattan and 
South  River. 


October  2. 

Complaints 
against  the 
Swedes. 
Loss  of 
trade. 


Tribute 
from  the 
Indians  pro- 
po.sed. 


Success  of 
the  Swedish 
trade. 


CHARGES  AGAINST  VAN  TWILLER. 

Orange,  and  at  Fort  Nassau,  on  the  South  River,  where  he 
assisted  in  the  repair  of  the  fort,  "which  was  much  decayed," 
and  also  in  building  "  one  large  house  in  the  fort."  Another 
witness  asserts  he  had  in  his  custody  for  Van  Twiller,  at  Forts 
Hope  and  Nassau,  twenty-four  to  thirty  goats,  and  that  three 
negroes  bought  by  the  director  in  1636  were  since  employed 
in  his  private  service.^ 

Several  regulations  were  made  by  the  Dutch  respecting  the 
trade  on  South  River.  It  was  prohibited  to  sell  powder, 
balls,  and  guns  to  the  Indians  there,  on  pain  of  death.  No 
person  shall  dare  to  sail  with  boats  or  any  other  vessel,  to 
South  River,  except  by  a  permit  from  the  director-general, 
and  on  their  return  by  a  passport  of  the  commissary  there 
residing  and  representing  the  company.  If  any  person  is 
discovered  to  have  been  there  without  permit,  vessel  and 
cargo  to  be  confiscated,  besides  a  fine.  Notice  to  be  fixed 
up,  so  that  none  shall  plead  ignorance.^ 

The  directors  complain  that  "Fort  Nassau  is  a  heavy  bur- 
den to  the  company,  as  regards  garrison,  provisions,  and  the 
vessel ;  nor  do  we  see  any  means  to  reduce  it,  owing  to  the 
Swede,  who  lies  five  miles  from  us,  in  our  jurisdiction, 
although  it  is  so  well  known  that  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
which  we  sealed  with  our  blood,  and  took  possession  of  below 
and  above  ;  they  have,  since  they  have  been  there,  done  about 
30,000  florins'  injury  to  our  trade,  and  are  doing  it  yet  daily. 
Taking  it  for  granted  that  they  will  break  up,  which  they 
will  be  forced  to  do  shortly,  if  they  don't  receive  any  suc- 
cours, and  we  will  not  grant,  (if  we  are  powerful  enough  to 
prevent  it,)  that  anybody  establish  himself  in  our  limits, 
which  we  likewise  ought  to  have  done  with  those.  "^ 

Afiairs  at  Manhattan,  also,  about  this  time,  were  discou- 
raging, from  their  heavy  expenses,  &c.,  and  they  resolved  to 
demand  a  tribute  in  maize,  furs,  or  seawan,'^  from  the  Indians, 
whom  they  had  defended  against  their  enemies. 

The  Swedes,  notwithstanding  the  opposition  of  the  Dutch, 
appear  to  have  been  very  successful  in  their  beaver  trade,  as 
it  is  said  they  exported  30,000  skins  in  the  first  year  after 
their  arrival,  having  managed,  in  their  trade  with  the  Indians, 
to  undersell  the  Dutch. 


1  Albany  Records,  vol.  i.  p.  85.  2  Ibid.  vol.  ii.  p.  47. 

3  Document  from  Director  Kieft  to  the  Co.,  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  52,  53. 
■•  Albany  Records,  vol.  ii.  p.  65. 


A  NEW  SWEDISH  COMPANY  FORMED.  51 

1640. 
A  vessel  named  Fredenberg,  commanded  "by  Captain  Jacob  .Tanuary  24. 
Powelson,  was  despatched  this  year  from  Holland,  under  the  Passport  or 
sanction  of  the  Swedes,  by  Mr.  J)e  Horst  and  others,  as  we  ^ea  letter  to 

•i«iiT  n^A  CaptPowel- 

learn  from  a  passport  given  him,  dated  January  24,  1640,  at  son,  of  ship 
Nykoping,  in  which  it  is  said  his  vessel  is  "  laden  with  men,  i''^<='^°'"^ 

.  .         ,  going  from 

cattle,  and  other  things  necessary  for  the  cultivation  of  the  Holland  to 
country;"  that  Captain  Powelson  designs  departing  y>o»i  ^'^^^^'''^*^°' 
Holland  io  America  or  the  West  Indies,  and  there  establishing 
himself  in  the  country  called  "New  Sweden."  He  is  com- 
mended to  the  kind  attention  of  all  monarchs  and  republics, 
or  their  officers  and  servants,  to  whom  he  may  address  him- 
self; and  it  is  requested  of  them,  and  commanded  of  Swedish 
subjects,  that  he  and  his  vessels,  and  every  thing  on  board, 
may  be  permitted,  freely  and  without  obstacle,  to  pass,  and 
according  to  circumstances,  to  return  to  his  country.  Two 
other  similar  passports  for  vessels  were  at  the  same  time  fur- 
nished, blanks  being  left  to  be  filled  with  the  names  of  the 
captains  and  vessels. 

A  letter  of  the  same  date,  directed  to  the  commandant  or  Letter  to 
commissary,  or  other  inhabitants  of  Fort  Qhristina,  in  New  ''"^^-^^^f^y 
Sweden,  is  furnished,  in  which  it  is  mentioned  that  "  we  have  tants  of 
granted  and  permitted  to  our  very  dear  Gothart  de  Rehden,  ^°^  ^^^l^^ 
Mr.  De  Horst,  and  Fenland,  &c.,  to  send  to  New  Sweden  wurof  a 
two  or  three  vessels  laden  with  men,  cattle,  and  other  things  I'l^fntureM 
necessary  for  the   cultivation   of  the   country,   to  establish  toNewSwe- 
themselves  on  the  north  side  of  the  South  River,  and  to  there 
found  a  colony."     "We  have  accorded  to  them  a  grant  and 
privilege,  with  several  other  rights.     What  we  exact  from 
you  is,  that  you  place  no  obstacle  to  their  project,  and  more- 
over, for  your  own  advantage  and  common  safety,  that  you 
be  with  them  on  good  terras."     They  mention  also   "their 
gracious  intention  of  sending  from  Gottenberg,  next  spring, 
if  it  pleases  God,  one  or  two  vessels,  with  all  sorts  of  provi- 
sions, and  to  detail  more  fully  to  you  our  views  and  inten- 
tions, according  to  which  you  will  have  to  conduct  yourselves 
in  both  cases." 

Both  these  documents  are  signed  by  the  two  Oxenstierns, 
and  several  other  officers. 

These  vessels  probably  arrived  during  the  spring,  and  very 


52  PRIVILEGES  GRANTED  TO  THE  NEW  COLONY. 

1640.      seasonably  for  the  relief  of  the  Swedish  colony,  -which  had 
"    '  preceded  them  under  Minuit.^ 

It  appears  that  the  privileges  at  first  intended  for  Mr.  De 
Horst,  for  some  reason  not  assigned,  were  transferred  to 
Henry  Hockhammer,  and  are  as  follows. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  conditions  of  the  grant 
Grant  and  and  privilege  alluded  to  above,  to  Henry  Hockhammer  and 
Henry  Hock-  ^^'j  ^^^7  "  haviug  the  intention  of  establishing  a  new  colony  in 

hammer  to      NcW   SwcdcU  :" 

colony  in  Ist.  Pcrmission  to  cause  to  depart  from  Holland,  at  their 

New  Sweden,  expcnse,  uudcr  our  royal  protection,  and  in  our  name,  two  or 
three  vessels,  with  men,  cattle,  and  other  necessaries,  for  the 
purpose  of  landing  them  heloiv  Fort  Christina,  on  the  north 
side  of  South  River,  and  there  take  up  as  much  land  on  both 
sides  of  the  river  as  is  necessary  for  their  purposes,  to  place 
it  under  actual  cultivation  in  ten  years,  and  to  be  at  least 
four  to  five  German  miles  from  Fort  Christina.  2d.  If  the 
land  first  chosen  does  not  suit  them,  they  may  choose  another 
situation,  with  the  consent  of  the  crown,  or  that  of  our  go- 
vernor in  that  country,  so  that  no  person  may  receive 
damage.  3d.  The  possession  of  all  they  may  thus  occupy  is 
guarantied,  by  royal  authority,  to  them  and  their  descend- 
ants, and  shall  never  be  taken  away.  4th.  All  within  their 
districts,  whether  «  fruit  of  the  surface,  minerals,  springs, 
rivers,  woods,  forests,  fish,  chase,  even  of  birds,  the  establish- 
ments upon  water,  windmills,  and  every  advantage  and  utility 
which  they  find  established,  or  may  establish,"  shall  remain  to 
them  and  descendants  as  "allodial  and  hereditary  property," 
they  only  to  pay  to  the  crown  and  successors,  as  an  acknowledg- 
ment of  sovereignty,  per  annum,  three  florins  for  each  family 
established  in  their  territory.  5th.  The  right  of  exercising  in 
their  district  high  and  low  justice,  of  founding  there  cities, 
villages,  and  communities,  with  a  certain  police,  statutes,  and 
ordinances,  to  appoint  magistrates  and  ofl5cers,  to  take  the 
title  and  arms  of  their  colony  or  province,  "  it  being  under- 
stood that  they  and  their  descendants  shall  receive  of  us  and 

1  These  documents,  with  several  others  which  will  follow,  were  furnished 
by  Jonathan  Russel,  while  minister  to  Sweden,  to  the  American  Philosopliical 
Society  of  this  city,  and  may  be  found  at  length  in  Reg.  of  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  179. 
The  dates  are  those  given  in  the  documents,  which  we  suppose  to  be  the  true 
ones,  from  the  reference  made  to  the  arrival  in  the  Holland  extracts  hereafter 
furnished.  A  late  writer  places  the  arrival  as  in  1641,  which  would  be  cor- 
rect,  if  the  dates  are  O.  S. 


PRIVILEGES  GRANTED  TO  THE  NEW  COLONY.  53 

our  successors,  that  jurisdiction,  and  these  rojal  rights,  as  an     1640. 
hereditary  fief,  and  that  they  must  conform  themselves,  in     '    "^^ 
this  case,  to  all  Avhich  concerns  the  ordinary  justice  of  fiefs." 
6th.  The  statutes  and  ordinances  which  they  intend  to  esta-  ovant  to 
blish,  to  be  communicated  to  the  governor  for  approbation  and  hammer  ^^ 
confirmation,  in  order  to  discuss  and  execute  with  him  in  all  co"tiaui.-i. 
■which  may  most  contribute  to  the  advantage  and  welfare  of 
the  whole  country.     7th.  "  As  regards  religion,  we  are  will- 
ing to  permit  that,  besides  the  Augsburg  Confession,  the 
exercise  of  the  pretended  reformed  religion  may  be   esta- 
blished and  observed  in  that  country,  in  such  manner,  how-  Liberal  pru- 
ever,  that  those  who  profess  the  one  or  the  other  religion  "^'""f"^"" 
live  in  peace,  abstaining  from  every  useless  dispute,  from  all  education. 
scandal  and  all  abuse.       The  patrons  of  this  colony  shall 
be  obliged  to  support,  at  all  times,  as  many  ministers  and 
schoolmasters  as  the  number  of  inhabitants   shall  seem  to 
require,  and  to  choose,  moreover,  for  this  purpose,  persons 
who  have  at  heart  the  conversion  of  the  pagan  inhabitants 
to  Christianity."     8th.  They  may  establish  all  sorts  of  manu- 
factures and  industry ;  engage  in  all  commerce,  in  and  out 
of  the  counti-y,  with  the  coast  of  the  West  Indies  and  Africa, 
belonging  to  friendly  powers,  but  only  with  vessels  and  yachts 
built  in  New   Sweden,  under  promise  of  the  government's 
assistance.     9th.  The  depot  for  all  merchandise  caused  to  be 
transported  from  New  Sweden  to  the  countries  of  Europe, 
shall  be  Gottenberg,  not  requiring  the  merchants  to  pass  the 
Sound  if  they  wish  to  go  to  some  other  part  of  the  kingdom. 
They  shall  not  enter  foreign  ports  not  dependent  on  the  crown 
of  Sweden,  except  in  case  of  necessity,  and  then  proceed  to 
Gottenberg,  there  to  show  the  reasons  which  compelled  them 
to  enter  a  foreign  port,  to  pay  duty  on  the  merchandise  which 
they  have  sold  elsewhere,  and  to  equip  their  vessels  anew. 
« And  we  wish  that  all  shall  conduct  themselves  in  such  a 
manner  that  there  accrue  no  damage  to  the  revenue  heretofore 
granted  and  made  to  the  commercial  company  of  New  Swe- 
den, to  which  they  must  conform  themselves,"     10th.  To  be 
exempt  for  ten  years,  "from  all  impost,  duty,  excise,  and 
every  other  contribution  and  charge,  whether  real  or  per- 
Bonal,  of  whatever  name,  except  as  mentioned  in  4th  article,    . 
"  the  three  florins  on  goods  and  merchandise  transported  into 
our  states,"  which,  if  exported  again,  shall  be  free  of  duties 


54  PRIVILEGES  GRANTED  TO  THE  NEW  COLONY. 

1640.     of  custom-house  usual  in  the  kingdom,  besides  enjoying  all 

'    '    '    the  privileges  granted  to  our  other  subjects.     11th.  At  the 

end  of  ten  years,  what  has  been  decreed  in  preceding  article, 

Grant  to       rcspccting  customs,  shall  remain  in  force,  "  and  at  the  same 

Henry  Hock-     . 

hammer  time  thcj  shall  pay,  in  New  Sweden,  five  per  cent,  on  all 
continued.  gQods  which  they  shall  enter  there  or  carry  away,"  and 
contribute  to  the  pay  of  officers  and  support  of  fortresses,  as 
time  and  circumstances  may  require,  for  the  sake  of  security 
and  peace.  12th.  It  is  desired  that  no  person  shall  be  per- 
mitted to  take  any  man  or  woman,  domestic  or  servant,  from 
the  service  of  the  master  before  the  term  is  ended,  nor  employ 
any  such,  without  the  express  permission  of  the  master  or 
governor,  who  is  required  to  support  the  master  in  his  rights. 
13th.  Permission  is  granted  to  the  above  masters  of  vessels 
"  to  send  everywhere  in  the  ocean  for  fish,  their  vessels  built 
in  New  Sweden,"  and  to  send  their  fish  to  all  parts  of  the 
West  Indies,  within  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  or  Mediterranean, 
it  being  first  declared  and  registered  by  our  agents  that  the 
customs  are  paid,  without  fraud,  and  observing  "  exactly"  the 
requirements  in  the  9th  article  respecting  the  depot  of  Got- 
tenberg.  14th.  If  they  or  their  descendants  discover  mine- 
rals, precious  stones,  coral,  crystals,  marble,  a  pearl  fishery, 
occasions  for  making  salt,  &c.,  they  are  at  liberty  to  work 
them  for  ten  years,  without  charge,  with  consent  of  "  our 
governor."  After  ten  years,  they  shall  have  preference, 
upon  paying  a  certain  annual  sum,  to  be  determined.  15th. 
The  government  promises  general  protection  against  all 
attacks,  and  to  their  interests,  as  those  of  other  subjects. 
16th.  It  expects  from  them,  in  return,  their  services  in  pro- 
moting the  welfare  of  the  republic,  and  aid  in  case  of  war, 
though  the  government  desires  to  exempt  them  from  enrol- 
ments and  compulsory  military  service.  17th.  Property  in 
New  Sweden  to  be  exempt  from  confiscation ;  and  fines,  what- 
ever be  the  offence,  not  to  exceed  100  florins  of  the  empire, 
or  40  rix  dollars,  the  government  reserving  to  itself  every 
other  species  of  punishment,  according  to  the  off'ence. 
18th.  And  as  the  company  "think  of  transporting  thither,  in 
a  few  years,"  more  men  and  beasts,  and  other  things  necessary 
for  the  cultivation  of  the  earth,  building  of  houses  and  found- 
ing a  city,  they  are  permitted  so  to  do,  at  several  difierent 
times,  from  Holland,  each  time,  however,  with  the  knowledge 


APPOINTMENT  OF  JOST  DE  BOGARDT.  55 

of  the  government,  "as  always  tlie  equipments  were  ordi-     1640. 
narily  made  at  Gottenberg."^  '     '    ' 

This  company  appears  to  partake  much  of  the  character 
of  the  Swedish  West  India  Company,  and  to  be  independent 
of  the  colony  left  by  Minuit.  A  governor  is,  however,  men- 
tioned several  times.  They  had  probably  one  of  their  own, 
though  from  the  expression  "our  governor  in  that  country," 
being  used  once  or  twice,  it  would  appear  that  the  Swedish 
government  had  a  governor-general  there. 

It  appears  by  the  following  document,  that  one  Jost  de  January  so. 
Bogardt  received  a  commission  for  an  office  in  New  Sweden, 
the  precise  nature  of  which  is  not  very  clear,  perhaps  to  act 
as  special  governor  to  these  Hollanders.  In  subsequent  in- 
structions to  Governor  Printz,  he  is  spoken  of  as  their  com- 
mandant, and  they  as  under  the  protection  of  the  crown  of 
Sweden  f  by  Acrelius,  under  the  name  of  Boyandh,  as 
chief  or  municipal  director,  and  by  Plantagenet,  as  "  one 
Bogot,  under  the  Swedish  name  and  commission."^  The  fol- 
lowing is  all  that  we  know  respecting  his  duties  and  pay. 

"Jost  de  Bogardt,  having  taken  upon  himself,  and  having  Appoint- 
promised  to  assist,  as  much  as  in  his  power,  by  his  direction  ^0*°  ^°  -^^ 
and  exertions,    our  subiects    at   Christina,    and  the  people  gardt,and 

^  1     1  •       r.  1  n   1  •  his  salary. 

whom  we  may  send  there  in  future,  to  employ  all  his  care  on 
the  different  occasions  which  present  for  promoting  our  advan- 
tage and  that  of  the  crown  of  Sweden,  as  also  to  instruct  us  , 
exactly  on  every  occasion,  in  every  thing  which  it  is  important 
we  should  know,  and  to  execute  faithfully  our  orders,  an  an- 
nual compensation  is  secured  to  him  from  the  present  time, 
of  500  florins,  or  200  rix  dollars,  to  be  remitted  to  his 
banker  in  Holland,  by  our  resident  Spiring,  or  other  charge 
d'affaires  whom  we  may  then  have  in  Holland,"  with  the  pro- 
mise of  an  increase  of  his  annual  salary  of  100  florins,  "  if 
in  future  we  have  new  proofs  of  his  attachment,  and  of  his 
zeal  to  promote  our  welfare  and  that  of  our  crown,"  and 
"moreover,  according  to  circumstances,  to  recompense  him  in 
a  royal  manner." 

A  counter  obligation  is  given  by  him  on  the  same  date, 
recapitulating  the  foregoing,  and  engaging  faithfully  to  dis- 
charge his  duties.^ 

'  Swedi.sli  Documents  in  Reg.  of  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  178. 

2  MSS.  A.  P.  S.     Reg.  of  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  220.       3  Acrel.  411.     Pioyden. 

■1  JISS.  A.  P.  S,     Keg.  of  Penns.  vol.  iv.  pp.  177,  178. 


56 


1G40. 


February  1. 

Guaranty  to 
be  taken 
from  Hock- 
hammer,  &c. 


Hogs  stolen 
by  persons 
going  to  the 
Delaware. 


Fortunate 
arrival  of 
Swedish  Tes- 
Bel. 


Letter  from 
Kieft. 
Swedes 
ready  to  de- 
part.   Are 
relieyed  by 
arrival  of  a 
Tessel. 
Mayl. 


SWEDES  DISCOURAGED,  ARRIVAL  OF  REINFORCEMENT. 

It  appears  by  a  letter  addressed  by  the  Swedish  govern- 
ment "to  the  resident,  Peter  Spiring,  on  account  of  the  privi- 
lege granted  to  the  people  of  Utrecht,"  dated  February  1, 
that  after  completing  the  grant  and  privilege  to  Rhedere,  De 
Horst,  Vreeland,  &c.,  according  to  the  preceding  abstract,  it 
occurred  to  them  that  they  had  neglected  to  receive  from 
them  "  for  guaranty,  a  counter-obligation,  Avhich  it  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  they  should  give  us.  This  is  sent  in  form  to 
Spiring,  with  instructions  to  have  it  completed,  and  "  more- 
over, to  endeavour  that  the  words  '  so  far  as  regards  the  state 
of  New  Sweden'  be  excluded,  more  especially  as  their  new 
obligation,  even  without  that,  signifies  no  other  thing,  as  their 
other  obligations  and  duties  towards  their  country  remain  in 
full  force."  In  case  of  their  refusal,  it  is  left  to  Spiring's 
discretion  to  make  the  best  arrangement  that  he  can,  "  so 
that  the  vessel  be  despatched  with  the  greatest  diligence 
possible."-^ 

Some  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company's  servants  landed 
about  this  time  on  Staten  Island,  to  take  in  water,  on  their 
way  to  South  River.  Before  they  reimbarked,  they  stole 
some  hogs  belonging  to  their  employers  and  to  Captain  De 
Vries,  who  then  had  an  infant  settlement  in  that  island. 
The  blame  was  laid  on  the  Indians  who  lived  on  Raritan. 
This  led  to  very  serious  consequences  there.^ 

The  Swedes  were  so  much  discouraged  at  this  period,  that, 
according  to  the  Dutch  statements,  they  had  fixed  upon  a 
certain  day  for  their  departure,  when  fortunately  for  them  a 
vessel  arrived,  by  which  they  were  strengthened;  but  the 
trade  of  the  Dutch,  according  to  their  own  statements,  was 
"  entirely  ruined." 

It  is  probable  the  vessel  here  referred  to  as  arriving  so 
opportunely  for  the  Swedes,  was  one  of  the  vessels  under 
command  of  Captain  Powelson,  which  sailed  from  Sweden  in 
January  or  early  in  February. 

On  the  1st  of  May,  1640,  Director  Kieft,  writing  to  the 
directors,  says,  "  The  Swedes  on  the  Delaware  were  resolved 
to  break  up,  and  to  come  here,  (Manhattan,)  but  the  day  be- 
fore their  intended  departure,  there  arrived  a  vessel,  by  which 
they  were  strengthened,  having  caused  the  company  great 
injury,  and  still  do  so,  the  trade  being  entirely  ruined." 

1  Swedish  MSS.  in  Reg.  of  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  200. 

2  O'Call.  vol.  i.  p.  226. 


ADVENTURERS  FROM  NEW  HAVEN  ON  THE  DELAWARE.  57 

And  on  the  15tli  October,  1640,  he  further  says,  "  The     1640. 
Swedes  near  the  Delaware  last  spring  got  a  vessel,  "with  a     '    '~~' 
cargo  and  a  reinforcement  of  people,  otherwise  it  had  been 
arranged  for  them  to  come  here,  (to  Manhattan.)     We  shall  Another  to 
treat  the  Swedes  with  every  politeness,  although  they  com-  Q^^^fif' 
menced  with  many  hostilities   forcibly  to  build,  attack  our 
fort,  trading,  threatening  to  take  our  boats,  &c."-^ 

The  Swedes  here  alluded  to,  as  being  in  so  desperate  a  con- 
dition, must  be  those  of  the  colony  left  by  Minuit. 

It  is  said  that  in  this  vessel  arrived  Peter  Hollandaer,  who  Armai  of  p. 
is  afterwards  mentioned  as  Minuit's  successor.^  Houandaer. 

About  this  period  commence  the  attempts  of  the  English  The  English 
to  make  settlements  on  the  Delaware.     We  are  left  to  almost  orthe^eia- 
as  much  uncertainty  respecting  their  operations,  as  to  those  ^are. 
of  the  other  nations  which  preceded  them.     After  a  diligent 
search  among  the  ancient  records  of  New  England,  we  can 
collect  but  little  definite  information  on  the  subject,  except 
that  they  did  make  several  attempts ;  that  they  purchased 
land  and  met  with  ill  treatment  both  from  the  Dutch  and 
Swedes.     Nothing  seems  to  be  known  respecting  them,  and 
no  traces  left  where  they  are  said  at  first  to  have  settled ;  we 
shall  therefore  be  compelled  to  throw  what  light  we  can  upon 
it,  as  it  gleams  through  existing  records  and  occasional  no- 
tices of  authors.     The  earliest  is  found  in  the  records  of  the 
United  Colonies,  in  a  long  presentation  of  their  grievances, 
submitted  to  the  Dutch  in  1653. 

They  say,  "  in  the  year  1640,  the  English  at  New  Haven  Kieft  pro- 
sent  men  to  view  and  purchase  part  of  Delaware  Bay,  but  the^En^iSf 
with  express  direction  not  to  meddle  with  any  thing  the  Dutch  tut  allows 
or  Swedes  had  right  unto.     As  the  English  vessel  passed  by  ceea.  Kind 
the  Manhatoes,  Monsieur  Kieft  made  a  protest,  but  on  infer-  Reception  by 

'  .  ^^^  Jansen 

mation  of  the  order  given,  he  was  satisfied,  and  wrote  to  John  at  first. 
Johnson,  the  Dutch  agent  at  Delaware,  to  hold  good  corre- 
spondence with  the  English  there,  which  accordingly  he  did 
at  first,  and  showed  them  how  far  the  Dutch  and  Swedes'  title 
or  claim  reached ;  the  rest  he  told  them  was  free  for  them 
to  purchase,  and  ofiered  his  assistance  therein,  which  ofier,  Afterwards 
(though  kindly  accepted,)  was  not  entertained ;  but  the  In-  ^n'^gash,  but 
dians  being  free,  the  English  agents,  at  several  times,  from  ""^y  make  a 
the  several  proprietors  purchased  large  tracts  of  land  on  both  ^""^  ^^^' 

•  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  53,  54.  2  O'Call.  vol.  i.  p.  3G5. 


58  PROTEST  AGAINST  THE  NEW  ENGLANDERS. 

1640.     sides  of  Delaware  Bay  and  River,  and  began  to  plant  and  to 
"     '    '     set  up  houses  for  trade  within  their  own  limits."^ 

Trumbull,  in  his  History  of  Connecticut,  says,  "  A  large 

Captain  Tur-  purchase.  Sufficient  for  a  number  of  plantations,  was  made  by 

nTven,^    ^^  Captain  Turner,  agent  for  New  Haven,  on  both  sides  Dela- 

makesapur-  -^.^^6  Bay  and  Rivcr.     This  purchase  was  made  with  a  view 

to  trade,  and  for  the  settlement  of  churches  in  gospel  order 

and  purity."^ 

1641. 

Early  in  this  year,  it  is  believed,  an  effort  was  made  to 
Vessel  sails    Settle  upon  the  lands  purchased  by  Captain  Turner  at  Dela- 
Ha^ento'     warc.     A  "  barquc  or  catch"  appears  to  have  been  fitted  out 
Delaware,     from  Ncw  Havcn  by  a  Mr.  Lamberton,  under  the  coromand 
of  Robert  Cogswell.     Having  reached  Fort  Amsterdam,  the 
Director  Kieft  became  apprized  of  their  intention  of  pro- 
ceeding to  Delaware  with  a  view  to  a  settlement  there,  and 
fearing  an  interference  with  the  settlements  of  the  Dutch, 
he  resorted  to  a  formal  protest,  in  the  following  words : 
"  I,  "William  Kieft,  director-general,  &c.,  make  known  to 
Aprils.        you,  Robert  Cogswell   and  your  associates,  not  to  build  nor 
Gov.  Kieft     plant  on  the  South  River,  lying  within  the  limits  of  New 
protests        Netherlands,  nor  on  the  lands  extendins;  aloncf  there,  as  law- 

agajnst  K.  '  o  o  / 

Cogswell,  fully  belonging  to  us,  by  our  possessing  the  same  long  years 
Lamberton's  ago,  bcforc  it  was  frequented  by  any  Christians,  as  appears 
vessel.          i^y  Q^j.  £Q^.j.g  ^^l^[Q\^  -^^Q  have  thereon ;  and  also  the  mouth  of 

the  rivers  sealed  with  our  blood,  and  the  soil  itself,  most  of 
which  has  been  purchased  and  paid  for  by  us,  unless  you  will 
settle  under  the  States  and  the  noble  West  India  Company, 
and  swear  allegiance  and  become  subject  to  them,  as  the 
other  inhabitants  have  done.  Failing  whereof,  we  protest 
against  all  damages  and  losses  which  may  accrue  therefrom, 
and  desire  to  be  holden  innocent  thereof."^ 

Notwithstanding  this  protest,  the  English  proceeded  to  the 
English  pro-  South  Rivcr,  having  assured  the  governor  that  it  was  not 
their  intention  to    interfere   with   any   settlements  already 
made,  or  if  none  could  be  found  free  from  claims,  they  would 
return.     They  very  soon  made  purchases  on  both  sides,  com- 

'  Records  of  the  United  Colonies,  in  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  213. 

*  Trumbull,  vol.  i.  p.  116. 

3  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  ix.  p.  205,  in  O'Call.  vol.  i.  p.  232,  whose  date  we  follow, 
he  having  reference  to  the  original  document;  but  this,  or  a  similar  protest,  is 
referred  to  as  April  9,  1642,  in  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p,  265. 


ceed  to  settle 
on  Delaware. 


CAPT.  TURNER  AUTHORIZED  TO  GO  TO  THE  DELAWARE.  59 

menced  erecting  trading-houses  on  Varkin's  or  Farkin's  kill,  1641. 
near  the  present  Salem,  N.  J.,  and  probably  on  the  Schuyl-  '  '  ' 
kill.  The  first  is  expressly  alluded  to  in  the  instructions  to 
the  Swedish  governor  in  next  year,  "which  mention  the  settle- 
ment of  about  sixty  persons  there,  and  their  having  built 
houses  on  the  east  side,  and  cultivated  the  earth  in  other 
places.^  "VVinthrop  also  says,  "  a  plantation  was  begun  at 
Delaware  Bay  by  those  of  New  Haven,  and  some  twenty 
families  are  transported  thither." 

The  following  minute  is  on  record,  and  probably  alludes  to  ethmo.soth. 
the  purchase  made  last  year  by  Captain  Turner,  and  that  he  (^"^ust?) 
now  proposes  to  pay  Delaware  a  second  visit. 

"  At  a  general  court  held  at  New  Haven,  30th  of  the  sixth 
month,  (August,)  1641. 

"  Whereas  there  was  a  purchase  made  by  some  particular  Prerious 
persons,  of  sundry  plantations  in  Delaware  Bay,  at  their  Dei^wMe^  ° 
own  charge,  for  the  advancement  of  public  good,  as  in  a  way  ^y  aiiuded 
of  trade,  so  also  for  the  settling  of  churches  and  plantations 
in  those  parts,  in  combination  with  this ;  and  thereupon  it 
was  propounded  to  the  general   court,  whether  plantations 
should  be  settled  in  Delaware  Bay  in  combination  with  this 
town,  yea  or  nay;  and  upon  consideration  and  debate,  it 
was  assented  unto  by  the  court,  and  expressed  by  holding  up 
of  hands." 

'<  So  far  as  Captain  Turner  hath  reference  to  the  civil  state,  captain  Tur. 
and  employed  therein,  provided  that  his  place  be  supplied  in  ^^^J^l^^^^ 
his  absence,  the  court  hath  given  free  liberty  to  him  to  go  to  Delaware, 
Delaware  Bay  for  his  own  advantage,  and  the  public  good,  substitute  in 
in  settling  the  affairs  thereof."  i!^'*'*'^ 

"It  is  ordered  that  those  to  whom  the  affairs  of  the  town  The  town  or- 
is committed,  shall  dispose  of  all  the  affairs  of  Delaware  Bay  perlltgn^^' 
according  to  the  intent  of  the  agreement^  for  combination  affairs  of 
with  this  town,  in  settling  plantations,  and  admitting  planters  ^ly^^^^ 
to  sit  down  there. "^ 

This  year,  according  to  Acrelius,  and  all  others  who  have  Reputed 
succeeded  him,  died  Peter  Minuit,  the  conductor  of  the  first  burial ^of 
Swedish  colony  to  this  river,  in  1638,  and  the  reputed  first 
governor.     He  was  buried  at  Christina."^     We  have  already 

'  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  219. 

2  This  agreement  does  not  appear  on  the  records. 

3  New  Haven  Court  Rec.  vol.  i.  p.  40. 
*  Aorelius,  p.  410,  412.     Ferris,  &c.  p.  57. 


Minuit. 


60  THE  NEW  HAVEN  PURCHASE. 

1641.  given,  as  we  proceeded,  all  that  is  now  known  of  Minuit  and 
"  •  '  his  public  acts.  The  fact  of  his  departure,  ascertained  by 
later  documents,  has  rendered  somewhat  unsettled  the  state- 
ments heretofore  made  respecting  him,  and  relied  upon  with 
so  much  confidence.  Mounce  Kling  is  said  to  have  acted  as 
deputy  under  him.^  Here  we  must  leave  the  matter  for  future 
research. 

Minuit  is  said  to  have  been  succeeded  by  Peter  Hollandaer, 

Minuit's       whosc  arrival  has  already  been  noticed,  and  who  continued 

p.  HoUan-     i^  office  for  about  eighteen  months.     Of  him  and  his  acts 

daer.  jggg  jg  pgj-haps  known  than  of  his  predecessor ;  he  is  reported 

to  have  returned  to  Sweden.^ 

1642. 
"  The  New  Haven  people,  (being  Londoners,  chiefly  un- 
March27.  skilled  in  husbandry,  and  unable  to  bear  labour,  their  estates 
New  Havea  wastcd,  scrvants  scarce  and  high,)  they  inclined  to  look  out, 
moveto^Deia-  ^^^  ^^  to  Settle  themsclvcs  elsewhere  more  commodious  for 
ware.  their  subsistence,  and  with  them  also  joined  a  great  part  of 

effected        the  Other  plantations  of  their  union,  partly  from  their  love 
through  the   r^^d  desirc  to  be  together,  and  partly  stimulated  by  some 

influence  of     ,„  i  i  mi  i  i  • 

aPequot  ^1^0  rcasons  among  themselves.  Iney  made  once  and  again 
Eax-hem.  attempts  at  Delaware,  where  they  had  purchased  large  tracts 
of  land,  but  were  prevented  by  injuries  from  the  Dutch,  or 
one  means  or  another."  "Righteousness  exalteth  a  nation, 
and  maketh  them  honourable  even  in  sight  of  the  very 
heathen,  as  was  manifest  at  this  time  amongst  the  Indians, 
in  the  observation  of  the  proceedings  of  the  English,  for  in 
this  year,  those  of  New  Haven  intending  a  plantation  at 
Delaware,  sent  some  men  to  purchase  a  large  portion  of  land 
from  the  Indians  there,  but  they  refused  to  deal  with  them ; 
it  so  fell  out  that  a  Pequot  sachem,  who  had  fled  his  country 
in  the  time  of  the  wars  with  them,  and  seated  himself  there 
upon  that  river,  was  accidentally  present  at  that  time,  and 
taking  notice  of  the  English,  and  their  desire,  persuaded  the 
other  sachem  to  deal  with  them,  and  told  him,  that  however 
they  had  killed  his  countrymen,  and  driven  him  out,  yet 
they  were  honest  men,  and  had  just  cause  to  do  what  they 
did,  for  the  Pequots,  he  owned,  had  done  them  wrong,  and 
refused  to  give  them  the  reasonable  satisfaction  which  was 

1  Acrelius,  p.  410.     OCall.  vol.i.  p.  366. 

2  Acrelius,  &c..  p.  410. 


VAN  ILPENDAM  SENT  AGAINST  THE  ENGLISH.  61 

demanded  ;  whereupon  the  sachem  entertained  them,  and  let     1642. 
them  have  what  land  they  desired."^  '    ' 

The  director-general  and  council  "having  received  unques- 
tionable information  that  some  English  had  the  audacity  to  May  is. 
land  in  the  South  River,  opposite  to  our  Fort  Nassau,  where  settioment 
they  made  a  beginning  of  settling  on  the  Schuylkill,  without  °^  sdruyi- 
any  commission  of  a  potentate,  which  is  an  affair  of  ominous  kiU- 
consequence,  disrespectful  to  their  High  Mightinesses,  and 
injurious  to  the  interests  of  the  West  India  Company,  as  by 
it  their  commerce  on  the  South  River  might  be  eventually 
ruined;"  resolved,  "that  it  is  our  duty  to  drive  these  English  Resoiutionof 
from  thence,  in  the  best  manner  possible." 

Accordingly,  on  the  22d,  they  issued  the  following  instruc-  May  22. 
tions  to  Jan  Jansen  Van  Ilpendam,  the  commissary  on  South 
River,  viz. 

"  As  soon  as  the  yachts  Real  and  St.  Martin  shall  have  instructions 
arrived  there,  he,  Jan  Jansen  Van  Ilpendam,  shall  embark  iipgn^aL^'^ 
on  either  of  the  two  yachts,  or,  if  bethinks  it  best,  with  both,  who  is  sent 
assisted  with  such  a  body  of  men  as  he  can  collect  together,  ^Hhtwo'^^^ 
and  proceed  towards  the  Schuylkill,  disembark  there  directly,  vessels,  to 
and  require  from  the  English  to  show  him  by  what  authority  English. 
they  acted,  and  how  they  dared  to  make  such  an  encroach- 
ment upon  our  rights  and  privileges,  our  territory  and  com- 
merce ;  and  if  they  can  show  no  authority  or  royal  commission 
to  settle  within  our  limits,  or  an  authentic  copy  of  such  a 
commission,  then  to  compel  them  to  depart  directly  in  peace, 
to  prevent  effusion  of  blood.     If  they  will  not  listen  or  sub- 
mit, then  to  secure  their  persons,  and  conduct  them  to  the 
yacht,  that  they  may  be  brought  hither.    Be  in  every  respect    ' 
on  your  guard,  that  you  remain  master,  and  are  not  surprised, 
and  maintain  the  reputation  of  their  High  Mightinesses  and 
the  noble   directors   of  the  West   India   Company.     If  the 
English  leave  the  spot,  or  make  their  escape,  then  you  must 
destroy  their  improvements,   and  level  those   on  the   spot. 
While  you,  Jan  Jansen  Van  Ilpendam,  shall  take  care  that 
the  English  are  not  injured  in  their  personal  property,  but 
that  there  be  made  in  their  presence  an  accurate  inventory 
of  the  whole.  "'"^ 

These  English  are  said,  by  some,  to  have  been  Mary- 

'  Hubbard's  N.  E.  in  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  vol.  vi.  2d  series,  pp.  326,  381. 
Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  164.     Winthrop,  vol.  ii.  p.  62. 
2  Albany  Records,  vol.  ii.  pp.  162,  164,  165. 

V 


62  SEIZURE  OF  ENGLISH  MERCHANDISE  BY  THE  DUTCH. 

1642.     landers/  and  that  tbey  were  driven  off.     Bozman,  the  histo- 

"     '    '      rian  of  Maryland,  says,  <'  our  records  make  no  mention  of 

this  attempt  by  the  inhabitants  of  Maryland  to  form,  at  this 

time,  any  settlements  on  the  Schuylkill."^     They  were  most 

probably  a  part  of  the  New  Haven  Company. 

Notwithstanding  the  purchases  of  the  English  on  both 
August.  sides  of  the  river,  to  which,  as  they  affirm,  neither  the  Dutch 
Conduct  of    nor  Swedes  had  any  just  title,  Governor  Kieft,  without  pro- 

the  Dutch  to    ,       ,  •  ,  t  i        t        c  •  i         ,  m 

the  English.  ^^^^  ^^  wammg,  sent  armed  men,  and  "  by  force,  ni  a  hostile 
way,  burnt  their  trading  house,  seized,  and  for  some  time  de- 
tained, the  goods  in  it,  not  suffering  their  servants  so  much 
as  to  take  a  just  inventory  of  them.  He  there  also  seized 
their  boat,  and  for  a  while  kept  their  men  prisoners,  for 
which  treatment  they  could  not,  up  to  1650,  get  any  satis- 
faction. The  Dutch  governor  sent  armed  vessels  to  De- 
laware to  seize  Mr.  Lamberton's  vessel,  or  drive  him  out  of 
the  river,"  but  being  on  his  guard,  he  at  that  time  main- 
tained the  right  and  honour  of  the  English.  As  he  was 
returning  from  Delaware,  the  Dutch  governor  at  Manhattan 
compelled  Mr.  Lamberton,  who  was  the  agent  of  New  Haven, 
<•  by  threatenings  and  force,"  to  give  an  account  of  what 
beaver  he  had  traded  for  vrithin  the  English  limits  at  Dela- 
ware, and  pay  recognitions  for  them,  against  which  a  protest 
sent  from  New  Haven  was  of  no  avail."  The  damages  done 
to  the  English  at  Delaware  were  estimated  at  =£100  sterling.^ 
Great  sickness  and  mortality  prevailed  among  the  settlers 
of  last  year  upon  Delaware,  which  dissolved  "the  plantation. 
The  same  sickness  and  mortality  befell  the  Swedes  also,  who 
were  planted  in  the  same  river.  The  English  were  after- 
wards driven  out  by  the  Swedes."^ 

However  uncertain  may  have  been  our  knowledge  hereto- 
Gov.  Printz  foro,  of  the  executive  operations  of  the  Swedes  since  the 
appointed,  departure  of  Minuit,  there  is  now  no  longer  any  doubt  upon 
the  subject.  In  the  latter  end  of  the  year,  John  Printz,  a 
lieutenant  of  cavalry,  is  appointed  governor,  receives  his 
commission  and  instructions,  and  early  in  next  year  arrives 
in  the  Delaware.     Of  both  documents  we  now  proceed  to 

1  Smith's  N.  Y.  vol.  i.  p.  6. 

2  Bozman's  Md.  p.  207;  edit.  1837. 

3  Hazards  HiH.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  pp.  164,214.     Trumbull's  Conn.  vol.  i.  p.  120. 
Smith's  N.  Y.     Albany  Records,  vol.  ii.  p.  177,  185. 

*  Wintlirop,  vol.  ii.  p.  76.     Hubbard. 


JOHN  PRINTZ  MADE  GOVERNOR.  63 

give  an  abstract.     The  commission,  though  latest  as  to  date,  is    1642. 
given  first.  '    '    ' 

John  Printz,  lieutenant  of  cavalry,  is  appointed  by  Chris- 
tina, queen  of  Sweden,  governor  of  New  Sweden,  His  August  le. 
commission  is  dated  16th,  although  his  instructions  are  on  Appoint- 
the  15th  August.  It  commences  by  stating  that  "  our  faith-  Go°*'^int^_ 
ful  subjects  having  commenced  visiting  the  West  Indies,  and  nis  commia- 
having  purchased  in  form,  and  already  occupied  a  considera-  0°^^^^!  du- 
ble  part  of  that  country,  which  they  have  named  New  Sweden,  ties. 
in  consequence, — as  their  laudable  project,  the  navigation 
which  they  have  undertaken,  and  the  cultivation  which  they 
are  disposed  to  make,  cannot  but  increase  and  facilitate  com- 
merce,— to  give  them  more  vigour  and  extent,  not  only  have  we 
approved  their  design,  and  taken  the  country  and  its  inhabit- 
ants under  our  royal  protection,  but  again  to  favour  and 
strengthen  the  work  which  they  have  commenced,  we  have 
given  to  the  country  and  inhabitants,  our  subjects,  a  governor, 
and  have  named,  as  we  do  here,  by  virtue  of  this  letter-patent, 
onr  very  faithful  subject,  the  above  named  lieutenant  of  caval- 
ry, John  Printz,  for  governor  of  New  Sweden.  He  engages  to 
administer  and  govern  said  country,  and  to  defend  its  inhab- 
itants against  all  violence  and  foreign  attachment,  and  to 
preserve,  above  all,  that  country  in  safe  and  faithful  hands. 
He  must  preserve  amity,  good  neighbourhood,  and  corre- 
spondence with  foreigners,  with  those  who  depend  on  his 
government  and  the  natives  of  the  country ;  render  justice 
without  distinction,  so  that  there  shall  be  injury  to  no  one. 
If  any  person  behave  himself  grossly,  he  must  punish  him 
in  a  convenient  manner ;  and  as  regards  the  cultivation  of  the 
country,  he  must  in  a  liberal  manner  regulate  and  continue 
it,  so  that  the  inhabitants  may  derive  from  it  their  honest 
support,  and  even  that  commerce  may  receive  from  it  a  sensi- 
ble increase.  As  to  himself,  he  will  so  conduct  in  his  govern- 
ment as  to  be  willing  and  able  faithfully  to  answer  for  it 
before  God,  before  us,  and  every  brave  Swede,  regulating 
himself  by  the  instructions  given  to  him."  The  inhabitants 
are  required  to  acknowledge  and  obey  him  as  governor.^ 

The  following  is  an  abstract  of  the  instructions  to  Governor  August  is. 
Printz.     After  enumerating  the  advantages  expected  to  result  instructions 
from  the  "  conquering  and  purchasing  the  territory  of  New  p^ttr™*"^ 
Sweden,  and  the  extension  of  commerce  thereby,"  it  is  stated 

•  MS.  Doc.  A.  P.  S.,  Reg.  of  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  200. 


64 


INSTRUCTIONS  TO  GOVERNOR  PRINTZ. 


1642. 


Must  pro- 
ceed to  Got- 
tenberg  to 
prepare  for 
departure. 


Determine 
on  his  route 
according  to 
the  wind. 


Have  super- 
vision of  the 
captain  and 
crew.  Keep 
journal,  &c. 


On  arrival, 
to  see  the 
contracts  for 
purchases 
faithfully 
executed. 
Bounds  de- 
scribed. 


English  set- 
tlement at 
Tarkens 
kill. 


that  "for  this  laudable  end,"  two  vessels  to  make  the  voyage 
have  been  furnished,  named  the  "  Stork"  and  the  "  Renown," 
under  the  orders  of  a  governor,  whom  "her  majesty  has  pro- 
vided with  full,  convenient  and  suflBcient  power."  and  the 
vessels,  "with  other  necessary  resources." 

The  governor  must  first,  without  delay,  proceed  by  land  to 
Gottenberg,  whither  the  vessels  have  sailed.  On  his  arrival 
there,  he  must  aid  in  disposing  and  arranging,  every  thing 
according  to  the  regulations  of  the  company,  in  such  manner 
as  to  be  at  sea  in  September  next. 

Before,  or  as  soon  as  the  vessels  leave  Gottenberg,  he,  with 
the  captain  and  his  council,  "should  deliberate  upon  the 
nature  of  the  wind,  and  other  circumstances,  and  decide 
whether  to  direct  his  course  to  the  north  of  Scotland,  or 
through  the  channel  between  France  and  England." 

During  the  passage  he  is  to  see  that  the  captain  and  crew 
discharge  their  duties  "with  fidelity  and  exactness,"  and  in 
"  all  occurrences  of  importance,  and  which  merit  reflection, 
he  must  ask  the  advice  of  the  captain  and  council,  must  keep 
a  journal,  noting  every  thing  worthy  of  remark,  and  send  a 
copy  of  it  back." 

When  (should  it  please  God)  the  governor  arrives  at  New 
Sweden,  he  is  to  take  care  that  the  frontiers  of  the  country,  ac- 
cording to  the  contract  made  by  the  subjects  with,  the  savages, 
"  extends  from  the  borders  of  the  sea  to  Cape  Henlopen,  in 
returning  south-west  towards  Godyn's  Bay,  and  thence  towards 
the  great  South  River,  as  far  as  Minquas  kill,  where  is  con- 
structed Fort  Christina,  and  from  thence  again  towards  South 
River,  and  the  whole  to  a  place  which  the  savages  call  San- 
kikan,  which  is  at  the  same  time  the  place  where  are  the 
limits  of  New  Sweden.  This  district  or  extent  of  country 
may  be  in  length  about  thirty  German  miles ;  as  to  width  in 
the  interior,  it  has  been  stipulated  in  the  contracts,  that  the 
subjects  of  her  majesty  and  company  may  take  as  much  of 
the  country  as  they  wish." 

"  Seeing  that  in  the  year  preceding,  (1641,)  several  English 
families,  to  the  number  of  sixty  persons,  established  them- 
selves, and  began  to  build  houses  and  cultivate  the  earth,  in 
other  places,  viz.  on  the  eastern  side  of  South  River,  near  a 
small  river  called  Ferkens  kill,  the  subjects  and  company 
have,  with  the  intention  of  attracting  to  them  the  English, 
bought  from  the  savages  who  inhabited  the  country,  all  the 


INSTRUCTIONS  TO  GOVERNOR  PRINTZ.  65 

gaid  western  part,  (eastern  ?)  from  the  mouth  of  the  great    1642. 
river  to  Cape  May,  and  even  to  another  small  river,  Narra-    '     ■    ' 
tisenks  kill,  the  whole  extending  about  twelve  German  miles, 
comprising  therein  even  Ferkens  kill,  above  mentioned ;  the  Conciliatory 
governor  ought  to  maintain  this  contract  of  purchase  invio-  ^°"^o^"gg*Jgj 
lable,    and   with   force,  and   thus   to   attract  these   English  towards  the 
families  under  the  authority  and  power  of  her  majesty;  she    °°'^  ' 
suggests  that  these  people  are  disposed  to  submit  as  a  free 
people  to  a  sovereign  who  can  protect  and  defend  them,  and 
advises  a  conciliatory  course;  "yet  as  her  majesty  judges  it 
will  be  better  and  more  advantageous  for  Sweden,  for  the 
crown,  and  for  those  interested,  to  be  able  to  disembarrass 
themselves  of  it  honestly,  she  leaves  it  to  the  governor's  dis- 
cretion, to  endeavour  to  obtain  this  point,  and  for  it  to  work 
underhand  as  much  as  possible,  with  good  manners  and  with 
success."     As  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  undoubtedly 
wishes  to  appropriate  to  itself  the  lands  possessed  by  the 
English,  and  certainly  also  all  the  eastern  part  of  the  great 
South  River,  (especially  as  their  fort  or  redoubt  Nassau,  now  Fort  Nassau 
occupied  by  about  twenty  men,  is  not  very  far   from  the  t^p^t'^^^^^mi 
eastern  side  of  this  river ;)  and  since  they  make  no  pretensions 
to  all  the  western  part,  of  which  the  Swedes  are  in  possession, 
imagining  by  their  Fort  Nassau  they  have  acquired  and  re- 
served the  possession   of  all  said  river,  and  the  country  on 
both  sides,  for  which  reason  they  have  protested  against  the 
Swedish  subjects,  and  have  never  been  willing  to  permit  or 
grant   them   to    ascend   before    Fort  Nassau,    the  governor  Course  of 
will  comport  himself  towards  the  Dutch  Company  with  mild-  ^"^^'^'^^^tpj^ 
ness  and  moderation,  as  the  Swedes,  only  seeking  to  open  a  according  to. 


circum- 


ginia. 


free  communication  for  commerce,  had  bought  from  the  gtances. 
natives  that  which  they  possessed  and  cultivate.  If,  however,  AisotoEng- 
the  Dutch,  contrary  to  all  hope,  show  any  hostile  intentions, 
"  it  would  be  very  proper  to  be  on  your  guard,  and  repel  force 
by  force :"  at  so  great  a  distance,  the  government  leaves  it 
much  to  the  governor's  discretion.  If,  however,  the  Dutch 
do  not  trouble  us  in  our  possessions,  "  the  governor  must  main- 
tain amity  and  good  neighbourhood  with  the  Dutch  of  Fort 
Nassau,  and  those  established  higher  up  the  North  River,  at 
Manhattan  or  New  Amsterdam,  and  likewise  with  the  English 
who  inhabit  Virginia,  especially  because  the  latter  have 
already  begun  to  procure  for  the  Swedes  all  sorts  of  necessary 
provisions,  and  at  reasonable  prices,  both  for  cattle  and  grain." 


f2 


66 


INSTRUCTIONS  TO  GOVERNOR  PRINTZ. 


1642. 


Directions  in 
relation  to 
Bogardt's 
colony. 


The  savages 
to  be  treated 
with  kind- 
ness, and 
their  favour 
courted. 


Internal 
regulations. 


Governor  to 
choose  his 
place  of  resi- 
dence; also 
for  fortifica- 
tions and 
a  fort. 


If  Christina 
is  sufficient, 
must  attend 
to  agricul- 
ture, &c. 


As  to  those  of  the  Dutch  nation  who  have  srone  to  New 
Sweden,  and  are  there  established  under  Swedish  protection, 
and  under  Commandant  Jost  de  Bogardt,  the  governor 
must  show  them  all  good  will,  seeing  that  they  comply  with 
the  conditions  stipulated,  and  also  obey  the  orders  signified 
to  them  this  year ;  that  being  established  too  near  to  Port 
Christina,  (report  says  only  three  miles  distant,)  they  must 
abandon  it,  and  occupy  a  place  more  distant  from  the  fort : 
but  the  governor  may  remove  them,  or  suffer  them  to  remain, 
as  he  finds  expedient. 

With  regard  to  the  savages,  the  governor  is  to  treat  them 
with  humanity  and  mildness,  and  see  that  neither  violence  nor 
injustice  is  done  them,  but  "  must  labour  to  instruct  them  in 
the  Christian  religion,  and  the  divine  service,  and  civilize 
them.  He  must  bring  them  to  believe  that  the  Swedes  have 
not  come  there  to  do  them  injustice,  but  rather  to  procure 
them  what  they  need,  in  order  to  live  reciprocally  in  com- 
mon, and  sell  and  exchange  provisions.  The  governor  must 
sell  to  them  at  lower  prices  than  the  Dutch  at  Fort  Nassau, 
or  the  English,  so  as  by  this  means  to  disengage  them  from 
these  people,  and  accustom  them  more  to  the  Swedes.'' 

Having  thus  summarily  disposed  of  the  Dutch,  English, 
and  savages,  the  instructions  enter  upon  matters  of  internal 
regulation. 

The  governor  may  choose  his  place  of  residence  where  he 
finds  most  convenient ;  he  will  choose  a  place  suitable  for  for- 
tifications, either  at  Cape  Henlopen  or  at  "James's  Island,"-^ 
or  any  other  favourable  position.  He  must  pay  particular 
attention,  that  by  such  a  fortress  the  South  River  "  may  be 
shut,"  if  it  is  possible,  or  commanded  by  it,  and  find  a  con- 
venient port  where  vessels  may  be  safe,  even  in  winter. 

If,  however,  he  can  protect  himself  with  Fort  Christina, 
he  ought  to  turn  his  attention  especially  to  agriculture,  sowing 
enough  grain  for  their  support.  He  may  then  attend  to  the 
culture  of  tobacco,  and  allot  to  it  a  certain  number  of 
labourers,  to  increase  the  quantity,  and  that  all  vessels  may 
bring  back  a  great  portion  of  it.  Sheep  and  cattle  are  next 
to  claim  his  attention,  especially  to  improving  the  breeds  of 
sheep,  by  procuring  from  the  English  or  others,  and  increas- 
ing the  number. 

In  order  to  support,  in  good  condition,  the  trade  in  peltries 

1  A  part  of  Camden  was  formerly  an  island  and  so  called.    See  Mickle,  p.  85. 


INSTRUCTIONS  TO  GOVERNOR  PRINTZ.  67 

with  the  Indians,  he  must  have  an  inspection,  establish  com-  1642. 
missaries  to  prevent  others  from  trading  with  them,  that  it  ""^^ — ' 
may  be  exclusively  for  the  company. 

It  is  supposed,  from  the  climate  being  the  same  as  Porta-  Manufacture 
gal,  that  manufactures  of  salt  may  be  established ;  if  the  heat  °^  ^^"" 
of  the  sun  is  not  sufficient,  use  fire.    It  should  have  the  gover- 
nor's attention,  as  also  should  the  culture  of  the  vine,  as 
grapes  are  everywhere  found  wild. 

Recommends  examination  for  metals  and  minerals;  if  any  Mines  and 
are  found,  send  home  a  particular  account,  and  wait  for  "'"^^^^'s- 
orders. 

Must  reflect  on  what  can  be  done  with   the  superfluous  superfluous 
wood,  especially  oak  and  nut  trees  ;  from  the  latter  try  if  oil  f^om  mus^ 
cannot  be  procured  by  pressure  ;  wood  may  answer  as  ballast. 

fisheries  are  next  noticed.     Inquire  where  they  can  be  Fisheries. 
established  to  advantage,  especially  for  whales,  which  are  at 
times  numerous  in  Godyn's  Bay. 

Silk  and  silk  worms  may  be  produced  to  advantage.     The  snk  ivorms 
good  culture   of  the  country  generally  is  specially  recom-  *'''^*^^'^^- 
mended. 

"  But  above  all,  whatever  regards  the  police,  government  Police,  go- 
and  justice,  must  be  done  in  the  name  of  her  majesty.     De-  an™-u!tiL 
tailed  and  perfect  instruction  cannot  be  given,  therefore  it  is  May  use  his 
left  to  the  discretion  of  the  govei-nor,  according  to  circum-  °^'^^'-'*- 
stances.     For  the  present  he  may  use  his  own  seal,  but  with 
great  form,  in  all  the  contracts  and  correspondence." 

All  controversies  to  be  decided  by  the  laws,  customs,  and  I'avrs,  cus- 
usages.  of  Sweden,   and  in  other  things  he  will  "  adopt  and  J^^ges^of 
follow  the  laudable  manners,  customs,  and  usages  of  Sweden."  Sweden  to 

He  has  poAver  to  bring  to  obedience  and  order  the  mutinous  ^'^'^^^ ' 
and  refractory,  who  will  not  live  in  peace ;  he  may  punish  Crimes  and 
great  offenders  by  imprisonment,  and  even  with  death,  accord-  ^""4^" 
ing  to  the  crime,  after  legal  forms  and  sufficient  examination 
by  the  most  noted  persons,  such  as  the  most  prudent  assessors 
of  justice  that  he  can  find  and  consultrin  the  country. 

"  Before  all,  the  governor  must  labour  and  watch  that  he  worship  of 
renders  in  all  things  to  Almighty  God  the  true  worship  which  <^°'^*°''^*«- 

~  i  cording  to 

is  his  due,  the  glory,  the  praise,  and  the  homage  that  belongs  Augsburg 
to  him,  and  take  good  measures  that  the  divine  service  is  <^°'^*^^'°°- 
performed  according  to  the  true  Confession  of  Augsburg,  the 
council  of  Upsal,  and  the  ceremonies  of  the  Swedish  church, 
having  care  that  all  men,  and  especially  the  youth,  be  well 


6S 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR. 


1642. 


Dutch  to  en- 
joy their 
own  wor- 
ship. 


Things  not 
mentioned 
above. 


Governor  ap- 
pointed for 
three  years. 

Gov.  Printz's 
salary. 


August  16. 

Departure 
for,  and  ar- 
rival at  De- 
laware. 


August  30. 

Expenses  of 
government 
of  New  Swe- 
den.    How 
provided  for. 


instructed  in  all  the  parts  of  Christianity,  and  that  a  good 
ecclesiastical  discipline  be  observed  and  maintained.  With 
respect  to  the  Dutch  colony  which  resides  and  is  established 
in  the  country  of  her  majesty  and  of  the  crown,  the  governor 
must  not  disturb  what  has  been  obtained  in  the  aforesaid 
grant  of  her  majesty,  with  regard  to  the  exercise  of  the 
reformed  religion." 

As  to  what  cannot  be  here  written,  the  governor  must  com- 
port as  a  faithful  patriot,  and  observe  with  the  greatest  care, 
best  intelligence,  and  great  zeal,  all  that  concerns  his  charge, 
regulating  himself  also  by  what  has  been  verbally  com- 
municated. 

The  governor  is  appointed  for  three  years,  after  which  he 
may  return,  leaving  a  successor  or  viceroy  in  his  place,  or  he 
may  be  reappointed.^ 

A  special  order  was  passed,  allowing  Governor  Printz  '•  an 
annual  support  and  compensation,  as  long  as  he  shall  remain 
in  service  in  the  country,  1200  silver  dollars  to  be  drawn 
regularly  from  the  existing  revenue,  or  which  shall  be  regu- 
lated hereafter,  to  commence  January  1,  1643.^ 

Governor  Printz  sailed  from  Stockholm,  wdth  the  ships 
Fame  and  Stork,  and  after  a  passage  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty  days,  arrived  in  the  Delaware  in  February  of  next 
year. 

The  government  furnished  Governor  Printz  soldiers  and 
officers  to  assist  him  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  and 
passed  an  order  on  the  counsellors  of  the  kingdom,  requiring 
them  to  provide  for  the  regular  payment  of  the  expenses  of 
the  government  of  New  Sweden,  amounting  to  3020  rix  dollars 
per  annum,  viz.  governor,  1200  silver,  or  800  rix,  half  silver 
and  half  excise ;  lieutenant-governor,  16  rix  dollars  per 
month;  one  sergeant  major,  10;  one  corporal,  6;  one  gunner, 
8  ;  one  trumpeter,  6  ;  one  drummer,  5  ;  twenty-four  soldiers 
at  4  ;  one  paymaster,  10  ;  one  secretary,  8;  one  barber,  (pro- 
bably surgeon,)  10 ;  one  provost,  6,  and  one ,  4 ;  making 

185  rix  dollars  per  month,  or  3020  rix  dollars  per  annum, 
viz.  400  rix  or  600  silver,  and  in  excise  on  tobacco  coming 
from  New  Sweden,  2620  rix  dollars.  An  ordinance  was, 
about  the  same  time  passed,  decreeing  and  assigning  for  the 
state  and  support  of  the  government  of  New  Sweden,  of  the 

1  MSS.  A.  P.  S.,  Reg.  of  Penns.p.219,  in  detail. 

2  Ibid.  p.  200. 


\ 


WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  69 

garrison  under  its  orders,  and  others  in  its  employ,  2,000,619  1642. 
rix  dollars,  to  be  collected  each  year  from  the  excises  upon  '  '  ' 
tobacco.^ 

1643. 

Governor  Printz,  as  we  have  seen,  left  Stockholm,  '<  in  the  February  is. 
Lord's  name,"  August  16th  of  last  year,  and  arrived  herein  voyage  of 
February  of  this  year.  Rev.  John  Campanius,  who  accom-  ^°^-  ^"''''''' 
panied  him  as  chaplain,  has  left  us  an  account  of  their 
voyage,  which  may  furnish  some  idea  of  the  tediousness  of  a 
passage  at  that  time.  They  sailed  in  the  ship  Fame  f  after 
touching  at  Dahlehamn,  Copenhagen,  and  Helsingor,  they 
reached  Gottenberg  on  12th  of  September :  on  the  1st  of 
November  they  took  their  departure  from  Gottenberg ;  on  the 
21st  they  were  sailing  along  the  coast  of  Portugal,  "  where 
the  crew  performed  the  ceremony  of  tropical  baptism.."  On 
the  26th  they  sailed  along  the  coast  of  Barbary ;  on  the  28th 
they  were  half  way  between  Old  and  New  Sweden ;  they 
passed  the  Canaries,  and  on  20th  of  December  arrived  at 
Antigua,  Avhere  they  spent  the  Christmas  holidays,  and  were 
well  entertained  at  the  governor's  house.  On  the  3d  of 
January,  1643,  they  left  Antigua,  passing  numerous  islands. 
On  the  24th  they  made  soundings,  and  on  the  25th  began  to 
see  land.  Having  had  severe  storms,  with  snow,  on  the  26th 
and  27th,  when,  being  in  the  bay  off  the  Whorekills,  they 
lost  three  anchors,  a  spritsail,  and  mainmast ;  the  ship  ran 
aground,  and  lost  some  of  her  "apparel."  On  the  15th  of 
February,  "by  God's  grace,"  they  "came  up  to  Fort  Chris- 
tina, in  New  Sweden,  Virginia,  at  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,"  being 
five  months,  or  150  days,  from  their  leaving  Stockholm.^ 

At  the  time  of  Governor  Printz's  arrival,  he  found  here 
Dutch,  English,  and  Swedes,  all  professing  to  have  claims 
upon  the  river  and  country ;  his  situation,  therefore,  required 
great  caution  as  well  as  energy,  as  all  his  movements  would 
be  closely  watched,  and  any  encroachments  on  preconceived 

'  MSS.  A.  P.  S.,  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  314.     Ibid.  373. 

2  In  the  instruotions  to  Printz,  two  vessels  are  named,  the  Stork  and  Renown. 
This  last  is  probably  the  one  here  named,  by  a  different  translation,  the  Fame. 
Most  writers  give  the  names  of  the  vessels  in  Printz's  company,  as  the  Swan 
and  the  Cliaritas ;  the  former  is  probably  the  same  as  the  Stork;  where  the 
latter  name  is  derived  from  we  do  not  know.  Campanius  speaks  only  of  the 
Fame,  on  which  he  came,  not  mentioning  the  other,  though  there  were  probably 
two  vessels  in  the  company. 

3  Campanius,  p.  70. 


i 


70  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR. 

1643.     rights  noticed.     How  lie  acquitted  himself,  we  shall  see  in 
' — ^~~'    the  sequel. 

Agreeably  to  his  instructions,  he  very  soon  turned  his 
attention  to  the  selection  of  a  suitable  place  for  the  perma- 
nent residence  of  the  government  of  New  Sweden,  and  to  the 
fortification  of  the  river.  The  Dutch  had  Fort  Nassau,  at  a 
considerable  distance  up  the  river,  and  the  Swedes  were 
fortified  by  Fort  Christina  below,  and,  as  he  probably  con- 
cluded, not  sufficiently  near  to  Nassau  to  answer  his  designs ; 
he  therefore  selected  the  island  of  Tenako,  now  Tinnicum,  as 
combining  both  objects,  of  residence  and  defence;  here  he 
built  a  fort,  which  was  named  New  Gottenberg.  It  was 
*'  constructed  by  laying  very  heavy  hemlock  (greenen)  logs 
the  one  on  the  other,"  and  was  "pretty  strong."  Between 
Tinnicum  and  Christina  there  were  at  this  time  some  planta- 
tions, but  few  houses,  and  at  considerable  distance  from  each 
other.  Tinnicum  is,  towards  the  river  side,  "  secured  by 
creeks^  and  underwood ;  no  plantation  between  it  and  Schuyl- 
kill, because  near  the  river  nothing  is  to  be  met  but  under- 
Printz  Hall  wood  and  vallcy  lands. "^  Here  Printz  built  a  mansion  for 
and  Fort       ^niself  and  family,  which  was  very  handsome.     There  were 

2*e-w  Gotten-  •'  '  •' 

terg,  &c.       likewise  a  fine  orchard,  a  pleasure  house,  and  other  conve- 
^^^'  niences  ;  he  called  it  PriJitz  Hall.     On  this  island  the  prin- 

cipal inhabitants  had  their  dwellings  and  plantations."^   This 
fort  controlled  the  access  of  the  Dutch  to  Fort  Nassau.     It 
was,  a  few  years  afterwards,  accidentally  burned  down. 
During  this  year,  also,  Printz,  in  order  to  carry  out  his 
PortEifs-      instructions  to   "shut"  up  the  river,   erected  another  fort, 
toe^st'^!^^  called  Elfsborg,  or  Elsingborg,  on  or  near  the  present  Salem 
creek.'^     Some  writers   allege  it  was  not  built  for   several 
years  afterwards,  but  various  facts  contradict  this.    De  Vries 
was  fired  at  from  it  in  the  autumn  of  this  year,  at  which  time 
eight  cannon  were   mounted  there.     Hudde  says,   "it  was 
built  by  Printz  soon  after  his  arrival,  about  three  Dutch  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  the  river ;  that  it  was  usually  garrisoned 
by  twelve  men,  commanded  by  a  lieutenant,  had  eight  iron 
and  brass  guns,  and  one  2Jotsho of." ^   The  main  object  was  to 

1  See  Ferris,  p.  62. 

2  Hudde's  Report,  1645.    Vol.  i.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Mem.  N.  S.,  p.  429. 

3  Campanius,  p.  79. 

*  Called  Octsessingh,  or  Wootsessungsing,  Asamohackingz,  by  the  Indians ; 
by  the  Swedes,  Elfsborg,  or  Elsingborg ;  Dutch,  Varckenskil,  or  Hog  Creek. 
5  Hudde,  p.  429. 


WILLIAJI  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  71 

visit  the  Dutch  vessels  -which  passed,  and  oblige  them  to  1643. 
lower  the  colours,  which  greatly  affronted  them,"^  also  to  '  '  ' 
salute  Swedish  vessels  arriving.  It  has  been  asserted  that 
it  was  soon  deserted,  on  account  of  musquitoes,  but  there 
seems  to  be  no  good  foundation  for  this  story,  although,  from 
the  location,  they  must  have  been  troublesome.  A  Dutch 
document,  speaking  of  this  fort,  says,  "they  (the  Swedes) 
have  been  so  bold,  that  they  not  only  stopped  and  prevented 
from  continuing  their  voyages,  the  sloops  and  small  craft 
that  were  favoured  with  the  company's  licenses,  but,  under 
pretence  of  examination,  took  the  best  articles  out  of  them, 
to  the  notable  injury  of  the  peopl-e,  and  disrespect  of  the 
States  and  the  company,  who,  by  the  right  of  first  discovery, 
have  owned  and  possessed  the  river ;  the  said  Governor  Printz 
has  even  not  hesitated  to  say,  at  different  times,  that  the 
before-mentioned  fort  was  built  there  for  the  purpose  of 
closing  the  river. "^ 

Some  uncertainty  exists  as  to  the  precise  location  of  Fort  situation 
Elsingborg ;  it  has  usually  been  placed  upon  the  creek,  but  ^J°'^t 
upon  inquiry  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  especially  of  an  old 
resident  there,  the  author  is  led  to  believe  that  it  was  situated 
three  or  four  miles  below  Salem  Creek,  at  a  point  which  has 
long  been  known  as  "Elsinburg  Fort  Point."  So  early  as 
November  12,  1676,  "  a  conveyance  by  warrant  was  made  of 
1000  acres,  by  John  Fenwick,  to  be  set  out,  limited  and  bounded 
at  and  near  the  point  heretofore  called  Elsinburg  Fort,  and 
hereafter  to  be  called  Guy's  plantation."  There  was  a  large 
body  of  marsh  on  both  sides  of  a  creek  then  called  Fishing 
Creek;  "on  the  south  side  of  this  creek  was  an  island  of 
upland,  on  which,  I  well  remember,  were  three  well-sized 
trees  ;  on  this  island  of  upland  I  understood  the  fort  formerly 
stood,  nor  have  I  ever  heard  any  Salem  county  man  locate 
it  in  any  other  place."  "  This  island  was  most  judiciously 
selected  for  the  erection  of  a  fort,  being  protected  by  the 
river  on  the  west,  on  the  north  by  Fishing  Creek ;  turning 
east  and  south,  on  the  south  by  an  immense  expanse  of  wild 
marsh.  ""^ 

The  creek  is  now  called  Mill  Creek,  from  a  mill  having 

•  Acrelius,  p.  412. 

2  rioll.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  32  to  50. 

3  For  these  facts  I  am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Col.  R.  G.  John.son,  the 
well-known  ruithor  of  a  small  History  of  Salem,  N.  J.,  and  one  of  the  oldest 
inhabitants  of  Salem,  who  has  favoured  me  with  a  long  letter  on  the  subject. 


72 


1643. 


May  19. 

Union  of  N. 
E.  colonies. 


September  7. 

Death  of 
Beorus  Tor- 
killus. 


Criminals 
sent  to  New 
Sweden. 


De  Tries  re- 
visits the 
Delaware. 
Pired  at 
from  Fort 
Elsinburg. 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR. 

been  there.     Great  changes  have  been  effected  by  the  t 
on  this  part  of  the  river. 

As  this  fort  was  quite  near  to  the  English  settlement  on 
Varkens  Creek,  it  must  have  led  to  some  collisions  "with 
them ;  and  if  it  be  the  fact  that  the  English  were  driven  off 
by  the  Swedes,  as  is  stated,  it  may  have  hastened  their  de- 
parture, as  Printz's  instructions  would  authorize  him  to  get 
possession  there  if  he  could,  the  Swedes  having  bought  from 
the  savages  "  from  the  mouth  of  the  great  river  to  Cape 
May,  and  even  to  another  small  river,  Narratikon,  (now 
Raccoon  Creek,)  the  whole  extending  about  twelve  German 
miles,  and  comprising  therein  even  Varkens  kill." 

The  colonies  of  Connecticut,  New  Haven,  Plymouth  and 
Massachusetts,  form  a  confederacy  for  mutual  protection, 
under  the  name  of  the  "United  Colonies  of  New  England." 
Their  articles  may  be  seen  in  Hazard's  Historical  Collections, 
vol.  ii.  p.  1. 

Died  E-ev.  Reorus  Torkillus,  who  came  with  Minuit  to  this 
country,  in  1638,  and  of  course  was  the  first  Swedish  clergy- 
man. "  He  was  born  in  West  Gothland,  in  1608,  was  a  profes- 
sor in  a  college  at  Gottenberg,  and  afterwards  chaplain  to  the 
superintendent  Andrew  Printz.  He  went  afterwards  to  Vir- 
ginia, where  he  remained  four  years,  married,  and  had  one 
child."  On  the  23d  of  February,  he  took  sick,  and  died  Sep- 
tember 7 ;  he  was  bui-ied  at  Fort  Christina,  about  two  years 
after  his  voyage  companion  Minuit,  aged  35.^ 

In  the  early  part  of  Printz's  administration,  great  num- 
bers of  criminals  were  sent  over  from  Sweden,  till  finally  the 
Europeans  perceiving  it  would  not  allow  them  to  land,  but 
compelled  them  to  return,  and  many  perished  on  the  voyage. 
Many  of  those  who  accompanied  Minuit  are  said  to  have  been 
"bandits."^  "It  was,  after  this,  forbidden,  under  a  penalty, 
to  send  any  more  criminals  to  America,  lest  Almighty  God 
should  let  his  vengeance  fall  on  the  ships  and  goods,  and  the 
virtuous  people  that  were  on  board.  "^ 

De  Vries,  whose  settlement  was  destroyed,  at  the  Whore- 
kills,  in  1631,  and  at  which  time,  he  says,  no  Swedes  were 
known  on  the  river,  now  revisits  the  South  River,  on  his  way 
to  Jamestown,  and  finds  them  there  in  possession  of  three 
forts.     The  first  was  Elsinburg,  on  which  they  had  eight 

'  Campaniu.'!,  p.  107,  109.     Clay,  p.  149.     Ferris,  p.  57.     Cainpaniiis,p.  73. 
2  Hoil.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  32  to  50.  3  Campanius,  p.  73. 


WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  73 

metal  guns  of  12  lb. ;  they  fired  at  his  boat,  and  ordered  him     1643. 
to  strike  his  flag.     It  was  commanded  by  Captain  Printz,     "    •    ' 
who,  he  says,  "  weighed  upwards  of  400  pounds,  and  drank 
three  drinks  at  every  meal."     He  speaks  of  the  Swedes  as  Description 
"not  very  sober,  as  they  bought  from  the  captain  of  the  ves-  printz.''''' 
sel  a  good  quantity  of  wine  and  sweetmeats,  and  that  neither 
here  nor  in  Virginia  was  intoxication  punished  with  whip- 
ping." This  description  has  been  usually  applied  to  Crovernor 
Printz  ;  some  doubt  may  suggest  itself  whether  a  relative  of 
the  same  name  may  not  be  intended,  as  it  is  probable  the 
governor  would  be  at  head-quarters,  at  Tinnicum,  and  not 
commanding  this  out  fort.     The  two  other  forts  were  Chris- 
tina and  New  Gottenberg.     At  Fort  Nassau  there  were  yet 
some  of  the  people  of  the  West  India  Company.^ 

At  a  meeting  of  the  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies,  sept.  26. 
complaints  were  laid  before  them,  by  Mr.  Eaton  and  Mr.  complaints 
Gregson,  "  concernina;  the  foul  iniuries  offered  by  the  Swedish  *°  "^® 

■       Ts    ^  -r>-  AT        X  1  United  Colo 

governor,  m  Delaware  River,  to  Mr.  Lamberton,  and  those  nies against 
people  whom  New  Haven  had  planted  there,"  and  also  of  the  gwedes'^for 
injuries  done  to  them  by  the  Dutch  governor's  agent  there,  treatment  of 

''  ,  ,  .  ,  ,1     •      .       T         r  ••••IT       Mr.  Lamber- 

such  "  as  burning  down  their  trading-house,  joining  with  the  ton. 
Swedes  against  them,  &c."     The  president,  Governor  Win- 
throp,  was  requested  to  write  to  both  governors,  "  expressing 
particulars,    and  requiring  satisfaction,"    and    "professing, 
that  as  we  will  not  wrong  others,  so  we  may  not  desert  our 
confederates  in  any  just  cause. "^     A  commission  was  also 
given  "  to  Mr.   Lamberton,   to  go   treat  with  the  Swedish 
government  about  satisfaction  for  those  injuries  and  damages,  statement  of 
and  to  agree  with  him  about  settling  their  trade  and  planta-  ^e^^Tio' 
tion.     This  Swedish  governor  demeaned  himself  as  if  he  had  ^nd  charac- 
neither  Christian  nor  moral  conscience,  getting  Mr.  Lamber-  Swedish  go- 
ton  into  his  power  by  feigned  and  false  pretences,  and  keep- 
ing him  prisoner,  and  some  of  his  men,  labouring  by  promises 
and  threats,  to  draw  them  to  accuse  him  to  have  conspired 
with  the  Indians  to  cut  off  the  Swedes  and  the  Dutch ;  and 
not  prevailing  these  ways,  then  by  attempting  to  make  them 
drunk,  that  so  he  might  draw  something  from  them,  and  in 
the  end,  (though  he  could  gain  no  testimony,)  yet  he  forced 
him  to  pay  a  weight  of  beaver  before  he  would  set  him  at 
liberty.  He  is  also  a  man  very  furious  and  passionate,  cursing 

•  De  Vries,  p.  273.     Hudde's  Report,  p.  428. 
'^  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  11. 
10  Q 


vernor. 


74  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR. 

1643.  and  swearing,  and  also  reviling  the  English  of  New  Haven 
'  '  '  as  runagates,  &c. ;  and  himself,  with  his  own  hands,  put 
irons  on  one  of  Mr.  Lamberton's  men,  and  went  also  to  the 
houses  of  the  few  families  planted  there,  and  forced  some  of 
them  to  swear  allegiance  to  the  crown  of  Sweden,  though 
he  had  no  colour  of  title  to  that  place ;  and  such  as  would 
not,  he  drove  away.  All  these  things  were  clearly  proved  by 
Mr.  Lamberton's  relation,  and  by  other  testimony,  on  oath, 
but  this  was  before  he  was  sent  with  the  commission."^ 

The  following  deposition,  which  we  have  copied  from  the 
records  in  the  secretary's  oflBce  at  New  Haven,  is  probably  a 
part  of  the  testimony  above  referred  to. 

"  At  a  court  held  at  New  Haven,  2d  of  August,  1643.  John 
Thickpenny,  about  the  age  of  25  years,  mariner  in  the  Cock 
with  George  Lamherto7i,  in  his  last  voyage  to  Delaware  Bay, 
being  duly  sworn  and  examined,  deposeth, 

"  That  he  was  present  in  the  pinnace  called  the  Cock, 
Deposition  of  whercof   George  Lamberton  was  master,   riding  at    anchor 


John  TMck- 


penny,  re-     about  three  miles  above  the  Swedes'  fort  in  Delaware  River, 
speoting        "when  a  letter  was  brought  from  the   Swedes'  governor,  by 

treatment  of  ■,■,■,  i     r^      -i  o  ^  i  > 

Lamberton    Tim,  the  barber,  and  (jodfrey,  the  merchant  s  man  coming 

and  ^ttern™'  "^^*^  1^™J  ^^^J  *°^*^  ^^"^J  *^^^  dcponcut,  in  Dutch,  a  language 

to  induce      "wbich  he  understood,  that  the  contents  of  the  letter  was,  that 

swear  the  Indians  being  at  the  fort  the  day  before,  had  stolen  a 

falsely.         ^^j^  chain  from  the  governor's  wife,  and  that  the  governor 

did  entreat  Mr.  Lamberton  to  use  means  to  get  it  again  of 

the  Indians,  who  were  then  come  to  trade  with  the  said  Mr. 

Lamberton,  desiring  that  they  might  stay  aboard  till  the  next 

morning,  that  he  might  discover  the  Indian  to  him,  affirming 

that  he  could  know  the  Indian  that  had  stolen  it,  by  a  mark 

which  he  had  in  his  face ;  but  though  many  Indians  came 

aboard  while  he  was  there,  yet  he  went  away  and  never  made 

more  words  of  it.     This  deponent  further  saith,  that  he  was 

aboard  when  a  second  letter  was  brought  aboard  the  Cock  to 

Mr.  Lamberton,   from  the  Swedes'  governor,  the  contents 

whereof  he  knows  not ;  but  a  while  after,  the  same  day,  he, 

with  Isaac,  going  to   carry   Mr.  Lamberton  ashore  to  the 

Swedes'  fort,  into  which  being  entered,  before  they  spoke 

with  the  governor,  the  said  Mr.  Lamberton,  this  deponent, 

and  the  said  Isaac,  were  all  cast  into  prison  together,  (but  a 

1  Winthrop's  Journal,   Savage's  edit.  vol.  ii.  p.   141.     Hazard's  Hist.  Coll. 
vol.  ii.  p.  164.     Hubbard. 


WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  75 

•while  the  said  Mr.  Lamberton  was  taken  forth  of  that  room,  1643. 
but,  as  he  understood,  was  kept  in  another  prison,)  where  he,  "  '  ' 
this  deponent,  continued  three  days,  in  which  time  John 
Woollen,  servant  to  Mr.  Lamberton,  (and  his  interpreter  be-  Deposition  of 
tween  him  and  the  Indians,)  was  committed  to  the  same  continued^' 
prison  in  irons,  which  he  himself  said  the  governor  had  put 
upon  him  with  his  own  hands.  And  further  this  deponent 
saith,  that  the  said  John  Woollen  told  him,  that  at  his,  the 
said  John  Woollen's  first  coming  into  the  Swedes'  fort,  he 
was  brought  into  a  room,  in  which  the  governor's  wife,  Tim- 
othy, the  barber,  and  the  watch-master  came  to  him,  and 
brought  wine  and  strong  beer,  and  gave  him,  with  a  purpose, 
as  he  conceived,  to  have  made  him  drunk ;  and  after  he  had 
largely  drunk  there,  the  governor  sent  for  him  into  his  own 
chamber,  and  gave  him  more  strong  beer  and  wine,  and 
drunk  freely  with  him,  entertaining  of  him  Avith  much  respect 
seemingly,  and  with  profession  of  a  great  deal  of  love  to  him, 
making  many  large  promises  to  do  very  much  good  for  him 
if  he  would  but  say  that  George  Lamberton  had  hired  the 
Indians  to  cut  off  the  Swedes ;  but  the  said  John  Woollen 
denied  it :  then  the  governor  drunk  to  him  again,  and  said 
he  would  make  him  a  man,  give  him  a  plantation,  and  build 
him  a  house,  and  he  should  not  want  for  gold  nor  silver,  if  he 
would  but  say  as  is  said  before ;  he  would  do  more  for  him 
than  the  English  could,  for  he  loved  him  as  his  own  child,  but 
the  said  John  answered  that  there  was  no  such  thing,  and  if 
he  would  give  him  his  house  full  of  gold  he  would  not  say  so ; 
and  then  the  governor  seemed  to  be  exceeding  angry,  and 
threatened  him  very  much,  and  after  that  drunk  to  him  again, 
and  pressed  him  to  confess  as  before,  which  the  said  John 
Woollen  refusing,  the  governor  was  much  enraged,  and  stamped 
with  his  feet,  (which  this  deponent  himself  heard,  being  in 
the  room  under  him,)  and  calling  for  irons,  he  put  them  upon 
the  said  John  Woollen,  with  his  own  hands,  and  sent  him 
down  to  prison,  as  before  is  expressed.  And  this  deponent 
saith,  that  the  aforesaid  Swedes'  watch-master  came  into  the 
prison,  and  brought  strong  beer,  and  drunk  with  them  about 
two  hours,  in  the  night,  and  pressed  the  said  John  Woollen 
to  say  that  the  said  George  Lamberton  had  hired  the  Indians 
to  cut  off  the  Swedes,  and  he  should  be  loosed  from  his  irons 
presently,  but  John  Woollen  said  he  would  not  say  it,  if  he 
should  be  hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered,  because  he  would 


76  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1643.  not  take  away  the  life  of  a  man  that  was  innocent ;  then  he 
"  '  '  pressed  him  further  that  he  would  speak  any  thing  to  that 
purpose,  be  it  never  so  little,  and  he  should  be  free  presently, 
Deposition  of  but  Johu  Woollen  said  he  could  not  say  it,  nor  he  would  not 
continued!^'  ^^J  ^^'  "^^^  ^^  further  saith,  that  the  said  watch-master 
pressed  him,  this  deponent,  to  the  same  purpose,  and  he 
should  have  his  liberty,  which  he  also  refused,  knowing  no 
such  thing.  This  deponent  saith,  that  at  another  time,  while 
he  was  in  prison,  Gregory,  the  merchants'  man,  came  to  him 
and  told  him  they  were  sent  by  the  governor  to  charge  him 
with  treason  which  he  had  spoken  against  the  queen  and 
lords  of  Sweden,  namely,  that  he  had  wished  them  burned 
and  hanged,  which  he,  this  deponent,  utterly  denied,  and 
then  the  said  Gregory  fetched  a  flagon  of  strong  beer,  and 
drunk  it  with  him,  and  after  that  fetched  the  said  flagon  full 
of  sack,  and  drunk  that  with  him  also,  and  bid  him  call  for 
wine  and  strong  beer  what  he  listed,  and  questioned  with  him 
about  George  Lamberton's  hiring  the  Indians  as  aforesaid ; 
his  answer  was,  he  knew  no  such  thing.  Then  the  watch- 
master  affirmed  that  it  was  so,  and  that  George  Lamberton 
had  given  cloth,  wampum,  hatchets  and  knives  for  that  pur- 
pose, pressing  him  to  say  so,  and  he  should  be  free,  and  he 
would  take  up  and  clear  him  of  the  treason  that  was  charged 
upon  him ;  and  if  he  feared  to  say  so  because  of  Mr.  Lam- 
'  berton,  he  should  not  need  to  fear  him,  for  he  should  pay  him 

his  wages  before  the  vessel  went,  and  he  should  choose 
whether  he  would  go  back  or  stay  with  them ;  but  he  answered, 
let  them  do  what  they  pleased  with  him,  for  he  could  not  say 
any  such  thing;  and  further  he  saith  not."^ 

By  the  expression,  "  last  voyage,"  it  is  to  be  inferred  that 
a  previous  voyage  had  been  made  by  Lamberton,  probably 
in  1641  or  1642. 

A  letter  of  introduction  is  furnished  by  the  Swedish  govern- 
Norember  2.  mcut  to  Govemor  Printz,  in  favour  of  John  Papegoya,  "  who 
Letter  of  in-  some  time  since  came  from  New  Sweden,  and  is  disposed  to 
from  Chris-  I'sturn  there  in  one  of  our  vessels,  having  humbly  offered  to 
tinato         render  you,  on  our  part,  and  upon  the  spot,  good  and  faithful 

Printz,  in  fa-  .  , ,  , .  .  .  ,  ,  .         . 

vourofjohn  scrviccs,     "  recommendmg  you  graciously  to  employ  him  in 

Papegoya.     thosc  affairs  to  which  you  may  think  him  adapted,"  and  give 

him,  as  much  as  will  be  possible  and  reasonable,  your  protec- 

•  New  Haven  Colonial  Records,  vol.  i.  pp.  97 — 99.  Trumbuirs  MSS.  refers 
to  Records  of  N.  H.,  p.  68,  G9. 


WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  77 

tion,  in  order  to  his  advancement."  This,  it  will  hereafter  1643. 
be  seen,  was  done,  as  he  became  the  governor's  son-in-law,  '  '  ' 
and  successor  in  office  for  a  short  tirae.-^ 

"On  account  of  his  long  and  faithful  services,"  past  and  November 6. 
present,  and  his  engagement  to  continue  them  "as  long  as  Grant  of 
he  shall  live,"  Queen  Christina  grants  to  Governor  Printz,  l"'"'^!^, 

'  ,  °  .  '    Gov.  Prmtz. 

and  "his  lawful  heirs,"  as  a  perpetual  possession,  "the  place 
called  Teneko  or  New  Gottenberg,"  of  which  all  are  required 
to  take  notice,  "  especially  those  who  may  be  appointed  to 
replace  him  in  said  situation,  not  to  give  him  or  his  lawful 
heirs  any  obstacle  or  prejudice,  in  any  manner,  whether  now 
or  hereafter."^ 

It  appears  by  the  certijScate  of  Redder  Evarston,  shipper  Nov.  is. 
of  the  yacht  Real,  that  as  he  was  on  his  passage  from  Man-  Loss  of  arti- 
hattan,  with  various  articles  received  there  from  OloiF  Ste-  Ng^sau.  °^ 
vensen,  commissary  superintendent  of  wares  and  merchan- 
dise, to  be  transported  "to  Jan  Jansen,  custom-house  officer" 
at  Fort  Nassau,  he  was,  "in  a  violent  storm,  obliged  to  throw 
into  the  sea  a  vat  of  wares  and  merchandise,  and  many  other 
articles."^ 

In  pursuance   of  his  plan  to  fortify  all  important  points  Measures 
upon  the  river,  and  to  secure  to  the  Swedes,  as  much  as  pos-  pr^^jj^se- 
sible,  the  entire  Indian  trade,  Printz,  about  this  time,  began  cure  the 
to  fortify  the  avenues  by  the  Schuylkill,  to  that  portion  of  it  t^e  Mi^quas 
which  was  connected  with  the  Minquas.     The  Dutch  had,  by  Indians, 
means  of  their  Fort  Beversrede,  erected  here  in  1633,  con-  sohuyikiii. 
ducted  a  very  profitable  trade  w^ith  these  Indians  at  Kinses-  Guilds  forts 
smg,  who  mvariabiy  resorted  there  at  proper  seasons  tor  the 
purpose.     A  portion  had  already  been  cut  off  by  the  maga- 
zine and  trading-house  erected  by  the  Swedes  in  1638,  on 
Christina  Creek,  which  commanded  that  avenue  to  the  Min- 
quas country,  and  the  only  remaining  one  was  now  about  to 
be  removed,  and  by  means  of  some  of  their  own  hands ;  for 
it  appears  that  Printz  "  employed  the  Dutch  company's  car- 
penter in  constructing  there  a  fort  on  a  very  convenient  spot, 
on  an  island  near  the  borders  of  the  kill,"  secured  from  the 
west  by  another  creek,  and  from  the  south-south-east  and  east 
sides,  with  underwood  and  valley  lands  ;  it  lies  about  the  dis- 
tance of  a  gunshot  in  the  kill.     On  the  south  side,  on  this 
island,  beautiful  corn  is  raised."     "This  fort  cannot  control 

i  MSS.  A.  P.  S.  Reg.  of  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  315.  2  Ibid.  p.  31G. 

3  Albany  Records,  vol.  ii. 

a2 


78  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  S^TEDES. 

1643.  the  river,  but  has  the  command  over  the  whole  creek,  -^-hile 
"~^^  '  this  creek  is  the  only  remaining  avenue  for  the  trade  with  the 
Minquas,  and  without  it  this  river  is  of  little  value."  "  About 
half  a  mile  further  in  the  woods,  Printz  constructed  a  mill, 
on  a  kill  which  runs  in  the  sea,  not  far  to  the  south  of  Mat- 
tinekonk,  and  on  this  kill  a  strong  building  just  bj,  in  the 
path  which  leads  to  the  Minquas,  and  this  place  is  called,  by 
the  savages,  Kakarikonk,  so  that  no  access  to  the  Minquas  is 
left  open ;  and  he  too  controls  nearly  all  the  trade  of  the 
savages  on  the  river,  as  the  greatest  part  of  them  go  a  hunt- 
ing in  that  neighbourhood,  which  they  are  not  able  to  do 
without  passing  his  residence."^ 

It  is  not  very  easy,  at  this  date,  to  ascertain  these  various 

Attempt  to    points,  owiug  to  the  great  changes  effected  by  the  river  and 

cation  at  this  improvements ;  but  a  late  writer,  who  has  taken  much  pains 

<^ay-  in  the  investigation,  concludes  that  the  island  on  which  the 

fort  was  built  was  formed  by  a  cluster  of  rocks  with  the  earth 

connected  with  them,  in  the   neighbourhood   of  Bartram's 

garden,  and  that  the  kill  on  which  the  mill  stood,  is  "  no 

doubt,"  Cobb's  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Darby  Creek,  which 

empties  south  of  Tinnicum.^ 

A  Dutch  document,  before  referred  to,  gives  the  following 
view  of  these  proceedings. 

"  The  Swedes  built  a  small  fort  on  the  indisputable  lands 
Dutch  f iew  and  streams  of  the  company,  on  the  point  of  the  before-men- 
cLto-*"^""'  *^°^®^  Schuylkill,  called  Lapwing's  Point  by  them,  and  more 
and  above  built  a  trading-house  right  before  the  gate  of  the 
company's  Fort  Beversrede,  not  being  a  rod  from  the  gate, 
thereby  depriving  us  altogether  from  the  view  of  the  common 
roads,  so  as  to  deprive  the  company  of  the  beaver  trade,  and 
to  eifect  this,  they  are  using  every  effort."^ 

1644. 

At  a  court  held  at  Boston,  letters  were  received  from  New 

March  7.       Havcn,  together  with  an  answer  from  the  Swedish  governor. 

Answer  re-    in  reply  to  the  letter  written  by  the  commissioners  in  Sep- 

ceiveabythe  ^gj^l^g,    kst.     "The    Swcdcs    denied   what    they   had  been 

commission-  >' 

ers  from  the  charged  with,  and  sent  copies  of  divers  examinations  upon 
TCr'ifmLrto  ^^^\  taken  in  the  cause,  with  a  copy  of  all  the  proceedings 
their  letter    bctween  them  and  our  friends  at  New  Haven,  from  the  first, 

to  him. 

'   Hudde's  Report,  p.  429.     Campaiiiiis.     Acrelins. 

2  See  the  details  in  Ferris,  pp.  71  to  73.         ^  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  32  to  50. 


WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  79 

and  in  their  letters  used  large  expressions  of  tlieir  respect  to     1G44. 
the  English,  and  particularly  to  our  colony ;  and  Mr.  Eaton     ' — ^~~' 
desired  a  copy  of  our  patent,  to  show  the  Swedish  governor, 
(at  his  request,)  and  a  new  commission  from  the  commissioners  Promise  of 
of  the  Union,  allowing  them  to  go  on  with  their  plantations  Ifaae'^and 
and  trade  in  Delaware  River  and  Bay,  (for  the  governor  had  ^'"-e  on  the 
told  their  agents  that  upon  such  a  commission  they  should 
have  liberty,  &c.)     The  commissioners  advised  with  the  court 
about  it,  who  gi'anted  both,  but  the  commission  with  a  salvo 

Unfortunately,  none  of  the  letters,  &c.,  here  referred  to,  are 
now  to  be  found ;  they  would  probably  have  much  enlightened 
our  path.  ' 

"Divers  of  the  merchants  of  Boston,  being  desirous  to  Expedition 
discover  the  great  lake,  supposinar  it  to  lie  in  the  north-west  ^^°™-  ^°^^^'^ 

^  '        i  I  o  to  Delaware, 

part  of  ou.r  patent,  and  finding  that  the  great  beaver  trade  in  search  of 
which  came  to  all  the  eastern  and  southern  parts,  came  from  L^'con^l 
thence,  petitioned  the  court  (of  Massachusetts)  to  be  a  com- 
pany for  that  design,  and  to  have  the  trade  which  they  should 
discover  to  themselves  for  twenty-one  years.  The  court  was 
very  unwilling  to  grant  any  monopoly,  but  perceiving  that 
without  it  they  would  not  proceed,  granted  their  desire ; 
whereupon,  having  also  a  commission  granted  them  under  the 
public  seal,  and  letters  from  the  governor  to  the  Dutch  and 
Swedish  governors,  they  sent  out  a  pinnace  well  manned,  and 
furnished  with  provisions  and  trading  stuff,  which  was  to  sail 
up  the  River  Delaware  so  high  as  they  could  go,  and  then 
some  of  the  company,  under  the  conduct  of  Mr.  William 
Aspinwall,  a  good  artist,  and  one  who  had  been  in  these 
parts,  to  pass  by  small  skiffs  or  canoes,  up  the  river  so  far  as 
they  could."  "  The  Dutch  promised  to  let  them  pass,  but 
for  maintaining  their  own  interest,  he,  (the  governor,)  must 
protest  against  them.  When  they  came  to  the  Swedes,  the 
fort  shot  at  them  ere  they  came  up,  whereupon  they  cast 
anchor,  and  the  next  morning,  being  the  Lord's  day,  the 
lieutenant  came  on  board,  and  forced  them  to  fall  lower 
down ;  when  Mr.  Aspinwall  came  to  the  governor,  and  com- 
plained of  the  lieutenant's  ill  dealing,  both  in  shooting  at 
them  before  he  had  hailed  them,  and  in  forcing  them  to  weigh 
anchor  on  the  Lord's  day.  The  governor  acknowledged  he 
did  ill  in  both,  and  promised  all  favour ;  but  the  Dutch  agent 

'  Winihrop,  vol.  ii.  p.  157. 


80  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1644.  came  down  to  the  fort,  and  showed  express  order  not  to  let 
"  ■  '  him  pass,  whereupon  they  returned.  But  before  they  came 
out  of  the  river,  the  Swedish  lieutenant  made  them  pay  40 
shillings  for  that  shot  which  he  had  unduly  made."  "  The 
Jui7  20.  pinnace  returned  to  Boston,  with  the  loss  of  the  voyage. 
The  Dutch  had  protested,  but  suffered  them  to  pass,  as  also 
did  the  Swedish  governor,  but  neither  would  allow  them  to 
trade,  and  each  appointed  a  pinnace  to  accompany  theirs ; 
but  the  master  of  the  Boston  vessel  proved  such  a  drunken 
sot,  and  so  complied  with  the  Dutch  and  Swedes,  they  feared 
that  when  they  should  have  left  the  vessel  to  have  gone  up 
to  the  lake  in  a  small  boat,  he  would,  in  his  drunkenness, 
have  betrayed  their  goods,  &c.,  to  the  Dutch ;  whereupon 
they  gave  over  and  returned  home,  and  bringing  their  action 
against  the  master,  both  for  his  drunkenness  and  denial  to 
proceed  as  they  required,  and  as  by  the  charter-party  he  was 
bound,  they  recovered  £200  of  him,  which  was  too  much, 
though  he  did  deal  badly  with  them,  for  it  was  very  probable 
they  could  not  have  proceeded."^ 

The  following  minute  of  the  United  Colonies  has  probably 
relation  to  the  same  matter ;  it  was  presented  by  this  court, 
in  1653,  as  one  of  the  numerous  grievances  complained  of 
against  the  Dutch. 

"  Richard  Callicott,  sometimes  agent  for  the  company  of 
adventurers  for  the  Lake  Lyconnia,  allowed  for  the  general 
court  for  the  Massachusetts,  complaineth,  that  about  the 
year  1644,  he  did  present  to  the  said  Dutch  governor,  letters 
from  the  court  of  the  Massachusetts,  wherein  liberty  for  the 
English  vessel  to  pass  up  Delaware  Bay  and  River,  by  the 
Dutch  fort,  for  discovery,  and  in  further  prosecution  of  the 
said  company's  occasions,  was  desired,  and  by  a  verbal  pro- 
mise, freely  and  fully  granted  by  the  Dutch  governor. 

"Notwithstanding  which,  in  an  underhand  and  injurious 
way,  he  presently  sent  a  vessel,  well  manned,  to  the  Dutch 
fort  at  Delaware,  with  command  to  John  Johnson,  his  agent 
there,  rather  to  sink  the  said  vessel  than  to  suffer  her  to  pass ; 
by  means  whereof  Richard  Callicott  and  his  company  are 
forced  to  return,  and  thereby  their  whole  stock,  which  at  least 
was  £700,  was  wasted,  and  their  design  overthrown,  besides 
the  hope  of  future  trade  and  benefit."^ 

•  Winthrop,  vol.  ii.  pp.  161,  179,  187.     Hubbard. 
2  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  214. 


WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  81 

The  great  object  of  this  expedition  appears  to  have  been  1644. 
the  discovery  of  the  country,  whence  came  the  large  supply  " — ' — ' 
of  beavers.  This  was  supposed  to  be  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  a  great  lake,  situated  "  in  the  north-west  part  of  the  New 
England  patent,"  and  to  be  reached  by  the  Delaware.  Ac- 
cording to  an  old  map  of  New  Belgium,  by  Matthew  Seutter, 
without  date,  (but  later  than  Philadelphia,  which  is  laid  down 
upon  it,)  the  Delaware  is  made  to  take  its  rise  in  a  lake  not 
very  far  south  of  Maquaas  kill,  the  present  Mohawk.  The 
lake,  or  the  nation  around  it,  is  called  Machwaas.  This  lake 
is  probably  the  one  sought  for  by  the  name  Lyconnia,  and 
was  the  residence  of  the  Maquaas,  or  Mohawk  Indians,  who, 
it  is  well  known,  furnished  large  quantities  of  beaver,  and  of 
course  the  trade  would  be  closely  watched  by  the  Dutch. 
The  lake  is  now  called  Utsaemtha,  and  is  the  head  of  a  branch 
of  the  Delaware.^ 

Two  valuable  cargoes  were  this  year  transported  by  the  October  6. 
Swedes,  in  the  ships  Fame  and  Key  of  Calmar,  destined  to  vessels 
Sweden,  but,  owing  to  various  causes,  were  compelled  to  put  HonanT  and 
into  the  province  of  Friesland,  where  duties  and  recognitions  required  to 
were  claimed  by  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  under  their  ^^^ 
charter,  as  sovereigns  of  the  country,  from  which  the  vessels 
came.     A  long  correspondence  ensued  between  the  Swedish 
ambassador  at  the  Hague,  and  the  States-General,  in  which 
the  claims  of  both  parties  to  the  country  around  South  River, 
the  privileges  under  treaties,  &c.,  were  noticed,  and  the  claim 
of  duties  and  recognitions  protested  against.     The  cargoes 
were  finally  liberated,   on  payment   of  the  regular  import 
duties,  without  the  8  per  cent,  recognitions,   although  the 
question  of  right  of  sovereignty  over  the  river  was  left  un- 
settled, to  the  future  regret  of  the  Dutch.     Some  idea  of  the 
value  of  the  Swedish  trade  on  the  river,  at  this  time,  may  be 
formed  from  the  fact  that  these  vessels  had  on  board  2127 
packages  of  beaver,  and  70,421  pounds  of  tobacco.^ 

An  event,  important  to  the  world,  and  especially  to  Penn-  October  u. 
sylvania,  occurred  this  day,  in  the  birth  of  William  Penn,  its  Birth  of 
future  proprietary  and  founder  ;  (it  took  place  in  London ;)  ^^'  ^^"''' 
the  son  and  heir  of  Sir  William  or  Admiral  Penn,  distin- 

'  Gordon's  Gazetter. 

2  O'Call.  vol.  i.  p.  371,  who  refers  to  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  ii.  p.  340  to  345, 
350  to  361;  vol.  iv.  1,  2,  13—15,  18.  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  321. 
Acrelius. 

11 


82  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1644.     guished  for  his  long  and  brilliant  public  career  in  tbe  naval 
'     •     '     service  of  Great  Britain.^ 
Christina  This  jcar,    also,    Christina   assumes   the   government  of 

assumes  the     g^g^g^,^ 
government. 

It  appears  that  another  trading  expedition  for  the  Dela- 
A  second  warc,  was,  in  the  winter  of  this  year,  fitted  out  from  Boston, 
from'fioston  "^^lich  eventuated  still  more  disastrously  than  the  former  one. 
to  Delaware.  Jt  was  a  barouc  or  pinnace  sent  by  the  merchants  of  Boston. 

Murder  of  ^  utii-i  tit  i 

the  crew  by  "She  traded  upon  xMaryland  side,  and  had  gotten  a  good 
^o^nt  to  pa-i'cel  of  beaver  ;  at  last  the  Indians  came  aboard,  and  while 
Boston.        the  English,  (who  were  about  five  and  a  boy,)  were  trading 

Trial  and  ac-        .   ,  °  '  ^     ,  ,  ^  ^  ^  c  ^ 

quittai.  With  some  01  them,  others  drew  out  hatchets  irom  under 
their  coats,  and  killed  the  master  and  three  others,  and  took 
the  other  and  the  boy,  and  carried  them  on  shore,  and  rifled 
the  pinnace  of  all  her  goods  and  sails,  &c.  Soon  after,  other 
Indians  came  upon  these,  and  slew  the  sachem,  and  took 
away  all  the  goods  the}'  had  stolen.  There  was  one  Redman 
suspected  to  have  betrayed  their  pinnace,  for  he  being 
linkister,  (because  he  could  speak  their  language,)  and  being 
put  out  of  that  employment  for  his  evil  carriage,  did  bear 
ill  will  to  the  master ;  and  the  Indians  spared  him  and  gave 
him  a  good  part  of  the  spoil,  and  he  lived  among  them  five 
or  six  weeks,  till  the  Swedish  governor  procured  other  Indians 
to  go  fetch  him  and  the  boy  to  his  fort,  from  whence  they 
were  brought  next  year  to  Boston,  and  then  said  Redman 
was  tried  for  his  life,  and  being  found  guilty  by  the  grand 
jury,  was  deferred  his  farther  trial,  in  expectation  of  more 
evidence  to  come  from  Delaware."  It  appears,  from  the 
court  records,  he  was  ultimately  acquitted,  and  a  petition  for 
charity  to  the  widow  and  orphans  of  Luter,  or  Luther,  the 
master,  was  oiFered  in  the  general  court.^ 

Attornej^'-General  Huygens  notifies  Govert  Lookermans 
A  person  that  he  "  must  not  presume  to  trade  in  the  company's  trading 
prevented      placc  whcrc  Commissa-rv  Jan  Jansen  Van  Ilpendam  is  accus- 

from  trading   ^  .  ..  ,  oi-r»- 

on  South  tomed  to  trade,  and  which  place  is  situated  on  South  River 
of  New  Netherland,  with  the  Indians,  and  if  you  did  so,  I 
now  enter  my  protest  against  you,  with  regard  to  any  eventual 
damages  of  the  company."^ 

It  would  appear  from  a  receipt  given  to  Jan  Jansen,  the 
commissary  at  Nassau,  that  he  possessed  considerable  silver 

1  Biog.  Diet.  2  Winthrop,  vol.  ii.  p.  237  and  note. 

3  Albany  Records,  vol.  iii.  p.  197. 


Kiver. 


WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

plate,  viz.  "  a  silver  bumper,  two  silver  basins,  a  gourd 
mounted  with  silver,  a  gold  hatband,  and  one  silver  spoon, 
amounting  to  ^116,  which,  if  Jansen  dies  on  his  journey,  (?) 
is  to  be  sent  to  his  father."^ 

1645. 

Charges  of  fraud,  &c.,  are  made  bj  the  attorney-general  Sept.  4. 
against  Jan  Jansen  Van  Ilpendam,  "for  neglect  of  duty  in  charges  of 
his  office  at  Fort  Nassau;"  a  copy  of  these  charges  is  to  tje  i^Tea^^ 

given  him.2  against  van 

o  _  Ilpendam. 

The  nature  of  these  charges  will  appear  from  the  follow-  October  12. 
ing :  «  Jan  Jansen  Van  Ilpendam  declares  in  court,  that  he 
took  with  him  to  South  River,  some  cloth,  without  being  able 
to  give  correctly  its  amount,  and  promises  to  declare  to-morrow 
■whether  he  delivered  to  Hendrick  Huygen,  or  did  sell  it  to 
any  other  person."  "  He  said  that  he  received  two  parcels 
of  Harlaem  silk  from  the  wife  of  Bogardus,  which  were 
brought  here  by  Jochem  Kiersted,  which  boxes  were,  in  his 
presence,  in  the  yacht  Prince  William,  sold  by  Egbert  Van 
Borsum  for  two  beavers ;  and  further  that  he  had  no  concern 
whatever  in  trade  with  Jan  Juriensen,  during  his  residence 
here." 

"  The  attorney-general,  plaintiff,  contra  J.  J.  Van  Ilpen-  a.  nudde  to 
dam.     Seen  the  conclusion  of  the  Attorney- General  against  f-orrNa^au, 
J.  J.  Van  Ilpendam,  on  fraud  committed  by  him  in  his  office,  to  examine 
and  examination  of  his  accounts  for  several  years,  with  the  pendam's  af- 
affidavits  of  witnesses,  and  the  defence  of  J.  J.  Van  Ilpendam  aTcommis^ 
aforesaid.     After  maturely  considering  the  case,  it  is  decreed,  ^'^''y- 
that  by  provision,  Andreas  Hudde  shall  be  sent  to  Fort  Nas- 
sau, to  make  there  further  inquiries,  by  the  company's  ser- 
vants and  others,  into  the  concerns  and  trade  of  the  defendant; 
and  further  to  make  a  correct  inventory  of  all  his  effects,  and 
of  those  of  the  company,  and  send  hither  what  is  not  wanted 
there,  and  further  to  act  there  in  behalf  of  the  company,  as 
commissary  for  the  present,  which  the  attorney-general  shall 
perform  here  in  the  same  manner,  while  further  the  defendant 
shall  prepare  his  answer  on  the  points  which  were  this  day 
proposed  to  him."^ 

On  Iludde's  arrival  there,  "he  found  the  magazines  in  such 
bad  condition,  that  Ilpendam  mentions  but  two  bales  of  Har- 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  iii.  p.  399.  2  Ibid.  vol.  ii.  p.  319. 

3  Ibid.  p.  323. 


84 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVEKNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


berg  de- 
stroyed by 
fire. 


Tobruary  8. 


Vzun  Tlpen- 
dam  to  be 
sent  for  trial 
to  Holland. 


1645.    laem  cloth,  and  two  beaver  skins,  as  the  whole  stock  under 
"    '~~'    his  charge  the  whole  time."^ 

This  year  Fort  New  Gottenberg  was  accidentally  destroyed 
December,  by  fire,  with  all  the  buildings  in  it,  and  all  the  powder  and 
'Sort  Gotten-  goods  blowu  up.  It  happened  in  the  night,  by  the  negligence 
of  a  servant,  who  fell  asleep,  leaving  a  candle  burning.^ 
Arent  Corssen,  who  made  the  purchase  on  Schuylkill,  and 
A.  Corssen  was  uow  scnt  by  Kieft  to  carry  specimens  of  minerals  to 
drowned.      Holland,  was  drowned  on  the  way  thither.^ 


1646. 

Further  proceedings  are  had  against  Van  Upendam,  as  we 
find  in  the  records.  It  is  now  decided  to  send  him  to  Holland 
for  trial. 

"  Seen  the  prosecution  of  the  attorney-general,  Cornelius 
Van  Huyghens,  plaintiff,  contra  J.  J.  Van  Ilpendam,  com- 
missary in  Fort  Nassau,  defendant,  with  the  conclusion  of 
the  plaintiffs,  and  the  affidavits  given  under  oath,  from  which 
it  appears  that  the  defendant  defrauded  the  company,  as  well 
by  paying  the  savages  a  higher  price  than  is  usual,  as  through 
transgressions ;  this  is  evident  from  the  complaints  against 
him,  and  attested  by  the  affidavits  and  his  own  accounts. 
Wherefore  we  cannot  approve  his  accounts,  and  take  upon 
us  the  burden  of  his  faults.  After  mature  consideration,  it 
is  therefore  ordered,  that  the  defendant  shall  be  sent,  with 
all  his  documents,  and  the  process  of  the  attorney-general, 
with  the  first  sailing  ship,  to  Amsterdam,  to .  defend  and  ex- 
culpate himself  before  the  directors.""* 

A  shallop,  with  a  considerable  cargo,  which  was  despatched 
from  Manhattan,  the  property  of  individuals,  and  consigned 
to  A.  Hudde,  arrived,  and  was  ordered  by  him  "to  go  to  the 
Schuylkill,  near  the  right,  and  wait  there  for  the  Minquas." 
On  the  arrival  of  the  vessel  at  this  point,  "  Juriaen  Blancke, 
the  trader  of  the  sloop,  was  commanded,"  by  the  Swedes, 
"  to  leave  that  spot  at  once,  as  belonging  to  the  crown." 
Hudde,  hearing  of  this,  "directly  went  thither  with  four 
men,  to  examine  how  matters  stood;  he  received  the  same 
orders  to  depart,"  and  requested  "  that  they  would  inform 
their  governor  that  this  place  had  always  been  a  trading 

1  Acrelius,  p.  413. 

2  Hubbard,  in  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  vi.  N.  S.,  p.  434.     Winthrop,  vol.  ii.  p.  254. 

3  OCall.  vol.  i.  p.  359.  ■>  Albany  Records,  vol.  ii.  p.  337. 


June  23. 

Captain 
Blancke  ar- 
rives in  a 
sloop  at 
Scbuylkill, 
to  Hudde. 
Swedes  order 
him  off. 
Interviews 
between  the 
parties. 


WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  85 

place,  and  that  thus  he  would  act  with  discretion,  and  avoid     1646. 
giving  cause  for  discord."     Next  day,  "the  minister  of  the    "    '    ' 
gospel,  (probably  Campanius,)  was  despatched  by  the  gover- 
nor to  me,  who  declared  that  he  had  orders,  that  if  the  bark 
was  in  the  Schuylkill,  he  should  compel  her  to  leave  it." 
Hudde  replied,  "  that  he  must  first  see  the  signature  and  seal 
of  the  governor,  by  which  he  intended  to  forbid  the  company 
(West  India)  to  trade  with  their  goods  in  any  part  of  the 
river,"  and  "requested  that  this  might  be  done  with  discre- 
tion, and  that  the  alliance  between  their  High  Mightinesses  and 
Her  Royal  Majesty,  might  be  taken  into  consideration,"  pro- 
testing, at  the  same  time,  "  against  any  losses  and  hindrances 
that  might  be  the  natural  consequence."     Upon  this,  Gover-  pnntz  sends 
nor  Printz  sent  to  Hudde,  "  the  commissarv,  Henry  Huygens,  *'^°  °®««"' 

*•  ..  and  proposes 

with  two  officers,  Carel  Jansen,  a  Finn  by  birth,  his  book-  various 
keeper,  and  Gregory  Van  Dyck,  his  sergeant,  a  native  of  the  jj^^'"""' 
Hague,  and  demanded  my  answer  upon  certain  articles,  of  pues. 
which  I  demanded  a  copy,"  and  "would  answer  in  writing." 
The  officer  replied,  "He  had  no  orders  to  do  so,  and  dared  not 
do  it."     Hudde  then  gave  "a  verbal  answer,  to  avoid  giving 
any  ofi"ence,  in  presence,  on  my  part,  of  Sander  Boyer,  ser- 
geant, Philip  Gerneert,  and  Juriaen  Blancke,  all  freemen." 
The  articles  were — "  On  the  Schuylkill,  in  what  manner  the  Questions  to, 
property  of  it  is  ascertained  and  understood?"     "That  the  f-"''^/^™"'" 

t       c         J    ^  ...  .      .  tiy  Hudde  to 

acts  relative  to  the  division  of  the  limits  are  at  Manhattan,  Printz. 
where  he  may  obtain  correct  information."  "If  he  (Gover- 
nor Printz)  ever  offended  me,  or  any  of  mine,  with  words  or 
deeds."  "He  left  me  and  mine  alone,  but  offended  the 
company,  then  their  High  Mightinesses,  in  so  far  as  to  say 
to  me  in  his  name,  that  he  would  drive  me  from  the  kill  by 
force."  "That  the  governor  had  sent  for  the  Minquas,  at 
the  expense  of  the  crown,  and  when  they  arrived,  I  lured 
them  from  the  Schuylkill."  "  That  the  sachem  was,  last 
spring,  with  me;  I  defrayed  his  expenses,  contracted  with 
him,  that  as  soon  as  I  received  some  goods  I  would  send  him 
a  messenger,  or  come  down,  if  I  received  any  information." 
«  That  I  compelled  Blancke  to  sail  up  and  fasten  his  bark  to 
the  bridge."  "I  commanded  him  to  sail  up,  but  I  know  of  no 
compulsion."  "  That  I  took  up  arms  without  any  just  cause, 
and  that  I  answered,  upon  his  interdict,  that  I  would  remain 
there,  and  see  who  would  be  so  daring  as  to  drive  me  away." 
"  I  made  no  use  of  arms,  much  less  showed  any  hostile  in- 


86 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1646. 


Jnlyl. 


GoYemor 
Printz's 
■wamiiig  to 
Captain 
Blancke,  to 
depart,  on 
pain  of  con- 
fiscation. 


Blancke 
obeys,  and 
departs  with- 
out orders 
from  Iludde. 


aly  12. 
Proceeding 
of  the 
Swedes. 
Trade  with 
Minquas. 


tention,  or  committed  any  act  of  hostility,  but  rather  endea- 
voured to  prevent  it,  without  betraying  the  interests  of  their 
High  Mightinesses."^ 

Here  the  matter  rested  for  a  few  days,  when  the  following 
warning,  from  Governor  Printz,  was  sent  to  Blancke,  the 
captain  of  the  sloop. 

"  My  good  friend  Blancke — I  have  received  again  com- 
plaints of  several  of  her  majesty's  inhabitants,  how  that  thou 
art  compelled,  with  thy  bark,  contrary  to  the  letter  of  thy 
commission,  to  remain  there,  under  the  pretext  that  thou  art 
obliged  to  do  so  by  Andreas  Hudde,  who  takes  care  of  the 
interests,  and  disposes  of  the  lands  of  their  High  Mighti- 
nesses, as  commissioned  by  them.  So  is  it,  that  I  friendly 
admonish  you,  as  soon  as  you  shall  have  been  informed  of 
these  contents,  that  you  directly  leave  that  spot ;  as  your 
commission  implies,  with  your  trading  vessel  in  the  Schuyl- 
kill ;  seek  the  spot  where  usually  the  sloops  ar^  accustomed  to 
trade,  which  shall  not  be  prohibited ;  neither  do  I  desire  that 
my  subjects  shall  be  admitted  there  from  respect  and  friend- 
ship for  the  commander  and  his  commissions,  as  long  as  you 
are  remaining  and  trading  in  the  Schuylkill,  or  that  they 
would  obstruct  your  interests.  But  if  you  should  act  against 
these,  my  orders,  and  despise  my  warning,  which  you  are  in 
duty  bound  to  obey,  so  shall  your  bark,  with  its  whole  cargo, 
in  conformity  with  the  orders  of  her  royal  majesty,  as  it  is 
strongly  expressed  in  her  majesty's  orders,  be  confiscated ; 
of  which  you  may  be  fully  persuaded,  in  case  that  you  act 
against  my  orders.  Done  at  Tinnekonk,  20th  June,  1646. 
"  Signed,  John  Printz." 

This  had  the  effect  to  induce  the  departure  of  Blancke  with 
his  bark,  though  without  Hudde's  orders,  "  but  through  fear 
that  his  bark  and  goods  might  be  confiscated,  as  he  was  a 
private  person,  to  whom  it  would  be  a  very  difficult  task  to 
recover  it,"  especially  as  it  was  not  in  Hudde's  "  power  to 
give  him  any  security,  and  he  was  entirely  ignorant  of  the 
cause  of  contest  between  the  company  and  the  Swedes."^ 

Hudde  communicated  to  the  director-general,  Kieft,  as  soon 
as  possible,  an  account  of  the  difficulties  respecting  the  sloop, 
and  at  the  same  time  informed  him  "  how  the  trade  with  the 
Minquas  might  be  continued,  as  it  was  the  plan  of  Printz  and 

1  Hudde's  Report,  from  Albany  Records,  in  vol.  i.  N.  S.  of  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll. 
pp.  429—431.  2  Ibid.  pp.  431,  432. 


WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  87 

his  associates  to  deprive  the  company  and  its  colonists  of  this     1646. 
benefit  by  all  means,"  '    ^^    ' 

About  this  period,  Hudde  received  a  letter  from  the  director- 
general,  "to  inquire  about  certain  minerals  in  this  country."  Hudde  going 
For  this  purpose  he  went  to  Sankikans,  and  "tried  to  pene-  *°™^'i'''^ 

_     -"^       -T  ^        '  r  about  mme- 

trate  to  the  great  falls,"  where,  if  the  samples  might   be  rais,  is 
credited,  there  was  a  great  hope  of  success.    "  When  I  would  stopped  by 

'  o  1  sachems, 

pass  the  first  fall,  a  sachem,  named  Wirakehen,  stopped  me,  who  hear 

and  asked  where  I  would  go  ?     I  answered,  I  intended  to  go  portrofl^he' 

upward.  He  replied,  I  was  not  permitted,  and  asked  what  is  my  Dutch. 

object.     He  at  last  informed  me  that  the  Swedish  governor 

told  one  Meerkedt,  a  sachem  residing  near  Tinnekonk,  that 

we  intended  to  build  a  house  near  the  great  falls,  and  that  in 

the  vessels  which  we  expected,  250  men  would  arrive,  to  be  sent 

from  the  Manhattans,  who  would  kill  all  the  savages  below 

on  the  river,  and  that  this  fort  was  to  be  garrisoned  in  the 

house  which  we  intended  to  build,  and  would  prevent  the 

savages  residing  up  the  river  to  come  to  their  assistance,  so 

that  no  more  would  be  able  to  escape,  and  in  proof  of  all 

this,  that  we  would  first  come  up  in  a  small  vessel,  to  visit 

and  explore  the  spot,  and  that  we  would  kill  two  savages,  as 

a  pretext,  but  that  Printz  would  never  permit  it,  and  would 

certainly  expel  us  from  the  river."    All  attempts  to  go  up  to 

the  falls  being  inefi'ectual,  as  he  was  stopped  every  time,  the 

project  was  necessarily  abandoned  by  Hudde. -^ 

In  accordance  with  the  Dutch  claim  to  possessions  on  the  August  lo. 
river,  the  following  grant  was  made  by  the  director-general,  Dutch  grant 
Kieft,  to  "  Abraham  Planck,  Simon  Root,  Jan  Andriessen,  °^  ^^^  T""; 

'  '  ^  '  '    gen  of  land 

and  Peter  Harmensen,"  whom  he  permits  "  to  take  possession  opposite 
of  the  lands  lyins;  in  said  river,  almost  over  against  the  little  t°,^^^'^f 

•^       o  '  o  Island,  to 

island  T'Vogelssant,  (or  Bird-land,^)  one  hundred  morgen,^  pianck, 
to  settle  there  four  farms  or  plantations,  and  to  manure  (cul- 
tivate)  within  one  year  from  the  date  hereof,  and  sooner,  if 
possible,  on  pain  of  losing  this  right,"  on  condition  that  those 
who  obtain  this  right  shall  acknowledge  as  their  patrons  and 
sovereign,  the  Lords'  States-General,  &c.,  "subjecting  them- 
selves to  all  such  rates  and  duties  as  now  are,  or  may  be 
established,  and  constituting  the  above-named  Planck,  &c., 

'  Hndcle's  Report,  pp.  432,  433. 

2  It  is  not  certain  wliotlier  this  is  Egg  Island  or  Reedy  Island.    A  Delaware 
writer  says  the  latter,  in  Del.  Reg.  vol.  i.  p.  8. 

3  A  morgen  is  about  two  English  acres. 


88 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1646. 


August  12, 
O.  S. 

Letter  of 
Gov.  Eaton 
to  Governor 
Kieft,  avow- 
ing their 
righteous 
proceedings. 


in  our  state,  real  and  actual  possession  of  the  aforesaid  land, 
lying  on  the  west  side  of  the  South  River,  to  take  up  and 
manure,  and  use  the  same  as  they  might  do  with  other  their 
patrimonial  lands  and  effects,  without  that  we,  the  grantors, 
in  our  aforesaid  quality,  have  in  the  least  any  part,  action, 
or  authority,  on  the  aforesaid  one  hundred  morgen,  nor 
reserve  or  retain  on  the  same,  but  disclaiming  thereof  from 
henceforth  and  for  ever;  promising  further  to  maintain,  ob- 
serve, and  fulfil  this  transport,  firm,  sure,  irrefrangible,  and 
irrevocable,  all  on  penalty  as  directed  by  law."  "  Signed" 
and  "  confirmed  with  our  seal  in  red  wax  hereunto  append- 
ing, at  Fort  Amsterdam."  "  It  was  promised  to  the  said  per- 
sons, that  if,  in  time  to  come,  they  should  have  occasion  for 
more  land,  the  same  shall  be  granted  to  them,  provided  they 
build  houses  on  the  land  for  themselves  to  dwell  in,  and  if 
they  go  ofi"  and  leave  the  land,  to  be  pYgrj^uded  of  this  their 
action."  It  was  signed  by  William  Kieft,  and  countersigned 
by  the  secretary,  Van  Tienhoven.^ 

Acrelius  says,  "these  men  never  came  there."^ 
In  a  letter  of  this  date,  addressed  by  President  Eaton  to 
Governor  Kieft,  among  other  matters,  reference  is  again 
made  to  the  injuries  and  outrages  sustained  by  the  English 
of  New  Haven,  in  their  persons  and  estates,  on  Delaware, 
complaining  that  his  answers  to  their  letters  and  protests  have 
been  of  the  most  unsatisfactory  character.  They  say,  "  that 
we  conceive  we  have  neither  done  nor  returned  any  thing, 
even  unto  this  day,  but  what  doth  agree  with  the  law  of  God, 
the  law  of  nations,  and  with  that  ancient  confederation  and 
amity  between  our  superiors  at  home,  so  that  we  shall  readily 
refer  all  questions  and  difference  between  you  and  us,  even 
from  first  to  last,  to  any  due  examination  and  judgment, 
either  here  or  in  Europe,  and  by  these  presents  do  refer  them, 
being  well  assured  that  his  majesty,  our  sovereign  lord, 
Charles,  king  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  parliament  of  Eng- 
land, now  assembled,  will  maintain  their  own  rights,  and  our 
just  liberties,  against  any  who,  by  unjust  encroachment,  shall 
wrong  them  or  theirs,  and  that  your  own  principals,  upon  a 
due  and  mature  consideration,  will  also  see  and  approve  the 
righteousness  of  our  proceedings.^ 


1  Albany  Records,  Patents,  N.  Y.  fol.  153. 
Dover  Records. 

3  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  56. 


Res 


:.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p. 
-  Acrelius,  p.  417. 


119. 


WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  89 

A  decent  wooden  church,  which  had  been  built  on  Tinni-     1646. 
cum,  was,  with  the  burying-place,  this  day  consecrated  by  the    ' — ■ — ' 
Rev.  John  Campanius,  who,  it  will  be  recollected,  came  out 
with  Governor  Printz.     This,  we  believe,  is  the  first  church  Sept.  4. 
mentioned.     The  first  corpse  that  was  buried  there  was  that  First  church 
of  Catherine,  daughter  of  Andrew  Hanson,  on  the  28th  of  ^'^'^  burial. 
October.     It  is  probable  the  worship,  prior  to  that  time,  had 
been  conducted  either  in  a  part  of  the  governor's  mansion, 
or  in  some  temporary  building,  or  perhaps  a  former  building 
may  have  been  destroyed  by  the  fire  last  year.^ 

Iludde   received   a   letter,   (probably   from   the    director-  Sept.  7. 
general,)  in  which  he  "was  imperiously  commanded  to  pur-  Huddecom- 
chase  some  land  from  the  savages,  which  was  situated  on  the  ^'^^'^'^  ^° 

o      '  purchase  on 

west  sJwre,  ahoiit  a  mile  distant  from  Fort  Nassau,  to  the  westshore, 
north.'^     Accordingly,  "  I  took  possession  of  that  spot  on  the  °orthofFort 
8th  following,  and  erected  on  it  the  arms  of  the  company  ;  Nassau,  pre- 
and  as  the  proprietor  was  not  at  home,  I  was  obliged  to  delay  ^^^^^^^l  ° 
the  conclusion  of  the  purchase  till  the  25th  of  the  same  Effects  it, 
month.     After  the  purchase  was  accomplished,  the  original  sf^n^n"^^^^' 
proprietor  went  with  me  to  the  spot,  and  assisted  in  fixing  erects  the 
the  arms  of  the  company  to  a  pole  which  was  fixed  in  the 
ground  on  the  limits.     Shortly  after  this,  several  freemen 
made  preparations  to  build  on  this  newly  acquired  posses- 
sion. "^  . 

This  purchase,  from  the  distance,  one  Dutch,  or  four  Eng- 
lish miles,  and  also  from  the  direction  from  Fort  Nassau, 
(north,)  has  been  considered  by  some,  and  perhaps  plausibly, 
to  have  been  the  same  as  the  site,  or  a  part  of  it,  of  the  pre- 
sent city  of  Philadelphia.^ 

The  Swedish  commissary  Huygens,  by  order  of  Governor  Octobers. 
Printz,  "  carried  down  with  him  the  arms  which  Hudde  had  Dutch  arms 


aflSxed,  on  which  a  considerable  altercation  took  place,  and 
among  other  things,  about  the  great  abuse  committed  by  his 
sergeant  and  other  Swedes  on  30th  September  last,  against 
all  good  order  and  decency,  and  after  the  guard  was  already 
on  duty,  when  I  kept  him  for  some  time  in  the  guard-house, 
besides  giving  him  a  severe  reproof,  and  demanded  of  his 
governor  to  correct  and  punish  him,  so  that  it  might  evidently 
appear  that  he  had  no  share  whatever  in  such  a  violent  out- 
rage, or  if  similar  excesses  were  again  renewed,  I  would 

>  Campanius,  p.  79.  2  Hudde's  Report,  p.  433. 

3  Ferris's  Early  Settlements,  p.  75. 

12  h2 


carried 
away. 


90  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1646.     directly  inflict  punishment,  as  usually  is  done  on  similar  tur- 

'    •    '    bulent  persons." 

Hudde  received  this  day  a  protest  from  Governor  Printz, 
October  16.  dated  30th  September,  the  same  on  which  the  event  alluded 
Printz's  pro-  to,  as  abovc,  took  placo,  of  which  we  have  no  further  account. 
test  against    q|q^  g^jj^g  ^^^^  Mocns  Flom,  two  of  Printz's  freemen,  were 

Hudde  s  con-  _  '  ' 

duct  and       bcarers  of  it. 

purchase.  ^^  Andreas  Hudde,  I  remind  you  again,  by  this  written 

warning,  as  before  was  done  verbally  in  person  by  the  com- 
missary, Hendrick  Huygen,  that  you  will  discontinue  the  in- 
juries of  which  you  have  been  guilty  against  the  royal  majesty 
in  Sweden,  my  most  gracious  queen,  against  her  royal  ma- 
jesty's rights,  pretensions,  soil  and  land,  without  shoAving  the 
least  respect  to  her  royal  majesty's  magnificence,  reputation, 
and  highness,  and  that  you  will  do  so  no  more,  and  then  con- 
sidering how  little  it  would  be  becoming  her  royal  majesty  to 
bear  such  gross  violence,  and  what  great  disasters  might  ori- 
ginate from  it,  yea,  must  be  expected.  2dly,  With  what 
reluctance,  as  I  think,  your  nation  or  your  masters  would, 
for  such  a  trifle,  come  in  conflict  with  her  royal  majesty,  as 
you  have  no  shadow  of  right  for  this,  your  gross  conduct, 
particularly  for  your  secret  and  unlawful  purchase  of  land 
from  the  savages,  by  which  you  evidently  betrayed  your  con- 
viction of  the  justice,  equity,  and  antiquity  of  your  preten- 
sive  claims,  of  which  you  so  loudly  boasted,  and  which,  by 
this  purchase,  have  been  brought  to  light,  showing  clearly 
that  you  had  no  shadow  of  right  to  that  place,  of  which  you 
have  taken  possession,  no  more  than  to  others  on  this  river 
which  you  now  claim,  in  which,  however,  you  were  never 
molested  by  her  majesty  or  her  iDlenipotentiary ;  neither  was 
it  ever  attempted  by  them  to  undermine  you  in  a  sinister  way. 
All  this  I  can  freely  bring  forward  in  my  defence,  to  exculpate 
me  from  all  future  calamities,  of  which  we  give  you  a  warn- 
ing, and  place  it  to  your  account.  Dated  New  Gottenberg, 
30th  September,  1646." 

Below,  in  the  margin,  was  the  following : 
"  The  orders  to  Avhich  you  appeal  may  very  well  have 
been  occasioned  by  unjust  and  unfair  report,  and  it  would 
well  become  you  to  send  him  correct  information  of  this 
whole  transaction,  as  you  were  present  on  the  spot. 

"  John  Printz."^ 

>  Hudde,  p.  434. 


WUiLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOK-GENERAL.  91 

The  next  day  after  recei\dng  the  foregoing  protest,  Hudde    1646. 
went  up  the  river  "  on  some  very  urgent  business,"  and  was    '    '    ' 
informed,  on  his  return,  that  the  Swedish  governor  had  for- 
bidden his  subjects  to  enter  into  any  transactions  with  "  our"  octoi^r  17. 
people,  which  is  often  put  in  practice  by  professed  enemies,  Printz  for- 
but  never  was  adopted  by  allies,  the  one  against  the  other,  transactions 
He  was  also  informed  that  the  Swede  found  fault  with  his  between  the 
not  answering  the  protest ;  he  accordingly  wrote  the  follow-  ^utch. 
ing  protest,  and  on  the  23d  October  sent  it  by  Sander  Boyer 
and  two  soldiers,  viz.  David  Davitsen  and  Jacob  Hendricksen. 

"To  the  noble  governor,  De  Heer  John  Printz — Sir  Go-  October 22. 
vernor :  On  the  evening  of  the  16th  instant,  stilo  novo,  was  nudde'a  pro 
delivered  to  me  an  act,  by   OloflF  Stille   and  Moens  Flom,  fj^^'^'"'" 
dated  oOth  September,  stilo  vetere,   by  which  your  honour  Printz. 
warns  me  to  desist  from  any  injuries  which  I  should  have 
done  or  committed  against  the  lands  of  her  royal  majesty  of 
Sweden,  which,  however,  remain  yet  unknown  to  me  till  this 
moment;  and  if  your  honour  had  condescended  to  explain 
wherein  these  consisted,  I  should  not  have  hesitated  to  alter 
my  course,  if  your  honour's  insinuations  had  been  correct,  as 
I  am  entirely  ignorant  that  I  have  left  undone  any  thing 
which  might  have  a  tendency  to  the  preservation   of   our 
mutual  intercourse,  much  less  that  I  should  have  committed 
any  act  of  gross  violence.     I  purchased  the  land,  not  in  a 
clandestine  manner,  neither  unjustly,  except  that  your  honour 
calls  that  a  clandestine  manner  which  is  not  performed  with 
your  honour's  knowledge.     I  purchased    it    from   the    real 
owner ;  if  he  sold  that  land  previously  to  your  honour,  then 
he  imposed  upon  me  shamefully.     The  place  which  we  pos- 
sess, we  possess  indeed  in  just  property,  perhaps  before  the 
name  of  the  South  River  was  heard  of  in  Sweden.     I  cannot 
say,  certainly  I  am  ignorant,  if  my  lord  and  master  has  been 
unjustly  informed,  only  that  I  explained  to  him  the  whole 
transaction  in  truth  and  justice,  and  so  I  will  continue  to  do 
by  the  first  opportunity,  that  I  may  obtain  and  transmit  to 
him  your  act,  Avith  this  my  answer  upon  it,  to  be  further  in- 
formed by  him  what  he  may  think  proper  to  command,  and 
what  I  shall  be  obliged  to  execute ;  and  whereas  your  com- 
missary, coming  down  on  the  8th  instant,  had  taken  off  the 
arms  which  I  hung  up  on  the  purchased  lands,  tearing  them 
down  in  an  insolent  and  hostile  manner,  with  these  threateu- 
incc   words,   'that  althou2;h  it  had  been  the  colours  of  the 


92  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1646.  Prince  of  Orange  that  were  hoisted  there,  he  would  have 
"  '  '  thrown  them  too  under  his  feet ;'  besides  many  bloody  me- 
naces, which  have  been  reported  to  me  from  time  to  time, 
Hudde'spro-  which  Can  havo  no  other  tendency  than  to  cause  great  cala- 
toued"^  mities;  and  whereas  this  not  only  concerns  my  nation  and 
masters,  but  is  an  infringement  on  the  authority  of  their 
High  Mightinesses  the  States-General,  and  that  of  his  high- 
ness the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  so  too  of  that  of  the  noble 
director,  which  is  insulted  by  it.  So  is  it,  that  I  am  compelled, 
against  my  will,  to  send  your  honour  this  answer,  by  which 
I  must  protest  before  God  and  the  whole  world  ;  as  also  I  do 
protest  by  this  that  I  am  innocent  of  all  the  disasters,  diffi- 
culties, losses,  and  what  further  might  follow  from  these  pro- 
cedures, or  which  might  originate  from  them,  but  that  to  the 
contrary,  I  performed  every  thing,  and  endeavoured  to  em- 
ploy all  means  by  which  a  good  correspondence  and  mutual 
harmony  might  be  promoted,  so  as  I  deem  myself  obliged  to 
do,  in  so  far  as  my  honour  and  oath  shall  permit  it,  and  I 
will  confide  that  it  is  your  honour's  intention  to  act  in  the 
same  manner,  at  least  from  the  consideration  that  we,  who 
are  Christians,  will  not  place  ourselves  as  a  stumbling-block, 
or  laughing-stock,  to  those  savage  heathens,  which  I  trust 
that  shall  remain  so,  as  it  is  by  your  affectionate  friend, 

A.  HUDDE. 

"  On  South  River,  New  Netherlands,  Oct.  22,  1646." 
The  manner  in  which  the  bearers  of  this  protest  were  re- 
ceived   and  treated,  is  thus    described  by  the  sergeant,  to 
Hudde. 

"  As  soon  as  he  arrived  at  the  governor's,  who  stood  before 
Governor's    his  door,  he  wishcd  him  a  good  morning,  and  said  further,  I 

treatment  of  ,     .  j.'         r  j.v.  •  TT    j  l  i  l 

the  gero-eant  bring  you  a  greeting  from  the  commissary  Hudde,  who  sends 
who  went  to  you  au  act  in  answer  to  yours ;  when  he,  John  Printz,  took  it 
Hudde-spro-  fi'om  his  hand,  and  threw  it  towards  one  of  his  attendants, 
test.  -yylio  stood  near  him,  saying,  'There,  take  care  of  it.'     The 

other  picked  it  up  from  the  ground  to  take  care  of  it.  The 
governor  then  departed  to  meet  some  Englishmen  just  arrived 
from  New  England.  After  some  interval,  the  sergeant  asked 
to  see  the  governor,  to  obtain  an  answer ;  but,  notwithstand- 
ing he  came  there  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty,  he  neverthe- 
less was  thrown  out  of  the  doors,  the  governor  taking  a  gun 
in  his  hand  from  the  wall,  to  shoot  him,  as  he  imagined,  but 
was  prevented,  from  his  leaving  the  room." 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

This  treatment  Hudde  complains  of  as  being  very  common 
on  the  part  of  Printz,  "  freemen  as  well  as  servants,  when 
arriving  where  he  resides,  are  in  a  most  unreasonable  manner 
abused,  so  that  they  are  often,  on  returning  home,  bloody 
and  bruised."^ 

1647. 
Some  of  the  principal  people  of  New  Haven,  "  exceedingly  January  i. 
disappointed  in  trade,  and  having  sustained  great  damages  loss  at  sea 
at  Delaware,  and  depreciation  of  their  estates,  with  a  view  to  °^  ^  ^°^' 

.,,.  -LM  !•        Paiiy  from 

retrieve  former  losses,  combmed  their  resources,  built  a  ship.  New  Hayen. 
and  embarked,  and  cutting  their  way  out  of  the  harbour, 
through  the  ice,  sailed  for  England.  Among  these  were  Mr. 
Gregson,  Captain  Turner,  and  Mr.  Lamberton,  who  have 
already  been  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  purchases  on 
our  river.  The  vessel  foundered  at  sea,  and  was  never  after- 
wards heard  of,  which  much  discouraged  those  who  remained 
behind,  and  for  a  time  put  a  period  to  the  plantation  from 
New  Haven  here.  Two  persons  of  the  name  of  Lamberton 
are  mentioned  in  the  records,  viz.  Thomas  and  George ;  the 
latter  was  captain  of  the  vessel,  probably  the  former  was  the 
merchant  and  owner.  It  is  not  said  which  of  them  was  lost, 
but  he  was  one  of  the  principal  men  of  the  town.- 

Peter  Stuyvesant  succeeds  Governor  Kieft ;  he  arrived  on  May  ii. 
the  11th,  and  his  administration  began  May  27.  Shortly  Peter  stuy- 
after  his  arrival,  he  sent  complimentary  letters  to  the  gover- 
nors of  Massachusetts  and  New  Haven,  professing  resolutions 
to  be  upon  very  friendly  terms  with  those  governments,  but 
at  the  same  time  laid  in  his  claims  to  all  the  land  between 
Delaware  and  Connecticut  Rivers,  as  the  indubitable  right  of 
the  States-General,  or  West  India  Company,  which  his  pre- 
decessor either  never  did,  or  did  more  obscurely."  He  soon, 
however,  seized  a  vessel  trading  with  New  Haven,  and  ex- 
tended his  claims  so  as  to  include  all  the  land,  rivers,  and 
streams,  &c.,  from  Cape  Henlopen  to  Cape  Cod.^ 

An    attempt   to  surprise    the    Dutch    was   made   by   the  May  12. 
Armewsick  savages,  at  noon,  "  although  it  was  rendered  void 
by  God's  mercy  and  correct  information,  and  through  a  mis- 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  Hudde's  Report.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  vol.  i. 
N.  S.,  p.  435,  436. 

2  TriimbuH's  Conn.  vol.  i.  p.  104.     Winthrop,  vol.  ii.  p.  2GG. 

5  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  216.  Smiths  N.  Y.  vol.  i.  p.  8.  N.  Y'.  Coll. 
vol.  i.  p.  453. 


Tesant's  ar- 
rival. 


94 


164T. 


Indians  at- 
tempt to  sur- 
prise the 
Dutch. 
Printz  de- 
nies their 
right  on  the 
river. 
Strong  ex- 
pressions. 
June  3. 


July  13. 

Certificate  of 
Got.  Printz's 
tampering 
with  the 
Maquas  In- 
dians. 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

understanding  among  them.  Printz  leaves  nothing  untried 
to  render  the  Dutch  suspected  hy  both  savages  and  Chris- 
tians. He  openly  declares  that  the  company  have  no  right 
•whatever  on  this  river,  and  that  he  purchased  the  land  in 
behalf  of  the  crown  of  Sweden  ;  so  as  to  the  Minquas'  land, 
that  the  company  could  not  trust  on  their  old  uninterrupted 
possession;  that  the  devil  was  the  oldest  possessor  of  hell,  hut 
that  he  sometimes  admitted  a  younger  one,  as  he  openly  de- 
clared at  his  own  table,  on  3d  June,  1647,  in  my  presence, 
and  that  of  my  wife,  "with  many  other  equally  vulgar  expres- 
sions, serving  and  intended  for  the  same  purpose ;  but,  and 
what  is  worse,  he  made  it  openly  manifest  by  stubborn  deeds, 
more  particularly  by  enclosing  the  river,  so  that  no  vessels 
can  enter  it  on  any  account,  except  with  his  previous  consent, 
notwithstanding  they  may  have  been  provided  with  the  most 
respectable  commissions  ;  by  which  closing  he  not  only  greatly 
injures  the  freemen,  but  retards  their  journey,  to  their  great 
loss.  He  further  shamefully  vilifies  their  High  Mighti- 
nesses, by  denying  them  their  due  respects,  despising  and 
treating  as  frivolous  and  insignificant,  their  commissions."^ 

A  charge  was  made  against  Governor  Printz,  of  tampering 
with  the  Indians,  by  furnishing  guns,  &c.,  and  endeavouring 
to  purchase  land  from  them,  as  appears  by  the  following  cer- 
tificate, signed  by  Symen  Root,  Jan  Hendricksen,  and  Dirck 
Dircksen,  &c. :  "  The  undersigned,  all  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  the  language  of  the  Maquas,  solemnly  declare,  at  the 
requisition  of  the  honourable  director-general,  &c.,  in  pre- 
sence of  said  director  and  his  predecessor,  William  Kieft, 
that  it  is  true  that  we,  being,  on  the  13th  July,  1647,  at  the 
house  of  his  honour,  saw  two  chiefs  of  the  Maquas  arrive 
there ;  the  one  was  named  Aquanokus,  and  the  other  Kna- 
digken,  who  then,  in  proof  of  their  willingness  to  continue 
with  us  in  friendship  and  mutual  intercourse,  made  some 
presents,  and  declared  in  our  presence,  that  a  missionary  from 
the  Swedish  governor,  John  Printz,  on  the  South  River  of 
New  Netherland,  residing,  had  said  to  them  that  he  might 
sell  to  them  as  much  powder,  and  balls,  and  guns  as  he 
pleased,  but  that  the  Netherlanders  were  too  sordidly  avari- 
cious to  do  so.  The  Swedish  governor  told  further  these 
chiefs,  that  the  Netherlanders  were  bad,  the  Swedes  good 
men,  and  solicited  further,  that  said  chiefs  would  permit  him 

'  Hudde's  Report,  43G. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  95 

to  establish  a   trading-house   in    the    country,    which   they     1647. 
rejected.     All  this  we  declare  that  we  heard  said  chiefs  say-         '    ' 
ing,  at  the  house  of  the  director-general,  and  are  willing  to 
sanction  it  with  our  solemn  oath.     Fort  Amsterdam,  July  13, 
1647."! 

A  person  applies  for  permission  to  marry  the   widow  of  July  is. 
Arent  Corssen,  being  persuaded  he  had  perished,  as  nothing  Corssen'a 
could  be  heard  of  him,   after  diligent  inquiry.     It  will  be 
recollected  that  he  was  drowned  a  year  or  more  since.^ 

Hudde  receives  a  deputation  from  the  freemen  lying  at  juiy  29. 
anchor,  '<  humbly  soliciting  him  to   prepare  and  present,  in  inhabitants 
their  behalf,  a  request  to  the  director-general,  Stuyvesant,  gj^*'^!'"^^^^ 
petitioning  relief  from  the  hindrances  which  they  met  with, 
which  he  effected  and  transmitted."^ 

Various  injuries  were  received  from  the  Swedes,  by  Simon  Damage  by 
Root,  to  his  buildings  on  Wigguakoing,  this  year,  for  which  ^^^^^l  ^f"' 
he  afterwards  asks  compensation,  "  as  also  for  tearing  down 
the  Netherland  arms,  and  the  destruction  of  the  commenced 
building  put  up  by  the  clerk,  A.  Hudde ;  all  which  show  that 
any  further  occupation  would  be  prevented,"^ 

In  answer  to  the  petition,  Hudde  received  from  the  director-  August  is. 
general  a  protest,  which,  on  the  17th,  he  presented  Governor  stuyvesant 
Printz,  who  replied  he  would  answer  it  in  W' riting.^  ^'^°  *"" "' 

The  late  director,  Kieft,  sailed  for   Holland  in  a  ship  of  August  le. 
400  tons,  but  through  some  miscalculation,  the  vessel  was  Director 
cast  away  on  the  coast  of  Wales,  and  the  director  and  eighty  Jl 
other  persons  perished.^ 

Governor  Printz,  in  February  last,  gave  the  government  Sept.  le. 
complete  information  "  of  the  nature  and  actual  condition  of  Application 
New  Sweden,  the  progress  of  cultivation  and  the  construe-  t^e  govem- 
tion  of  dwellings  in  that  country,  all  of  which  is  infinitely  mentfor 

,  ,    ,,  ?  ,        .  ,  ,  ,  more  salary 

agreeable    to  the  government,  who  in  reply  say,  "  they  have  ana  land, 
remarked,  with  a  particular  satisfaction,  the  zeal,  skill,  and  '^^'^l  ^\ 

.    .  ,  '^  .  cautiously. 

activity  with  which  you  have  filled  your  station  of  com- 
mander," and  they  promise  "  to  preserve  him  in  memory,  and 
reward  his  zealous  and  faithful  services"  with  the  "  royal 
favour."  But  it  appears  he  was  not  entirely  satisfied  with 
what  they  had  already  done  for  him,  in  the  grant  of  '<  Teneko," 
for  he  now  asked  for  "an  augmentation  of  apportionment," 

•  Albany  Records,  vol.  iii.  p.  258.         ^  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  59. 

2  Ibkl.  p.  52.  5  Hiulde's  Report,  p.  4.37. 

3  Hudde's  Report,  p.  437.  6  Winthrop,  vol.  ii.  p.  316. 


96 


1647. 


Sept.  28. 

lludde  con- 
tinued as 
commissary 
at  Fort 
Nassau. 


December  7. 

Hudde  goes 
to  Manhat- 
tan. 

A  vessel  is 
detained  by 
Printz,  and 
some  of  her 
cargo  taken. 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

and  that  they  would  "  deign  to  confer  upon  him  certain  lands 
and  occupations."  Upon  this  request  the  government  appears 
disposed  to  act  M^ith  caution,  for  they  say^  "  we  wish  to  reflect 
upon  the  means  of  arranging  for  the  augmentation  of  salary," 
and  "  if  the  lands  which  you  ask  have  not  been  given  away, 
and  they  are  not  required  for  cavalry  or  soldiers,  and  the 
business  having  been  examined  in  our  chamber  of  finance, 
we  shall  be  well  disposed  to  grant  you  what  is  just,  not  doubt- 
ing that  as  you  have  to  the  present  manifested  your  zeal  and 
fidelity,  and  that  of  the  country,  you  will  continue  to  act 
with  the  same  zeal  and  fidelity,  not  regarding  it  too  difficult 
and  fatiguing  to  regulate  and  direct,  for  some  time  yet,  the 
establishments  of  New  Sweden,  until  we  shall  find  another 
whom  we  can  send  to  replace  you." 

Although  we  have  no  materials  to  show  what  further  provision 
was  made  for  him,  yet  we  presume  he  was  "  rewarded"  in  some 
way  for  "his  faithful  services,"  as  he  remained  here  five  or 
six  years  longer.  Probably  '<  Printzdorp,"  of  which  mention 
is  made  hereafter,  was  a  part  of  the  result  of  this  application.^ 

The  director-general  and  council,  "having  considered  the 
abilities  of  Andreas  Hudde,"  unanimously  resolved  to  con- 
tinue him  in  the  service  of  the  West  India  Company,  as 
commissary  of  Fort  Nassau,  his  salary  to  be  the  same  as 
paid  "to  other  commissaries  in  such  distant  places."  It 
seems  some  charges  had  been  made  against  him,  but  were  not 
substantiated.^ 

Hudde  having  obtained  permission  to  visit  Manhattan, 
delivered  the  answer  of  Printz,  which  he  took  with  him,  to 
the  director-general.^ 

It  appears  by  his  certificate,  that  a  vessel  called  the  Siren, 
belonging  to  Jan  Geruel,  was  stopped  by  Governor  Printz ; 
the  vessel  was  examined,  the  goods  were  "very  roughly 
handled,  by  turning  every  thing  topsy-turvy,  all  tending  to 
great  damage  and  injury  of  my  interest,  taking  out  my  war 
ammunition,  being  about  sixty  pounds  of  powder  and  six 
guns,  but  owing  to  my  request,  and  my  promise  only  to  deal 
the  same  out  in  case  of  necessity,  they  returned  some  powder, 
about  forty-seven  pounds,  and  three  guns,  keeping  the  re- 
mainder for  himself."* 


1  MSS.  A.  P.  S.  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  315. 

2  Albany  Records,  vol.  vii.  p.  80. 

3  Hudde's  Report. 


4  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  59. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  97 

This  year,  the  "  Swan,"  one  of  the  vessels  which  had  1647. 
accompanied  Printz,  arrives  from  Sweden  a  second  time,  '  '  ' 
bringing  more  people.  The  ship  Black  Cat,  laden  with  am- 
munition and  merchandise  for  the  Indians,  and  two  other  Vessels  rc- 
vessels,  the  Key  and  the  Lamb,  are  mentioned  as  arriving  g'^'^'^^en.'" 
during  Printz's  administration.^ 

1648. 
It  having  been  found  that  the  revenue  from  the  excises  on  January  20. 
tobacco,  according  to  the  decree  of  1642,  did  not  ordinarily  ordinance 
produce  more  than  half  that  sum,  it  was  now  judged  proper  tobaeco'and 
"  to  permit  and  grant  that  the  company  of  the  south  may,  manufax:- 
for  the  state  of  New  Sweden,  and  the  support  of  the  govern-  for  support 
ment  there,  retain  and  require  the  third  of  the  excises  of  the  °^  ^°T^" 

'  ^  ment  of  New 

crown,  upon  all  confiscated  tobacco,  as  also  whatever  profit  Sweden, 
the  fines  imposed  for  the  contravention  of  our  prohibition 
against  the  importation  of  tobacco,  have  already  yielded,  or 
which  may  in  future  arise  from  the  violation  of  the  ordi- 
nances against  the  secret  introduction  of  tobacco  in  the 
kingdom  or  the  Great  Duchy  of  Finland ;  and  also  having 
found  that  the  excises  of  tobacco,  in  1641  to  1645  inclusive, 
had  been  employed  for  other  purposes  of  the  crown,  and  that 
in  the  mean  time,  the  state  of  New  Sweden  had  been  sup- 
ported by  other  revenues  of  the  company  of  the  south,  the 
counsellors  of  the  kingdom  are  authorized  to  refund  their 
advances,  and  if  the  excise  and  fines  are  not  sufficient  for 
the  annual  support  of  New  Sweden,  the  deficit  is  to  be  made 
up  by  the  crown ;  and,  on  the  contrary,  any  surplus  is  to  be 
deposited  among  the  revenues  of  the  crown,  and  a  clear 
account  to  be  kept  of  them.  As  the  company  of  the  south, 
in  order  to  facilitate  the  commerce  of  New  Sweden,  desires 
that  a  "  part  of  all  the  manufactures  of  Holland  arriving  at 
Gottenberg,  should  be  transported  to  New  Sweden,  it  is 
ordained  that  such  goods  as  are  not  landed  for  sale  in  Swe- 
den, may  pass  without  duty,  as  well  as  the  tobacco  and  furs 
which  enter  the  kingdom  from  New  Sweden.  But  the  tobacco 
sent  by  the  company  to  Holland  shall  pay  duty  according 
to  the  tariff."- 

A  vessel  arrived  (at  Fort  Nassau)    from  below,  with  a  April  2. 
scJwver  sail,  without  colours,  so  that   Hudde  was  doubtful 
about  where  she  came  from,  or  what  she  was.     He  ordered  a 

'  Acrelius,  p.  410.  2  MSS.  A.  P.  S.  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  373. 

13  I 


98  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1648.     gun  fired  over  her,  but  she  pursued  her  course ;  he  ordered  a 

'    •    ■    second  gun  to  be  fired,  "  but  it  was  no  more  minded  than  the 

first ;"  he  immediately  despatched  eight  men  in  pursuit,  "  but 

Arrival  of  a  as  the  wiud  was  fair,  and  the  weather  very  hazy  and  very 

TesseL°Guns  ^^^^y  ^^^J  could  not  rcach  her."     "  After  two  or  three  days, 

arc  fired       jjg  discovcred  it  was  the  Swedish  bark,"  which  again  descend- 

fromFort        .  ,  .  ,  i       t      i  i  •  i  i  i  i 

Nassau,  to  mg  the  rivcr,  he  "  asked  the  skipper  by  what  cause  he  passed 
bring  her  to.  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^.^j.]^  ^  doovgeselioteii  s^gn^^re?,"^  without  showing  his 
colours,  by  which  it  might  be  known  who  the  master  was, 
though  he  had  the  colours  with  him,  as  was  evident,  since 
they  were  now  flying ;  he  answered  very  contemptuously, 
"  that  if  he  had  known  this  would  have  come  into  considera- 
tion, he  would  not  have  done  it  now,  but  that  he  certainly 
should  do  so  in  future,  if  it  was  to  irritate,  and  as  a  mark  of 
his  contempt."  Pludde  then  delivered  him  the  following  act 
for  the  governor : 

"  Noble  and  valiant  John  Printz — Whereas  your  shallop, 
April  13.  on  the  3d  instant,  towards  evening,  sailed  by  the  fort,  and, 
Hudde's  pro-  Contrary  to  custom,  hath  lowered  his  colours  before  it  arrived 
Printz  In  Tc-  ^^^^  Fort  Nassau,  and  passed  Avithout  showing  colours,  by 
lation  to  the  which  it  could  bc  ascertained  who  was  the  master,  contrary 
to  our  arrangements,  which  you  approved,  viz.  that  our  ves- 
sels coming  in  the  river  are  to  stop  near  the  forts,  even  when 
it  is  sufficiently  known  from  where  they  come,  so  that  neither 
your  subjects  nor  ours  might  be  exposed  to  any  mishap, 
while  it  was  to  be  feared  that  otherwise,  under  this  cover,  one 
or  other  foreign  nation,  to  our  great  injury,  might  pass  by. 
Wherefore  I  cannot  withhold  my  deep  surprise,  with  what 
object  in  view  your  honour  permitted  this  vessel  to  pass  by 
the  fort  under  such  a  disguise.  As  far  as  I  can  judge,  and 
considering  what  in  such  case  might  and  ought  to  be  done, 
against  others  arriving  here  without  orders,  it  is  certainly 
not  the  right  course  to  cultivate  a  good  understanding  be- 
tween neighbours,  but  it  rather  produces  misunderstanding, 
which  I  could  not  have  expected  to  have  met  with.  I  will 
in  future,  in  a  similar  case,  not  neglect  what  my  duty  to 
maintain  the  due  respect  towards  their  High  Mightinesses  and 
the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  the  rights  and  immunities  of  my 

1  These  Dutt:li  terms,  not  being  nnderstood  by  the  translator,  are  left  in  the 
original  language.  AVe  learn  that  the  schovcr  is  a  square  sail,  and  the  other 
term  means  a  crippled  mast  or  spar,  probably  by  one  of  the  guns  fired.  It  is 
difficult  to  ascertain  the  kind  of  vessels  used  ;  they  are  called  sloops,  shallops, 
barques,  pinnace;  the  general  term,  vessel,  would  perhaps  have  been  better. 


PETER  STUrVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  99 

lords  and  masters,  requires  of  me.  Wherefore  I  earnestly  1648. 
solicit  that  your  honour  will  prevent  it  in  future,  as  by  a  con-  '  '  ' 
trary  conduct,  I  should  be  compelled,  -whenever  any  difl&- 
culties  from  it  might  arise,  in  behalf  of  my  own  innocence, 
to  enter  my  protest,  more  so  as  the  skipper,  Claert  Huygen, 
had  the  effrontry  to  boast  that  he  only  acted  so  to  insult  me, 
and  that  he  should  regret  if  he  did  otherwise  in  future. 
Farewell.  A.  Hudde. 

'<  Done  at  Fort  Nassau,  13tli  April."^ 

Hudde  gives  a  further  account  of  the  proceedings  of  the  April. 
Swedes,  as  well  as  of  the  Dutch. 

"  He  was   informed,   during  the   whole   winter,   that  the  Hudde's  ac- 
Swedes  brought  together  a  large  quantity  of  logs,  and  that  cerdm^sof*^ 
a  great  number  were  already  carried  to  the  Schuylkill,  from  the  swedes 
which  he  apprehended  the  governor's  intention  was  to  con-  kaijubuiid- 
struct  buildings  near  the  place  where  vessels  usually  lay  at  an-  i°s  ''^«'^®- 
chor ;  and  as  those  trading  as  before  had  been  driven  from  Kin- 
sessing,  and  we  cannot  approach  the  large  woods  to  trade  with 
the  Minquas,  by  which  trade  being  lost  to  us,  the  possession 
of  this  river,  as  before  observed,  would  deserve  very  little 
consideration;"   he  therefore   communicates  the  facts,   and 
waits  further  orders  what  to  do  in  case*  the  Swedes  do  build 
and  take  possession  of  other  unoccupied  places ;  he  proposes 
in  that  case  to  take  possession  of  the  tract  of  land  nearest  to 
him,  in  the  name  of  the  company. 

On  the  4th  of  the  same  month,  some  of  the  sachems  from  AprU4. 
the  savages  of  Passayonk  came  to  Hudde,  and  inquired  why  sachems  in- 
he  did  not  build  on  Schuylkill,  the  Swedes  having  already  t^oJI^hdo 
done  so  ?     Upon  inquiry  next  day,  he  found  it  to  be  the  fact,  not  buud 
and  "in  some  places,  too,  of  the  highest  importance."  *°°' 

He  therefore  made  preparations  to  build,  and  on  the  27th  April  27. 
went  there,  "  with  the  most  necessary  timber ;  calling  then,  The  Dutch 
without  delay,  for  the  sachems,  to  whom  he  stated  his  inten-  b^^'^'rhe" 
tions  of  building  on  the  spot  they  had  granted  him."     They  sachems 
sent  a  message  "  to  the  Swedes  who  lived  there  already,  and  the'c^o^T 
commanded  them  to  depart,  insinuating  they  had  taken  pos- 
session clandestinely,  and  against  the  will  of  the  sachems, 
and  they,   the  sachems,  had  ceded  for  the  present  to  the 
Dutch,  and  that  I  (Hudde)  should  build  there  too."     Where- 
upon Maarte  Hoock  and  Wissemenets,  two  of  the  chief  sachems, 
"  planted  there,  with  their  own  hands,  the  colours  of  the 

•  Hudde's  Report,  p.  437. 


100  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1648.  Prince  of  Orange,  and  ordered  that  I  (Hudde)  should  fire  a 
"  '  '  gun  three  times,"  in  token  of  possession.  This  was  done, 
and  the  house  raised  in  presence  of  the  chiefs.  Towards 
Dutch  com-  evening,  the  Swedish  commissary  arrived,  with  seven  or  eight 
meneeto  men,  and  asked  Hudde  "with  whose  permission  or  order  I 
did  raise  that  building."  "I  answered,  by  the  orders  of  my 
masters  and  the  previous  consent  of  the  savages."  He  asked 
further,  if  I  "  could  show  orders  of  my  master,  and  not  let- 
ters of  some  freemen.  I  answered,  yes,  and  was  ready  to 
produce  them,  when  he  had  shown  by  whose  order  he  made 
the  demand."  "  The  sachems  then  said  to  Henry  Huygens 
and  his  company,"  that  they  should  grant  us  that  tract,  and 
we  would  settle  there,  and  asked  by  what  authority  the  Swedes 
had  built  there;  "if  it  was  not  enough  that  they  were 
already  in  possession  of  Mattenekonk,  the  Schuylkill,  Kin- 
sessing,  Kakanken,  Upland,  &c.,  possessed  by  the  Swedes,  all 
which  they  had  stolen  from  them ;  that  MincAvit  now,  about 
eleven  years  past,  had  no  more  than  six  small  tracts  of  land 
up  Paghaghacking,  purchased  to  plant  there  some  tobacco, 
of  which  the  natives,  in  gratitude,  should  enjoy  one-half  the 
produce.  If  they,  coming  to  them,  (pointing  at  the  Swedes,) 
should  be  permitted,  when  purchasing  a  tract  of  land,  to  take 
those  next  adjoining  it,  as  the  Swedes  had  done  on  the  river, 
and  yet  continued  to  do,  that  they  were  greatly  surprised, 
indeed,  that  they  (the  Swedes)  would  prescribe  laws  to  those 
who  were  the  original  and  natural  proprietors  of  the  land, 
as  if  they  might  not  do  with  their  own  what  they  wished ; 
that  they  (the  Swedes)  arrived  only  lately  on  the  river,  and 
had  taken  already  so  much  land  from  them,  which  they 
actually  settled,  while  we  (pointing  to  us)  never  had  taken 
'  from  them  any  land,  although  we  had  dwelt  here  and  con- 

versed with  them  more  than  thirty  years."  Hudde  continued 
the  work,  surrounding  the  house  with  palisades,  "because  the 
Swedes  had  destroyed  before  the  house  which  the  company 
possessed  on  Schuylkill,  and  built  a  fort  in  its  place,  and 
they  perhaps  might  do  the  same  here."  While  thus  engaged, 
"  arrives  Moens  Kling,  lieutenant  at  the  fort  on  Schuylkill, 
with  24  men,  fully  armed  with  charged  muskets,  and  bearing 
maces,  marching  in  ranks.  He  asked  if  we  intended  to  finish 
that  work.  I  replied,  what  was  comm.enced  must  be  finished 
too."  He  thereupon  "  commanded  his  men  to  lay  down  their 
muskets,  and  each  take  his  axe  in  hand,  and  cut  down  every 


PETER  STUYVES.iNT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  101 

tree  which  stood  near  and  around  the  house,  destroying  even    1648. 
the  fruit  trees  which  I  had  planted  there. "^  '    '    ' 

The  Dutch  seem  now  to  be  aware  that  they  had  too  long 
delayed  fixing  the  limits  between  them  and  the  Swedes  and  April  7. 
the  English,  for  in  a  letter  of  this  date,  to  Stuyvesant,  the  ■ 
directors  say,  "  We  acknowledge  that  long  ago  we  ought  to 
have  taken  hold  of  the  opportunity  to  fix  the  limits  between 
the  Swedes,  the  English  and  us,  which  before  could  have 
been  executed  with  greater  ease,  when  it  was  earnestly 
solicited  by  the  agent  at  the  Hague.  "^ 

Rev.  John  Campanius,  Holm,  returned  to  Sweden,  after  Mayie. 
having  been  pastor  here  for  six  years.     Prior  to  his  coming  Departure, 
to  this  country  with  Governor  Printz,  he  had  been  preceptor  ^elthoV™'^ 
of  the  orphans'  house  at  Stockholm,  when  he  received  the  Campanius. 

•     ...  J.11  11*  1*      Ilis  transla- 

appomtment  to  accompany  the  colony  as  chaplaui ;  on  his  ^j^^  ^^  ^u- 
return  home,  he  was  made  first  preacher  of  the  admiralty,  ther's  Cate- 
and  afterwards  pastor  in  Upland,  (Sweden,)  where  he  com-  th^^dLu 
pleted  a  translation  of  Luther's  Catechism  into  the  Indian  langua-e. 
(Lenni-Lenape)  language,  which  had  been  commenced  here  in  Ne„,  swed.'n 
1646.  and  is  probably  the  first  translation  of  any  work  into  ^y  ^^^ 

T     T  1  f     ^  •  Tx-        1      •  1  •      grandson. 

an  Indian  language  or  this  country.  His  desire  to  be  spi- 
ritually useful  to  the  Indians,  induced  him  to  acquire  their 
language,  and  the  honour  of  being  the  first  missionary 
amongst  the  Indians  is  therefore  claimed  for  the  Swedes,  at 
least  in  Pennsylvania.^  A  copy  of  this  translation  is  in  the 
library  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  and  another, 
we  believe,  in  that  of  Gettysburg  College.  It  was  printed  at 
Stockholm,  in  1696,  in  Delaware  and  Swedish,  together  with 
a  vocabulary.*  "  In  this  translation,  Campanius  accommo- 
dates the  Lord's  Prayer  to  the  circumstances  of  the  Indians 
thus;  instead  of  'give  us  our  daily  bread,'  he  has  it,  'a 
lylentiful  supi^ly  of  venison  and  corn.'  "^ 

As  we  have  seen,  he  consecrated  the  first  Swedish  church 
at  Tinnicum,  and  was,  no  doubt,  its  active  pastor.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  sketch  of  his  passage  home.  "  Having  obtained 
a  proper  passport  from  the  governor  and  council,  I  sailed  in 
the  Lord's  name,  with  my  family,  from  Elfshorg,  in  New 
Sweden,  on  board  the  ship  Swan,  on  16th  May,  and  on  the 
18th  came  into  the  bay ;  the  distance  between  Elfsborg  and 

1  Hudde,  p.  440.  2  Albany  Reoords,  vol.  iv.  p.  5 

3  Clay,  p.  28.  4  Preface  to  Campanius. 


5  Records  of  Swedes'  Church. 


I2 


LIT 

TTNTTVT'.l^STTY 


102  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1648.  the  bay  is  nine  miles,  (Swedish,)  and  on  account  of  the  nu- 
'■"'' — '  merous  banks  in  the  river,  we  were  three  days  in  descending 
into  the  bay ;  on  the  19th,  we  came  to  Henlopen ;  on  the 
4th  June,  began  to  see  land,  and  on  13th,  Plymouth,  Eng- 
land ;  on  the  14th,  France,  and  saw  two  Swedish  ships,  '  New 
Fortune'  and  'Julius,'  coming  from  Sweden,  the  last  a  present 
to  the  King  of  France.  On  17th  June,  saw  Jutland ;  on  19th, 
entered  the  Sound,  and  came  to  Helsingor,  and  July  3,  with 
Divine  favour,  entered  Stockholm,  being  only  63  days,  which 
was  considered  a  remarkably  short  passage."^  He  died  Sep- 
tember 17,  1683,  aged  83,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
Frost  Hultz,  where  a  monument  is  erected  to  his  memory.^ 
His  son,  it  appears,  was  also  in  this  country  with  him.  From 
the  notes  and  relations  of  the  two,  with  probably  some  tra- 
ditionary help,  the  son  of  the  latter  (who  was  never  in  this 
country^)  printed,  in  1702,  his  description  of  New  Sweden, 
which  is  generally  quoted  as  "  Campanius,"  by  historians.  It 
is  remarkable  that  so  many  inaccuracies  exist  in  it,  especially 
with  regard  to  the  date  of  the  first  settlement  of  the  Swedes, 
and  which  has  led  subsequent  writers  into  many  errors,  some 
of  which  have  been  noticed. 

Upon   hearing   of  the   outrages   and  violence  committed 
June  7.        there,  two  members  of  the  high  council  arrived  on  South 
Two  mem-     Rivcr,  L.  Van  Dincklage,  and  the  honourable  La  Montague, 
cn'Irrive™"  *°  whom  the  sachems  and  "  original  proprietors  made,  on  the 
from  Man-     10th,  a  public  transfer  of  the  Schuylkill,  and  sanctioned  the 
*  ^^        former  purchase  by  Arent  Corssen,  then  commissary  on  the 
same  Schuylkill,  and  all  the  adjoining  lands,  and  of  all  which 
their  honours  took  public  and  lawful  possession."    This  trans- 
fer has  already  been  given  on  page  35. 

«  After  this,  the  honourable  commissioners,  with  a  becoming 

Rude  treat-    suitc,  Sailed  to  Tinueconk,  and  were  received  there  by  Com- 

themby       missary  Huygen  and  Lieutenant  Pappegay,  who  left  them 

Printz,  at      about  half  an  hour  in  the  open  air  and  a  constant  rain,  and 

after  they  were  admitted  to  an  audience,  delivered,  among 

others,  their  solemn  protest  against  Printz,  against  his  illegal 

possession  of  the  Schuylkill,  to  which  he  promised  a  reply 

before  their  departure."'* 

"Spots"  of  land  were  assigned  by  Hudde  to  different  in- 

1  Campanius,  p.  72.  2  Ibid.  p.  lOS. 

3  Duponceau's  Preface  to  his  translation  of  Campanius's  IMemoirs,  Pa.  Hist. 
Soc.  vol.  iii.  p.  vi.  *  Hudde's  Report,  p.  440. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  103 

dividuals,  at  their  request,  on  ^'hich  to  settle.     One  of  these,     1648. 
Hans  Jacobson,  "  made,  July  2,  a  beginning  to  settle  himself     "     '    ' 
on  the  Schuylkill,  which  Avas  prevented  by  the   Swedes,  the 
son  of  Governor  Printz  being  commanded  to  execute  this  Juiy2. 
exploit,  who  tried  to  compel  Hans  to  break  down  what  he  had  Landsareas- 
already  raised,  and  when  he  declined  to  do  so,  he  did  it  him-  gg^era/" 
self,  and  burned  the  whole,  with  the  following  menaces,  '  that  Dutchmen 
if  he  there  came  again,  and  dared  to  build,  he  would  carry   °  ^'Their 
off  with  him  a  good  drubbing.'  buildings  are 

"No  better  fate  awaited  one  Thomas  Broen,  who  went  ana'burat'* 
thither  on  the  6th  instant,  to  settle  himself  at  New  Holm,  a  ^'y  Print-'^i 
certain  place  to  which  they  had  given  this  name.  He  was 
there  scarce  three  hours,  Avhen  the  Swedes,  under  command 
of  one  Gregory  Van  Dyck,  sergeant,  arrived  there,  and 
pulled  down  all  that  had  been  raised  by  him,  with  a  warning 
that  he  should  retreat  directly,  or  they  would  beat  him  off. 
In  this  situation  affairs  remained  for  some  time."^ 

Hudde,  having  been  ordered  to  Manhattan,  arrived  there,  Sept.  8. 
and  made  his  report  on  the  situation  of  the  South  River,  and  uudde,  at 

ii-        •,•  1,  j.T_i  Manhattan, 

recommended,  m  writing,  what  was  necessary  to  be  done,  tearsofaf- 
"While  there,  also,   he  received  by  land,   notice   "that  the  fairs  at 
Swedes  had  placed  a  house  before  Fort  Beversrede,  by  which  ^'^^'^y^^  ■ 
it  was  entirely  barricaded."     It  was  probably  the  letter  from 
A.  Boyer.^ 

Commissary  Hudde  having  left  the  Delaware  for  Manhat-  Sept.  23. 
tan,  on  a  visit  to  the  governor,  in  his  absence  the  following 
letter  from  Fort  Nassau  is  written,  by  Alexander  Boyer,  to 
Stuyvesant,  detailing  several  occurrences  there. 

"The  Swedish  governor,  John  Printz,  ordered,  on  the  Lottorfrom 
16th  September,  that  a  house  should  be  built  here  on  the  stuyvesLt. 
Schuylkill,  in  the  front  of  our  Fort  Beversrede,  about  30  to  Proceedings 

a,t  Bevcrs* 

35  feet  long,  and  20  broad,  by  which  our  liberty  on  said  rede, 
water  is  obstructed,  so  that  our  vessels  which  come  to  anchor 
under  the  protection  of  our  fort,  can  discover  said  fort  with 
difficulty.  Sir,  I  am  fully  confident  he  constructed  this 
building  more  to  insult  our  lords  and  masters  than  to  reap 
for  himself  any  real  advantage  from  it,  because  the  ground 
in  the  same  range  with  our  fort  is  large  enough  to  admit 
twenty  similar  buildings.  The  back  gable  of  the  house  is 
only  12  feet  from  the  gate  of  the  fort,  so  that  the  house  is 
placed  within  the  water  side  and  our  fort. 

I  Hudde'sReport,  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  440.  Alb.  Rec.xvii.  268.     2  Ibid.  p.  441. 


104 


JOHN  PPJNTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1648. 


Maquas 
chiefs  arrive 
with  bea- 
vers. 

Anxious  for 
trade. 


Two  Swedes 
killed  by 
Maquas  sa- 
vages.   The 
{garrison  con- 
sists of  only 
six  men. 


October  5. 

Iludde  re- 
turns. Sends 
a  note  to 
Printz. 


Note  and 
protest  from 
Hudde  to 
Gov.  Printz, 
detailing 
some  trans- 
actions. 


"  On  the  21st  instant  arrived  here  a  chief  from  the  Maquas' 
land,  with  four  of  his  tribe,  bringing  with  him  30  or  40  bea- 
vers, to  inquire  whether  no  vessel  was  arrived  from  the  Man- 
hattans, as  they  had  actually  a  large  quantity  of  furs  in  their 
country,  wherefore  they  are  the  more  anxious  for  such  an 
arrival.  They  seemed  to  be  much  dissatisfied  that  this  river 
is  not  always  crowded  with  cargoes  by  our  nation.  The 
Swedes  have  only  a  few  cargoes  here ;  if  we  had  a  great 
abundance,  there  is  no  question  we  might  make  a  very  lucra- 
tive trade  with  the  Maquas. 

"Two  Swedes,  who,  with  7  or  8  guns,  some  powder  and 
balls,  arrived  here  by  the  Maquas,  to  trade  with  them,  have 
been  killed  by  these  savages.  We,  too,  are  daily  expecting 
our  commissary,  A.  Hudde,  and  with  him  your  honour's  sup- 
ply of  our  wants,  as  the  winter  approaches,  and  we  are  nearly 
in  want  of  every  necessary  article.  I  am  now  garrisoned 
here  with  only  six  men,  to  defend  two  forts,  that  is,  who  are 
in  full  health,  and  able  to  make  defence."^ 

The  winter  season  approaching,  Hudde  returned  from 
Manhattan  on  the  5th  October,  with  a  few  freemen,  to  whom 
were  delivered  letters-patent  to  settle  and  build  on  the 
Schuylkill,  "with  whom  being  arrived  on  the  18th  October, 
in  the  South  River,  was  directly  informed  that  the  Swede 
placed  his  best  hopes  on  the  country  of  the  Minquas,  against 
the  bargain  concluded  by  us.  To  prevent  similar  frivolous 
pretensions,  and  to  show  that  the  contract  was  by  no  means 
broken  by  the  honourable  committee,  I  sent  the  following 
note  to  Hendrick  Huygens,  to  be  handed  to  the  governor : 

"  Honourable  and  obliging  good  friend — Accept  my  cor- 
dial salutation.  It  is  with  deep  regret  that  I  was  informed, 
on  my  return,  that  our  fugitives  can  find  no  residence  in  the 
Minquas  country,  against  the  good  intentions,  indeed,  of  our 
director-general,  who  will  not  permit  any  thing  shall  be  un- 
dertaken by  his  subjects  against  our  contract,  but  he  expects 
that  similar  conduct  shall  be  holden  on  both  sides;  and  as  I 
am  certain  that  some  late  proceedings  must  arouse  suspicions, 
so  I  considered  it  my  duty  to  send  you  this  note  in  my  de- 
fence, confident  that  on  this  point  your  governor  will  alter 
bis  mind.  And  whereas  our  freemen  are  permitted  to  follow 
and  promote  their  private  concerns,  so  is  it,  that  meanwhile 
one  of  the  Swedish  officers,  named  Peter  Jochems,  in  con- 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  v.  p.  71. 


.     PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  105 

tempt  of  us,   tore,  by  night,  tlie  palisades  from  tlie  Fort    1648. 
Rheede,  with  violence  asunder,  broke  them  all  in  this  manner    ''^'    ' 
in  pieces,  and  making  use  of  the  greatest  violence,  as  well  in 
words  as  deeds  ;  whereon  they  renewed  their  labours,  so  that 
the  whole  was  finished  on  the  4th  November,  which  then,  for  November  4. 
the  second  time,  was  torn  down  by  the  Swedes,  who  broke, 
with  great  violence,  every  piece  of  timber,  of  which  I  trans- 
mitted a  faithful  account  to  the  director-general.  And  whereas 
I  do  not  possess  any  other  arms  but  paper,  against  similar 
procedures,  so  did  I  deem  it  necessary  to  send  the  enclosed 
protest  to  his  honour,  John  Printz." 

The  following  certificates  enter  into  further  detail  of  these 
matters  on  Schuylkill. 

Certificate  of  Simon  Root. — "We  demanded  that  the  Swe-  certificate  oi 
dish  lieutenant  show  his  commission,  when  he  exhibited  to  us  ^^""^  ^°°'' 
the  orders  of  his  government,  in  which  he  is  commanded,  in 
so  many  words,  not  to  permit  a  single  post  to  be  fixed  in  the 
ground,  and  that  in  case  it  was  undertaken,  then  he  should 
resist,  and  endeavour  to  prevent  it  with  amicable  words,  or 
with  force,  could  he  not  succeed  otherwise ;  and  he  was  fur- 
ther commanded  to  keep,  continually,  two  men  on  guard  near 
the  river,  to  look  out  where  we  intended  to  build,  and  that 
they  should  resist  the  unloading  of  any  timber." 

Certificate  of  several  persons. — "  That  A.  Van  Tienhoven,  November  5. 
S.  Boyer  and  D.  Dars,  in  the  service  of  the  West  India  Com-  certificates 
pany,  have  expressly  forbidden  a  Swedish  lieutenant,  in  the  °^^^^^^l^^ 
name  of  their  lords  and  masters,  &c.,  to  obstruct  us  in  build- 
ing on  Mastmakers'  Point,  on  Schuylkill,  on  South  River, 
when  the  lieutenant  replied  that  he  had  nothing  to  do  with 
our  government,  that  he  followed  his  instructions  which  he 
had  received  from  his  government ;  to  which  they  replied, 
that  he  would  be  responsible  if  any  mishap  arose,   or  any 
blood  be  spilled;  on  which  the  lieutenant  commanded  his 
men  to  destroy  the  building,  which  they  executed  by  force, 
and  scattered  it  in  fragments  on  the  ground." 

Another  certificate. — "That  we  were,  on  the  4th  Novem-  November 6. 
ber,  on  Schuylkill,  at  Ft>rt  Beversrede,  and  assisted  at  Mast- 
makers'  Point ;  when  engaged  in  this  work,  we  were  met  by 
Swen  Schute,  lieutenant-commandant,  in  behalf  of  the  Swe- 
dish crown,  and  commanded  by  Swedish  governor,  John 
Printz,  who  first  forbade  us  to  go  on,  and  then  stopped  us  by 
force  of  arms.   Nevertheless,  he  relented,  on  the  intercession 


106 

1648. 


Certificates 
of  Bevers- 
rede  affair. 


November  7. 


nudde's  let- 
ter and  pro- 
test to  Gov. 
Printz.  Re- 
presents the 
causes  of  his 
complaint. 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  S^VEDES. 

of  Tienhoven  and  Boyer,  till  tliey  might  receive  further 
orders,  -^vhicli  they  obtained  at  night  from  Hudde ;  when  said 
Lieutenant  Swen  Schute  warned  us,  at  sunrise  in  the  morning 
of  the  5th,  that  he  received  positive  orders  from  Governor 
John  Printz,  to  destroy  the  work  which  we  constructed,  when 
he,  with  his  men,  drew  their  swords  and  marched  thither.  On 
this  unbecoming  hostility,  we  followed  their  steps,  till  we 
reached  the  spot  where  the  building  was  raised ;  there  the 
lieutenant  commanded  his  men  to  destroy  the  building,  not- 
withstanding our  remonstrances  and  request  that  he  would 
desist,  whereas,  as  he  acknowledged  their  High  Mightinesses 
were  in  negotiation  with  the  crown  of  Sweden  on  this  subject, 
when  he  proudly  answered  that  he  was  commanded  by  his 
government  that  he  ought  not  permit  a  single  post  to  be  fixed 
in  the  ground  in  the  name  of  their  High  Mightinesses,  but 
that  he  should  destroy  all  which  was  attempted,  and  do  so 
without  delay ;  whereon  they  directly  using  their  swords  in 
lieu  of  axes,  broke  the  building  in  pieces,  notwithstanding  we 
showed  them  the  orders  of  the  director-general,  P.  Stuyvesant, 
with  our  solemn  protest  before  God  and  men ;  that  we  and 
ours  were  innocent  of  all  mischief  which  might  follow  such  a 
violent  act ;  at  which  the  aforesaid  Lieutenant  Schute  replied, 
that  Commissary  Hudde  'was  a  villain  and  a  rascal,'  that  he 
cared  nothing  about  our  government,  and  only  executed  the 
orders  of  the  government ;  on  which  calumny  Boyer  retorted 
to  Schute,  'You  must  be  a  villain  yourself;  do  not  slander  a 
man,  or  do  it  in  his  ptresence,  that  he  may  defend  himself.' 
Although  this  was  just,  nevertheless  the  above-said  Schute 
grasped  the  hair  of  Boyer,  but  there  further  mischief  was 
prevented."^ 

In  view  of  these  things,  Hudde,  the  commissary,  addresses 
to  Governor  Printz  the  following  pacific  lettei',  from  Fort 
Nassau : 

"  Noble  honourable  lord,  John  Printz — Whereas,  by  a  com- 
mission issued  by  our  honourable  director-general,  Peter 
Stuyvesant,  to  Simon  Root,  Peter  Harmansen,  and  Cornelius 
Mauntz,  to  build  on  the  Mastmakers'  Point ;  the  said  Simon 
Root,  by  virtue  of  it,  commenced  raising  a  house  on  the  4th 
of  this  month,  which,  by  your  commander's  orders,  has  been 
obstructed  by  violence,  notwithstanding  our  earnest  entreaties 
and  remonstrances,  that  allies  ought  not  to  act  in  this  manner 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  v.  p.  6. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  107 

against  one  another,  but  rather,  as  it  was  their  duty,  and  1648. 
becoming,  to  negotiate  and  discuss  together,  in  a  friendly  '"^'^  ' 
manner,  if  any  business  existed  on  which  they  disagreed, 
leaving  it  rather,  in  the  last  resort,  to  our  sovereign  masters, 
to  settle  such  points  in  dispute ;  on  which  kind  address  your 
officer  for  a  while  seemed  to  abandon  his  plan,  and  to  ac- 
quiesce in  our  kind  proposals,  but  this  condescension  did  not 
last  long.  On  the  5th,  with  the  rising  sun,  your  officer  again 
appeared,  and  warned  A.  Boyer  and  Ad.  Van  Tienhoven  that 
he  received  orders  to  destroy  the  building  aforesaid,  Avhich 
threatening  he  instantly  executed,  destroying  the  whole,  and 
using  the  most  contemptuous,  villifying  language  against 
those  who  executed  only  their  master's  commands ;  which 
conduct  must  alienate  the  minds,  and  foster  bitterness  and 
rancor,  in  lieu  of  conciliating  animosities  between  neighbours, 
who  ought  to  live  in  amity  and  peace,  as  we  have  always 
been  inclined  to  do ;  and  to  avoid  with  care,  whatever  might 
disturb  our  harmony,  although  too  often  opportunities  oflfered 
us  to  indulge  such  propensities,  if  we  had  not  been  averse  to 
such  conduct ;  but  even  our  good  intentions  have  been  mis- 
interpreted :  on  which  insolent  assault  on  the  authority  of 
their  high  and  mighty  lords,  and  that  of  his  serene  highness, 
the  Prince  of  Orange,  with  that  of  the  honourable  director 
and  council,  with  destruction  of  the  mutual  harmony  and 
friendship,  we  are  compelled  to  insert  our  protest,  declaring 
ourselves,  before  God  and  the  world,  innocent  of  the  conse- 
quences which  may  result  from  such  irregular  and  hostile 
proceedings,  and  solemnly  declare  that  we  have  nothing  else 
in  view  than  to  cultivate  a  good  understanding  with  our 
neighbours,  which  we  are  yet  willing  to  renew ;  while  we 
remain  your  honour's  good  friend,  A.  Hudde."^ 

Secretary  Van  Tienhoven  writes  to  Governor  Stuyvesant,  ^°^-  ^• 
from  Fort  Beversrede,  detailing  the  situation  of  things  there, 
and  urging  his  personal  presence,  as  follows : 

•  Albany  Records,  vol.  v.  p.  10 ;  also  Hiulde's  Report,  in  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll 
vol.  i.  N.  S.,  p.  442,  wliere  the  translation  differs  somewhat  from  the  above. 
It  is  here  dated  September  7,  which  appears  to  be  an  error.  See  note  in 
O'Call.  vol.  ii.  p.  83.  There  is  on  the  record  a  transposition  of  parts  of  the 
above,  which  renders  it  a  little  difficult  to  ascertain  its  meaning.  Here  closes 
the  translation  of  Hudde's  Report,  so  often  referred  to;  it  is  rather  a  confused 
document,  commencing  with  a  profession  to  give  the  condition  of  things  up  to 
1645,  and  yet  embraces  events  in  1648.  A  minute  of  council,  in  1G4S,  Sep- 
tember 9,  notices  the  propo.«ition  to  read  the  Report  of  A.  Hudde.  It  is  gene- 
rally considered  imperfect,  but  valuable  for  its  many  facts. 


108 

1648. 


Letter  from 
TienhoTcn 
to  Stuyve- 
eant,  detail- 
ing proceed- 
ings of 
Swedes  at 
Beversrede, 
and  state  of 
trade  with 
Indians. 
Director's 
presence  re- 
quired. 
Houses 
pulled  down 
when  erect- 


High  price 
of  beaver. 
Measure  by 
the  longest 
Indians. 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

"  It  would  be  a  very  desirable  thing  that  you  could  take 
resolution  to  come  on  here  in  person,  to  examine  the  situation 
of  the  South  River,  because  the  Swedes  do  here  what  they 
please.  The  block-house  which  they  built  on  Beversrede  is 
the  most  insulting  affront  to  the  directors  of  the  general  pri- 
vileged West  India  Company  which  could  be  inflicted,  as 
they  built  it  about  12  or  13  feet  distance  only  from  our  palli- 
sades,  by  which  we  are  entirely  excluded  from  the  sight  of 
the  water  on  the  kill ;  and  occupied  besides  all  the  land 
around  the  fort,  so  that  there  is  not  so  much  left  by  the  fort 
as  to  make  a  small  garden  in  the  spring.  It  is  unbecoming 
that  they  should  be  permitted  to  do  so,  and  therefore  we  are 
confident  that  his  honour,  the  director,  should  move  in  it. 
Simon  Root  made  a  beginning  for  building  his  house,  but  it 
was  soon  destroyed  by  the  Swedes,  by  force  and  violence. 
We  asked  again  the  Swedish  lieutenant  by  what  authority  he 
acted,  when  he  showed  us  the  orders  of  his  governor,  in 
which  he  directed  that  he  ought  not  to  permit  one  single  post 
to  be  placed  in  the  ground  by  the  orders  of  the  high  and 
mighty  lords ;  neither  should  he  permit  any  timber  to  be 
brought  on  shore,  and  so  it  happens,  that  the  building  of 
Simon  Root  cannot  be  finished,  but  must  be  delayed  till  we 
shall  receive  your  further  orders.  But  you  may  expect  fur- 
ther information  from  Commissary  Hudde. 

"  What  regards  our  trade  with  the  Indians  on  this  river, 
and  the  Maquas,  this  cannot  cause  us  much  injury,  as  some 
of  the  chiefs  have  informed  us;  but  Ave  must  acknowledire 
that  we  wanted  a  greater  supply  of  merchandise,  as  will  ap- 
pear from  the  annexed  memoir.  They  continually  renew 
their  demand  for  powder  and  balls.  What  further  respects 
our  commerce  here,  this  is  nearly  spoiled,  as  we  are  compelled 
to  give  two  fathoms  white  and  one  of  black  seawant  for  one 
beaver ;  one  fathom  of  cloth  for  two  beavers ;  every  fathom 
of  seawant  amounts  to  three  ells,  sometimes  one-sixteenth 
less,  so  that,  in  my  opinion,  this  barter  is  rather  too  much 
against  us,  as  the  Indians  always  take  the  largest  and  tallest 
among  them  to  trade  with  us."^ 

Under  the  year  1634  we  have  already  given  the  docu- 
mentary evidence  of  the  claim  by  Sir  Edmund  Plowden,  to  a 
large  district  of  country  on  and  around  our  river.  This  year 
there  appeared  in  England  a  very  curious  book,   entitled 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  v.  pp.  10,  11.     Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  57,  58. 


PETER  STUYVESA^'T,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  109 

"Description  of  New  Albion,"  &c.,  by  a  certain  Beauchamp     1643. 
Plantagenet.     The  only  copy  of  this  rare  work  that  we  know    ""    '    ' 
of,  is  in  possession  of  our  Philadelphia  Library  Company. 
It  has,  however,  been   reprinted  in    the  collection  of   rare  Description 
and  curious  tracts,  by  Peter  Force,  Esq.,  of  Washington.    It  ^Lnlppears, 
is,  we  believe,  generally  supposed  that  the  author,  under  an  by  Beau- 
assumed  name,  is  either  the  earl  himself,  or  some  person  em-  tagenet. 
ployed  by  him  to  write  it.    After  a  very  laudatory  dedicatory 
letter  addressed  to  the  earl,  and  preface,  follow  various  chap- 
ters tracing  the  earl's  pedigree  through  a  long  line  of  knights, 
earls  palatine,  &c.,  showing  the  title  of  the  king,  and  his 
right  to  make  the  grant ;  a  description  of  the  country  ;  a 
long  letter  from  Master  Robert  Evelin,  who  is  said  to  have 
resided  here  several  years,  and  various  other  matters :  from 
all  which  have  been  derived  the  greater  part  of  what  is  said 
by  later  Avriters  respecting  this  strange  subject.    It  is  deemed 
unnecessary  for  us  to  attempt  to  throw  much  light  upon  so 
obscure  a  matter,  on  which  so  much  has  been  written.    After 
giving  some  extracts  from  early  records,  we  shall  refer  those 
who  have  any  curiosity  to  know  more  about  it,  to  the  writings 
of  several  persons  who  have  felt  some  interest  in  it,  and 
communicated  all  that  can  be  probably  known  about  it. 

That  there  was  such  a  person,  or  one  who  passed  by  that  sir  Edmund 
name,  as   Sir  Edmund  Plowden,   in  this   country,   appears  fj[|7w^t^ 
abundantly  proved  by  repeated  references  to  him  about  the 
time,  as  well  as  to  his  scheme. 

Lord  Baltimore,  in  1685,  before  the  committee  of  trade,  saiisupthe 
&c.,  "  gives  their  lordships  an  account,  that  in  the  year  1642,  ^''^^'^^'^''• 
one  Ployden  sailed  up  Delaware  River."^ 

In  the  Albany  Records,  in  1644,  are  recorded  the  two  fol-  Certificates 
lowing  certificates,  apparently  fragments,  there  inserted,  but  ^s^j^tere°«:t 
unconnected  with  any  other  matter,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  ia  vessels. 
ascertain  why  they  were  given. 

"  I,  Peter  Jansen,  old  about  22  years,  declare,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Mr.  Moore,  that  he,  being  in  1643,  on  the  River 
Rappahannock,  in  Virginia,  heard  one  Mr.  Middeler  say  that 
the  bark  now  belonging  to  Peter  Laurents  and  Mr.  Throck- 
morton, on  which  then  Mr.  Middeler  Avas  skipper,  was  the 
property  of  Sir  Edmund  Ployden,  knight,  viz.  the  half  of 
the  bark,  and  2  hogsheads  of  flour,  freighted  on  account  of 

'  Votes  of  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  vol.  i.  p.  xvii. 
E 


110  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1648.     said  knight,   all   wliicli   they   would   confirm  by    a    solemn 
" — ' — '     oath.^  Peter  Jansen." 

"Appeared  before  me,  Cornelius  Tienhoven,  secretary  in 
New  Netherland,  Richard  Olossen,  (?)  who  declared,  at  the 
request  of  Mr.  Edward  Moore,  which  he  is  willing  to  sanction 
with  a  solemn  oath,  that  in  1643,  Sir  Edmund  Ployden, 
knight,  residing  in  Virginia,  bought  in  Jiihetan,  (?)  of  Philip 
White,  the  half  of  the  bark  which  is  now  owned  by  Peter 
Laurents  and  Mr.  Throckmorton,  besides  2  hogsheads  with 
flour ;  all  which  they  declared  to  be  true.  Done  7th  July, 
1644,  in  Fort  Amsterdam,  in  New  Netherland. 

Richard  Olessen."^  (?) 
Winthrop,  in  his  journal,  says,  in  1648,  "  that  here,  (Bos- 
He  arrives     ton,)  arrived  one   Sir  Edmund  Plowden,  who  had  been  in 
m  Boston,     yij-gi^ia  about  seven  years.     lie  came  first  with  a  patent  of 
a  county  palatine  for  Delaware  Bay,  but  wanting  a  pilot  for 
that  place,  he  went  over  to  Virginia,  and  there  having  lost 
the  estate  he  brought  over,  and  all  his  people  scattered  from 
him,  he  came  hither  to  return  to  England  for  supply,  intend- 
ing to  return  and  plant  Delaware,  if  he  could  get  sufiicient 
strength  to  dispossess  the  Swedes."^ 

In  a  Dutch  work,  published  in  1650,  it  is  said,  "  "We  must 

Notice  of  Sir  HOW  pass  to  the  South  River,  called  by  the  English,  Delaware 

Edmund  by    Bay.     We  cannot  omit  to  say  that  there  has  been  here,  (New 

Dutch  work.  Netherlands,)  both  in  the  time  of  Director  Kieft,  and  in  that 

of  General  Stuyvesant,  a  certain    Englishman,  who  called 

himself  Sir  Edward  Plowden,  with  the  title  of  earl  palatine 

of  New  Albion,  who  claimed  that  the  land  on  the  west  side 

of  the  North  River  to  Virginia,  was   his,  by  gift  of  King 

James,  of  England,  but  he  said  he  did  not  wish  to  have  any 

strife  with  the  Dutch,  though  he  was  very  much  piqued  at 

the   Swedish  governor,  John  Printz,  at  the  South  River,  on 

account  of  some  afii'ont  given  him,  too  long  to  relate.     He 

said  that  when  an  opportunity  should  offer,  he  would  go  there 

and  take  possession  of  the  river.     In  short,  it  amounts  to 

this,  according  to  the  claims  of  the  English,  that  there  is 

nothing  left  for  the  subjects  of  their  High  Mightinesses."'^ 

In  the  journal  of  Heermans,  who  was  sent  to  Maryland 

1  Albany  Records,  vol;  iii.  p.  224.  "  Ibid.  p.  224. 

3  Winthrop,  vol.  ii.  p.  325. 

1  Vertoogh  von  N.  Nederland,  translated  by  Hon.  Mr.  Murphy,  for  a  forth 
coming  vol.  ii.  N.  S.  of  N.  Y.  Hi.?t.  Soc.  Memoirs,  with  the  perusal  of  which 
we  have  been  politely  favoured  by  the  librarian,  in  advance,  p.  324. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIIIECTOR-GENERAL.  Ill 

in  1659,  with  others,  on  a  mission,  he  says,  "tliat  Edaiund     1648. 
Plowden  made,  in  former  days,  a  claim  on  Delaware  Bay,     "'"'''    ' 
and  that  the  one  pretension  had  not  been  better  supported 
than  the  other,"^  (alluding  to  claim  by  Maryland  ;)  and  again,  Notice  of 
in  their  declaration,  they  say  to  Lord  Baltimore,  that  he  has  H^^l^ans 
not  so  much  title  "as  Sir  Edmund  Plowden,  who  then,  in  andWai- 
former  time,  would  make  us  believe  he  hath  unto,  when  it 
afterwards  did  prove,  and  was  found  out  he  only  subreptiff 
and  obreptiff  hath  something  obtained  to  that  purpose,  which 
was  invalid."^ 

In  the  same  journal,  it  is  stated,  "  that  Plowden  had  not 
obtained  a  commission,  and  was  thrown  in  jail,  in  England, 
for  his  debts.  He  (Lord  Baltimore)  acknowledged,  however, 
that  Plowden  solicited  from  the  king  a  patent  of  Novum  Al- 
bion, which  was  refused,  whereupon  he  addressed  himself  to 
the  Viceroy  of  Ireland,  from  whom  he  obtained  a  patent,  but 
it  was  of  no  value  at  all."^ 

It  will  thus  be  seen,  that  even  at  that  early  day,  the  pro- 
ceedings and  claim  of  the  earl  were  viewed  with  suspicion 
and  distrust. 

We  will  now  refer  to  some  of  the  late  writers  relative  to  opinions  of 
the  subject;  and  first,  to  "an  examina.tion  of  Beauchamp 
Plantagenet's  description,"  &c.,  by  John  Penington,  published 
in  part  i.  of  volume  iv.  of  Memoirs  of  the  Historical  Society 
of  Pennsylvania,  pp.  134  to  165,  1840,  who  has  entered  more 
fully  into  the  consideration  of  this  claim  than  perhaps,  and  prior 
to,  any  other.  It  is  designated  by  a  distinguished  writer  of 
New  Jersey,*  as  "  a  very  caustic  and  shrewd  examination  of 
Plantagenet's  pamphlet,"  and  "would  seem  to  prove  that 
the  whole  story,  with  the  embellishments  of  Evelyn,  was  a 
mere  speculative  trick,  somewhat  akin  in  design  to  the  fair 
lithograph  maps  of  city  lots,  primeval  forests  or  unreclaimed 
marshes,  which  we  have  seen  in  our  day  exhibited  to  invite 
settlers  and  purchasers  to  the  new  El  Dorado."^ 

In  the  London  Gentleman's  Magazine,  volume  xiv.  N.  S., 
for  August,  1840,  p.  164,  an  English  writer  reviews  Mr.  Pen- 
ington's  examination,  and  takes  an  opposite  view  of  the  sub- 
ject, and  endeavours  to  prove  its  reality,  by  showing,  from 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xviii.  p.  349,  &c. 

2  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  vol.  iii.  p.  379.  Declaration  of  Heermans  and  Wal- 
dron,  from  Md.  Records,  furnished  by  Bozman. 

3  Albany  Records,  vol.  xviii.  p.  369,  quoted  in  Murphy's  Notes  to  Vertoogh. 

4  King's  Address  before  N.  J.  Hist.  Soc.  1845.  «  Ibid. 


112 


JOHN  PPJNTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1648. 


General  re- 
sult.   No 
trace  of  a 
settlement. 


Burke's  History  of  the  Commons,  volume  iii.  p.  250,  tlie 
regular  lineage  of  the  earl,  and  that  in  a  will  of  the  cele- 
brated lawyer,  Serjeant  Plowden,  our  knight  is  identified  as 
"  Sir  Edmund  Plowden,  earl  palatine,  governor  and  captain- 
general  of  the  province  of  New  Albion,  in  America;"  the 
will  is  dated  July  29,  1655.  He  sums  up  his  argument  by 
saying,  "it  is  clear  to  us  that  the  pamphlet  was  issued  with 
the  consent,  and  probably  at  the  procuration  and  charges  of 
Sir  Edmund  Plowden  ;  that  he  had  actually  obtained  a  patent 
under  the  seal  of  England  or  Ireland ;  considers  it  as  analo- 
gous to  that  of  Lord  Baltimore,  which  may  have  served  as  a 
precedent  for  the  language,  and  that  Sir  Edmund  was  pre- 
vented from  taking  possession  of  his  principality  by  the  pre- 
vious occupation  of  a  colony  of  Swedes  and  Dutch."  He 
admits  the  name  of  Plantagenet  to  be  fictitious,  but  the 
places  and  genealogy  real ;  clearly  identifies  Master  Evelyn 
as  second  son  of  R.  Evelyn,  of  Godstone ;  and  that  he  had 
resided  with  his  uncle  Young  for  several  years,  on  Delaware 
or  Charles  River,  and  died  in  the  West  Indies. 

Mr.  Mickle,  in  his  reminiscences  of  Gloucester,  and  Dr. 
Mulford,  in  his  History  of  New  Jersey,  have  both  devoted 
considerable  attention  to  the  subject,  especially  the  former, 
who  "  considers  the  attempt  to  erect  a  palatinate  on  the  De- 
laware as  real."  See  also  Whitehead's  East  Jersey,  C.  King's 
Address  before  New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  Bancroft's 
United  States,  Gordon's  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  Bar- 
ker's Sketches  of  Settlements  on  Delaware,  Smith's  New 
Jersey,  &c. 

In  a  note  by  honourable  Mr.  Murphy,  to  a  translation  of 
Vertoogh,^  before  referred  to,  he  enters  at  considerable  length 
into  a  consideration  of  the  claim  to  Long  Island  and  New 
Jersey,  and  communicates  some  facts  to  show  that  there  are 
still  existing  in  Maryland,  descendants  from  the  family  of 
Plowden. 

From  what  has  been  said  respecting  the  persons  and  grants, 
of  their  reality,  and  actual  presence  in  this  country,  it  is 
pretty  certain  that  no  positive  traces  of  the  settlement  are 
at  present  to  be  found,  whether  at  Pensaucken,  Salem,  or 
Fort  Eriwomec,  on  Long  Island,  in  Virginia,  or  Maryland  ; 
and  "  it  remains  for  the  researches  of  the  Historical  Society 
to  establish  where  their  settlement  was,  if  it  existed  at  all."- 

«  Vertoogh,  note,  page  323,  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  N.  S.  2  King. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  113 

1649. 
Peter  Stuyvesant  writes  to   Hudde  the  folio-wing  letter,  May  23. 
which  shows  the  further  encroachments  of  the  Swedes.     "  I  Letter  from 
saw  with  no  less  surprise  than  regret,  by  your  very  kind  let-  ^'"alddT* 
ter  of  19th  May,  the  bold  enterprises  of  the  Swedes  in  pur-  Purchases 
chasing  the  lands  all  around  the  company's  Fort  Nassau,  from  around  Fort 
which  we  cannot  prognosticate  any  good  to  the  company,  ^^^^^^^'^gg  ^f 
reflecting  on  their  former  impertinent  anticipations,  by  en-  uudde'spur- 

,.  111  111-  •  r»ii        chase  above 

croachmg  on  the  lands  purchased  and  m  possession  01  the  Fort  Nassau. 
company  on  the  Schuylkill ;  which  makes  me  fear  that  it  will 
not  stop  here,  and  what  I  shall  apply  as  a  remedy  I  do  not 
know  indeed,  but  you  may  see  from  the  enclosed  extract,  that 
even  our  limited  powers  were  further  circumscribed  by  parti- 
cular circumstances,  as  otherwise,  wherefore  we  cannot  but 
highly  approve  that  your  honour  purchased  all  the  lands 
above  the  fort,  and  are  very  well  pleased  with  it.  I  expect 
to  be  informed  by  your  next,  of  the  quantity  and  quality  of 
the  payment  due,  which,  if  these  had  been  specified  in  your 
last,  I  would  have  endeavoured  to  find  means  for  these  pay- 
ments, which  I  now  must  delay  till  your  further  orders." 

"  The  request  of  Thomas  Swen  and  other  freemen,  who  are 
residing  in  your  honour's  jurisdiction  and  that  of  the  West 
India  Company,  were  desiring  to  purchase  above  the  fort,  and 
to  move  thither  with  their  families,  and  I  cannot  discover  any 
reason  why  in  this  they  should  not  be  indulged ;  wherefore, 
as  soon  as  the  transfer  of  these  lands  shall  have  been  made 
to  your  honour  by  the  natives,  the  proprietors  of  the  soil, 
then  I  will  procure  them  letters-patent,  in  confirmation  of 
their  title." 

The  letter  then  speaks  of  "  the  plans  of  the  Swedes  to 
create  impediments  to  the  back  part  of  the  North  Eiver, 
above  the  fort,  and  to  cut  ofi"  our  intercourse  and  commerce 
with  Fort  Orange,"  and  continues,  "that  my  remonstrances 
against  the  sinister  views  of  the  Swedes,  and  my  sincere  de- 
sire to  prevent  these,  would  be  unacceptable,  never  struck  my 
mind,  because  I  presumed  that  you  were  principally  sent 
thither  for  the  purpose,  and  was  by  oath  and  duty  bound  to 
protect  and  maintain,  to  defend  the  rights  and  authority  of 
the  company,  by  all  honourable  and  equitable  means,  and  it 
is  my  express  command  that  you  will  continue,  as  you  did 
before,  to  follow  the  same  track.     I  can  believe,  at  the  same 


114  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1649.     time,  very  well,  from  my  own  experience,  that  there  is  some- 
"    '    '    thing  in  it,  as  we  ourselves  have,  for  similar  faithful  services, 
been  rebuked,  yea,  often  reproached  and  slandered,  even  by 
stuyvesant    thosc  who  might  havo  supported  us ;  nevertheless,  this  neither 
ratheT  '^'     ought  Or  shall  movo  us  to  act  and  serve  in  another  way,  as 
sharply.        ^fo  are  in  honour  and  duty  bound.     An  act  of  consent  and 
maintenance  shall  be  granted  to  freemen,  provided  that  they 
conduct  themselves  as  our  other  subjects,  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  our  sovereigns  and  patrons.     We  cannot  but 
approve,  as  good  and  expedient,  your  last  proposal  to  pur- 
chase all  the  land,  from  the  Xarratikon  kill  to  the  bay,  while 
Approves  of  the  savagcs  offer  it  for  sale,  and  by  this  others  might  be  pre- 
buy^iand  °    Vented  from  becoming  owners  ;  but  you  will  take  good  care, 
from  Narra-  ^^^^^^  jj^  ^he  transfer,  the  usual  circumstances  and  solemnities 

tikon  to  the  i  i  • 

tay.  are  observed,  and  that  these  are  well  and  correctly  written, 

and  signed  by  as  many  as  can  be  obtained,  viz.  Christians 
who  are  not  in  the  service  of  the  company."^ 

The  foregoing  letter  follows  an  explanation,  by  Hudde, 
Explanation  dated  May  16,  1662,  of  a  patent,  and  is   certified,   by  W. 
Hudde,  of     Beekman,  to  be  a  correct  copy  of  the  original.    The  explana- 
TOMected''^  tion  seems  to  be  a  history  of  some  events  which  occurred  in 
withthepur-  tl^jg  Or  the  preceding  year.    It  begins  by  saying,  "  It  is  then  so, 
lands  above    sir,  that  Thomas  Swen,  (or  Broen,)  having  obtained,  in  1648, 
Port  Nassau.  ^^^^  ^-^q  director-gcncral,  an  act  of  consent  that  he  might 
take  possession  of  the  Mantes  Come?-,  being  a  spot  about 
half  a  mile  below  the  destroyed  Fort  Nassau,   and  reside 
there  ;  which  act  the  aforesaid  Thomas  Swen  communicated 
to  Johan  Printz,  (former  Swedish  governor,)  and  solicited  his 
assistance  in  constructing  his  building,  and  otherwise,  which 
was  promised  him  by  said  Printz,  but  in  lieu  of  assisting,  the 
aforesaid  Mantes   Corner,   with  the  adjoining  lands  down- 
wards, were  actually  purchased  by  his  honour,  and  a  post, 
with  the  arms  of  the  crown,  erected  upon  it,  by  which  the 
possession  of  the  aforesaid  Broen"^  was  prevented.    Acrelius 
says,  these  lands  extended  from  Mantua's  Hook  to  Narrati- 
kon,  now  Raccoon  River,  Avhich  Printz  purchased,  upon  dis- 
covering the  designs  of  the  Dutch.     He  offered  to  Broen  the 
privilege  of  settling  there  under  the  Swedish  jurisdiction." 
This  transaction  is  placed  by  Acrelius  under  1646,  which 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  273,  and  vol.  xii.  p.  526. 

2  Ibid.  vol.  xvii.  p.  271,  Hudde's  Explanation. 

3  Acrelius,  p.  411. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  115 

must  be  an  error,  as  Stuyvesant  was  not  then  in  the  country.^  1649. 
This  explanation  continues,  "And  whereas  the  aforesaid  "  '  ' 
honourable  Printz  endeavoured  to  purchase  the  lands  at  the 
east  side,  above  the  aforesaid  Fort  Nassau,  so  far  as  Mesche- 
kesuins,^  for  which  end  he  made  great  efforts  among  the 
savages,  but  whom  he  could  not  persuade  to  second  his  views. 
In  the  meanwhile,  a  warning  was  given  by  the  savages,  of 
the  intention  of  the  honourable  Printz,  as  also  by  the  free- 
men residing  on  the  river,  who  owed  allegiance  to  the  West 
India  Company,  who  too  complained,  that  as  John  Printz 
pretended  a  right  on  the  whole  right  side,  and  actually  took 
possession  of  a  spot  of  about  50  feet  square,  on  the  Schuyl- 
kill, which  was  in  possession  of  our  nation,  and  without  these 
precincts  no  one  dared  to  cultivate  one  single  foot  of  land, 
or  it  was  ruined  by  the  Swedes,  except  as  in  so  far  they  were 
tolerated,  and  so  protested  by  said  Printz,  succeeded  in  pur- 
chasing the  river  side  to  the  east ;  then  they  would  be  locked 
up  so  much  within  these  parts  of  the  Schuylkill,  that  they 
must  be  induced  to  abandon  it  too,  when  finally,  nothing 
should  be  left  them  remaining  except  the  corner  on  which 
Fort  Nassau  was,  which  place  being  of  little  use,  if  any, 
would  not  be  inhabited  by  any  individuals  ;  neither  would  the 
beaver  or  free  merchants,  coming  from  the  Manhattans,  ob- 
tain from  the  savages  one  single  beaver,  but  be  compelled,  if 
they  would  navigate  the  river  and  trade  in  it,  to  trade  with 
the  honourable  Printz,  which  trade  in  beaver  with  the  savages 
at  present  amounts  to  thirty,  forty,  and  more  thousand  bea-  Vaiue  of 
vers,  during  a  single  trading  season.  They  would  be  com-  ^ers_ 
polled  to  abandon  entirely  their  trade  on  the  rivei',  and  lose 
the  prospect  of  obtaining  any  compensation  for  their  expenses ; 
and  while  the  aforesaid  honourable  Printz  urged  the  savages 
to  gratify  him  in  this  respect,  and  they  no  longer  could  find 
any  excuses  to  keep  him  any  longer  in  suspense,  they  pro- 
tested that  if  we,  by  this  negotiation,  were  compelled  to 
abandon  the  river,  it  should  not  be  through  their  fault ;  that 
they  were  ready  to  sell  the  land  above  Fort  Nassau,  on  which 
the  free  merchants  solicited,  whereas,  as  observed,  this  affair 
would  not  admit  any  further  delay,  and  through  the  urgent 

'  OCall.  vol.  ii.  p.  165,  note. 

2  Vertoogli,  p.  283,  speaks  of  a  place,  "  Maglicliacliansie,  near  the  Sanki- 
kans,"  which  may  be  the  same  as  the  above.  Campanius  speaks  of  Mecha- 
kanzijaa,  or  Mecliaiisia  Sippus,  on  the  Jersey  side,  probably  Crosswick's  Creek. 
Murphy,  Campanius,  p.  S3. 


IIQ  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1649.  and  importunate  entreaties  of  the  aforesaid  Governor  Printz, 
" — ' — '  to  avoid  or  prevent  any  further  losses  which  otherwise  might 
become  unavoidable,  that  I  should  resolve  to  purchase  the 
offered  lands  in  behalf  of  the  company.  But  as  this  was  be- 
yond my  power,  by  want  of  means,  so  they  offered  to  take 
their  payment  in  cargoes,  and  requested  to  be  permitted  to 
purchase  these,  under  the  declaration  made  on  the  6th  April, 
1649,  that  they  were  willing  to  transfer  the  whole  of  their 
lands  to  the  company,  "when  the  money  advanced  by  them 
should  have  been  returned,  and  that  then  they  should  have  the 
preference  in  the  choice  of  the  lands,  on  which  they  were 
then  residing,  and  become  the  legal  proprietors  of  them,  by 
'  a  transfer  of  the  company  on  their  behalf,  and  as  we  had  no 

distant  prospect,  or  any  other  more  favourable  issue,  and  the 
case  did  not  admit  any  other  delay,  so  I  was  compelled  to 
comply  with  their  proposal  and  request ;  and  as  they  further 
solicited  that  I  would  contribute  my  share  into  it,  so  did  I 
deem  it  a  duty  to  comply  -with  their  -wishes,  as  I  could  not 
perceive  that  it  might  be,  in  any  respect,  injurious  to  the 
company.  The  persons  who  purchased  the  lands  on  the 
aforesaid  conditions,  and  whose  names  were  expressed  in  the 
Names  of  Icttcrs-patcnt,  were  Simon  Root,  Cornelius  Mauntsen,  Peter 
reJtTd'iir'^*  Harmons,  Andreas  Hudde,  Sander  Boyer,  and  David  Davit- 
purehase.  gen,  but  Comelius  Mauntsen  transferred  his  claim  to  Harmen 
Jansen,  which  aforesaid  persons,  except  Andreas  Hudde  and 
David  Davitsen,  went  directly  thither,  and  purchased  the 
lands  at  the  east  and  west  side ;  of  which  purchase,  and  the 
names  of  the  lands,  further  cognisance  may  be  taken  from 
the  letters-patent  and  transfers  which  were  then  made  of  it, 
and  which  have  been  deposited  in  the  secretary's  office  in 
New  Amsterdam,  so  too  the  names  of  the  chiefs  and  sellers ; 
of  all  which  I  directly  despatched  a  messenger  to  his  honour, 
and  informed  him  of  every  thing  which  has  occurred,  of  all 
which,  with  his  honour's  answer,  I  endorsed  a  copy  on  7th 
September,  1651,  which  I  then  transmitted ;  and  whereas, 
this  business  remained  in  the  same  situation,  without  any 
thing  further  being  done  in  it,  so  is  it  that  the  purchasers 
solicited  and  renewed  their  requests  more  than  once,  that  the 
transfers,  for  their  security,  might  be  made  to  them,  to  which 
I  never  could  resolve,  as  it  was  my  opinion  that  these  letters- 
patent  were  not  at  all  concerned  in  this  transaction,  and  that 
sooner  or  later  their  advances  should  be  reimbursed  to  them: 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  117 

at  Avhidi  they  at  last,  as  tliej  could  obtain  the  original,  re-  1649. 
quested  that  it  might  be  permitted  to  each  of  them  indivi-  '  '  ' 
dually  to  obtain  a  particular  act,  signed  by  the  savages ;  to 
■which  I  answered,  they  might  do  in  this  as  they  deemed  pro- 
per, pro\dded  no  infraction  was  attempted  of  this  transaction, 
in  conformity  to  the  aforesaid  conditions,  viz.  at  the  final 
disposal  of  the  company.  Thus  it  remained  without  any  fur- 
ther consequences  till  1655,  when,  by  orders  of  the  director- 
general,  a  special  valuation  of  the  amount  of  the  purchase- 
money  was  delivered  to  Cornelius  Tienhoven,  at  that  time 
attorney-general,  on  which  it  followed  among  others."^ 

"  Lieutenant  Swen  Schute,  with  his  men  fully  armed,  not- 
withstanding the  friendly  remonstrance  and  just  protestation  Further  hos- 
of  the  Dutch,  destroyed,  with  forcible  hands,  the  materials  the  swedes 
brought  on  the  Mastmakers'  Point  for  building,  and  ruined  towards  the 
altogether  the  foundation  logs  that  were  laid,"  and  Cornelius  schuj-ikiu. 
Maunsen  was  compelled  by  them  to  move  from  the  Mast- 
makers'  Point,  although  being  on  the  ground  allotted  to  him 
by  legal  license  and  proper  authority.^ 

The  vessel  of  Juriaen  Plancke  was  forcibly   stopped  by  June. 
Governor  Printz,  and  prevented  from  continuing  her  voyage.  ^/^e^^\, 
She  was  called  the  "  Sea-horse."^  Printz. 

A  certain  Jacob  Loper  "  petitions  the  director-general  and 
council  for  permission  to  go  to  South  River  with  a  hired  juneu. 
barque  and  cargo,"  which  gave  rise  to  some  discussions  in  Petition  to 
that  body.     It  appears  he  had  married  the  daughter  of  Cor-  gp^^g^g^^^j^ 
nelius  Meylin,  "  who  had  summoned  the  director  and  council,  Rirer,  re- 
by  a  writ,  to  appear  in  the  Hague,  or  to  send  deputies  there,  ^^'^''  ' 
at  the  stated  date,  to  defend  the  judgment  against  Meylin." 
It  is  decided  against  the  petition,  one  member  in  favour  of 
it,  two  others  having  "some  scruples,"   and  the   director- 
general  deeming  it  "improper."'* 

The  following  correspondence  appears  to  have  taken  place 
between  Governor  Eaton,  of  New  Haven,  and  Governor  June  it. 
Stuyvesant,  after  the  arrival  of  the  latter.  It  relates  to  the 
injuries  received  by  the  English  from  Governor  Kieft,  against 
which  frequent  protests  had  been  made,  and  whether  the 
recognitions  at  Manhattans  were  to  be  enforced.  Stuyvesant 
appears  to  justify  the  course  of  Kieft,  supposing  that  he 
acted  upon  warrantable  grounds. 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  271.         3  Ibid. 

2  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  iii.  p.  59.  4  Albany  Records,  vol.  vii.  p.  246. 


118 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1649. 


T.  Eaton  to 
P.  Stuyre- 
sant,  inquir- 
ing what  is 
to  be,  in  fu- 
ture, expect- 
ed on  the 
subject  of 
duties,  &c. 


July  2. 

P.  Stuyve- 
8ant  to  T. 
Eaton.    In- 
tends to  fol- 
low the  or- 
ders of  his 
masters. 


August  2. 


"  The  commissioners,"  says  Eaton,  "  but  conceive  and  con- 
clude that  the  states  you  serve  will  approve  and  commend  a 
just  carriage  and  correspondence  towards  all  the  English 
colonies,  and  certainly  in  such  cases  of  righteousness,  the 
state  of  England  will  desist,  and  walk  with  them.  We  have 
formerly  protested  against  Monsieur  Kieft's  injurious  course 
at  Delaware,  and  also  when,  as  you  have  been  informed,  our 
rights  there,  as  well  known,  not  only  to  the  English  but  to 
the  Dutch,  and  Swedes,  and  Indians.  We  never  claimed, 
nor  do  we  desire  to  possess  a  foot  of  land  to  which  you  can 
show  any  just  title,  but  we  may  neither  lose  nor  let  fall  the 
English  interests  and  claims  in  and  to  what  we  have  pur- 
chased and  paid  for  in  those  parts.  *  *  *  But  I  wish  to  be 
further  certified,  whether,  on  their  trading  at  the  Manhattans, 
or  on  their  passing  by,  to  and  from  Delaware,  Virginia,  &c., 
we  may  expect  a  full  freedom  from  all  recognitions,  imposi- 
tions, and  charges,  by  what  name  soever  called,  both  for 
goods  imported  and  exported,  or  what  duties,  restraints,  or 
confiscations  they  must  pay  and  submit  to,  and  upon  what 
grounds,  that  the  merchant  going  his  ways  may  walk  safely, 
and  the  commissioners  may  order  their  counsels  and  courses 
accordingly,  as  they  write  to  you  from  Plymouth,  Septem- 
ber 26,  1648.     Yours,  in  all  offices  of  love, 

"  Theo.  Eaton."! 

Governor  Stuyvesant  replies,  "  Concerning  your  protests 
against  my  predecessor.  Monsieur  Kieft,  about  some  passages 
at  the  South  River,  called  Delaware,  I  doubt  not  but  what  he 
did  was  upon  warranted  grounds,  and  made  you  a  sufficient 
answer ;  but  concerning  our  right  there,  and  of  my  intentions 
of  maintaining  it,  I  have  always  written  to  the  governors  of 
the  Massachusetts  and  Plymouth,  who  I  suppose  will  ac- 
quaint the  commissioners  with  it. 

"  Whereas  you  write  to  me  concerning  your  countrymen's 
trading  here,  and  passing  to  and  from  Virginia  and  Dela- 
ware, &c.,  I  have  further  orders  from  my  sovereigns  and 
masters,  and  am  not  to  be  responsible  to  any  but  them,  nor 
regulated  by  any  but  them.     Your  assured  friend, 

"Peter  Stuyvesant."- 

At  a  meeting  of  the  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies, 
at  Boston,  the  inquiry  was  proposed,  by  Governor  Eaton,  on 

J  Albany  Records,  "Letters  iii  Peter  Stuyvesant's  time,"  1647  to  1664,  vol.  i. 
2  Ibid. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  119 

behalf  of  New  Haven,  "what  course  might  be  taken  for  the    1649. 
speedy  planting  of  Delaware  Bay ;  the  title  some  merchants    '    '    ' 
at  New  Haven  have,  by  purchase  from  the  Indians,  to  con- 
siderable tracts   of  land  on   both   sides    of  this  river,  was  Proceedings 
opened,"  and  the  proceedings  of  the  commissioners  at  a  for-  coionils^oa* 
mer  meeting,  in  1643,  were  read  and  considered.    "  A  writing  settlement 
delivered  into  New  Haven  court,  by  Mr.  Leech,  concerning  °^  "  ^'^^^' 
the  healthfulness  of  the  place,  the  goodness  of  the  land, 
conveniency  of  the  lesser  rivers,  with  the   advantage   of  a 
well-ordered  trade  there,  was  also  perused.     The  commis- 
sioners with  the  premises,  considering  the  present  state  of  the 
colonies,  the  English,  in  most  plantations,  already  wanting 
hands  to  carry  on  their  necessary  occasions,  thought  fit  not 
to  send  forth  men  to  possess  and  plant  Delaware,  nor  by  any 
public  act  or  consent  to  encourage   or   allow  the  planting 
thereof;  and  if  any  shall  voluntarily  go   from  any  of  the 
colonies  to  Delaware,  and  shall,  without  leave  and  consent 
from  the  merchants  at  New  Haven,  sit  down  upon  any  part 
or  pai'ts  of  their  land  there,  or  in  any  other  respects  shall  be 
injurious  to  them  in  their  title  and  interest  there,  the  colonies 
will  neither  protect  nor  own  them  therein ;  the  New  Haven 
merchants  being,  notwithstanding,  left  to  their  just  liberty 
to  dispose,  improve,  or  plant  the  land  they  have  purchased  in 
those  parts,  or  any  part  thereof,  as  they  shall  see  cause.  "^ 

A  letter  was  written  by  the  commissioners  of  the  United  August  i6. 
Colonies  to  the  governor,  Stuyvesant,  on  various  subjects  of 
complaint;  among  others,  on  the  Delaware,  in  which  they 
say,  "  we  have  perused  what  by  way  of  answer  you  wrote 
the  governor  of  New  Haven,  concerning  Delaware  Bay.  We 
have  formerly  heard  and  considered  the  right  and  title  our 
confederates  of  New  Haven  have  to  sundry  tracts  or  parcels 
of  land  within  Delaware  Bay,  by  you  called  the  South  River, 
Avith  the  injuries  they  received  from  your  predecessor,  Mon- 
sieur Kieft,  in  anno  1643.  Mr.  Winthrop,  governor  of  the 
Massachusetts,  and  president  of  the  commissioners,  wrote  the 
apprehension  and  sense  the  commissioners  had  of  his  pro- 
ceedings, received  his  answer,  but  without  satisfaction  ;  our 
friends  of  New  Haven  will  neither  encroach  upon  your  limits, 
nor  any  way  disturb  your  peace,  but  they  may  not  let  fail 
the  English  right  and  interest  there.  "^ 

'  Hazard's  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  127.     Trumbuirs  Conn.  vol.  i.  p.  184.     Records 
of  the  United  Colonies.  2  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  13o. 


120 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


Sept.  23. 

Governor 
Stuyvesant 
arrives  at 
Hartford,  to 
meet  the 
commis- 
Bioners.  Cor- 
respondence 
witli  them. 
Agrees  to  a 
reference. 


Sept.  28. 
N.S. 

His  arbitra- 
tors, and 
commission 
to  them. 


English  ar- 
bitrators, 
and  their 
commisBion. 


1G50. 

After  various  solicitations  from  the  New  England  commis- 
sioners, Governor  Stuyvesant  concluded  to  meet  them  at 
Hartford,  where  he  accordingly  arrived,  and  opened  a  corre- 
spondence with  them  in  writing,  to  avoid  "  all  inconvenience 
from  speaking,"  which  was  for  some  days  continued,  chiefly 
in  relation  to  their  own  difficulties,  occasionally  touching  upon 
Delaware  affairs.  After  settling  as  many  points  in  this  way 
as  they  could,  others  presented  Avhich  could  only  be  arranged 
by  the  aid  of  disinterested  friends  of  each  party ;  an  arbi- 
tration was  therefore  mutually  agreed  upon,  Governor  Stuy- 
vesant, commissioned,  in  writing.  Captain  Thomas  Willett, 
and  Ensign  George  Baxter,  "  to  treat  and  agitate  with  the 
commissioners  of  the  United  English  Colonies,  giving  and 
granting  them  full  power  and  authority  to  join  with  other 
two,  deputed  by  the  English  commissioners,  and  with  them  to 
treat,  agitate,  and  examine  all  or  any  difference  betwixt  the 
two  nations  in  these  parts,  and  absolutely,  by  the  joint  con- 
currence of  the  other  two  deputies,  to  end  and  determine 
them,  according  as  they,  in  their  wisdom  and  integrity,  shall 
think  just  and  right,  with  power  to  enter  into  such  terms  of 
accord  for  provisional  limits,  and  league  of  love  and  union 
betwixt  the  two  nations  in  these  parts,  as  to  them  shall  seem 
expedient,  ratifying  and  confirming,  and  by  virtue  of  these 
presents,  will  stand  bound  to  ratify  and  confirm  whatever  my 
said  deputies  shall  agree  to  on  my  behalf,  according  to  such 
directions  and  instructions  as  we  have  given  them." 

The  New  England  commissioners,  on  their  part,  "  by  virtue 
of  letters-patent  granted  by  the  kings  of  Great  Britain,  under 
the  great  seal  of  England,  for  all  New  England  lying  in  that 
part  of  America,  from  north  latitude  of  40  to  48  degrees, 
and  according  to  the  confederation  formerly  made,  and  a  full 
power  this  year  given  by  the  four  general  courts  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts, Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  New  Haven,  to  the 
present  commissioners,  by  which  they  are  enabled  to  treat 
and  conclude  in  matters  of  public  concernment,  that  foi^mer 
and  late  grievances  betwixt  the  honoured  governors  or  agents 
for  the  High  and  Mighty  States  of  the  United  Belgic  Pro- 
vinces, in  such  parts  of  America  as  are  possessed  or  justly 
belonging  to  the  said  high  and  mighty,  &c.,  and  the  Eng- 
lish colonies,  may  be  duly  composed,  and  a  just  and  neigh- 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  121 

bourly  coiTespondency  settled.  Confiding  in  the  integrity  and  1650. 
sufficiency  of  our  worthy  friends,  Mr.  Symon  Bradstreet  and  '  '  ' 
Mr.  Thomas  Prence  have,  and  do  hereby  entreat  and  dele- 
gate them  to  agitate,  treat,  and  conclude  with  the  deputies 
appointed,  &c.,  by  Peter  Stuyvesant,  Esq.,  the  present 
honoured  governor  of  the  province  of  New  Nethevland,  to 
consider  and  compose  all  differences,  to  agree  and  conclude 
provisional  limits  in  all  places  where  there  is  a  question  of 
title  or  bounds,  a  course  for  ordering  or  returning  fugitives, 
and  settling  a  just  correspondency,  ratifying  and  by  these 
presents  confirming  what  our  said  deputies,  according  to 
directions  and  instructions  given,  shall  agree  and  conclude  in 
the  premises,  or  any  part  thereof." 

The  arbitrators,  being  t^ius  duly  commissioned,  met,  and  Sept.  29. 
'•  upon  a  serious  examination  and  consideration  of  the  parti- 
culars committed  to  reference,   delivered  in  their  award," 
from  which  we  extract  what  relates  to  our  subject. 

1.  "Upon   serious   consideration  of   the   differences   and  Award  of 

grievances  propounded  by  the  two  English  colonies  of  Con-  tors.^'^Gov!^ 

necticut  and  New  Haven,  and  the  answer  made  by  the  hon-  stuyvesant 

oured  Dutch  governor,  Peter  Stuyvesant,  Esq.,  according  to  ^^ith  proofs. 

the  trust  and  power   committed  unto  us  as   arbitrators  or  Afuiideci- 
.  .  .  ,     sion  IS  post- 

delegates  betwixt  the  jgaid  parties,  we  find  that  most  of  the  poned,  the 

offences  or  grievances  were  things  done  in  the  time,  and  by  ^^^^^^  ^g. 

the  order  and  command  of  Monsieur  William  JKieft,  the  for-  c^red  m 

,     ,  ,  ,  ,  .  Kieft's  time. 

mer  governor,  and  that  the  present  honoured  governor  is  not 
duly  prepared  to  make  answer  unto  them ;  we  therefore  think 
meet  to  respite  the  full  consideration  and  judgment  con- 
cerning them,  till  the  present  governor  may  acquaint  the 
High  and  Mighty  States  and  West  India  Company  with  the 
particulars,  that  so  due  reparation  may  accordingly  be  made. 

2,  "The  commissioners  for  New  Haven  complained  of  New  Haven 
several  high  and  hostile  injuries  which  they  and  others  of  errsute"'^" 
that  jurisdiction  have  received  from  and  by  order  of  the  their  griev- 
aforesaid  Monsieur  Kieft,  on  Delaware  Bay  and  River,  and  assert  their 
in  their  return  thence,  as  by  their  former  propositions  and  '■^s^ts  by 

1    •  n  ^1  I'l-ii-TiTi     purchase. 

complaints  may  more  luUy  appear;  and  besides  the  English 
right  claimed  by  patent,  presented  and  showed  several  pur- 
chases they  have  made  on  both  sides  the  river  and  bay  of 
Delaware,  of  several  large  tracts  of  land,  unto  and  somewhat 
above  the  Dutch  house  or  fort  there,  with  the  consideration 
given  to  the  said  sachems  and  their  companies  for  the  same, 

16  L 


122 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVEUNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1650. 


Amount  of 
their  dam- 
ages. 


Dutch  go- 
vernor as- 
serts his 
claim  to  the 
Delaware, 
though  not 
ready  to 
prove  it. 


Arbitrators 
refer  the 
final  decision 
to  England 
and  Uolland, 
leaving  both 
parties  to 
pursue  their 
interests  on 
Delaware  in 
love  and 
peace. 


Mardi  21. 


acknowledged  and  cleared  by  the  hands  of  the  Indians,  whom 
they  alBrm  were  the  true  proprietors,  testified  to  by  many  wit- 
nesses ;  they  also  affirmed,  that  according  to  their  apprehen- 
sions, they  have  sustained  £1000  damages,  partly  by  the 
Swedish  governor,  but  chiefly  by  order  from  Monsieur  Kieft, 
and  therefore  required  due  satisfaction,  and  a  peaceable  pos- 
session of  the  aforesaid  lands,  to  enjoy  and  improve  accord- 
ing to  their  just  right.  The  Dutch  governor,  by  way  of 
answer,  affirmed  and  asserted  the  right  and  title  to  Delaware, 
or  the  South  River,  as  they  call  it,  and  to  the  lands  there,  as 
belonging  to  the  High  and  Mighty  States  and  West  India  Com- 
pany, and  professed  he  must  protest  against  any  other  claim, 
but  is  not  provided  to  make  any  such  proofs  as  in  a  treaty 
might  be  expected,  nor  had  he  commission  to  treat  or  con- 
clude any  thing  therein ;  upon  consideration  whereof,  we  the 
said  arbitrators  or  delegates,  wanting  sufficient  right  to  issue 
and  determine  any  thing  in  the  premises,  are  necessitated  to 
leave  both  parties  in  statu  quo  prius,  to  plead  and  improve 
their  just  interests  at  Delaware,  for  planting  or  trading,  as 
they  shall  see  cause,  only  we  desire  that  all  proceedings 
there,  as  in  other  places,  may  be  carried  on  in  love  and 
peace,  till  the  right  may  be  further  considered  and  justly 
issued,  either  in  Europe  or  here,  by  the  two  states  of  Eng- 
land and  Holland."^ 

The  award  was  signed  by  the  four  arbitrators ;  and  the 
Dutch  governor,  in  the  presence  of  all  the  commissioners, 
and  on  the  pledge  of  his  arbitrators  as  security,  promised  to 
abide  by  their  decision. 

1651. 

The  following  extract  of  a  letter  from  the  directors  of  the 
West  India  Company,  in  Amsterdam,  to  Governor  Stuyve- 
sant,  shows  that  the  Dutch  were  endeavouring  to  fix  their 
boundaries  between  them  and  the  Swedes. 

"It  is  our  further  intention  to  apply  to  the  Queen  of  Swe- 
den,- to  try  if  we  might  succeed  to  determine  upon  the  limits 
between  us  and  the  Swedes,  in  regard  to  South  River.  Your 
honour  will,  in  the  mean  time,  endeavour  to  maintain  the 
rights  of  the  company,  in  all  justice  and  equity,  while  we 
again  recommend  that  your  honour  will  conduct  himself  with 

I  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  pp.  171,  172,  and  218,  where  the  whole  awai'd 
may  be  seen  at  length.  2  gi^e  was  crowned  last  year. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  123 

that  discretion  and  circumspection,  by  which  all  complaints,  1651. 
disputes,  and  coolness  between  friends  and  allies  may  be  " — • — ' 
avoided."  It  would  also  appear  that  it  had  been  intimated 
to  the  company  that  it  might  be  for  their  interest  to  have  no 
property  except  on  Manhattans,  as  they  say,  in  reply  to  a 
suggestion  to  that  effect,  "  nevertheless,  we  can  prove  to  have 
purchased  many  large  tracts  at  the  South  River. "^ 

An  application  was  made  by  New  Haven  to  Plymouth  junes. 
Colony,  for  aid  in  making  their  settlement  on  Delaware,  and  Plymouth 
declined,  as  appears  by  the  following  record:  "Whereas,  by  '"'^^""^^^'^ 

'  ^  ^  •'  ,  '^  '      -^    to  New  Ha- 

a  letter  from  New  Haven,  aid  by  them  was  requested  and  ven,  in  set- 
required  in  following  a  plantation  at  Delaware,  against  such  ^^^  °"  *^® 
as  now  oppose  them  m  that  respect ;  the  court  having  con- 
sidered thereof,  think  it  not  meet  to  answer  their  desire  in 
that  behalf,  and  will  have  no  hand  in  any  such  controversy 
about  the  same."^ 

The  following  view  of  the  conduct  of  the  Swedes  is  pre- 
sented in  a  long  Dutch  document  of  this  date,  taking  a  gene- 
ral retrospect  of  occurrences  from  the  time  of  erecting  Fort 
Nassau,  which  we  have  already  referred  to  at  the  appropriate 
dates.     What  now  follows  relates  principally  to  this  period. 

"  The  Swedes,  who  daily  increase  in  numbers,  as  likewise  July  is. 
in  boldness,  have  not  only  ordered  their  own  people  to  drive  Detailed  pro. 
no  trade  with  the  company's  inhabitants,  nor  to  pay  to  them  tre'^swTdes 
their  debts,  have  likewise  strictly  forbidden  them  to  suffer  against  the 
our  inhabitants  to  lay  out  farms,  country-seats,  or  gardens,  remon-""* 
between  their  trading-house  and  the  company's  Fort  Bevers-  strance  from 
rede,  it  even  being  the  company's  own  indisputable  lands,  perlonl! 
having  been  purchased  a  number  of  years  before  the  arrival 
of  the  Swedes  from  the  natives  and  rightful  owners,  and  as 
by  legal  certificate,  showing  the  authority  given  to  the  com- 
pany, as  before  mentioned.     Notwithstanding  this,  their  in- 
sufferable boldness  has  been  so  great,  that  they,  against  all 
laws  of  nations,  tore  down  and  totally  ruined,  with  forcible 
hands,  the  houses,  country  places,   and  gardens  that  were 
erected  and  placed  on  the  company's  own  lands,  being  again 
to  the  great  disrespect  of  the  States  and  the  company,  and 
to  the  notable  injury  of  the  interests  of  those  people  who  had 
settled  and  established  themselves  as  subjects,  and  under  the 
protection  of  the  States-General  and  the  company,  all  which 

>  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  pp.  46,  47. 

2  Plymouth  Colony  Records,  vol.  iv.p.  234.  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  i.  p.  554. 


124:  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1651.     appears  from  letters  and  documents  sent  from  New  Netlier- 
' — • — '    lands,  and  especially  by  the  before-mentioned  subjects,  in  the 
following  remonstrance  to   the  company's  director-general, 
Peter  Stuyvesant." 

The  remonstrants  commence  by  stating,  that  they  lived 
upon  the  island  Arumirne,  in  the  Schuylkill,  and  settled 
there  under  the  protection  of  the  West  India  Company; 
that  they  had  previously  remonstrated  against  certain  suffer- 
ings from  the  Swedes,  by  force  and  violence,  and  refer  to 
various  acts  in  1647  and  1649,  which  have  been  already  no- 
ticed in  those  years.  They  now  enumerate  some  occurrences 
in  the  present  year. 

"  The  following  violence  was  committed,  according  to  the 
Complaint '  clork,  Hudde,  in  1651,  on  the  inhabitants  of  Fort  Bevers- 
Maun'tS""'  ^'®^®'  ^'^^'  Cornelius  Mauntsen,  Symon  Root,  and  Philip  Jan- 
Ac.  Garden  son,  ou  their  reasonable  request  for  some  land  to  sow  some 
mettTde-''*"  garden  truck,  had,  by  consent  of  the  clerk,  assigned  them  a 
4troyedby  small  spot  of  land  behind  the  fort,  where  the  sowing  was 
Swedes.  effected.  An  express  sent  by  Printz  completely  ruined  it, 
and  the  improvements  that  were  put  upon  it  for  the  preser- 
vation of  what  was  sown,  publicly  burned. 

"  Peter  Cornelessen  and  Regnier  Dominicus  having  been 
Complaints  shown  a  placc  on  the  island,  were  prevented  from  sowing  by 
of  others.      ^-^    Swedes  ;  they  made  preparations  for  building  about  the 

BuUding  de-  '  ^         ^  t       ■  ^  ^    ■  ^       i 

stroyed.  middle  of  April,  the  foundation  logs  were  laid,  the  up-and- 
down  posts  put  up,  which  were  all  ruined  by  them,  yes,  even 
every  thing  cut  up  for  firewood. 

"  A  spot  of  land,  by  extra  license  and  order  of  director- 
gander  Go-  general,  was  allotted  and  measured  out,  about  22d  INIay,  by 
^retTi^cd'''  Hudde,  for  Sander  Govertsen,  Abraham  Schaets,  and  Gerrett 
from  tuiid-  Henderson,  on  the  same  island.  Govertsen  brought  his  boards 
^^'  '''  on  the  ground,  but  was  prevented  from  building,  by  H.  Huy- 
gens  and  Jan  Pappegay,  fully  armed,  authorized  by  Printz, 
in  a  forcible  manner. 

"  Over  this  violence  and  prevention  of  our  most  necessary 
Ask  com-  matters  done  to  us  by  the  Swedes,  we  that  live  here,  as  well 
pensationfor  ^^  ^^  ^^la,^  como  here  with  our  vessels,  complain  to  your 

injuries  re-  ,  .  „         ,       .     .      . 

ceived.         honour,  and  request  becoming  compensation  for  the  injuries 

and  damages  sustained. 
reXTedVy  "  And  further,  we  complain,  that  Simon  Root  and  Corne- 

swedes,  un-   \[■^J^^  Mauntscu  have  likewise  been  refused  payment  by  the 
of  rrintz.      Swedish  subjects,  pretending,  as  they  were  his  subjects,  they 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  125 

need  not  pay ;  and  we  likewise  declare,  that  the  Swedish    1651. 
subjects  have  declared  to  us,  that  it  has  been  forbidden  by    '    '    ' 
their  governor,  Printz,  to  have  any  transactions  whatever 
with  us,  and  which  has  likewise  appeared  at  several  times. "^ 

"  From  all  these  unheard  of  and  insufferable  proceedings,  Dutch 
it  sufficiently  appears  that  their  intentions  were  to  deprive  l^^^^^  ^^^ 
and  dispossess    the   company   of   the   whole    of   the   river;  intention  to 
wherefore    the   before-mentioned   director,   Stuyvesant,   was  of^t^r    ^™ 
obliged  this  year  to  make  his  personal  appearance,  to  preserve  ^iioie  river. 
and  protect  the  company's  rights  and  jurisdiction,  and  for 
the  maintenance  of  their  subjects.    Having  arrived  there,  he  The  pre- 
made  known,  or  caused  to  be  made  known  to  the  Swedish  ^^"^"^ 

\  _  stuyvesant 

governor,  Printz,  as  well  by  letters  as  by   deputation,  the  requested. 
right  the  company  had  in  general,  in  virtue  of  their  first  dis-  f^/^^g'^gg^. 
covery,  and  the  taking  possession  of  the  before-mentioned  munications 
river,  and  which  was  confirmed  and  became  indisputable  by  ^n^hifXhts 
the  purchase  of  several  tracts  of  land,  among  which  was  that  by  posses- 
of  the  Schuylkill,  which  took  place  many  years  before  the  Xrse'before 
Swedes  arrived  there,  offering  to  prove  it  by  land  certificates  amvai  of 
and  authorization  papers,  requesting  Printz,  on  his  part,  to  m^n^Tproof 
produce  proof  of  what  lands  he  or  his  people  had  purchased  from  Printz. 
from  the  natives  and  owners,  and  the  authority  to  possess 
them.     On   which   merely  a  simple   writing   was    received, 
wherein  Printz  determined  the  Svy^edish  limits  wide  and  broad 
enough,  yet  without  any  justification  or  proper  proofs,  giving  Prmtz  says 
as  an  excuse,  that  all  the  papers  relating  to  the  purchase  of  ^^  p'"'^^^ 

'  ^    ^  .  .  '^  are  in  Swe- 

lands  were  not  at  hand,  but  deposited  in  the  chancellery  at  den. 
Stockholm,  where  he  says  he  is  sure  of  having  seen  them." 

"  That  these  excuses  were  entirely  divested  of  truth,  ap-  printz  tries 
peared  shortly  afterwards,  as  the  governor,  then  only,  tried  to  p|j^se*the^" 
purchase  such  lands  from  a  certain  sachema  or  Indian  chief,  land  from 
called  Waspang  Zewan,  as  were  settled  on  by  his  people,  and  refu^e°lJ^e 
that  he  maintained  to  belong  to  his  limits,  to  which  the  Indian  had  taken 
chief  was  not  inclined,  and  refused,  as  he  said,  because  the  ^^'^^  °^"" 
Swedes  had,  for  a  long  time,  and  against  his  inclination,  and 
with  a  forcible  hand,  kept  possession  of  a  part  of  said  lands,  iiJ'a°s  p^e- 

•   1  ,         .  .^       ^    ,  .  ^  .  ,  .  „        sent  the 

Without  ever  having  given  him  the  least  consideration  ior  laudson 
them  ;  this  the  chief  declared  verbally  and  in  writing,  to  the  ^°*^^  ^'"^^^  *" 
director,  in  presence  of  several  credible  persons,  to  whom  he  from  chri»-' 
presented,  (for  the  company,)  and  gave  authority  in  a  proper  tinaCreekto 
manner,  to  inherit  and  possess  for  ever  the  before-mentioned  n^^^^ 

'  IIoll.  Doe.  vol.  viii.  p.  59  to  65. 


ncsses. 


126  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOYERNOIl  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1651.  lands,  creeks,  and  appurtenances,  so  unjustly  and  forcibly 
"  '  '  possessed  by  tbe  Swedes,  both  on  the  east  and  western  shores, 
commencing  on  the  eastern  from  the  Narraticonsche,  or  Rac- 
coon Creek,  stretching  down  the  river  to  Maetsinging,  and 
on  the  western  shore,  from  a  certain  creek  called  Neckatoen- 
sing,  to  the  westward,  along  the  river  to  Settoensoene,  also 
called  the  Minquas  Creek,  on  which  is  the  Swedish  fort 
Christina." 

"  For  further  tranquillity  and  security,  all  the  Indian  chiefs 
July  19.  who  lived  near  the  river,  and  all  the  owners  of  the  land  in 
Confirmed  the  neighbourhood,  were  summoned  by  the  said  director, 
publicly  be-    gtuyvesant,  to  put  some  questions  to  them  in  the  presence  of 

fore  nume-  »/  7  i  i  i 

rous  wit-       several  persons,"  whose  declarations  and  names  are  on  record.^ 
The  Indians  denied  having  "  ever  sold  or  presented  any  par- 
cels of  land  to  the  Swedes,  as  they  pretended,  excepting  the 
Indians  deny  grouud  ou  which  Fort  Christina  is  situated,  and  a  certain 
sold  lakds  to  garden  about  there,  to  plant  tobacco  in  ;  and  they  moreover 
Swedes,  ex-    declared,  all  the  land  from  said  fort  down  towards  Bombay 
Christina.      Hook,  Called  by  them  Neuwsings,  several  miles  in  extent, 
they  wished  to  bestow  as  an  inheritance  for  ever,  to  the  com- 
pany, for  which  the  director  very  politely  thanked  them,  say- 
ing that  he  would  rather  give  them  a  proper  compensation 
for  the  same,  which  they  then  especially  and  fully  accepted. 
Trifling  com-  The  papcrs  were  then  properly  prepared  and  signed,  the  chief, 
thriands.  "'^  Pcmmcuatta,  only  conditioning  <  that  they  should  repair  his 
gun  when  out  of  order,'  and  give  the  Indians,  when  they 
required  it,  '  a  little  maize.'  "^ 

The  land  being  thus  secured,  for  further  security,  and  to 
For  security,  rcmovo  all  possiblc  prctensious  the  Swedes  might  make  there- 
stuyvesant    ^      ^^^  g^^^  dircctor  fouud  it  necessary,  for  the  safety  of  the 

concludes  to  '  ...  .  .  . 

build  Fort     Company's  jurisdiction,  and  protection  of  their  subjects,  to 
Casumr,  as    ^^^]^^  another  fort,  '<  as  Fort  Nassau  was  too  far  up,  and  laid 

Port  ^assau  '  J- 7 

is  out  of  the  too  far  out  of  the  way ;"  he  therefore  concluded  to  break  up 

he  break's^  ^^rt  Nassau,  and  choosing  a  reasonably  well  adapted  place, 

fp-  (on  the  company's  own  ground,)  about  one  mile  (Dutch)  from 

ject"  but  t^i6  Swedish  Fort  Christina,  which  fort  was  called  Casimir ; 

they  con-  being  finished,   and  provided  with  people   as  opportunities 

in  peace.  offcrcd,  the  director  made  preparation  for  his  return  to  Man- 

stuyvesant  Rattan.    Prcviouslv,  however,  to  his  departure,  he  had  several 

prepares  to  ''  ,  i  •        i 

return  to      couversations  with  Governor  Prmtz,  "  wherein  they  mutually 
Manhattan,    promised  to  causc  no  difficulties  or  hostility  to  each  other, 

•  See  ihem  in  OCall.  vol.  ii.  p.  16G.  2  Ibid. 


PETER  STUYVESAXT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  127 

but  to  keep  neighbourly  friendship  and  correspondence  to-  1651. 
gether,  and  act  as  friends  and  allies,"^  although  the  erection  '"^''  "" 
of  this  fort  was  protested  against  by  Printz. 

The  location  of  Fort  Casimir  was  near  the  present  town  Location  ana 
of  New  Castle,  a  short  distance  north  of  it,  and  it  is  believed  po^  calf. 
can  be  correctly  ascertained  at  this  day,  from  the  ground,  as  mir- 
well  as  by  the  records,  describing  lots  around  it.     It  soon 
became  a  very  important  point.     Whence  it  derived  its  name 
does  not  appear,  and  excited  the  surprise  of  the  company 
when  they  heard  of  it,  being  rather  a  Swedish  than  a  Dutch 
name. 

In  consequence  of  the  agreement  entered  into  last  year,  sept.  14. 
between  the  Dutch  and  English,  and  the  mutual  profession  a  party  of 
of  future  harmony  and  peace,  a  number  of  families,  durincr  ^"^  soes 

.  "^  ^  '  .  '  o    from  New 

the  last  winter,  were  makmg  preparations  to  settle  on  the  iiaven  to  De- 
Delaware.     In  March  of  this  year,  all  arrangements  beins  '•'^^^'''''  '"** 

■^  °   '3  stopped 

^ade,  about  fifty  men  from  New  Haven  and  Sotocket  hired  a  and  m- 
vessel  to  transport  themselves  and  their  effects  to  that  part  ^I^attan 
of  the  country.  They  were  furnished,  by  Governor  Eaton, 
with  a  commission,  as  well  as  with  a  friendly  letter  from  each 
of  the  governors  of  New  Haven  and  Massachusetts,  to  the 
Dutch  governor,  acquainting  him  with  their  design,  and 
assuring  him  that,  according  to  the  agreement,  they  would 
confine  their  settlements  to  their  own  lands,  and  in  no  ways 
trouble  their  neighbours.  On  their  arrival,  however,  at  Man- 
hattan, which  they  might  have  avoided,  and  delivering  their 
letters  to  Stuyvesant,  very  much  to  their  surprise,  the  bearers 
of  the  letters  were  immediately  arrested,  and  kept  under 
guard  as  close  prisoners,  and  the  residue  of  the  company 
ill  treated,  as  appears  by  the  following  petition  of  the  parties 
to  the  commissioners. 

«  To  the  honoured  commissioners  for  the  United  Colonies,  Petition  of 
now  assembled  at  New  Haven  : — The  humble  petition  of  Jas-  *^''  p'^'^'^^' 

•  TIT- IT  •  •  •  presented  af- 

per  Grame,  William  Tuttill,  and  many  other  the  inhabitants  ter  their  re- 
ef New  Haven  and  Sotocket,  humbly  showeth,  that  whereas  *"™'*°.*'^^ 

>  •/  '  commission- 

divers  years  since,  several  merchants  and  others  of  New  Ha-  ers. 

ven,  with  much  hazard,  charge,  and  loss,  did  purchase  of  the 

Indian  sagamores  and  their  companies,  the  true  proprietors, 

several  large  tracts  and  parcels  of  land   on  both  sides  of 

Delaware  Bay  and  River,  and  did  presently  begin  to  build 

and  to  set  up  factories  for  trade,  and  purposed  to  set  up  plan- 

'  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  32  to  50. 


128  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1651.  tations  within  tiaeir  own  limits,  whereby  the  gospel  also  might 
'  ^  '  have  been  carried  and  spread  amongst  the  Indians  in  that 
most  southerly  part  of  New  England,  and  the  United  Colonies 
might  before  this  time  been  enlarged,  with  conveniency  both 
for  themselves  and  posterity,  had  not  the  whole  work,  by 
hostile  and  injurious  opposition  made  both  by  the  Dutch  and 
Swedes,  been  then  hindered. 

"And  whereas  your  petitioners,  straitened  in  the  respective 
statement  of  plantations,  and  finding  this  part  of  the  country  full,  or 
ment  by^he  affo^^^^irig  little  cncouragement  to  begin  any  considerable  new 
Dutch  go-  plantations  for  their  own  comfort  and  conveniency  of  pos- 
terity, did,  upon  a  serious  consideration  of  the  premises,  and 
upon  encouragement  of  the  treaty  between  the  honoured 
commissioners  and  the  Dutch  governor,  the  last  year,  at  Con- 
necticut, by  agreement,  and  with  consent  of  the  said  mer- 
chants and  others,  resolve  upon  a  more  difficult  remove  to 
Delaware ;  hoping  that  our  aims  and  endeavours  would  be 
acceptable  both  to  God  and  to  his  people  in  these  colonies, 
being  assured  our  title  to  the  place  was  just,  and  resolving, 
(through  the  help  of  God,)  in  all  our  carriages  and  proceed- 
ings, to  hold  and  maintain  a  neighbourly  correspondence  both 
with  the  Dutch  and  Swedes,  as  was  assured  them  both  by  the 
tenor  of  the  commissions,  and  by  letters  from  the  honoured 
governor  of  this  jurisdiction  ;  to  those  ends,  and  with  these 
purposes,  preparations  were  made  in  the  winter,  a  vessel  was 
hired,  and  at  least  fifty  of  us  set  forward  in  the  spring,  and 
expecting  the  fruit  of  that  wholesome  advice  given  at  Hart- 
ford the  last  year,  in  the  case  by  the  arbitrators  jointly; 
those  chosen  by  the  Dutch  governor  concurring  in  it,  we 
went  to  the  Manhattoes,  which  we  might  have  avoided,  and 
from  our  honoured  governor  presented  a  letter  to  the  Dutch 
governor,  upon  perusal  whereof,  (without  further  provocation,) 
he  arrested  the  two  messengers,  and  committed  them  to  a 
private  house,  close  prisoners  under  a  guard;  that  done,  he 
sent  for  the  master  of  the  vessel  to  come  on  shore,  as  to 
speak  with  him,  and  committed  him  also ;  after  which,  two 
more  of  the  company  coming  on  shore,  and  desiring  to  speak 
with  their  neighbours  under  restraint,  he  committed  them  as 
the  rest,  then  desiring  to  see  our  commissions  and  copy  them 
out,  promising  to  return  them  the  next  day;  though  the 
copies  were  taken,  and  the  commissions  demanded,  he  refused 
to  deliver  them  up,  and  kept  them,  and  the  men  imprisoned. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  129 

till  they  were  forced  to  engage,  under  their  hands,  not  then  1651. 
to  proceed  on  their  voyage  towards  Delaware,  but  with  loss  ''■^''  ' 
of  time  and  charge,  to  return  to  New  Haven,  threatening, 
that  if  he  should  after  find  any  of  them  in  Delaware,  he 
would  seize  their  goods,  and  send  their  persons  prisoners  into 
Holland,  and  accordingly  they  returned,  though  their  damage 
thereby,  as  they  conceive,  doth  amount  to  above  ^300 ;  all 
which  your  petitioners  refer  to  your  wise  and  serious  consi- 
deration, and  being  assured  you  will  have  due  respect  to  the 
honour  of  the  English  nation,  which  now  suffers  by  this  in- 
jurious affront,  taken  notice  of  by  all  the  neighbouring  Indians, 
they  humbly  desire  that  some  course  may  be  agreed  and 
ordered  for  the  due  repair  of  their  losses,  satisfaction  for 
their  unjust  imprisonment,  with  liberty  and  encouragement  to 
improve  their  just  rights  in  Delaware  for  the  future,  to  which 
purpose  they  further  humbly  offer  to  consideration, 

"  1st,  That  Delaware,  in  tlie  judgment  of  those  that  have 
often  and  seriously  viewed  the  land,  and  considered  the  cli- 
mate, is  a  place  fit  for  the  enlargement  of  the  English 
colonies  at  present,  and  hopeful  for  posterity,  that  we  and 
they  may  enjoy  the  ordinances  of  Christ,  both  in  spiritual 
and  civil  respects. 

'<  2d,  They  fear  that  if  the  English  right  be  not  seasonably 
vindicated,  and  a  way  opened  for  the  speedy  planting  of  De- 
laware, the  Dutch,  who  have  laid  already  an  injurious  hand 
both  upon  our  persons  and  rights,  they  having,  (as  is  reported,) 
lately  begun  a  new  fortification  and  plantation  upon  our  duly 
purchased  lands,  will  daily  strengthen  themselves,  and  by 
large  offers,  draw  many  of  the  English  to  settle  and  plant 
under  them,  in  so  hopeful  a  place,  which  will  not  only  be 
dishonourable  to  the  English  nation,  but  inconvenient  to  the 
colonies,  and  of  mischievous  consequences  to  the  persons  who 
shall  so  settle,  in  reference  to  that  licentious  liberty  there 
suffered  and  practised. 

"3d,  As  the  petitioners  have  not  in  their  eye  any  other  Asktheaid 
considerable  place  within  the  limits  of  New  England,  either  ^g^^onew' 
for  the  enlargement  of  the  colonies  at  present,  or  for  comfort 
and  conveniency  of  posterity,  so  if  the  Dutch  may  thus 
openly  oppose  us  in  our  persons  and  rights,  if  they  may  plant 
and  fortify  upon  the  land  which  themselves,  the  English, 
Swedes,  and  Indians  know  to  be  ours ;  it  may  encourage 
them  to  encroach  and  make  further  hostile  attempts  upon 


130  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVEKNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1651.  some  or  other  of  the  smaller  English  plantations,  to  bring 
'  •  '  them  under  their  government,  and  may  animate  the  Indians, 
with  whom  the  Dutch  ingratiate  themselves  by  a  large,  con- 
stant, mischievous  trade  in  guns,  powder,  and  shot,  to  despise 
and  make  assaults  upon  us ;  wherefore  they  again  humbly 
entreat  your  advice,  with  seasonable  and  suitable  assistance, 
according  to  the  weight  and  import  of  the  case,  that  all  your 
consultations  and  labours  may  tend  and  issue  in  the  honour 
of  Christ  and  welfare  of  the  colonies." 

"  The  foregoing  petition  being  presented  and  read,  the 
commissionex'S  took  into  serious  consideration  the  contents 
thereof,  and  what  was  to  be  done  therein. 

"  They  considered  the  English  right  to  Delaware  by  patent, 
the  right  of  the  merchants  and  other  inhabitants  of  New 
Haven  to  certain  tracts  and  parcels  of  land  there  by  pur- 
chase, the  injury  done  them  by  the  Dutch,  both  formerly  and 
this  last  summer,  in  their  hostile  and  forcible  proceeding 
against  them,  as  the  petitioners  relate,  and  the  great  aflfronts 
thereby  given  to  the  English  nation,  the  insolency  of  the 
Dutch,  and  the  contempt  it  is  like  to  bring  the  English  into 
among  the  Indians,  if  some  speedy  course  be  not  taken  to 
prevent  it,  by  righting  the  oppressed. 

"  As  also  the  commodiousness  of  the  place  for  plantations, 
and  how  prejudicial  it  may  be  to  the  English  in  these  parts, 
if  it  should  be  planted  by  enemies,  or  people  of  another  na- 
tion, not  being  unmindful  of  the  strait  accommodations  of 
many  in  several  places,  and  the  benefits  of  trade  with  the 
Indians  in  Delaware,  if  prudently  managed. 

"  They  likewise  considered  what  had  passed  betwixt  the 
Dutch  governor  and  the  commissioners  the  last  year,  at  Hart- 
ford, and  that  advice  given  by  the  delegates  of  them,  both  for 
the  quiet  and  peaceable  improvement  of  their  several  rights 
in  Delaware,  till  the  aforesaid  difference  shall  be  determined 
in  Europe. 

"  The  commissioners,  upon  these  and  several  other  consi- 
derations, thought  meet  to  write  to  the  Dutch  governor,  to 
protest  against  his  injurious  proceedings,  to  assert  the  English 
right,  and  to  require  satisfaction  for  the  damage  done  to  our 
friends  and  confederates  of  New  Haven  ;  and  to  declare  unto 
the  petitioners,  in  way  of  answer  to  their  petition,  that  how- 
ever we  think  it  not  meet  to  enter  into  a  present  engagement 
against  the  Dutch,  choosing  rather    to  suffer   injuries    and 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOIl-GENERAL.  131 

affronts,  (at  least  for  a  time,)  than  in  any  respects  to  seem     1651. 
to  be  too  quick,  yet  if  they  shall  see  cause  again  to  endea-    '    '    ' 
vour  the  planting  of  their  fore-mentioned  purchased  lands  in 
Delaware,  at  any  time  within  these  twelve  months,  and  for 
that  end  shall  at  their  own  charge  transport  together  150,  or 
at  least  100  able  men,  armed,  with  a  meet  vessel  or  vessels, 
and  ammunition  fit  for  such  an  enterprise,  all  to  be  allowed 
and  approved  by  the  magistrates  of  New  Haven  jurisdiction.  Encourage- 
or  the  greatest  part  of  them,  that  then,  in  case  they  meet  ^""LThe 
with  any  hostile  opposition  from  the  Dutch  or  Swedes,  while  petitioners, 
they  carry  themselves  peaceable  and  inoffensively,  that  may 
call  for  further  aid   and  assistance,   the  commissioners   do 
agree  and  conclude  that  they  shall  be  supplied  by  the  several 
jurisdictions,  with  such  a  number  of  soldiers  as  the  aforesaid 
commissioners  shall  judge  meet,  they  the  said  plaintiffs  bear- 
ing the  charges  thereof,  for  the  true  payment  whereof,  the 
purchased  lands  and  trade  there  with  the  natives  shall  be  en- 
gaged till  it  be  satisfied,  provided  also,  and  it  is  agreed,  that 
such  persons  as  shall  transport  themselves  to  the  aforesaid 
lands  in  Delaware,  either  out  of  New  Haven  colonies  or  any 
of  the  other  three,  shall  be  and  remain  under  the  government 
and  jurisdiction  of  New  Haven  till  the  commissioners  of  the 
United  Colonies  shall  otherwise  order  the  same." 
The  following  is  their  letter  to  the  Dutch  governor : 
<'  Much  honoured  sir — Before  we  parted  last  year  at  Hart-  Letter  to  the 
ford,  you  gave  us  hopes  of  a  comfortable  meeting  at  New  ^^^^^'^ 
Haven  this  year,  what  directions  you  had  from  Europe,  to 
maintain  peace  and  neighbourly  respects  with  the  English  in 
America,  you  then  showed  and  best  know  what  other  com- 
missions you  have  since  received ;  but  all-the  colonies  take 
notice  that  now  you  walk  in  contrary  paths ;  you  told  us  of 
a  protest  you  must  make  against  such  as  should  plant  or  im- 
prove (though  but  their  just  rights)  on  Delaware ;  we  saw 
no  cause  for  that,  but  know  that  both  your  predecessor  and 
yourself  had,  without  cause,  formerly  protested  against  some 
of  the   colonies,  but  in  yours,  dated  April  11th,  1651,  stilo 
novo,  sent  to  the  governor  of  New  Haven,  we  observe  you 
threaten  force  of  arras  and  martial  opposition,  even  to  blood- 
shed, against  such  as  shall  go   about  to  improve  what  they 
have  proved  to  be  justly  theirs  in  Delavr'are,  and  yet  sliow  no 
more  of  any  just  title  you  have  thereunto  than  you  did  at 
Hartford,  which  left  all  the  delegates,  both  for  the  English 


132 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1651.  and  Dutch,  therein  unsatisfied :  in  the  said  protest  you  also 
'  ■  '  affirm  that  the  planting,  &c.  of  Delaware  by  the  English  in- 
terest, is  contrary  to  the  provisional  agreement  made  betwixt 
yourselves  and  the  commissioners  for  the  English  colonies, 
which  we  marvel  at,  those  records  clearly  expressing  the 
contrary."^ 

A  letter  was  written  by  the  commissioners,  to  Edward 
Winslow,  who  at  this  time  appears  to  have  been  acting  as  an 
agent  for  them  in  London,  in  which  they  speak  of  the  preced- 
ing transactions  of  the  Dutch  in  the  following  terms : 

"  We  understand  Mr.  Eaton  hath  at  large  written  to  you 
about  their  just  title  to  considerable  parts  of  land  on  both 
sides  of  Delaware  Bay  and  River ;  how  they  were  formerly 
disturbed  in  their  trade  and  planting,  by  force  and  other  un- 
lawful practices,  both  of  Dutch  and  Swedes,  yourself  may 
remember,  and  he  hath  acquainted  you  with  a  late  unneigh- 
bourly and  injurious  carriage  of  the  Dutch  governor,  when  at 
least  fifty  of  the  New  Haven  jurisdiction  were  on  their  way 
to  plant  there,  but  were  stayed,  imprisoned,  and  foi'ced  to 
return,  with  great  loss  to  those  interested  in  that  design  ;  and 
hath  desired  your  help  in  procuring  a  patent.  These  things, 
by  a  petition  from  those  concerned,  have  been  recommended 
to  our  consideration.  We  are  justly  sensible  of  the  dishonour 
put  upon  the  English  nation  by  this  unjust  aifront,  of  our 
duty  to  preserve  the  English  title  to  so  considerable  a  place 
as  Delaware,  and  that  a  just  repair  and  satisfaction  be  made 
to  those  so  wronged,  both  in  their  persons  and  estates,  and 
from  you  desire  information  what  esteem  the  old  patents  for 
that  place  have  with  the  parliament  or  council  of  state,  where 
there  hath  been  no  improvement  hitherto  made  by  the  pa- 
tentees ;  whether  the  parliament  hath  granted  any  late 
patents,  or  whether,  in  granting,  they  reserve  not  liberty  and 
encouragement  for  such  as  have  or  shall  plant  upon  their 
formerly  duly  purchased  lands,  as  also  how  any  engagement 
by  the  colonies  against  the  Dutch,  upon  the  afore-mentioned 
occasion,  will  be  resented  by  the  parliament,  of  which  we  de- 
sire information  by  the  first. "^ 

Does  not  the  inquiry  here  proposed  appear  to  imply  that 

no  improvements  had  been  made  by  the  English  heretofore  ? 

The  people  at  New  Haven  persisted  in  their  purpose  of 

October.        making,  if  possible,  a  permanent  settlement  upon  their  lands 

1  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  195.  2  ibid.  p.  181. 


Sept. 


Letter  from 

the  NewEng- 
land  com- 
missioners 
to  Edward 
Winslow,  in 
London,  in- 
forming him 
of  tlie  late 
transactions 
of  the  Dutch, 
and  a?king 
information 
respecting 
patents,  <tc. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  133 

on  Delaware;  satisfied  that  it  was  of  great  importance  to  have     1651. 
for  their  leader  a  man  of  known  courage,  and  military  skill    '     '     ' 
and  experience,  they  applied  to  Captain  Mason,  to  remove 
with  them  to  Delaware,  and  take  the  management  of  the  Capt.  Masoa 
company.     The  offers  to  him  were  so  liberal  that  he  was  in-  command 
clined  to  accept  them,  but  his  services  at  home  being  deemed  Enyiish. 
essential  by  the  general  court  at  Connecticut,  they  unani- 
mously requested  he  Avould  abandon  all  thoughts  of  going  to 
Delaware,   to  which  he  yielded,  and  the  design  was  aban- 
doned.^ 

1652. 

The  directors  of  the  company  in  Amsterdam  were  not  pre-  April  4. 
pared  to  receive  the  news  of  the  demolition  of  Fort  Nassau, 
the  erection  of  Fort  Casimir,  or  even  that  Director  Stuyve- 
sant  contemplated  a  visit  to  the  Delaware,  and  express  their 
surprise  in  the  following  letter,  dated  April  4,  1652. 

"  Your  journey  to  South  River,  and  what  has  passed  there  Letter  from 
between  you  and  the  Swedes,  was  to  us  very  unexpected,  as  of^weirin" 
you  did  not  give  us,  before,  so  much  as  a  hint  of  this  your  dia  co.  to  p. 
intention.  God  grant  that  these  your  transactions  may  be  oa"rIcM^ing 
crowned  with  success.  We  cannot  give  our  opinion  upon  it  ^^^  ^'^'^^  of 
before  we  have  heard  the  complaints  of  the  Swedish  governor  of  FortNas- 
to  his  queen,  and  ascertained  how,  at  her  court,  these  have  ^'^^'  ^""^ 

•        T         TTT  1  erection  of 

been  received.      vVe  hope  that  our  arguments  to  prove  that  Fortca^si- 
we  were  the  first  possessors  of  that  country,  will  be  acknow-  ™"-  ,^^' 

J-  .     .  .  prised  at 

lodged  as  sufficient.     But  it  is,  in  our  opinion,  nearly  im-  both,  and 
practicable  to  enter  here,  with  the  Swedes,  into  negotiations  ^^P'^^'^^^y 

1  '  7  o  the  name. 

upon  the  limits,  much  less  to  arrive  at  a  final  conclusion.  We  Leave  it  to 
will  not  enter  upon  a  discussion,  whether  the  demolition  of  ^|^^  toTtect 
Fort  Nassau  was  an  act  of  prudence,  as  no  one  could  insti-  a  fort  on  the 
tute  any  claim  upon  it,  even  if  the  Swedes  made  a  show  of 
pretence.     Time  will  instruct  us  of  the  design  of  the  new- 
built  Fort  Casimir.     We  are  at  a  loss  to  conjecture  for  what 
reason  it  has  received  this  name.     You  ought  to  be  on  your 
guard  that  it  is  well  secured,  so  that  it  cannot  be  surprised. 
We  cannot  determine  if  it  is  required  to  erect  any  fortifica- 
tions on  the  east  side,  opposite  that  fort,  and  must  leave  it  to 
your  discretion."^ 

The  affairs  of  the  company  were  much  embarrassed  at  this  Augusts, 
period,  by  the  expedition  to  South  River  last  year,  and  other 

1  Trumbull,  vol.  i.  p.  208.  2  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  73. 


134  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1652.  causes,  as  will  be  seen  by  a  minute  of  this  date,  of  the  di- 
'  •  '  rector-general  and  council :  "Finding  themselves  much  em- 
barrassed bj  the  situation  of  the  company,  from  several 
Company  Considerable  debts,  originating  in  the  heavy  expenses  incurred 
TanassSby  ^^^^  J^^^'  ^J  *^6  expedition  to  South  River ;  although  the 
expedition  to  dcbts  might  bc  evcutually  annulled  and  paid,  by  the  recogni- 
last  year,  Ac.  tions,  yet  then  the  director-general  and  council  might  be 
Plan  for        disabled  to  provide  the  necessary  winter  provisions  for  the 

removing  the  .  .     .  "^ 

difficulty.      garrison,   and  other  ministers  of  the   company;   wherefore 
said  directors  and  council  have  deemed  it  salutary  for  the 
state,  requisite  to  the  maintenance  of  the  garrison,  to  keep 
it  under  a  good  control,  and  crushing  mutiny  in  its  birth ;  to 
allow  the  largest  creditors  to  make  payment  of  the  recogni- 
tions which  they  owe  to  the  company,  to  the  amount  of  one- 
half  of  the  just  demands,  while  for  the  remaining  one-half, 
they  shall  obtain  a  certificate,  to  be  paid  next  year  in  goods, 
or  to  cancel  this  sum  by  recognitions,  or  to  receive  it  in  Fa- 
therland, from  the  8  per  cent,  recognitions  on  the  Virginia 
tobacco."^ 
August  16.        An  order  is  passed  to  have  the  several  forts  inspected,  and 
Forts  to  be     for  a  frcsh  supply  of  ammunition,  and  a  recommendation  not 
Taket^ttf  *^  placc  too  much  confidence  in  the  English.^ 

the  English. 

1653. 

Another  attempt  appears  to  have  been  made  to  reconcile 
April.  matters  between  the  English  and  the  Dutch;  the  former,  at 

the  request  of  Governor  Stuyvesant,  appointed  three  com- 
missioners to  repair  to  Manhattan,  principally  with  reference 
to  their  more  immediate  New  England  difficulties,  not,  how- 
ever, entirely  overlooking  the  concerns  of  Delaware  River. 
But  it  does  not  appear  that  much  better  success  attended 
their  labours  than  before,  for  they  left  Manhattan  in  haste, 
rather  to  the  surprise  of  Stuyvesant. 

In  their  letter  by  the  commissioners  to  Governor  Stuyve- 
Proceedings    gg^j^^   j^j^y  2,  allusion  is  made  to  the  kind  of  testimony  for- 

by  New  Eng-  5  ./       5  J 

land  to  re-    mcrly  taken  by  the  Dutch,  for  they  say,    "the  agents  of 
conciiediffi-  j)giaware,   in   Monsieur  Kieft's  time,  made  use  of  Indian 

culties  with  '  ' 

Dutch  go-      testimony,  in  a  strange  manner,  in  a  case  of  life  and  treason."^ 
milsLnerT'  -^fter  the  messcngcr  had  departed,  "  the  commissioners  for 


appointed  to  Plymouth  desired  this  short  following  entry  should  be  made: 
"  Whereas,  in  the  letter  sent  to  the  Dutch  governor,  five 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  vi.  p.  8.         2  Ibid.  vol.  iv.  p.  84.         3  See  page  73. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  135 

or  six  particulars  mentioned  as  gi'ievances,  about  Delaware,     1653. 
before   the  union  of  the  colonies  was  made,  and  any  thing    '    ■    ' 
depending  thereon,  unto  which  the  commissioners  for  Ply- 
mouth could  not  consent ;  and  yet,  lest  the  same  might  be  Plymouth 
weakened  in  the  eyes  of  the  Dutch  governor,  for  want  of  ZTTuT' 
their  hands  thereunto,  they  subscribed  the  same,  but  with  consent. 
liberty  to  enter  their  dissent  in  the  records  in  the  book." 

To  this  the  New  Haven  commissioners  answered  : 

"That  two  or  three  of  the  grievances  mentioned  in  the  objections  of 
letter  sent  to  the  Dutch  governor,  in  reference  to  Delaware,  P'y™°°'^ 

,  _P ,  '      _  '   commission- 

were  done  by  Monsieur  Kieft  and  his  agents,  before  the  com-  ers  to  agree, 

bination ;  they  were  propounded,  proved,  considered,  and  duly  ^^'NeTua^ 

witnessed  against  by  all  the  commissioners  jointly,  the  com-  vun. 

missioners  for  Plymouth  at  that  time  concurring  with  the 

rest,  as  appeareth  by  these  records,  under  their  hands. "^ 

In  a  statement  drawn  up  by  Major-general  Dennison,  one  statement 
of  a  committee  appointed  for  the  purpose,  alluding  to  the  ofgrievances 
award  of  the  arbitrators  in  1650,  it  is  said,  "  when  arbitra- 
tors on  both  parts  chosen,  having  heard  the  differences,  did 
in  a  great  part  determine  the  same,  and  because  some  of  the 
grievances  did  arise  under  the  government  of  M.  Kieft,  and 
the  present  governor  not  prepared  to  answer,  the  delegates 
on  both  parts  respited  the  consideration  and  judgment  of 
them,  that  the  present  governor  might  acquaint  the  States 
and  West  India  Company  with  the  particulars." 

"  Since  which  agreement,  the  Dutch  governor  hath  pro-  Dutch  go- 
tested  against  a  ship  of  New  Haven,  with  passengers  bound  '"'™°^ 
for  the  Delaware,  which  also  he  stopped,  as  appears  by  their  agreement. 
declaration ;  the  delegates  at  the  meeting  at  Hartford,  notwith- 
standing the  challenges  and  pretences  of  either  party  to  the 
lands  in  said  bay,  [did]  not  determine  the  right  to  either  part, 
but  wholly  referring  the  same  to  be  issued  and  determined  by 
the  two  states  of  England  and  Holland,  leaving  both  parties 
to  plead  and  improve  their  just  interest." 

After  the  return  of  the  commissioners  to  New  England,  May  26. 
the  Dutch  governor  addresses  a  long  letter  to  the  court  at  Long  letter 
Boston  ;  he  alludes  to  their  assertions  "that  to  this  day  they  f™"»stuyve- 
have  received  nothing  but  dilatory  exceptions,  offensive  af-  England 
fronts,  and  unpleasing  answers,  as  well  in  the  South  River 
Bay,  called  Delaware,  as  upon  the  fresh  river,  called  Connec- 
ticut, the  which,  by  living  testimony,  you  could  never  make 

»  Hazaid"s  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  231. 


commission- 
ers. 


136 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


Death  <jf 
John  John- 
son alluded 
to. 


1653.     appear ;  we  have  always  showed  ourselves  willing  to  remove 
"■^ — •    '    the  question  either  to  indifferent  persons  here,  or  to  our  supe- 
riors in  our  native  countries."     "  To  charge  us  with  the  old 
Governor      and  undecidcd  difference  of  parties  in  the  like  quality,  de- 
stuyvesant's  fgndino!  their  rififht  and   iurisdiction  of  their   superiors,  if 

letter,  con-  o  a  -J  r  7 

tinned.         any  English,  be  it  in  private  or  by  consent  of  the  governor 
and  rest  of  New  Haven,   bought  and  paid  for  any  lands 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  New  Netherlands,  and  by  virtue 
thereof,  upon  Long  Island,  by  Captain  Howe,  at  Stamford, 
by  Mr.  Feaux,  in  the  South  River,  by  Mr.  Thomas  Lamber- 
ton,  and  have  contracted  to  build,  this  is  not  the  question ; 
but  the  question  is,  and  remains,  under  whose  jurisdiction 
these  lands  on  the   South  Rivei',  &c.  are  accounted,  before 
they  were  bought,  built,  and  inhabited  by  the  persons  afore- 
said.    The  commissioners  of  New  England  will  say  under 
their  jurisdiction ;    the    governor    of   New   Netherland,    in 
opposition,  that  you  are  under  them."     He  also  alludes  to 
"  other  particular  complaints  against  John  Johnson,  being 
commissioner  on  South  River,  notv  long  since  dead."    "  Con- 
cerning the  bounds  of  our  limits,  and  the  South  River,  and 
to  forbid  trade,  much  more,  to  shut  it  up ;  any  thing  but  by 
approbation  and  agreement,  declared  and  asserted  by  our 
sovereign   lords  in    Europe,   we  declare   over   and   above." 
"  What  concerns  Delaware  Bay,  both  before  and  after,  during 
the  arbitration,  we  have  protested  before  the  honoured  com- 
missioners that  we  may  not  admit  of  any  habitation  of  peo- 
ple to  be  therein,  being  contrary  to  the  command  of  our 
superiors,  being  conformable  to  the  second  article  of  their 
agreement,   and  could  not,  in  that  regard,  leave  ourselves 
without  blame  and  blemish  to  our  masters  and  superiors,  if 
we  should  make  so  great  a  neglect  and  trespass  upon  the 
commission  and  instructions  given ;   and  by  the  way,  not 
to  let  slip  the  sitting  down   of  the  people  at  New  Haven 
on    South   River,    manifested    to    them    by  a    former  pro- 
test,   and    dislike,   to  forewarn    and   advertise  them  there- 
of, and  to   hold  forth  our  innocency  from  all  damage   or 
bloodshedding  which  might  apparently  ensue  thereby.     And 
what  further  concerns  the  matter  and  narrative  in  relation, 
that  we  should  put  their  messengers  into  fasthold,  and  take 
their  commissions  and  instructions  from  them,  to  the  intent 
aforesaid,  the  business  being  well  examined  and  looked  to,  it 
will  be  found  that  the  messengers  were  civilly  used  and  enter- 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  137 

tained  at  the  house  of  our  Captain-lieutenant  of  our  town,     1653. 
Martin  Crygar."^  '    •    ' 

Then  follows  a  long  "  register  and  record  of  passages  be- 
twixt New  Netherland  and  the  English  nation,  upon  the  lands  May  26. 
and  jurisdictions  of  West  India  Company,"  from  1633.     Un-  Dutch. 
der  date  of  April  9,  1642,  signed  by  Governor  Stuyvesant,  '^''^^'''^ 
they  speak  of   "a  protest  done  upon  and  against  Robert 
Cogwell,  master  of  the  barque  or  catch  of  Mr.  Lamberton, 
of  New  Haven,  because  they  were  about  to  sit  down  upon  the 
South  River,  forbidding  and  warning  him  not  to  sit  down 
within  the  limits  of  New  Netherland," 

"  Further,  we  protest  and  wash  our  hands  from  all  losses 
and  broils  that  may  arise  from  thence,  and  clear  ourselves 
before  God  and  the  world.  Mr.  Lamberton,  although  they 
had  a  joint  participation,  made  use  of  the  master  of  his  vessel, 
to  answer  for  him  in  obedience  to  the  state,  not  to  sit  down 
unless  he  took  the  oath  of  fidelity,  which  being  afterwards 
found  otherwise,  the  English  were  sent  out  of  the  South  River 
without  molestation,  either  in  their  persons  or  goods." 

See  this  protest,  page  58. 

To  the  communications  from   Governor   Stuyvesant,  the  Junes. 
New  England  commissioners  reply : 

After  noticing  what  had  occurred  between  the  governors  Answer  of 
and  their  special  commissioners  sent  to  Manhattan,  related  ijinfJco^u^' 
on  their  return  home,  they  say,  "  From  your  messenger,  Mr.  sioners  to 
Aug.  Heerman,  we  have  received  your  letter  dated  May  26,  gt^u^esTnt. 
1653,  N.  S.,  in  all  which  we  conceive  we  have  your  whole 
mind,  and  such  answer  as  in  which  you  will  rest,  but  we  must 
profess  ourselves  unsatisfied  therewith.  To  some  of  the  former 
hostile  affronts  and  injuries,  you  answer  nothing,  as  the  burn- 
ing down  of  New  Haven  trading-house  at  Delaware ;   that 
treacherous  plot  against  Mr.  Lamberton's  life,  &c. ;  yet  you 
enumerate   sundry   grievances    of  yours   against    Hartford, 
about  hogs  and  other,  &c. 

"  You  still  affirm  that  the  stopping  of  the  vessel  sent  from 
New  Haven,  with  men,  to  plant  in  Delaware,  the  close  im- 
prisoning the  messengers,  and  detaining  their  commissions,  as 
expressed,  to  be  as  civil  usage  and  entertainment ;  but  we  still 
charge  it  to  be  an  injurious  affront,  to  the  great  damage  of 
our  confederates  of  New  Haven,  and  an  offensive  violation 
of  the  wholesome  advice  given  by  all  the  arbitrators  at  Hart- 

•  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  25G — 260. 
18  m2 


138  JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1653.  ford,  in  1650."     "  We  must  still  require  and  seek  due  satis- 

"^ — '  faction  and  security."^ 
Aug.  4.  It  appears  that  the  following  resolution  was  passed  by  the 

No  appeal  gtatcs  of  Hollaud  :   "  Resolved,  that  there  can  be  no  appeal 

from  deei-  _  _  '  . 

sionsinNew  from  tho  judgment  given,  or  sentences  pronounced  in  New 
Netherianis.  j^-etherland,  and  that  the  States-General  shall  be  advised 

thereof."^ 

Three  individuals  had  been  convicted  by  the  supreme  court 
August  11.  at  Abo,  of  each  killing  an  elk  in  the  island  D'Auland ;  two 
Convict  of  them  were  sentenced  to  run  the  gauntlet  each  three  times, 
trNewSwe-  ^^^  ^^^  third,  Henry  D'Oregrund,  was  ordered  to  be  sent  by 
den.  the  sheriff  to  the  admiralty,  to  be  immediately  transported  to 

New  Sweden,  all  which  was  approved  by  her  majesty.^ 

Captain  John  Amundson  Besk,  for  his  past  faithful  ser- 
August  20.  vices,  and  promises  for  the  future,  "  as  long  as  he  shall  live, 
Grant  of  and  his  strength  permit,"  is  rewarded  by  a  patent,  granting 
lana  to  John  ^    liimself,  his  wife,  and  his  and  their  heirs,  a  tract  of  land 

A.  Besk.  '  '  _  '  _ 

situated  in  New  Sweden,  extending  to  Uplands  kill,  together 
with  all  the  dependencies  and  commodities  thereto  apper- 
taining, whether  upon  land  or  upon  the  water,  of  whatever 
name,  without  excepting  what  has  always  belonged  thereto, 
which  ought  to  belong  by  right,  or  which  may  be  adjudged  to 
appertain  thereto  by  the  laws  and  a  legal  decision,  to  keep 
and  possess  the  same  for  ever,  as  his  own  inviolable  property." 
The  foregoing  land  is  the  site  of  the  present  Marcus  HooTcj 
formerly  Maritties  Hoeck.^ 

Under  the  same  date,  in  consideration  of  the  good  and 
August  20.  important  services  rendered  by  "  our  faithful  subject,  the 
Grant  of  hvavc  and  courageous  Lieutenant  Swen  Schute,  &c.,  a  grant 
is  made  to  him,  his  wife  and  heirs,  for  a  tract  of  country  in 
New  Sweden,  viz.  Mockorhulteykyl,  as  far  as  the  river,  to- 
gether with  the  small  island  belonging  thereto,  viz.  the  island 
of  Karinge  and  Kinsessing,  comprehending  also  Passuming, 
with  all  the  commodities,  &c."^ 

Governor  Printz  issued  a  species  of  sea-letter  in  favour  of 

octoTaeri.     the  Captain  of  a  vessel  about  departing  from  New  Sweden 

upon  a  trading  voyage,  which,  being  the  only  oflBcial  document 

by  him  with  which  we  have  met,  and  probably  never  having  been 

1  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  268—270. 

2  Miller,  MSS.  in  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc,  furnished  him  by  Wm.  V.  Murray,  from  the 
Hague,  in  1799.  3  MSS.  A.  P.  S.,  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  373,  374. 

1  Ibid.     Also  on  Records  of  Wiccacoa  Church,  p.  12,  translated  by  Charles 
Springer.  ^  Ibid.  p.  16. 


land  to  Swen 
Bchute. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  139 

in  print,  we  give  entire.    It  is  directed  to  Governor  Bradford,     1653. 
of  New  Plymouth  jurisdiction.  '    '    ' 

"  A  commission  appointed  to  be  recorded. — To  all  her  ma- 
jesty of  Sweden's  governors,  captains,  and  subjects,  of  what 
rank  and  sort  soever. 

"Forasmuch  as  Lawrence  Cornelius,  one  of  her  majesty  Searietterby 
of  Sweden's  subjects  in  New  Sweden,  is  desirous,  with  him-  ^^a  velsei' 
self  and  company,  and  barque  or  sloop,  upon  this  coast  of  about  to  sail 
America,  to  trade  and  traffic  peaceably  with  such  as  are  in  °oy^ge.^  "^° 
alliance  with  the  crown  of  Sweden ;  this  his  desire  I  found 
to  be  reasonable,  and  have  given  him  therefore  commission 
under  my  hand  and  seal.     I  do  therefore  desire  and  entreat 
all  commanders,  governors,  or  persons,  of  what  quality  soever 
they  may  be,  that  are  in  alliance  with  the  crown  of  Sweden 
aforesaid,  that  they  will  carry  respectively  and  friendly  to 
him  and  his  company,. and  suffer  him  quietly  to  pass  and  re- 
pass, and  to  do  his  business  quietly  without  molestation ;  and 
to  show  him  all  the  favour  and  friendship  they  may ;  and  Ave 
do  engage  ourselves  to  do  the  like  unto  theirs,  as  occasion 
shall  present.     Signed,  John  Printz.  ISeaLI 

"  Dated  in  New  Sweden,  on  the  Fort  Christina,  the  1st  of 
October,  1653." 

The  preceding  instrument,  copied  from  the  "Plymouth 
Colony  Records,"  is  important,  as  disproving  the  assertion 
of  some  writers,  that  Governor  Printz  left  the  country  in 
1652.  It  was  probably,  however,  one  of  his  latest  official 
acts,  as  he  no  doubt  departed  between  this  date  and  the  7th 
November,  as  will  appear  presently.^ 

According  to  the  Dutch  statements,  after  the  building  of  swedes  de- 
Fort  Casimir,  "the  Swedish  governor  intending  to  depart,  t^^en  under 
and  the  Swedish  affairs  getting  behindhand,  on  account  of  the  Dutch 
not  having  received  any  succours  for  a  long  while,  the  people  ^™  ^'^ "'°" 
and  Swedes  that  remained  there  made  a  request  to  the  direc- 
tor, Stuyvesant,  for  the  company  to  protect  them,  and  take 
them  under  their  care,  representing  for  that  purpose,  they 
would  comport  themselves  as  inhabitants  and  subjects  of  the 
States."     "And  although  many  would  have  profited  of  this 
opportunity  to  receive  them,  and  make  themselves  masters  of 
those  who  forcibly,  and  against  many  protestations,  had  set- 
tled themselves  there,  and  especially  as  they  had  received 

'  riymoutli  Records,  Deeds,  &c  ,  vol.  ii.  part  i.  p.  87.  A  MS.  copy,  by  Siimuel 
Davis,  Esq.,  late  of  Plyiiioutli,  is  also  among  the  Penns.  Hist.  Soc.  Archives. 


140 

1653. 


October  6. 

Dutch  gover- 
nor declines 
to  receive 
them,  and 
in  a  letter 
asks  advice 
of  the  West 
India  Co. 


KoT.  4. 

Letter  from 
directors  to 
Governor 
Stuyvesant. 
Encourages 
settlement  of 
Swedes 
Ruiong  them, 
as  good  poli- 
tical econo- 
my. 


Two  Swe- 
dish clergy- 
men arrive. 


JOHN  PRINTZ,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

from  them  many  insults,  suffered  damage  and  other  injuries 
of  interests;  but  such  did  not  take  place,  as  said  director 
dared  not,  or  would  not  accept  the  representation  of  corning 
under  the  protection  solely  to  prevent  trouble  and  disagree- 
ments which  might  occur  in  this  country."^ 

This  statement  is  measurably  confirmed  by  a  letter  written 
by  Director-general  Stuyvesant  to  the  directors  of  the  West 
India  Company,  October  6,  1653,  in  which  he  says,  "  The 
Swedish  people  on  the  River  Delaware  seem  to  be  inclined  to 
come  to  us,  and  to  be  taken  under  our  protection :  as  yet,  and 
until  we  receive  further  advices  from  you,  we  have  declined 
the  same,  because  remaining  ignorant  if  it  would  not  be  taken 
amiss,  we  therefore  request  that  you  will  take  this  affair  in 
consideration,  and  inform  us  by  the  first  good  opportunity  as 
regards  the  same,  &c."^ 

The  directors  in  Amsterdam,  considering  the  delicate  rela- 
tions between  the  Dutch  and  the  Swedes,  say  to  Governor 
Stuyvesant,  in  a  letter  of  this  date,  "  You  ought  to  conduct 
yourselves  with  all  possible  prudence  towards  the  Swedes  on 
the  South  River,  as  you  complain  about  their  chieftain,  as 
well  in  the  maintenance  of  the  company's  immunities  as  by 
carefully  avoiding  every  thing  which  might  give  them  offence, 
as  it  would  be  highly  improper  to  increase,  at  this  critical 
period,  the  number  of  our  enemies.  With  regard  to  the  peti- 
tion of  some  individuals  of  this  nation,  who  are  inclined  to 
settle  among  you,  if  we  would  accept  and  protect  them,  we 
cannot  see  why  it  should  not  be  granted,  except  your  views 
on  this  were  further  extended  than  we  can  yet  penetrate,  as 
the  population  of  the  country,  that  bulwark  of  every  state, 
ought  to  be  promoted  by  all  means,  so  that  the  settling  of 
freemen  ought  not  to  be  shackled,  but  rather  encouraged  by 
all  honest  means ;  all  such,  therefore,  who  are  willing  to  obey 
our  laws  and  statutes,  ought  to  be  protected  in  thejr  rights 
of  citizenship  to  the  utmost  of  our  power. "^ 

During  the  administration  of  Governor  Printz,  two  Swedish 
clergymen  arrived,  but  the  precise  year  is  not  known,  viz. 
Rev.  Laurence  Lock,  who  probably  succeeded  Campanius,  on 
Tinnicum,  and  also  at  Christina;  he  died  in  1688 :  from  him 
many  families  descended,  and  were  living  in  West  Jersey, 
near  the  Delaware,  members  of  Raccoon  Church,  in  1835. 


'  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  32. 

3  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  121. 


2  Ibid.  p.  84. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  141 

The  Rov.  Israel  Holgh  also  came  over  about  this  time,  but  is    1653. 
said  to  have  returned  home  in  a  short  time.^  '    •    ' 

The  college  of  commerce  proclaim  that  they  have  employed, 
on  the  part  of  the  company  of  the  south,  "  John  Amundson,  Novemiier. 
as  a  captain  of  the  navy,  who  is  about  to  embark  on  board  j.  Amund- 
a  galliot  belonging  to  the  company,  for  New  Sweden,  there  ^1°  g^j^^, 
to  take  command  of  the  seamen,  &c.     His  duty  will  consist  captain  of 
principally  in  performing,  with  fidelity  and  zeal,  all  the  duties  ^jg^^tj^g 
that  appertain  to  a  captain  of  the  navy,  in  endeavouring  to  andobugar 
procure  every  species  of  advantage  to  the  benefit  of  her 
majesty  and  the  company  of  the  south ;  and  should  he,  by 
the  grace  of  God,  arrive  in  New  Sweden,   to  superintend 
carefully  the  construction  of  vessels,  in  order  that  they  be 
faithfully  and  diligently  built,"  and  conform  in  all  things  to 
the  instructions  of  the  governor.     He  is  to  receive  such  an- 
nual compensation  "  as  his  capacity  of  captain  vrill  entitle 
him  to,"  "  and  in  future  he  may  count  with  certainty  upon 
the  favour  of  her  majesty,  and  to  obtain  from  the  company 
a  more  elevated  employment."     The  governor  is  required  to 
receive  him  in  the  rank  of  captain  in  the  navy."^ 

This  is  probably  the  same  person  to  whom  the  foregoing 
tract  of  land  was  granted,  though  his  family  name  is 
omitted. 

Governor  Printz  having,  by  letter,  as  well  as  through  his  ^^<^- 12. 
son,  expressed  his  strong  desire  to  return  home,  his  govern-  Permission 

,,-,        ,        ,  ,       .,,.       ,  I      .  to  Governor 

ment  say,   "  We  should  wilhngly  consent  to  your  desire,  con-  prmtzto  re- 
siderins  that  after  so  loner  a  continuance  in  that  country,  we  tumtoSwe- 

iM       •  •  ,  1  ,  •        1       r>    •         ('.en.con- 

can  readily  imagine  that  you  may  have  become  tired  01  it ;  tained  in  a 
but  in  reflectina;  on  the  good  services  you  have  heretofore  letter  from 

.  ^  "  "^  Swedish  go- 

rendered  to  us  and  the  crown,  both  we  and  the  company  vemment. 
would  extremely  regret  your  immediate  departure,  before  we 
can  make  the  best  arrangements  in  regard  to  your  successor, 
and  for  the  government  of  the  country ;  we  therefore  per- 
ceive with  pleasure,  that  your  age,  health,  and  happiness  are 
such  as  will  permit  you  to  remain  some  time  longer,  until  we 
shall  be  able  to  make  the  necessary  arrangements  in  relation 
to  the  said  subjects.  If,  however,  this  should  be  imposing 
too  much  upon  you,  and  our  service  will  be  equally  well  per- 
formed by  those  Avhora  you  may  leave  in  the  country,  you  are 
at  liberty  to  return  home."     They  then  hope  he  will  leave 

'  Clay's  Annals  of  Swedes,  p.  36.     Campanius,  p.  109. 
2  MSS.  A.  P.  S.,  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  374. 


142  JOHN  PAPPEGOYA,  GOVERNOR  AD  INTERIM. 

1653.     tilings  in  such  a  state  that  no  damage  will   ensue,  and  refer 
'    •    '    to  communications  made  on  these  subjects  with  John  Rysing, 
who  was,  under  this  date,  appointed  commissary  of  the  college 
of  commerce,  to  assist  him. 

As  we  have  already  seen,  Pi'intz  must  have  taken  his  de- 
Must  have  parture  before  the  receipt  of  this  letter,  and  probably  surprised 
fowTitete^  the  government  by  his  personal  presence,  by  the  time  it 
ceipt.  reached  this  country.     It  is  an  additional  proof  that  Printz 

did  not  depart  in  1652,  as  some  historians  assert,  and  that  he 
had  performed  his  duties  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  government. 
On  the  departure  of  Printz,  it  is  universally  stated  by  his- 
John  Pappe-  torians,  that  the  charge  of  the  government  was  left  in  the 
pos^dTo^      hands  of  his  son-in-law,  John  Pappegoya  ;  if  so,  it  could  only 
have  acted     havc  bccn  for  the  short  interval  prior  to  the  arrival  of  John 
^  "     '  Rysing,  though  it  has  been  asserted  by  some  that  he  con- 
tinued about  eighteen  months,  and  then  returned  to  Sweden, 
which  we  think  incorrect,  from  some  facts  which  we  shall 
offer.     Indeed,  no  account  of  his  official  acts,  we  believe,  has 
reached  us. 

"  The  press  of  business  and  other  obstacles  preventing  the 
Dec.  12.  government  from  regulating  all  those  things  which  the  im- 
Bxisinessof  portaucc  and  utility  of  the  company  of  the  south,  and  the 
tranfen-edto  i^tercsts  of  the  government  demanded,  Governor  Printz  is 
thecouege  notified,  uutil  further  orders,  that  they  have  placed  the 
ofcommerce.  jj^anagement  of  these  matters  in  the  hands  of  the  general 
college  of  commerce,  whose  orders  he  is  required  to  receive 
and  obey."^ 

John  Rysing  is,  by  commission  of  this  date,  nominated 

johnRy-      commissary  of  the  college  of   commerce,  of  which  he  had 

pointed  com-  foi'^ierly  been  secretary ;  it  recites,  "  that  having  directed 

missary.       our  vcry  faithful  subject,  John  Rysing,  to  make  a  voyage  to 

ary-    j^g-^  Sweden,  in  order  there  to  aid,  for  a  certain  period,  our 

present  governor  of  the  said  country,  agreeably  to  the  orders 

and  instructions  which  he  has  received  from  said  college,  and 

being  willing  that,  in  consequence  of  the  hazards  and  fatigue 

he  will  experience  during  so  long  a  voyage,  his  support  and 

pay  be  there  rendered  certain,  we  command  that  the  said  John 

Rysing,  in  virtue  of  this  letter-patent,  and  in  the  capacity  of 

commissary  of  the  said  general  college  of  commerce,  shall 

receive   annually  1200  dollars  in  silver,  in  addition  to  the 

special  appointments  which  he  may  receive  from  the  company 

1  ]\ISS.  A.  P.  S.,  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  399. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  143 

of  the  south,  "  and  the  college  is  directed  to  place  him  on  1653. 
their  list  of  appropriations  for  that  sum,  causing  it  to  be  sent  "  ""^ 
to  him  in  due  time,  every  year."  Accordingly,  an  order  is 
drawn  on  the  "chamber  of  finances,"  directing  it  to  pay  him 
"immediately,  and  without  delay,  1000  rix-dollars,  for  his 
equipment  and  voyage,"  "particularly  as  our  service,  and 
that  of  the  kingdom,  requires  that  the  vessel,  which  has 
remained  for  a  long  time  at  Gottenberg,  ready  to  sail,  should 
depart  for  New  Sweden."^ 

The  following  are  the  instructions  furnished  to  John  Rysingh :  Dec.  12. 

First,  as  to  defence,  they  say,  "as  it  is  important  to  her  Relating  to 
majesty,  for  purposes  as  well  of  security  as  commerce,  that  ^^^^^^^^l-^ 
the  river  of  the  south,  where  we  have  established  a  harbour, 
be  fortified,  protected,  and  defended,  as  far  as  practicable, 
the  governor  of  said  place  should  be  careful,  particularly, 
that  the  said  river,  with  its  harbour,  its  mouth,  the  entrance 
on  the  two  coasts,  and  its  course  upwards,  be  as  far  as  neces- 
sary and  practicable,  always  in  proper  condition  and  at  our 
disposal,  as  well  in  regard  to  the  passage  of  the  vessels  which 
ascend  the  rivers,  as  for  those  which  descend  for  the  purpose 
of  exporting  those  merchandises  which  the  country  furnishes." 

As  the  river  is  useless  where  the  country  on  either  side  Endeavour 
does  not  belong  to  her  majesty,  the  "governor  should  content  tothlwes 
himself  with  securing  the  country,  by  extending  our  posses-  of  the  coast, 
sions  upon  the  two  coasts  as  much  as  possible,  agreeably  to  Jiends^with 
justice  and  good  faith,  but  without  a  breach  of  friendship  the  Dutch 
with  the  English  and  Dutch,  or  exposing  to  risk  what  we  "°     °^'*^' 
already  possess." 

"  He  should  employ  similar  discretion  in  regard  to  the  exten-  aiso  the 
sion  of  the  country  itself  upon  the  western  side,  so  that  if  we  '''"'^  °°  ^^^ 

■.  -,  .  w^st  side. 

can,  with  prudence  and  propriety,  and  by  means  of  the  co- 
operation of  the  English  and  Dutch,  without  hostility  or  any 
risk  to  what  we  already  possess,  take  possession  of  the  land, 
and  by  that  means  extend  our  limits,  we  will  employ  to  that 
end  all  our  energy,  proceeding  along  the  shores  of  the  river 
as  far  as  it  may  be  convenient  for  security  and  commerce." 

"With  respect  to  the  fortress  that  the  Dutch  have  built  upon 
our  coast,  if  he  cannot  induce  them  to  abandon  it,  by  argu- 
ments and  serious  remonstrances,  and  without  resorting  to 
hostilities,  it  is  better  that  our  subjects  avoid  resorting  to 
hostilities,  confining  themselves  solely  to  protestations,  and 

»  MSS.  A.  P.  S.,  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  399. 


144 


JOHN  PAPPEGOYA,  GOVERNOR  AD  INTERIM. 


1653. 


Induce 
Dutx;h  to  give 
up  Fort  Casi- 
mir,  but  not 
in  a  hostile 
manner,  for 
fear  of  the 
Englieh  seiz- 
ing it,  in 
case  of  rup- 
ture witli 
the  Dutch. 


Promote  by 
all  means, 
commerce. 
Not  to  ex- 
act high  du- 
ties, or  even 
none,  in  cer- 
tain cases. 
Foreigners  to 
pay  duties, 
and  must 
trade  with 
the  com- 
pany. These 
duties,  &c. 
to  be  em- 
ployed in  de- 
fence of  the 
country. 

Privileges 
secured  to 
the  purcha- 
sers of  land 
from  the 
savages  or 
company. 


Governor 
Printz,  be- 
fore leaving, 
is  to  furnish 
an  account 
of  the  situa- 
tion of 
things. 
Place  mili- 
tary affairs 
■under  John 
Amundson. 
Establish  a 
covwcU,  &c. 


suffer  the  Dutch  to  occupy  the  said  fortress,  than  that  it 
should  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  English,  -n-ho  are  the  more 
powerful,  and  of  course  the  most  dangerous  in  that  country. 
But  it  is  proper  that  a  fortress  be  constructed  lower  down 
the  river,  towards  the  mouth ;  employing,  however,  the  mild- 
est measures,  because  hostilities  will  in  no  degree  tend  to 
increase  the  strength  of  the  Swedes  in  the  country,  more 
particularly  as  by  a  rupture  with  the  Dutch,  the  English  may 
seize  the  opportunity  to  take  possession  of  the  aforesaid  for- 
tress, and  become,  in  consequence,  very  dangerous  neighbours 
to  our  possessions  in  said  country." 

They  then  recommend  employing  every  means  that  may 
favour  and  facilitate  commerce,  as  the  most  likely  course  to 
benefit  the  country,  such  as  not  exacting  more  than  two  per 
cent.,  or  even  allowing  to  enter  free,  merchandise  arriving  or 
departing,  if  sold  to,  or  to  be  employed  in  trade  with  the 
savages,  the  same  to  be  exempt  from  duty  in  Sweden,  pro- 
vided it  belongs  to  Swedish  subjects,  but  foreigners  to  pay 
—  rix-dollars  per  100,  and  they  not  permitted  to  ascend  with 
their  vessels,  or  trade  with  the  natives,  but  only  with  the 
company,  whose  privileges  are  to  remain  free  of  duty,  either 
here  or  in  Sweden.  The  duties  and  excise  levied  on  foreigners 
or  subjects,  to  be  employed  in  defence  of  the  country,  and  to 
the  profit  of  the  company,  until  further  explanation. 

Purchasers  of  land  from  the  company  or  savages,  and  be- 
coming subjects,  are  assured  of  being  admitted  into  the  com- 
pany, and  enjoying  all  allodial  privileges  and  franchises,  but 
no  one  to  enter  into  possession  but  by  consent  of  the  govern- 
ment, so  that  no  one  be  deprived  improperly  of  what  he 
already  possesses. 

Before  the  governor  leaves  the  country,  he  is  to  render  to 
Commissary  Bysingh  a  full  account  of  the  situation  of  affairs, 
place  all  that  relates  to  military  affairs  and  the  defence  of  the 
country  into  the  hands  of  John  Amundson,  establish  a  coun- 
cil foi-med  of  the  best  instructed  and  most  noble  officers  in  the 
country,  of  which  Rysingh  shall  be  director,  in  such  manner, 
that  neither  he,  in  his  charge,  nor  Amundson,  as  governor  of 
militia,  in  his,  shall  decide  or  approve  any  thing,  without 
reciprocally  consulting  each  other.  The  governor  shall,  for 
the  present,  give  them  written  directions  for  their  guide. 
Should  the  governor  remain  in  the  country  longer,  he  shall 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  145 

accept  Rysingh  as  commissary  and  assistant  counsellor,  and  in     1653. 
the  council  those  whom  he  shall  think  most  proper.  '^^'    ^ 

In  relation  to  those  things  particularly  confided  to  Rysingh, 
the  college  of  the  chamber  confer  upon  him  the  full  power  powew  con- 
and  permission  that  her  majesty  has  conceded  to  him,  to  be  ^'^^^'^^^y 

.  -1  •  •  1  •        1  college  on 

governed  by  the  mstructions  and  memoirs  given  him.^  Rysingh. 

Her  majesty  grants  to  John  Rysingh,  "his  wife,  and  their  Dec.  12. 
legitimate  male  heirs  and  their  descendants,  as  much  land  in  Grant  of 
the  West  Indies  and  New  Sweden  as  he  shall  be  able  to  cul-  '» '^'^  t°  J°i''' 

Rysingh. 

tivate  with  20  or  30  peasants,  ceding  to  him  it"  and  all  its 
dependencies,  in  woods,  fields,  fisheries,  rivers,  and  mill-seats, 
and  all  other  properties  upon  land  or  water,  "  to  enjoy,  em- 
ploy, and  keep  the  same,  in  the  same  manner,  and  with  the 
same  franchises  as  our  nobles,  and  as  a  perpetual  property," 
conformably  to  the  conditions  established  by  the  resolution 
of  Noorhoping,  in  1604,  and  other  regulations.  The  governor 
is  ordered  to  follow  exactly  these  directions,  granting  to  Ry- 
singh so  much  land  as  he  shall  be  able  to  occupy  with  20  to  30 
peasants. - 

Rysingh  arrived  in  the  early  part  of  the  next  year. 

A'^arious  privileges  are  offered  by  the  college  of  commerce,  December, 
for  the  more  extensive  settlement  of  the  country.     Such  of  PriTiiegescf 
her  majesty's  subjects  as  sail  in  their  own  vessels  to  New  *''^^,'"*'^'^, 

0^0  ^  ^  settlement 

Sweden,  have  "  the  liberty  of  trading  on  the  South  River  and  to  those  who 
the  interior  of  the  country,"  as  well  with  savages  as  with  the  ^'^^^ '"^  *'»«'''^' 

•'  '  ~  own  Tcssels. 

Christians  and  the  company  itself,  "  of  ascending  and  de-  May  plant 
scending  the  river  without  paying  any  larger  duty  or  tax,"  Exemption 
excepting  two  per  cent,  on  all  merchandise,  at  a  reasonable  from  duties, 
valuation ;  if  they  import  merchandise  procured  in  trade  on 
the  river  on  Swedish  vessels,  into  any  port  belonging  to  her 
majesty,  they  can  there  land  and  sell  free  of  duty  and 
charge ;  but  foreign  vessels  are  prohibited  from  trading  on 
the  river  with  the  savages  or  others,  but  with  the  company 
alone.  All  subjects  are  allowed  "  to  establish  on  the  lands 
of  the  company  as  many  colonies  as  they  may  be  able,  at 
their  own  expense,  to  keep  said  lands,  and  employ  tliem  in 
plantations  of  tobacco,  or  in  any  useful  manner,  during  cer- 
tain years  of  franchise,  and  under  good  conditions."  But 
any  one  who  has  purchased  from  the  savages  particularly  a 
portion  of  land,  or  has  had  the  same  from  the  company  at  a 
just  price,  and  has  thereon  established  cultivators,  shall  pos- 

'  MSS.  A.  P.  S.,  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  399,  400.  2  Ibid.  p.  398. 

19  N 


146 
1653. 


March  16. 

Act  relating 
to  commerce 
and  naviga- 
tion, and  for 
cultirating 
and  populatr 
ing  the  coun- 
try of  New 
Sweden. 


A  crisis  on 
South  River 
approaching. 


JOHN  PAPPEGOYA,  GOVERNOR  AD  INTERIM. 

sess  the  same  for  ever,  with  all  allodial  franchises  customary 
in  this  country,  with  this  exception,  however,  that  no  one 
shall  establish  himself  in  those  places  where  the  company 
have  reserved  certain  lands  for  culture  as  aforesaid,  <«  they 
are  certified  of  being  comprehended  in  the  company,"  in  re- 
lation to  which  "  a  further  grant  will  be  delivered,  or  that  they 
shall  be  maintained  in  the  liberty  which  has  been  accorded  to 
them ;  no  one,  however,  demanding  the  possession  of  a  tract 
of  land,  can  obtain  it  except  according  to  the  orders  of  the 
governor,  and  by  submission  to  all  the  just  and  civil  laws  of 
the  country."^ 

1654. 

An  ordinance  was  passed  by  the  Swedish  government  in 
relation  to  the  commerce  and  navigation  of  New  Sweden,  and 
for  cultivating  and  populating  the  countiy,  which  guarantees, 
1st,  To  all  who  "  purchase  a  portion  of  land,  whether  of  the 
company  or  of  the  natives,"  and  recognise  subjection  to  the 
Swedish  governor,  that  they  shall  enjoy  the  land  thus  purchased, 
and  their  heirs,  "  as  a  perpetual  possession,  with  every  allodial 
franchise,  with  the  assurance  either  of  being  included  in  the 
company,  or  of  preserving,  otherwise,  all  the  fi^anchises 
hereby  granted  to  them."  2d,  All  subjects  who  have  paid  a 
duty  in  Sweden,  or  the  provinces  under  its  dominion,  shall 
be  exempt  from  all  duties  on  arriving  in  New  Sweden,  and 
the  goods  they  bring  with  them  shall  pay  only  two  per  cent., 
and  be  exempt  from  all  duties,  either  in  Sweden  or  its  depend- 
encies ;  they  shall,  besides,  have  the  privilege  of  trading 
with  the  natives  themselves. "- 

Some  of  these  provisions,  it  will  be  seen,  appear  to  corre- 
spond with  those  of  December,  1653. 

A  crisis  on  South  River  was  now  fast  approaching.  Ry- 
singh,  who,  as  we  have  seen,  left  Sweden  at  the  close  of  last 
year,  might  reasonably  be  expected  before  long,  though  pro- 
bably the  Dutch  w^ere  ignorant  of  his  coming,  and  certainly 
had  no  reason  to  anticipate  the  events  which  attended  his 
arrival.  Printz  had  departed,  Pappegoya  was  in  charge  of 
public  affairs,  and  probably  they  had  no  reason  to  expect,  in 
so  short  a  period,  a  change  in  the  administration,  to  be  accom- 
panied with  such  disastrous  consequences,  as  no  extraordinary 
means  of  defence  were  provided. 

•  MSS.  A.  P.  S.,  Reg.  Peniis.  vol.  iv.  p.  374.  2  Ibid.  vol.  v.  p.  14. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  147 

A  written  license  was  granted  by  Governor  Stone,  of  1654. 
Maryland,  to  Thomas  Adams,  "  with  his  vessel  to  trade  or  "  '  ' 
traffic  with  those  of  the  Swedish  nation  in  Delaware  Bay,  &c." 
"Why  such  a  license  was  necessary  for  the  purpose  of  trading  March  is. 
with  the  Swedes  settled  on  the  Delaware,  especially  as  no  war  License  to 
then  subsisted  between  the  English  commonwealth  and  the  ?;  *''''™^'  f 

c5  Sliiryland,  to 

Swedish  nation,  as  there  did  between  the  former  and  the  trade  on  the 
Dutch,  does  not  clearly  appear,  unless  the  general  power  to  ^''''*^'^*- 
regulate  all  trade  carried  on  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  province 
with  any  neighbouring  colony,  should  have  been  deemed  to 
appertain  to  the  prerogative  powers  of  the  lord  proprietary." 
"  It  might  have  been  inserted  to  guard  against  any  trade  or 
communication  with  any  Swedes  Avho  might  then  be  in  sub- 
jection to,  or  within  any  Dutch  settlements  on  the  Delaware."^ 

It  would  appear  from  the  following  letter  from  the  West 
India  Company  to  Governor  Stuyvesant,  that  an  application 
had  been  made  by  him  for  the  admission  of  some  beavers  free 
of  duty,  that  probably  Governor  Printz  took  with  him  as  a 
private  adventure,  on  his  returning  home.  At  this  request 
they  do  not  seem  to  be  very  well  pleased,  for  which  their 
situation,  as  intimated  in  the  letter,  may  form  some  apology. 
They  probably,  too,  recollected  the  trouble  he  had  caused 
them  during  his  administration.  It  manifested,  however, 
good  feeling,  on  the  part  of  Stuyvesant,  to  one  with  whom  he 
had  been  so  often  in  personal  conflict  for  years.  The  letter  May  is. 
is  dated  May  18,  1654. 

They  say,  "  We  could  not  condescend  to  grant  the  petition  better  to  p. 
which  your  honour  made  in  a  private  letter  of  November  7,  on  his  appii- 
1653,  ill  favour  of  the  late  Swedish  governor,  John  Printz,  nation  for 

,.  ,  ..  ^  •    ^  •!  ^     -I      IP      I'    remission  of 

to  return  him  the  recognition  which  we  received  on  behali  oi  duties  on 

ii  quantity  of  beavers ;  chiefly  so,  because  said  Printz  did  not,  leavers,  in 

as  he  pretended,  send  these  beavers  to  Sweden  by  the  way  of  Gov.  Printz, 

Amsterdam,  but  really  sold  them  here,  and  gave  this  sum  on  from  the 

1-  '11  Ti  company, 

interest,  on  his  account,  so  that  the  said  beavers  did  not  be-  who  accuse 
long,  in  any  manner,  to  the  crown  of  Sweden,  but  to  him,  i"mofp"»- 

.  ,        .    .  digality. 

Printz,  individually.  We  have  indeed  been  somewhat  sur- 
prised that  your  honour  acted  with  so  much  apparent  liberality, 
although  you  were  informed  of  tlie  situation  of  the  company, 
and  were  not  ignorant  how  difficult  it  is  for  us  to  effect  that 
our  revenues  answer  our  expenses  here  and  abroad :  we  must 

'  Roman's  Maryland,  pp.  479,  480.     Council   proceedings   of  Maryland, 
1636  to  1657,  p.  208. 


148 
1654. 


Time  of 
Printz's  de- 
parture. 


May  27. 

Arrival  of 
J.  Rysingh,  a 
new  gover- 
nor. 

Pappegoya 
now  pro- 
bably retires. 


May  31. 

Gerrit  Bik- 
ker's  account 
of  the  cir- 
cumstances 
attending 
the  surren- 
der of  Fort 
Casimir. 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

therefore  renew  our  recommendation,  that  hereafter  your 
honour  will  not  dispose  so  lavishly  of  our  revenues,  but  rather 
excuse  yourself  with  courtesy,  when  you  are  vexed  by  similar 
2yetitioners,  so  that  your  respect  and  authority  remain  undi- 
minished from  the  one  side,  and  from  the  other  no  discontent 
or  troubles  may  originate."^ 

From  the  reference  here  made  to  Governor  Stuyvesant's 
private  letter  of  November  7,  1653,  we  infer  that  it  was  sent 
by  Governor  Printz  himself,  and  that  this  was  about  the  date 
of  his  departure  from  the  country. 

John  Rysingh,  commissary  and  assistant  counsellor,  arrives, 
as  he  himself  informs  us,  "  a  few  days  before  the  2Tth  of 
May,"  in  the  government's  "ship  Aren,  Captain  Swensko, 
very  much  to  the  alarm  of  the  Dutch."  It  will  be  seen,  from 
the  following  extracts  from  several  letters  on  record,  that 
instead  of  complying  with  his  instructions  not  to  act  in  a  hos- 
tile manner  towards  the  Dutch  fort,  but  to  be  satisfied  with 
protestations  and  remonstrances,  the  first  act,  on  his  arrival, 
was  to  demand  the  surrender  of  that  fort,  which  he  soon 
accomplished.  It  does  not  appear,  from  any  thing  we  have 
seen,  that  he  even  had  had  any  communication  with  the  Swe- 
dish authorities.  Printz  had  already  departed,  and  Pappegoya, 
his  successor,  was  probably  at  Tinnicum ;  his  charge  of  the 
administration  here  perhaps  terminated,  having  lasted  about 
six  months. 

Gerrit  Bikker,  commandant  of  Fort  Casimir,  in  a  letter  to 
Governor  Stuyvesant,  of  8th  June,  communicates  as  follows  : 
"  On  the  last  day  of  May,  we  perceived  a  sail;  not  knowing 
who  she  was,  or  where  from,  Adriaen  Van  Tienhooven, 
accompanied  by  some  free  persons,  were  sent  towards  her  to 
investigate,  who,  the  next  day,  contrary  to  hoping  and  trust- 
ing, returned  here  in  the  roads  about  two  hours  before  the 
arrival  of  the  ship,  with  the  following  news :  that  it  was  a 
Swedish  ship,  full  of  people,  with  a  new  governor,  and  that 
they  Avanted  to  have  possession  of  this  place  and  the  fort,  as 
they  said  it  was  lying  on  the  Swedish  government's  land. 
About  an  hour  after  receiving  this  news,  the  Swedish  govern- 
ment's captain,  Swensko,  with  about  20  soldiers,  came  on 
shore  with  the  ship's  boat.  We  bade  them  welcome  as  friends, 
judging,  that  in  case  they  intended  to  attempt  any  thing, 
they  would  at  least  give  us  notice ;  but  contrary  to  this,  he 

•  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  13S. 


PETER  STUYYESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  149 

made  his  people  likewise  come  in,  and  then  demanded,  at  the  1654. 
point  of  the  sword,  the  surrender  of  the  river,  as  well  as  the  '  '~^ 
fort.  This  transaction  was  so  hurried  as  hardly  to  afford 
delay  enough  for  two  commissioners  to  proceed  on  board,  to  Bikker's  ac- 
demand  of  the  governor  his  commission,  and  some  little  time  thTued.*'"'*' 
for  consultation ;  but  before  the  commissioners  had  got  on 
board,  there  were  two  guns  fired  over  the  fort,  charged  with 
ball,  as  a  signal,  after  which  our  people  were  immediately 
deprived  of  their  side-arms,  and  likewise  aim  taken  on  them, 
ready  to  fire,  because  they  did  not  deliver  up  their  muskets, 
which  were  immediately  snatched  from  them,  and  likewise 
men  were  immediately  stationed  at  the  pieces  of  ordnance  at 
the  points.  Those  who  had  been  sent  off  returned,  and 
brought  us  information  that  there  was  no  desire  to  give  one 
hour  delay,  that  his  commission  was  on  board  the  vessel,  and 
that  we  would  immediately  perceive  the  consequences  of  it. 
The  soldiers  were  immediately  chased  out  of  the  fort,  and 
their  goods  taken  in  possession,  as  likewise  my  property,  and 
I  could  hardly,  by  entreaties,  bring  it  so  far  to  bear,  that  I, 
with  my  wife  and  children,  were  not  likewise  shut  out  almost 
naked.  All  the  articles  which  were  in  the  fort  were  confis- 
cated by  them,  even  the  corn,  having  hardly  left  us  as  much 
as  to  live  on,  using  it  sparingly,  &c.  The  governor  pretends 
that  her  majesty  has  license  from  the  States-General  of  the 
Netherlands,  that  she  may  possess  this  river  provisionally. "■'■ 

The  following  letter,  July  27,  from  Stuyvesant  to  the  com- 
pany, furnishes  some  additional  particulars,  derived  probably 
from  the  persons  mentioned  in  it  as  having  arrived  from  the 
fort : 

"  In  the  preceding  month  of  May,  there  arrived  in  the  ^^y. 
Delaware,  a  ship  from  Sweden,  as  it  is  said,  fitted  out  by  the 
government  of  Sweden,  with  a  considerable  number  of  peo- 
ple, according  to  reports,  amounting  to  about  300  souls,  with 
a  new  governor ;  they  came  before  our  Fort  Casimir ;  they 
then  discharged  two  or  three  volleys  with  shot,  after  which 
from  20  to  30  armed  soldiers  landed  from  the  ship.  They 
were  civilly  received  on  the  beach,  near  the  gate  of  the  fort, 
by  Gerrit  Bikker,  our  commander ;  the  door  of  the  gate  being 
open,  they  hurried  through  it  into  the  fort,  then  some  im- 
mediately went  to  tlie  different  points  of  the  bastions,  others 

•  Hull.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  85,  87. 
n2 


150  JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1654.     immediately  disarmed  the  few  remaining  company's  servants, 

*"""    '    there  being  at  that  time  but  10  or  12  soldiers,  and  in  this 

manner  made  themselves  masters  of  the  place.     Seven  or 

eight   of  the  company's  soldiers,  with  Adriaen  Van  Tien- 

Governor      hoovcn,  havo  arrived  here  ;  the  others,  with  Bikker,  the  com- 

fetteJtoThV  Di3''i<i6i'j  ^^^  most  all  the  free  persons,  remained  there,  and 

company,      havc  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  new  Swedish  gover- 

Sunfof'tht  ^0^*     The  further  circumstances  of  this  dishonourable  sur- 

surrender  of  render  of  the  fort,  and  true  statement  of  the  same,  the 

'  positive  and  unsigned  letter  of  the  above-named  Bikker,  in 

answer  to  mine,  have  reached  me  overland."^ 

Governor  Risingh,  on  the  27th  May,  thus  announces  his 
May  27.        arrival  to  Governor  Stuy vesant : 

"  I  cannot  refrain  giving  you  notice,  that  a  few  days  ago, 

Letter  from    I  arrived  here  safe  in  the  government  ship  the  Aren,  with  a 

toGOTernOT  Considerable  number  of  people  from  the  kingdom  of  Sweden, 

stuyvesant,   and  having,  in  behalf  and  in  the  name  of  her  royal  majesty  in 

to^arrivai^    Swcdcu,  my  most  gracious  queen,  demanded  the  surrender  of 

ana  demand  the  fort  built  on  Sand  Point,  excluding  the  surrounding  colo- 

niir.  nies,  which  are  of  a  civil  condition,  and  having  represented 

to  the  people  the  liberty  to  remain  or  to  go,  provided  those 

remaining  put  themselves,  of  free  will,  under  the  obedience 

of  her  royal  majesty,  and  thereafter  free  themselves  of  the 

fidelity  and  obedience  given  to  us,  and  as  this  is  a  matter  of 

greater  result  than  they  can  settle  among  the  ministers,  who 

only  have  to  go  according  to  rule,  therefore  the  sovereigns  on 

both  sides  will  have  to  compromise  this  matter,  and  mutually 

agree  on  the  same."^ 

It  will  be  noticed  that  there  is  some  little  discrepancy  in 
Discrepancy  the  dates  of  the  preceding  facts,  in  relation  to  the  capture 
of  Fort  Casimir.     Bikker  says  it  occurred  "  on  the  last  day 
of  May."     Rysingh's  letter  is  dated  27th,   and  says,  "  he 
arrived  a  few  days  before"  it,  and  he  had  at  this  date  accom- 
plished his  purpose.     We  have  no  means  of  reconciling  them. 
Name  of       AcrcHus  and  Campanius  both  assert  that  this  fort  was  taken 
changi^'tT^  by  the  Swedes  on  Trinity  Sunday,  and  from  that  circum- 
Trinity.        staucc  they  named  it  Trefalldigheet,  or  Trinity.^ 
ArriTai  of         ^^  ^^  Said  that  with  Risingh  arrived  also  Peter  Lindstroem,  an 
Peter  Lind-    engineer,  several  officers,  and  some  troops,  and  a  clergyman, 
engineer, &c.  "named  Peter ,  who  remained  about  two  years,  and 

>  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  89.  2  Ibid.  p.  106,  107. 

3  Acrelius,  p.  414.     Campanius,  p.  82.     O'Call.  vol.  ii.  p.  274. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  151 

Jhen  returned  to  Sweden.^     Lindstroem  almost  rebuilt  the  fort     1654. 
anew,  and  much  stronger."^    He  also,  in  the  course  of  this  and    '    '    ' 
the  next  year,  prepared  for  the  government  of  Sweden,  a  large 
map,  embracing  both  sides  of  the  river  to  Trenton.     The  ori-  Eariy  map 

oft] 
try. 


ginalwas  destroyed,  with  the  palace  of  Stockholm,  in  1697,  °^*^**'°'"'" 


but  a  copy  previously  taken  still  remained  among  the  royal 
archives,  in  1884,  and  a  copy  of  it  was  then  in  possession  of 
our  American  Philosophical  Society,  and  in  a  reduced  form  ac- 
companies Campanius's  work.  The  names  of  places  are  in 
Swedish.  Being  made  at  so  early  a  period,  it  must  be  very 
imperfect.^ 

Acrelius  says,    "  Rysingh  assumed  the  title  of  director-  Rysmgh's 
general  over  New  Sweden."^  *'*^^' 

It  appears  that,  for  some  reason,  probably  from  threatening  june  2. 
appearances  of  danger  from  the  English,  the  director-general  Discussion 
had  proposed  to  the  council  the  propriety  of  abandonina;  ^y  director- 

general  and 

Fort  Casimir,  and  of  sending  off  a  vessel  then  there,  as  the  council,  on 
following  record  appears  to  be  a  reply  to  the  sua-sestion :  ^'"°?  "^ 

o    .  .  .   .  ^^  FortCasimir 

"  Concerning  the  following  propositions,  as  that  of  abandon- 
ing or  maintaining  of  Fort  Casimir,  so  Avith  regard  to  the 
ship  King  Solomon,  if  it  shall  remain  here  or  sail  for  Fulke- 
town ;  for  reasons  more  explained  at  large  in  the  proposition, 
it  is  resolved  not  to  abandon,  for  the  present,  Fort  Casimir, 
neither  to  call  its  garrison  from  there  to  reinforce  that  of  this 
city ;  and  what  regards  the  ship  King  Solomon,  she  is  to  re- 
main to  gratify  the  inhabitants."^ 

They  could  not,  at  this  date,  have  been  aware  of  Rysingh's 
arrival  or  intentions,  but  while  they  were  discussing  the  ques- 
tion, Rysingh  had  made  the  decision  for  them,  by  actually 
taking  possession  of  the  fort. 

"Rysingh  immediately  offered  to  the  English,  Dutch,  and  June  it. 
Indians  to  renew  their  former  friendship.     On  the  17th  of  Great  meet- 
June,  a  meeting  was  held  at  Printz  Hall,  on  Tinnicum  Island,  ^fjl*  ^g.'^*^ 
of  ten  Indian  sachems,  or  chiefs,  and  there  a  talk  was  made  tweenoov. 
to  them,  in  which  it  was  offered,  on  behalf  of  the  great  queen  Indian  sa^ 
of  Sweden,  to  renew  the  ancient  league  and  friendship  that  chems. 
subsisted  between  them  and  the  Swedes,  who  had  purchased 
of  them  the  lands  which  they  occupied.     The  Indians  com- 
plained that  the  Swedes  had  brought  much  evil  upon  them, 

'  Acrelius,  p.  414.     Clay.     Campanius,  p.  109.  2  Acrel.  p.  414. 

3  See  Preface  to  Campanius,  by  Duponceau,  p.  xi.  •*  Aerel.  p.  414. 

Albany  Records,  vol.  ix.  p.  141. 


152 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1654. 


Speech  of 
the  eachem. 


Wish  the 
Swedes  to 
settle  among 
them  at 
Passyunk. 
Titles  to  land 
confirmed. 


Entertain- 
ment. 


for  many  of  them  had  died  since  their  coming  into  the  coun- 
try. Considerable  presents  were  made  and  distributed  among 
them,  on  which  they  went  out  and  conferred  among  them- 
selves, and  then  returned,  and  one  of  their  chiefs,  named 
Naaman,  made  a  speech,  in  which  he  rebuked  the  rest  for 
having  spoken  evil  of  the  Swedes,  and  done  them  an  injury, 
and  told  them  he  hoped  they  would  do  so  no  more,  for  the 
Swedes  were  a  very  good  people.  '  Look,'  said  he,  pointing 
to  the  presents,  '  and  see  what  they  have  brought  us,  for 
which  they  desire  our  friendship.'  So  saying,  he  stroked 
himself  three  times  down  his  arm,  which  among  the  Indians 
is  a  token  of  friendship ;  afterwards,  he  thanked  the  Swedes 
on  behalf  of  his  people,  for  the  presents  they  had  received, 
and  said  that  friendship  should  be  observed  more  strictly  be- 
tween them  than  it  had  been  before  ;  that  the  Swedes  and 
Indians  had  been,  in  Governor  Printz's  time,  as  one  body  and 
one  heart,  (striking  his  breast  as  he  spoke,)  and  that  thence- 
forward they  should  be  as  one  head,  in  token  of  which  he 
took  hold  of  his  head  with  both  his  hands,  and  made  a  mo- 
tion as  if  he  were  tying  a  strong  knot,  and  then  he  made  this 
comparison,  that  as  the  calabash  was  round  without  any 
crack,  so  they  should  be  a  compact  body  without  any  fissure : 
and  that  if  any  one  should  attempt  to  do  any  harm  to  the 
Indians,  the  Swedes  should  immediately  inform  them  of  it ; 
and  on  the  other  hand,  the  Indians  would  give  immediate 
notice  to  the  Christians  of  any  plot  against  them,  even  if  it 
were  in  the  middle  of  the  night." 

After  being  treated  with  wine  and  brandy,  other  Indians 
spoke  to  the  same  effect,  and  advised  some  of  the  Swedes  to 
settle  at  Passyunk,  "  where  there  were  a  great  number  of  In- 
dians, that  they  might  be  watched  and  punished  if  they  did  any 
mischief.  They  also  expressed  a  wish  that  the  title  to  the 
lands  which  the  Swedes  had  purchased,  should  be  confirmed, 
on  which  the  copies  of  the  agreements,  (for  the  originals  had 
been  sent  to  Stockholm,)  were  read  to  them,  word  for  word. 
When  those  who  had  signed  the  deeds  heard  their  names, 
they  appeared  to  rejoice,  but  when  the  names  were  read  of 
those  that  were  dead,  they  hung  their  heads  in  sorrow." 

"  Then  there  were  set  upon  the  floor  in  the  great  hall,  two 
large  kettles  and  many  other  vessels  filled  with  sappaun^ 
which  is  a  kind  of  hasty  pudding,  made  of  maize  or  Indian 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  153 

corn.     The  sachems  sat  by  themselves ;  the  other  Indians  all    1654. 
fed  heartily,  and  were  satisfied."  ""    '~^ 

Such  is  Campanius's  relation  of  this  great  meeting.     He 
adds,   "the  treaty  of  friendship  -which  was  then  made  be-  Fidelity m 
tween  the  Swedes  and  the  Indians  has  ever  since  been  faith-  o^""''^'"- 

the  treaty. 

fully  observed  on  both  sides.'  ^ 

The  English  at  New  Haven  again  consider  respecting  their  July  5. 
property  on  Delaware.    The  following  are  the  proceedings  of 
"a  general  court  held'at  New  Haven,  for  the  jurisdiction, 
July  5,  1654. 

"  A  letter  was  now,  by  order  of  the  court,  sent  to  the  Swedes  a  letter 
at  Delaware  Bay,   informing  them  of  the  propriety  which  nl^en^^^it- 
some  in  this  colony  have  to  large  tracts  of  land  on  both  sides  ten  to  the 
of  Delaware  Bay  and  River,  and  desiring  a  neighbourly  cor-  DliawarT 
respondence  Avith  them,  both  in  trading  and  planting  there, 
and  an  answer  hereof."^    The  letter  is  not  to  be  found,  but  is 
referred  to  at  a  later  period. 

Not  very  long  after  his  arrival.  Governor  Rysingh  wrote  J^'y  n- 
to  the  government  the  following  letter,  giving  an  account  of 
various  matters,  public  as  well  as  private.  He  probably  had 
written  previously,  furnishing  a  statement  of  things  as  he 
found  them ;  the  departure  of  Printz ;'  the  reign  of  Pappe- 
goya,  whom  he  had  succeeded,  &c.  &c. ;  no  other  communi- 
cation has  fallen  into  our  hands,  unfortunately,  or  we  would 
probably  have  been  enabled  to  clear  up  some  things  which 
have  been  rather  involved  in  mystery.  The  following  has 
been  happily  preserved :  as  we  do  not  know  of  its  ever  having 
been  in  print,  it  is  given  at  length. 

"  Monsieur  the  Count — I  return  you  my  humble  thanks  for  Letter  from 
the  favour  your  excellency  has  manifested  towards  me,  in  the  ^Th^^^l! 
advancement  it  has  procured,  and  for  which  I  will  show  my  ter  of  swe- 
gratitude  by  my  fidelity  and  zeal  to  serve  you.    For  whatever 
relates  to  the  actual  state  of  the  country  and  our  colony,  I  Refers  to  a 
have  made  a  sufl[iciently  exact  report  in  the  journal  and  letter  pJJ™'"  '®*- 
which  I  have  addressed  to  your  excellency  and  the  college  of 
commerce.     For  myself,  thank  God,  I  am  very  contented ;  As  to  him- 
if  there  were  only  persons  here  capable  of  executing  what  ^^nJatTd 
the  establishment  requires,  all  would  go  on  well,  for  I  have  a  Requires 
great  desire  to  promote  the  success  of  this  noble  enterprise.  ^''"*^'=''- 

'  Campanius,  p.  76 — 78. 

2  New   Haven   Records,  p.  72,  Book  commencing  «25th  May,  1653,"  and 
ending  "January  5,  1GG3.'' 
20 


154  JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1654.     I  am  now  more  free  than  ever,  and  in  another  element,  with 
' — ''~~'    the  hope,  God  willing,  we  may  aid  you  in  putting  every  thing 
in  a  good  train.     There  is  four  times  more  ground  here  now 
Increase  of    than  whcu  WO  arrived,  and  the  country  is  better  peopled,  for 
ground  and    ^^^  ^^  fouud  Only  70  porsons,  and  now,  including  the  Hol- 
Numberof    landcrs  and  others,  there  are  368  persons.     I  hope  we  may 
inhabitants.  -^^  ^^^  ^^  preserve  them  in  order  and  in  duty,  and  to  con- 
strain them,  if  necessary.     I  will  do,  in  this  respect,  all  that 
depends  upon  me.     We  will  also  endeavour  to  shut  up  the 
river.     Captain  Schute,  who  has  the  commission,  and  does 
Capt.  schute  all  that  he   can,   fell  sick    day  before  yesterday,    at   Fort 
sick.  He  and  rjij.-j^jj.„^     ^|j  ^]^g^^  j^g^g  jjgg^  effected  was  by  me,  him,  and 

Pappegoya  «  ha 

his  only        Pappogoya,  and  they  comport  themselves  very  well.     As  to 
helpers.        ^^^  arrangements  to  be  made  hereafter  for  the  government, 
it  is  for  your  excellency  and  the  government  to  determine.    I 
Describes      dcsirc  that  no  person  will  come  here  who  is  selfish,  obstinate, 
ruitabie*  er-  ^^  negligent ;  for  the  rest,  in  all  which  the  government  shall 
sons  to  send,  order,  I  will  aid  as  much  as  my  forces  will  permit,  as  every 
faithful  servant   of   her    majesty,    and    every    good   patriot 
ought.    I  hope  your  excellency  will  favour  me,  as  heretofore, 
to  procure  for  me,  for  the  future,  a  good  advance,  and  as  I 
Asks  for  ad-  left  somc  dcbts  to  the  house,  I  beg  your  excellency  to,  do  me 
gesXeMbi^  the  favour  to  cause  to  be  paid,  my  wages  for  the  past  year, 
his  agent  at  and  thosc  of  this,  so  that  Potter  may  receive  them  for  the 
debts  left'bJ-  payment  of  my  debts.     As,  at  my  departure,  her  majesty 
hind.  Ai-     deigned  to  grant  me  here  a  portion  of  land  for  20  to  30  pea- 
given  him.     sants,  with  feodal  title  and  in  fee,  I  humbly  pray  your  excel- 
Describesthe  lency  to  aid  me  in  the  occupation  of  the  country,  which  is 
hood.  ^^^'    wild  and  without  clearing,  situated  below  Fort  Trinity,  ex- 
tending from  the  borders   of  a  small  brook,  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  Swedish  into  the  country,  and  then  towards  the  river 
inclusively,  to  Cape  Franc,  also  one  quarter  of  a  mile.  A  large 
part  of  the  land  is  covered  with  a  large  marsh  and  thistles, 
and  a  small  part  is  good  land,  which,  by  the  grace  of  God,  I 
will  cultivate  as  soon  as  possible,  at  my  own  expense,  as 
many  others,  so  that  I  may  there  find  a  retreat,  or  from  it 
gain  something  to  provide  more  easily  for  fulfilling  the  obli- 
Asksthe       gatious  imposed  upon  me.     This  is  what    I   most  humbly 
recommend  to  your  excellency,  praying  him  at  the  same  time, 


count  to 
send  him  a 


jw/e,  having  to  procuve  foT  Hie  a  good  ivife,  relying  for  this  object  upon 


great  confi- 

in  the  world ;  and  though  the  English  who  have  been  here 


dence  in       7°^^  exccllency,  with  more  confidence  than  any  other  person 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  155 

have  made  me  suflficiently  plain  offers,  I  do  not  "wisli  to  decide    1654. 
upon  any  thing  till  I  have  obtained  your  excellency's  autho-    "    '    ' 
rity,  and  shall  therefore  so  remain.     In  gratitude  for  the 
kindness  your  excellency  has  shown  me,  you  will  always  find  July, 
me  disposed  to  execute  your  orders,  and  to  serve  you  with  all 
cheerfulness  and  fidelity,  and  as  far  as  in  my  power.     I  com- 
mend your  excellency,  your  wife,  and  all  your  family,  to  the 
Divine   protection.     At  Fort    Christina,   in   New   Sweden, 
July  11,  1654.     Your  very  humble  servant  till  death, 

"  John  Rysingh.^ 

"  P.  S. — As  the  above  land  is  near  Sandhoecken,  and  a  Wants  land 
little  too  far  for  me  to  render  myself  there  every  day,  I  ask  l^^^^^^_  ^ 
that  they  will  grant  me  upon  the  island  of  Timnier,  the  land  Recom- 
below  Skillpaddekylen,  the  one-half,  and  to  pay  for  it  by  my  ^goy^as^ 
services.     I  recommend  J.  Pappegoya,  schuten."  schute. 

Azel  Oxenstiern  died,  the  excellent  and  faithful  minister  August. 
of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  and  also  of  his  daughter,  Christina,  i>«atii  of  Ox- 
under  whose  joint  auspices  the  Swedes  were  conducted  to,  and 
for  many  years  sustained  in  this  country. 

Queen  Christina,  during  this  year  also,  at  the  age  of  29,  Christina  ab. 
abdicated  the  throne   of   Sweden  in  lavour  of  her  cousin,  charies 
Charles  Gustavus.^  ^^t^^. 

This  day  was  set  apart  for  a  general  thanksgiving,  on  ac-  August  12, 
count  of  peace  between  England  and  Holland,  the  news  of  tweeu  Eng 
which  reached  Manhattan  on  the  16th  July.^  land  and 

It  was  not  very  long  after  the  capture  of  Fort  Casimir,  or 
Trinity,  by  Rysingh,  that  an  opportunity  presented  to  Gover-  Sept.  22. 
nor  Stuyvesant  of  retaliating.     A  Swedish  ship,  called  the  a  Swedish 
Golden  Shark,  commanded  by  Ilendrick  Van  Elswyck,  (or  as  to'LutiTKi 
he  has  been  usually  called  by  historians  who  have  noticed  ^^r  seized  at 
the  fact,  Daswyck,)  bound  to  the  South  River,  by  mistake 
or  ignorance  of  the  pilot,  or  some  other  cause,  put  into  the 
North  River,  and  got  behind  Staten  Island.     On  discovering 
his  error,  the  captain  despatched  a  boat  to  Manhattan,  for  a 
pilot  to  take  him  to  South  River.     Stuyvesant  thinking  this 
a  good  opportunity  to  compel  the  return  of  the  fort,  seized 

'  MSS.  A.  P.  S.,  translated  from  the  French  translation  of  the  Swedish. 
There  seeins  to  be  a  diversity  in  the  mnnner  of  spelling  this  name;  we  have 
heretofore  used  that  generally  found  in  writers,  hereafter  we  shall  adopt  the 
mode  used  above  by  himself;  we  presume  one  to  be  the  Swedish  and  the 
other  die  English  method.  Sgnie  historians  call  him  John  Claude  Rysingh,  we 
do  not  know  on  what  authority.  It  appears  he  had  no  wife,  as  the  grant  for 
land  would  seem  to  indicate ;  but  this  seems  to  be  the  form  of  those  grants 
generally.  2  Gorton's  Biog.  Dictionary. 

3  Albany  Records,  vol.  ix.  p.  180.     O'Call.  vol.  ii.  p.  266. 


156 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1654. 


Sept.  23. 


letter  from 
New  Eng- 
land com- 
missioners to 
Gov.  John 
Rysingh. 
Alludes  to 
former  inju- 
ries from 
Kieft  and 
Printz.    As- 
sert their 
rights. 


the  men,  as  well  as  the  vessel  and  master,  which  led  to  a  long 
negotiation  between  the  Dutch  and  Swedes,  but,  as  will 
appear  from  what  follows,  without  producing  the  anticipated 
result  on  either  side. 

Mr.  Eaton  again  calls  the  attention  of  the  commissioners 
to  New  Haven's  right  to  several  parcels  of  land  on  both  sides 
of  Delaware  Bay  and  River,  and  produced  a  copy  of  a  letter 
written  to  the  new  Swedish  governor,  with  his  answer  thereto, 
(neither  of  which  do  we  find,)  but  the  commissioners  replied 
to  the  Swedish  governor  on  23d  September,  as  follows : 

"  Much  honoured  sii* — The  commissioners  for  the  United 
Colonies  of  New  England,  being  now  met  at  Hartford,  as 
their  course  this  year  falls,  have  been  reminded  of  the  well- 
known  right  some  of  the  English  of  New  Haven  colony  have 
to  several  large  tracts  of  land  on  both  sides  of  Delaware  Bay 
and  River.  Mr.  Eaton,  one  of  the  present  commissioners, 
has  showed  us  the  copy  of  the  letter  he  wrote  to  you  by  order 
of  New  Haven  court,  dated  July  6,  1654,  and  your  answer 
thereto  in  Latin,  dated  August  1, 1654,  the  contents  whereof 
seem  strange  to  us  all.  We  were  many  years  since  informed 
of  their  just  title,  and  of  the  unjust  disturbance  their  agents 
found  in  their  planting  and  trading  there,  both  by  Monsieur 
William  Kieft,  the  former  Dutch  governor,  and  from  Monsieur 
John  Printz,  your  predecessor ;  and  thereof  Mr.  John  Win- 
throp,  governor  of  Massachusetts  colony,  and  president  of  the 
commissioners,  wrote  to  them  both,  in  September,  1643,  and 
thereunto,  a  few  months  after,  received  their  several  answers, 
but  without  any  satisfaction.  What  you  wrote  concerning  a 
treaty  or  conference  before  Mr.  Endicott,  wherein  New  Ha- 
ven's right  was  silenced  or  suppressed,  and  what  you  affirm 
concerning  the  right  the  Swedes  have  to  lands  on  both  sides 
of  Delaware  Bay  and  River,  from  the  capes,  &c.,  is  either 
your  own  mistake,  or  at  least  the  error  of  them  that  so  in- 
form you.  We  have  perused  and  considered  the  several  pur- 
chases our  confederates  of  New  Haven  have  there  made,  the 
considerations  given  acknowledged  by  the  Indian  proprietors 
under  their  hands,  and  confirmed  by  many  Christian  wit- 
nesses, whereby  their  right  appeareth  so  clear  to  us,  that  we 
cannot  but  assert  their  just  title  to  the  said  lands,  and  desire 
they  may  peaceably  enjoy  the  same,  with  all  the  liberties 
thereunto  belonging,  and  in  their  name  and  behalf  do  assure 
you  they  will  by  no  means  disturb  you  in  any  of  your  just 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  157* 

rights.  Thus  hoping  the  peace  and  good  accord  in  Europe,  1654. 
betwixt  England  and  Sweden,  will  have  a  powerful  influence  "  '  ' 
upon  our  spirits  and  carriage  in  these  parts  of  America,  and 
desiring  you  will,  with  your  first  conveniency,  return  a  full 
and  clear  answer  to  Mr.  Eaton,  governor  of  New  Haven,  who 
will  speedily  impart  the  contents  to  us.  With  our  best  re- 
spects, we  rest,  your  loving  friends  and  neighbours, 

"  John  Browne,  Theophilus  Eaton, 

"  John  Mason,  Simon  Bradstreet, 

<'  John  Webster,         Daniel  Denison, 
"  Francis  Newsman,     Thomas  Prence. 
"  Hartford,  23d  September,  1654."i 

The  affair  of  the  Golden  Shark  not  being  accommodated  October  i. 
between  the  governor  and  captain,  an  invitation  is  sent  by  Gov.Rysingh 
the  director-general  to  Eysingh,  to  visit  Manhattan,  to  settle  'J|"t*M£m- 
their  matters  ;  he  assures  him  of  a  kind  reception,  and  hopes  hattan.  is 
"  that  it  might  please  his  honour,  John  Rysingh,  commander-  g^treat- 
in-chief,  on  behalf  of  the  crown  of  Sweden,   of  the  settle-  ment. 
ments  on  the  South  River,  at  the  request  of.  honourable  Van 
Elswyck,  factor  of  said  crown,  to  come  hither  (to  New  Am- 
sterdam) to  arrange  and  settle  some  unexpected  differences, 
so  this  letter  is  intended  to  assure  aforesaid  John  Rysingh 
that  his  honour  will  receive  a  cordial  reception,  with  com- 
fortable lodgings,   and   a  courteous  treatment,   to   his    full 
satisfaction,  without  the  least  embarrassments  to  his  honour 
and  suite,  goods  or  vessels."^ 

It  appears  hereafter,  that  Rysingh  did  not  accept  of  this 
friendly  invitation,  but  probably  found  his  "lodgings"  more 
"  comfortable"  at  Fort  Casimir,  at  least  for  a  season. 

Application  was  made  by  Captain  Elswyck  to  be  permitted  October  le. 
to  sell  a  portion  of  his  cargo.     The  following  is  the  reply  to  it :  Permission' 

"Whereas  honourable  Hendrick  Van  Elswyck,  factor  in  toseii,on 
behalf  of  the  crown  of  Sweden  and  South  River  company,  <»"'ii«oiiof 

..  .,a  deposit  of 

solicited  that  he  might  be  permitted  to  sell  a  few  hides,  ar-  the  fuii  va- 
rested  in  and  with  the  vessel,  the  Shark,  for  which  now  a  i""' *'" '^!f" 

'  J  _  titution  ot 

favourable  opportunity  presents,  which  being  considered,  the  Fort  Casimir 
director-general  and  company  answered,  that  they  had  had  '^  ^^^' 
no  other  view,  neither  had  yet  any  other,  than  to  maintain 
with  their  neighbours  a  friendly  correspondence,  harmony, 
and  commerce,  and  therefore  have  no  objection  that  the  afore- 
said factor,  to  his  best  advantage,  and  the  profit  of  his  mas- 

>  Hazard's  Coll.  vol.  ii.  p.  320.  2  Albany  Records,  vol.  ix.  p.  236. 

7>n  0 


158 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1654. 


October  20. 


Representa- 
tion respect- 
ing the 
Shark,  by 
directors  and 
council,  and 
a  decree  to 
have  her  de- 
tained.   An 
inventory 
prepared. 


ters,  not  only  dispose  of  the  aforesaid  hides  as  he  proposed, 
but  any  other  wares  and  merchandises,  provided  he  makes  a 
fair  deposit  of  the  real  value  with  the  attorney-general,  as 
representing  here  in  this  point  the  West  India  Company,  the 
honourable  C.  Van  Tienhooven,  till,  as  the  representatives 
of  the  said  company,  a  due  restitution  and  becoming  satis- 
faction shall  have  been  made  for  the  surprise  and  continued 
occupation  of  Fort  Casimir,  with  all  the  ammunition  of  war, 
houses,  and  effects  belonging  to  said  fort,  when  it  was  taken 
by  his  honour,  John  Rysingh,  commanding  on  South  River, 
in  behalf  of  said  crown,  without  any  provocation  or  previous 
declaration  of  war,  on  30th  of  May  last,  and  withholden  to 
this  day  from  us  and  the  honourable  company,  with  all  the 
goods  and  effects  which  belong  to  our  ministers  or  individuals, 
in  revenge  of  which  the  director-general  and  council  could 
do  nothing  less  than  to  arrest  the  above-mentioned  vessel  and 
lading,  without  any  injury  to  either,  till,  as  already  men- 
tioned, a  full  restitution  shall  have  been  made,  and  satisfaction 
given  for  this  unprovoked  assault,  permitting,  in  the  mean- 
while, to  said  factor,  the  disposition  of  the  cargo  to  the  best 
advantage  of  his  masters,  provided  he  makes  a  faithful  de- 
posit of  the  cargo  with  the  plaintiff  and  attorney-general  of 
the  company.  Done  at  the  meeting  of  the  director-general 
and  council,  in  New  Amsterdam,  October  16,  1654. 

"  Signed  by 

"  P.  Stuyvesant,      N.  D.  Sille, 

"  La  Montagne,        C.  Van  Tienhooven."^ 

The  following  decree  against  the  Shark  is  passed,  the  pre- 
vious offers  to  Rysingh  and  Elswyck  not  having  been  accepted, 
and  an  inventory  of  vessel  and  cargo  taken.  The  circum- 
stances of  the  case  are  also  related. 

"  Whereas  the  honourable  John  Rysingh,  now  commanding 
the  Swedish  nation  on  the  South  River,  in  behalf  of  the 
crown  of  Sweden,  in  New  Netherland,  has,  on  the  30th  May 
last,  without  any  provocation  or  hostilities  previously  an- 
nounced, taken  by  surprise  from  us,  who  represent  the  high 
and  mighty  lords  the  States-General  of  New  Netherland,  &c., 
the  Fortress  Casimir,  with  all  the  houses  and  effects  belong- 
ing to  it,  in  reprisal  whereof,  we,  the  director-general  and 
council  in  New  Netherland,  could  do  nothing  less  than  to 
arrest  and  detain  provisionally,  a  certain  Swedish  vessel, 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  ix.  p.  241,  242. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENEIIAL.  159 

named  the  Shark,  being  a  small  fluyt  of  about  40  or  45  tons,  1654. 
with  its  lading,  of  which  vessel  has  declared  himself  master  "  '  ' 
and  factor,  the  honourable  Hendrick  Van  Elswyck,  from  Lu- 
beck,  factor  of  said  crown,  which  vessel,  as  aforesaid  factor  Rcprcsenta- 
more  than  once  has  declared  to  us,  belonged  to  the  South  i|°°thr^'"' 
River  company,  in  the  realm  of  Sweden,  and  arrived  acci-  shark,  cnn- 
dentally  in  the  North  River,  in  New  Netherland,  on  the  22d  '°^''  ' 
and  23d  of  last  month,  (September,)  and  was  then  by  us  ar- 
rested on  the  25th,  which  ship  and  cargo  has  been  conducted 
to  this  city,  when  we,  director  and  council,  offered  said  factor 
that  if  he  could  effect,  by  the  aforesaid  honourable  John 
Rysingh,  the  restitution  of  the  Fortress  Casimir,  with  all  its 
effects,  we  then  should  be  inclined  to  deliver  from  our  side 
the  vessel  aforesaid,  with  its  cargo,  and  to  place  them  at  his 
disposal,  and  at  the  same  time  to  renew  and  continue  our 
neighbourly  friendly  correspondence  and  commerce  with  him 
and  the  subjects  of  the  crown  of  Sweden,  showing  to  the 
aforesaid  honourable  Hendrick  Van  Elswyck  that  there  was 
now  a  fair  opportunity  presented  to  both  parties  to  attain  the 
one  and  the  other,  only  soliciting  time  to  address  the  honour- 
able Rysingh  on  this  subject,  and  offering  our  safeguard  or 
pass  to  the  aforesaid  Rysingh,  or  his  plenipotentiary,  to  come 
hither  to  reconcile  our  differences,  which  was  cheerfully  ac- 
cepted by  said  Elswyck,  leaving  in  the  mean  time  the  afore- 
said vessel  and  cargo  untouched  in  the  possession  of  the  afore- 
said factor  or  his  attorney,  only  taking  the  rudder  from  the 
vessel,  and  placing  two  of  the  company's  servants,  with  its 
ordinary  crew,  on  said  vessel,  for  the  greater  security  of  the 
vessel  and  cargo,  permitting,  besides,  the  aforesaid  factor,  (as 
may  be  seen  from  our  act  dated  15th  of  this  month,)  to  dis- 
pose not  only  of  his  own  goods,  but  of  the  remainder  of  the 
cargo,  to  the  best  advantage  of  his  masters,  only  making  a 
deposit  of  the  whole  real  value  by  the  plaintiffs  and  prosecutor, 
the  honourable  attorney-general,  Tienhooven,  till  the  required 
restitution  of  the  fort  and  other  effects  of  the  company  shall 
have  been  made,  agreeably  to  law  and  justice.  After  this  ap- 
peared before  us,  the  aforesaid  factor,  on  the  19th  of  this 
month,  and  notified  that  the  aforesaid  Rysingh  did  not  incline 
to  come  hither,  neither  to  send  a  plenipotentiary,  nor  to  sur- 
render the  surprised  fort,  wherefore  the  director-general  and 
council  have  deemed  it  their  duty,  and  considered  it  at  the 
same  time  equitable  and  just,  to  arrest  and  detain  the  afore- 


160 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1654. 


Eepresentar 
tion  and  val- 
uation of  the 
Shark. 


October  27. 


Protest  of 
Van  El»- 
wyck. 


said  vessel  and  cargo,  under  the  benefice  of  an  inventory,  to 
be  made  in  presence  of  the  aforesaid  factor  or  his  attorney, 
and  two  impartial  witnesses,  till  they  shall  have  received  fur- 
ther advice  and  instructions  of  their  superiors,  to  bring  the 
durable  goods  not  easily  spoiled,  to  the  company's  magazine, 
while  the  perishable  commodities  might  be  disposed  of  by  the 
factor  to  his  satisfaction,  or  in  case  he  declined  to  do  so,  to 
be  sold  at  public  vendue  to  the  highest  bidder,  or  to  have 
these  articles  appraised  by  impartial  men,  as  it  may  please 
the  aforesaid  factor.  What  now  regards  the  vessel,  it  was 
deemed  proper  to  have  her,  too,  appraised  by  impartial  men, 
leaving  to  the  factor  the  choice  to  keep  one,  or  two,  or  more 
men  of  his  nation  upon  it,  to  keep  a  watchful  eye  upon  it,  or, 
in  case  of  refusal,  to  hire  two  persons  for  this  purpose,  at  the 
expense  of  the  interested,  till  a  reciprocal  restitution  shall 
have  been  made,  and  all  the  differences  reconciled,  or  till  we 
shall  have  received  further  instructions  ;  and  further,  that  a 
copy  of  these  resolutions,  with  one  of  the  inventory,  shall  be 
delivered  to  the  factor  in  projjria  forma. 

"  Done  at  the  meeting  of  the  director-general  and  council, 
in  New  Amsterdam,  October  20,  1654.     Signed  by 
"P.  Stuyvesant,        N.  D.  Sille, 
"La  Montagne,  C.  V.  Tienhooven." 

Then  follows  an  inventory  taken  by  persons  appointed : 
"  Shark — long  by  the  stern,  62  feet. 
Wide  on  deck,  13  or  14. 
Two  colours,  1  white  and  1  coloured. 
"  With  all  standing  and  running  rigging. 
"  Vessel  valued  at        $1200  00 
"  Other  rigging,  &c.,     1758  13— $2958  13." 

She  is  called  "  an  old  and  leaky  fluyt." 

"  Inventory,  for  particular  reasons,  Lieutenant  Swen  Huy- 
gens  refuses  to  sign."^ 

Captain  Elswyck,  not  being  at  all  satisfied  with  Governor 
Stuyvesant's  proceedings  respecting  his  ship,  sends  the  fol- 
lowing formal  protest : 

"  Noble  lord  general  director  of  New  Netherland,  and  the 
members  of  the  high  council.  High  and  respected  lords,  it 
cannot  be  unknown  to  your  honours  that  when  I  landed,  22d 
September,  either  through  inadvertence,  or  by  malice  of  my 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  ix.  p.  244 — 246. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  161 

steersman,  with  the  vessel,  the  Golden  Shark,  intrusted  to  my  1654. 
care  by  the  honourable  South  company,  and  commercial  col-  '  '^ 
lege  of  the  kingdom  of  Sweden,  in  this  river  in  New  Nether- 
land,  that  I  despatched  a  few  of  my  crew  in  a  boat  to  New  Protest  of 
Amsterdam,  as  to  our  good  friends  and  neighbours,  to  obtain  ^'*°^^*" 
a  steersman,  who,  being  well  paid,  should  conduct  the  vessel  tinued. 
to  the  South  River.  When  they  arrived  on  shore,  my  two 
men,  although  born  Swedes,  were  not  only  carried  to  the 
guard-house  as  prisoners,  while  I  was  conducted  by  the  vice- 
commander,  under  an  escort  of  eight  soldiers,  from  the  place 
where  the  vessel  laid  at  anchor  to  the  house  of  Sergeant 
Daniel  Litschoe,  but  even  the  aforesaid  vessel  was,  by  order 
of  the  director-general,  taken  in  the  Raritan's  kill,  our 
colours  taken  away,  and  the  vessel  secured  by  a  body  of  sol- 
diers. It  is  pretended,  I  know,  that  his  honour,  John  Rysingh, 
director  of  the  government  of  New  Sweden,  should  have 
taken  possession  of  Fort  Casimir  by  surprise,  and  that  there- 
fore you  arrested  this  ship  and  lading,  but  this  is  a  pretension 
indeed  without  any  foundation,  because  the  aforesaid  fort 
was,  rather  by  force  than  on  any  ground  of  right  or  equity, 
constructed  on  the  soil  of  her  royal  majesty  the  queen  of 
Sweden,  my  most  gracious  sovereign,  against  which  usurpa- 
tion, at  that  time,  was  protested  by  the  Swedish  governor, 
John  Printz,  although  it  was  executed  by  the  orders  of  the 
director-general,  in  1651 ;  so  that  the  aforesaid  Governor 
John  Rysingh  took  nothing  from  your  honour,  no,  he  reco- 
vered only  what  did  belong  to  her  royal  majesty  of  Sweden, 
and  never  shall  it  be  proved  that  his  honour  ever  took  one 
single  farthing  from  any  individual,  being  a  subject  of  this 
government,  but  as  soon  as  the  freemen  who  resided  there 
desired  to  remain  there,  and  took  the  oath  of  allegiance,  then 
every  one  was  actually  protected  in  all  his  property,  yea, 
what  is  more,  no  person  residing  there,  and  desiring  to  re- 
move to  any  part  under  your  government,  was  ever  stopped 
by  the  governor,  but  every  one  permitted  to  leave  the  spot, 
and  carry  all  his  property  with  him  to  any  place,  when  he 
thought  proper.  But  how  contrary  is  my  situation,  whereas, 
not  only  the  ship  and  cargo  of  my  masters,  but  even  my  own 
property,  (although  I  sold  many  articles  to  others,  who  are 
ready  to  tender  me  the  payment  at  the  delivery  of  the  goods,) 
are  withholden  and  taken  away.  What  man  of  a  sound  judg- 
ment, and  loving  justice,  could  find  fault  with  us,  if  we  did 


162 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1654. 


Protest  of 
Van  Els- 
wyck,  con- 
tinued. 


Governor 
Stuyresant's 
answer  to 
the  protest. 


the  same  in  future,  and  trod  in  tlie  same  steps  with  regard  to 
particular  persons,  if  we  arrested  their  goods,  as  the  director- 
general  has  given  us  an  example  ?  I  understand  that  the  ship 
and  cargo  of  my  masters,  by  me  appointed,  by  the  director- 
general,  has  been  in  part  estimated,  with  the  declared  inten- 
tion to  proceed  in  this  business  in  the  same  manner,  I  declare 
therefore,  solemnly,  that  I  did  not  deliver  to  you  either  ship 
or  cargo,  or  how  this  lading  may  be  specified,  either  by  my- 
self, or  by  any  person  over  whom  I  had  any  control,  but 
what  is  done,  or  may  yet  be  done,  must  be  considered  as 
performed  against  my  will ;  I  cannot  prevent  it.  It  is  far 
from  it  that  I  should  be  satisfied,  in  behalf  of  my  principals, 
with  the  valuation ;  but  it  is,  in  my  opinion,  certain,  that  the 
loss  which  my  principals  sufi"er  by  the  capture  of  said  vessel 
and  cargo,  for  more  than  one  reason,  is  ten  times  higher  than 
the  ship  and  whole  cargo  is  worth.  I  protest,  therefore, 
against  this  whole  transaction,  in  optima  forma,  against  your 
honour  and  the  high  council,  for  all  the  damages  which  my 
masters  suffer,  or  may  yet  suffer  by  it  in  future,  and  remain 
safe  with  my  duty  towards  my  principals.  Your  honours  the 
director-general  and  council's  most  obedient." 

Was  signed,  "  Hendrick  Van  Elswyck,  factor  of  the  Swe- 
dish South  company.     Lewis  Hood." 

"  It  may  please  the  notary  to  deliver  this  protest,  in  the 
presence  of  two  witnesses,  to  the  director-general,  and  bring 
me  a  receipt  of  its  acceptance." 

In  the  margin  stood,  "  Done  in  New  Amsterdam,  in  New 
Netherland,  1654,  -pth  October." 

Yet  lower,  "agrees  with  the  original,"  and  signed,  "  Cor- 
nel Van  Ruyven,  lieutenant."^ 

On  the  same  day,  the  governor  returned  the  following  an- 
swer to  the  preceding  protest : 

"In  answer  to  the  unfounded  protest  of  the  honourable 
Elswyck,  factor  in  behalf  of  the  Swedish  South  company,  is, 
that  although  his  honour  pretends  that  he  landed  in  this  river 
through  negligence  and  malice  of  his  steersman  only,  and 
despatched  some  of  his  crew,  observe,  as  to  his  good  friends 
and  neighbours ;  we,  however,  have  never  seen  any  proof  of 
it ;  the  hostile  act  of  the  honourable  J.  Rysingh,  under  pre- 
text of  friendship,  who  arrived  before  our  Fort  Casimir,  on 
South  River,  in  New  Netherland,  saluted  with  two  guns, 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  ix.  p.  263 — 265. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  163 

landed  30  men,  who  met  with  a  kind  reception  of  our  com-  1654. 
missioner  and  other  ministers,  and  were  welcomed  by  them  as  ' 
friends  and  neighbours,  and  who,  discovering  the  weakness 
of  our  garrison,  disarmed  the  few  soldiers  of  their  High  Answer  to 
Mightinesses  the  States-General  and  the  West  India  Com-  ^^Xul? 
pany,  not  even  leaving  them  their  swords,  not  as  friends  and 
-neighbours  of  the  crown  of  Sweden,  but  as  public  enemies, 
against  all  military  rules.  They  took  possession  of  Fort 
Casimir,  with  all  the  ammunition,  eflfects,  houses,  raw  mate- 
rials, &c.,  all  belonging  to  the  West  India  Company,  and 
keep  it  yet  till  this  day ;  they  diverted  some  of  our  ministers, 
and  nearly  all  our  freemen,  who  owed,  by  their  oath  and 
duty,  obedience  to  us,  representing  the  high  and  mighty 
States-General,  and  the  director  of  the  privileged  general 
West  India  Company,  from  their  allegiance,  absolved  them 
from  their  oath,  and  lured  them  to  swear  obedience  to  the 
crown  of  Sweden.  We  pass  by  in  silence,  for  brevity's  sake, 
the  damages,  affronts,  injuries,  anticipations,  and  usurpations 
of  the  presiding  ministers  of  the  crown  of  Sweden,  of  lands 
and  rivers  which  we  purchased,  paid  for,  and  took  into  our 
possession ;  we  omit  the  landing  of  the  vessel,  not  through 
the  usual  channel,  not  by  a  course  well  known  to  the  steers- 
man, but  by  an  unknown  passage  behind  the  Staten  Island, 
towards  the  Raritan  kill ;  all  this  does  not  once  agree  with 
the  arrival  of  fi-iends  and  neighbours,  but  rather  betrays 
spies  and  enemies  ;  wherefore  we,  director-general  and  coun- 
cil in  New  Netherland,  agreeably  to  our  oath  and  duty  to 
protect  our  possessions,  and  recover  what  was  captured,  could 
do  nothing  less  than  secure  ourselves  against  such  pretended 
friends,  to  prevent  new  losses ;  but  then  even  were  neither 
vhe  honourable  protestant  or  Swedes  treated  by  us  as  ene- 
mies and  prisoners,  rather  they  were  treated  by  us  as  neigh- 
bours and  friends.  His  honour  the  factor  was  lodged  in  the 
best  and  principal  tavern,  by  a  sergeant  of  militia,  Daniel 
Litschoe,  with  the  full  liberty  to  go  and  walk,  to  converse, 
associate,  and  act,  when,  where,  and  with  whom  he  might 
please,  as  may  be  proved  by  witnesses,  and  a  written  affidavit 
here  annexed,  of  the  under  lieutenant.  The  passengers  and 
crew,  without  distinction  of  nation,  (except  those  who  lately 
were  in  the  service  of  the  West  India  Company,)  were 
permitted  to  keep  their  oath  and  allegiance,  and  either  re- 
main or  depart  at  their  pleasure.     The  reasons  why  the  ves- 


164 
1654. 


Answer  to 
the  protest, 
continued. 


Governor 
Stuyvesant's 
reply  to  the 
captain's  re- 
marks re- 
specting Fort 
Casimir. 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

sel,  the  Shark,  -was  arrested  by  the  director-general  and 
council,  and  remains  yet  detained  by  them,  are  evident  from 
the  act  of  the  resolution,  of  which  a  copy,  annexed  to  this 
document,  was  delivered  to  the  honourable  factor.  In  the 
meanwhile,  a  free  and  friendly  pass  was  granted  to  aforesaid 
factor,  Elswyck,  at  his  request,  in  behalf  of  his  principal, 
the  honourable  Director  Rysingh,  or  his  plenipotentiary,  to- 
come  hither,  to  reconcile,  if  possible,  our  several  differences. 
As  appears  again,  by  the  annexed  document,  we  further  con- 
sented that  said  factor  might  dispose  of  or  sell  his  masters' 
effects,  and  offered  the  restitution  of  vessel  and  cargo,  pro- 
vided the  Fortress  Casimir,  which  they  took  by  surprise,  is 
again  restored  to  us,  with  all  its  effects,  as  may  be  seen  by 
the  document ;  while,  in  case  of  refusal,  we  should  detain  the 
aforesaid  vessel  and  cargo,  with  all  its  appurtenances,  till  we 
received  orders  to  the  contrary,  to  secure  it,  and  have  an  in- 
ventory made  of  same,  to  be  valued  and  sold,  and  the  amount 
deposited,  willing  to  give  a  receipt  for.it  in  forma,  and  which 
again  can  be  ascertained  from  the  documents,  and  what 
more  could  have  been  desired  from  a  neighbour  in  a  similar 
case? 

"  What  the  honourable  Elswyck  suggests,  that  the  Fortress 
Casimir  was  rather  constructed  by  force,  without  any  right  or 
title,  on  the  soil  belonging  to  her  royal  majesty,  is  destitute 
of  all  foundation,  and  cannot  be  proved,  neither  can  it  be 
undertaken  in  future.  It  is  true  that  the  governor,  John 
Printz,  protested  against  it,  but  he  never  brought  any  argu- 
ment or  proof  forward,  that  it  was  his  soil,  either  by  occupa- 
tion, purchase,  or  gift,  and  the  Fort  Casimir  was  constructed 
on  Swedish  territory.  No,  we  showed  the  contrary  to  the 
aforesaid  Governor  Printz,  as  we  again  offer  to  do,  with  the 
same  frankness  and  civility,  to  the  protestant,  and  all  who 
may  be  concerned  in  it,  (here,  and  not  at  the  Hague  or 
Stockholm,)  which  would  be  showing  a  bird  on  a  tree,  and 
prove  to  his  full  conviction,  by  authentic  writings,  and  yet 
living  impartial  Christians  and  nations  as  witnesses,  that  there 
is  no  doubt  that  the  high  and  mighty  States-General  and  the 
lords  directors  are  the  only  lawful  proprietaries  of  all  the 
lands  on  the  South  River,  and  this  partly  in  virtue  of  being 
first  discoverers  of  this  country,  of  having  taken  first  posses- 
sion of  it,  and  conquered  it  by  the  bloo'd  of  our  nation,  when 
several  forts  were  constructed  by  us,  on  the  east  and  west 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  165 

shore,  below,  above,  and  in  tbe  middle  of  tbe  river,  partly  by    1654. 
a  lawful  purchase  and  deed  of  a  considerable  tract  from  the    ' — ■ — ' 
original  proprietors  of  the  country,  included  even  the  spot  on 
which  Fort  Casimir  was  constructed,  on  which,  however,  we  stuyresanfs 
do  not  absolutely  build  our  claims,  indisputable  as  these  are,  '"''p'^'  '^°°^' 

''  ,  .  .  tinued. 

on  the  whole  South  River,  but  chiefly  that  we  discovered  first 
that  country,  and  took  actually  possession  of  it  many  years 
before  any  other  nation,  not  even  tlie  Sivedes,  in  the  year 
1638,  Tiad  any  settlements  on  this  our  South  River,  in  New 
Netherland,  as  this  at  large  was  explained  in  the  written  answer 
to  Governor  Printz,  of  which  the  copy  is  here  annexed,  and 
which  may  answer  again  the  now  renewed  unfounded  protest, 
without  the  least  need  to  extend  any  further  explanations  on 
this  point ;  wherefore  we  are  confident  that  her  royal  majesty 
of  Sweden  was  never  informed  by  ministers  faithfully  and 
truly  with  regard  to  the  right  of  their  High  Mightinesses,  in 
virtue  of  the  first  occupation,  and,  what  is  more  yet,  the  first 
discovery  of  the  whole  South  River,  and  yet  the  property  of 
the  noble  directors,  and  thus  of  the  right  and  title  to  all  the 
lands  on  the  aforesaid  river,  both  at  the  east  and  west,  were, 
in  different  parts,  purchased  from  the  savages,  the  original 
proprietors  of  these  lands,  or  obtained  from  them  as  a 
gratuitous  gift ;  much  less,  it  seems,  has  her  majesty  been 
informed  of  the  answer  which  we  made  to  the  protest  of 
Governor  Printz,  wherefore,  consequently,  her  royal  majesty 
is  not  to  be  blamed,  although  her  majesty  might  have  issued 
her  orders,  and  authorized  his  honour  Rysingh  to  assail  and 
surprise  the  aforesaid  Fort  Casimir,  and  even  to  keep  it,  with 
all  its  ammunition  and  effects,  which  otherwise  we  shall  not 
dare  to  accredit  as  commanded  by  her  majesty,  whose  wisdom 
and  discretion  we  always  have  respected  and  admired.  There- 
fore we  protest  not  against  her  royal  majesty's  orders  and 
commission,  but  against  her  ministers  and  officers  in  this 
country,  both  who  now  administer  her  government,  so  with 
regard  the  incorrect  and  abusive  informations,  as  with  re- 
spect to  the  suffered  affronts,  injuries,  losses,  and  hostile 
attendants  against  the  high  and  mighty  lords  the  States- 
General,  in  their  and  West  India  Company's  ministry,  and 
principally  against  the  hostile  attempt  of  his  honour,  John 
Rysingh,  in  the  surprise  and  garrisoning  of  Fort  Casimir, 
with  all  its  houses,  ammunition,  materials,  and  other  effects; 
in  disarming  the  company's  ministers  even  of  their  swords, 


166  JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1654.  against  all  neighbourly  customs  and  military  usages,  of  all 
'  '  '  which  aiFronts,  injuries,  and  losses,  which  indeed  could  have 
been  yet  more  pernicious  and  alarming  to  the  privileged 
stuyvesant's  Wcst  "India  Company,  as  the  aforesaid  fort  was  just  surprised 
unue'd!^"'^  in  a  moment  when  we  and  our  nation  were  in  great  distress, 
and  utterly  incapable  to  resist,  at  same  time,  two  such  power- 
ful and  neighbourly  nations  in  the  attack  from  two  opposite 
quarters.  Wherefore  the  director-general  and  council  excul- 
pate themselves  of  all  difficulties,  calamities,  and  bloodshed 
which  may  be  the  unavoidable  consequences  of  the  hostile 
attempts  of  John  Rysingh,  and  other  ministers  of  the  gene- 
ral commercial  college,  in  behalf  of  South  company  of  the 
kingdom  of  Sweden.  They  therefore  request  the  notary, 
Dirck  Van  Schelluyne,  with  both  his  witnesses,  to  deliver  in 
the  presence  of  our  attorney-general,  Cornells  Van  Tien- 
hooven,  this  act  in  Jbrma,  of  an  answer,  upon  the  protest 
of  the  honourable  factor,  Hendrick  Van  Elswyck,  as  our 
contra-protest,  and  to  procure,  in  his  behalf,  and  of  all  who 
may  be  interested  in  it,  an  authentic  copy  of  it,  in  dehita 
forma.  Done  in  New  Amsterdam,  on  the  27th  October, 
1654.     Signed, 

"  P.  Stuyvesant,    Nicolas  De  Sille, 
"La  Montagne,       Cornel.  Van  Tienhooven."^ 
The  following  extract  from  the  original  proceedings  of  the 
Nov.  2.         general  court  for  New  Haven,  shows  some  further  progress  in 
Delaware  affairs. 

"At  a  general  court  for  New  Haven,  November  2,  1654, 

Meeting  of    the  govcmor  acquainted  the  town,  that  understanding  from 

TT^  'toT    ^°°^®  ^^^^^  *^^®y  expected  some  information  about  Delaware 

laware.        Bay,   whcrcupon  he  read  to  them  a  letter  he  wrote  to  the 

Sw^isJ'^T  S"^6^^sh  governor  by  order  of  the  general  court,  in  July  last, 

Ternor.         and  an  answer  thereunto  received  from  the  Swedes  governor, 

and  a  letter  written  by  the  commissioners  in  answer  to  that ; 

(these  letters  do  not  appear  on  the  records ;)  also,  that  when 

he  was  at  Hartford,  at  the  convention,  several  spoke  to  him 

there  about  their  going  thither,  if  it  might  be  planted,  and 

10  be  done,    therefore  the  town  may  now  consider  which  way  it  may  be 

Few  willing   carried  on :  but  after  much  debate  about  it,  and  scarce  any 
to  go.    Com-  .-      ...        ....  .      '' 

mittee  ap-     manifesting  their  willingness  to  go  at  present,  a  committee 

pointed  to  re-  ^^^  choscn,  viz.  Robert  Seely,  William  Davis,  Thomas  Mun- 

ceiye  appli-  ^  .  1 1 . 

cations.        son,  and  Thomas  Jefferey,  to  whom  any  that  are  willing  to 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  ix.  pp.  2G6 — 272, 


PETER  ST  U  YVES  ANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  167 

go  may  repair,  to  be  taken  notice  of,  and  that  if  there  be    1654. 
cause,  they  treat  with  those  of  New  Haven  who  have  pur-    '"^'^    ' 
chased  those  lands,  to  know  what  consideration  they  expect 
from  them."^ 

An  unfortunate  affair  occurred  between  Factor  Elswyck  Nov.  i-t. 
and  one  Matthias,  from  Providence,  while  the  former  was  Factor  eis- 
awaiting  the  result  of  matters  at  Manhattan.     It  appears  ^^ked  wuii 
from  the  record,  that  Matthias  "  dared  to  make,  October  28,  a  knife,  by 
an  assault  on  his  commander,  H.  Van  Elswyck,  factor,  &c.,  mel^whois 
and  in  his  own  lodgings  prosecute  him  with  his  drawn  knife."  tried,  whip- 
Owing  to   the   interposition   of  spectators,  the  factor  was  ^auisi^ed. 
saved.     Not  satisfied  with  having  committed  this  outrage, 
Matthias    "indulged   in   scolding   said    factor,   saying,    'ye 
Swedes,  ye  villains,  ye  beggars,'  with  other  abusive  names,' 
and  cursing,   when  he  escaped  from  the  attorney-general, 
either  through  the  negligence  of  the  attorney-general  or  his 
officers,  or  by  his  own  dexterous  agility,  showing  them  his 
back,   and  mocking  their  vigilance."     Van    Elswyck    com- 
plained in  court,   "  said  Matthias,  in  1648,  was  publicly  pun- 
ished for  a  crime,  and  afterwards  several  times  imprisoned ; 
he  more  than  once  broke  jail ;   the  plaintiff  asks  that  the 
prisoner  shall  be  hung ;"  the  prisoner  replies,  "  I  resign  my- 
self to  the  director-general  and  council,  let  them  do  what 
they  please ;  I  prefer  to  be  hung  before  I  should  be  so  scan- 
dalized."    He  confessed  he  actually  committed  the  crime,  but 
said  the  factor  was  first  transgressor,  and  kicked  him.     He 
was  allowed  twenty-four   hours    to    exculpate  himself.     He 
again  appears  in  court,  and  says,  "  factor  scolded  him,  calling 
him  a  rascal,  thief,  and  bloodhound ;"  "all  what  your  honours 
do  is  well,  I  see  I  am  to  be  despatched."  "The  factor  said  to 
him,  at  Porto  Rico,  '  I  pardon  you  what  you  did,  but  when  I 
arrive  thither  I  shall  claim   justice ;'  Matthias  replied,    '  I 
thank  you ;  I  too  shall  bring  you  where  the  sea  cannot  over- 
whelm 3^ou.'  "     He  was  sentenced  to  be  taken  from  prison  to 
the  place  where  justice  is  executed,  rigorously  beaten  with 
rods,  and  then  banished  for  twenty-five  years.^ 

The  West  India  Company,  in  Amsterdam,  when  they  re- 
ceived the  news  of  the  capture  of  Fort  Casimir,  expressed 
their  astonishment  in  a  general  letter  to  the  director,  which 
we  have  not  been  able  to  find.     It  is,  however,  referred  to  in 

'  Now  Haven  Records,  vol.  from  "  5tli  February,  1049,"  to  «  1st  July,  1002," 
P-  l-'i^S.  2  Albany  Documents,  vol.  ix.  p.  281. 


168 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1654. 


Letter  from 
West  India 
Company  to 
Stuyvesant, 
on  receiving 
the  news  of 
surrender  of 
Tort  Casimir. 
Their  views 
of  the  trans- 
action. 
Course  re- 
commended. 


Pitting  out 
the  King 
Solomon. 
Authorize 
pressing  ves- 
sels into  the 


another  letter  from  the  same  source,  with  their  further  views 
upon  the  subject,  and  expressing  their  opinion  that  the  direc- 
tor ought  to  "revenge  that  injury,"  and  of  the  measures 
they  are  adopting  to  secure  his  success. 

Extract  of  a  letter  from  the  directors  of  the  West  India 
Company  to  P.  Stuyvesant,  dated  Amsterdam,  November  16. 
"  Honourable,  valiant,  beloved,  trusty — You  must  have 
perceived,  from  our  general  letter,  how  we  were  astonished  at 
the  infamous  surrender  of  the  company's  fort  on  South  River, 
and  the  violent  and  hostile  usurpation  of  the  Swedes  in  that 
part  of  the  country.  We  then  did  not  consider  it  prudent  to 
develope  our  intention  more  explicitly,  as  it  ought  to  be  kept 
secret ;  it  is,  however,  nothing  less  than  that  your  honour 
ought  to  exert  every  nerve  to  revenge  that  injury,  not  only 
by  restoring  affairs  to  their  former  situation,  but  by  driving 
the  Swedes  from  every  side  of  the  river,  as  they  did  with  us, 
provided  that  such  among  them  as  may  be  disposed  to  settle 
under,  and  submit  to  our  government,  may  be  indulged  in  it. 
We  should,  nevertheless,  prefer,  (and  nothing  must,  with  dis- 
cretion, be  left  untried  to  obtain  this  end,)  if  they  could  be 
persuaded  to  select  other  places  for  their  residence,  within 
our  district,  as  we  should  be  more  gratified  if  the  borders  of 
this  river  were  inhabited  by  Dutchmen.  No  means  ought  to 
be  neglected,  in  case  of  success,  which  God  may  grant  for 
its  accomplishment,  either  by  encouraging  Dutch  settlers,  by 
bounties  or  other  more  powerful  luring  motives ;  it  is,  in  our 
opinion,  the  interest  of  the  company  and  of  the  government, 
that  the  possession  of  that  river  is  secured  to  us. 

"  We  have  already  given  orders  that  the  ship  King  Solo- 
mon, with  the  remaining  supply  of  the  promised  succour,  be 
prepared  for  this  voyage,  as  you  will  be  in  want  of  both  in 
the  contemplated  expedition,  and  we  hope  yet,  if  the  frost 
does  not  prevent  it,  that  she  will  sail  before  winter  sets  in ; 
but  as  this  is  uncertain,  and  more  yet,  when  about  in  the 
spring  it  may  arrive  in  New  Netherland,  while  a  long  con- 
tinued winter  might  disappoint  such  an  expedition,  so  is  it, 
that  we,  fearing  that  the  Swedes  might,  meanwhile,  have  re- 
ceived aid,  and  fortified  themselves  on  that  river,  deemed  it 
highly  serviceable  to  urge  you  seriously,  and  to  commend 
that  your  honour  Avill  engage  for  this  expedition,  one  or  other 
vessel,  and  we  give  you,  in  consideration  if  the  last  arrived 
ship,  the  Black  Eagle,  would  not  answer  your  purpose  in 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  169 

every  respect,  while,  in  case  of  refusal,  either  from  the  side  1654. 
of  the  owners  or  skippers,  you  may  at  last  compel  them  to  """"^ 
submission,  as  in  similar  cases ;  no  excuses  or  private  interests 
can  be  admitted,  as  may  be  proved  from  daily  examples  in  Letter  from 
our  government.  What  regards  the  fresh  supply  of  soldiery,  company'* 
believe  us,  here  too  we  are  on  the  alert,  and  the  proof  that  continued. 
we  are  deeply  interested  in  it  is  at  hand.  The  drum  is  beaten 
daily,  so  that  we  hope  that  we  have  it  yet  in  our  power  to 
embark  a  number  of  soldiers  in  the  ship  the  Great  Christo- 
pher, with  a  gunner  and  two  carpenters ;  however,  if,  as  it 
may  happen,  we  did  not  succeed  in  this  to  the  utmost  of 
our  intention,  and  could  not  obtain  so  many  soldiers  as  we 
intended,  then  that  it  is  our  opinion,  which  agrees  with  that 
of  Lieutenant  Nuton,  that  your  honour  can  supply  this  want, 
particularly  if  this  enterprise  is  directly  undertaken,  before 
the  Swedes  can  receive  assistance.  You  have  actually  nothing 
to  fear  from  any  other  enemy,  being  in  peace  with  your  Eng- 
lish neighbours,  so  that  all  the  soldiers,  with  the  licensed, 
who  in  similar  cases  are  in  duty  bound  to  serve  the  company, 
can  be  employed ;  so  too,  all  free  persons  who  might  offer 
themselves  for  this  service,  as  the  citizens  of  New  Amsterdam 
are  fully  competent  and  strong  enough  to  secure  that  city, 
without  any  danger,  if  only  good  order  and  police  are  esta- 
blished there,  which  we  dare  and  will  intrust  to  your  honour's 
prudence  and  carefulness.  The  digging  tools  which  you  re- 
quired are  sent  by  the  ship  Great  Christopher,  with  a  quan- 
tity of  gunpowder,  so  that  you  need  not  wait  for  the  re- 
sidue, which  it  is  our  intention  to  send  by  the  first  oppor- 
tunity." 

"  We  forgot  to  mention  that  your  honour  ought  to  leave  Commander 
nothing  untried  to  apprehend  Gerrit  Bikker,  late  commander  ^"ar're°ted**' 
of  the  fort  of  the  company,  (Casimir,)  on  the  South  River, 
while  we,  from  the  documents  which  we  have  received,  and 
from  private  information,  are  compelled  to  conclude  that  said 
person  has  acted  in  his  office  very  unfaithfully,  yea,  treacher- 
ously ;  that  he  thus,  without  any  connivance,  to  an  example 
of  others,  ought  to  be  punished,  as  all  others  who  have  shared 
more  or  less  in  this  shameful  transaction,  the  pursuit  of  which 
"We  seriously  recommend  to  your  honour,  while  we  look  for- 
ward to  the  letter  in  which  your  honour  shall  inform  us  that 
this  enterprise  has  been  crowned  with  success.  Meanwhile, 
honourable,  valiant,  beloved,  trusty,  we  recommend  you  to 


170  JOHN  RYSINGII,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1654.     God's  protection,  your  good  friends,  the   directors  of  the 
'""^'^    West  India  Company,  David  Van  Buerle, 

"Amsterdam,  Nov.  16, 1654.  ^""^^^^^  Wilmerdonk.'- 

In  other  letters  written  by  the  West  India  Company, 
shortly  after  the  preceding,  they  speak  of  the  "  cowardly 
surrender"  by  the  commander,  and  call  upon  the  director  for 
the  necessary  documents,  to  enable  them  properly  "  to  explain 
this  hostile  aggression  and  justify  their  title;"  some  papers 
before  sent  by  the  director  not  having  been  properly  authen- 
ticated. 
Nov.  23.  "  It  is  difficult  for  us  to  say,  if  we  are  more  astonished  at  the 

Further        audacious  enterprise  of  the  Swedes,  in  taking  our  fort  on  the 
siu-render.  ^  South  Rivor,  or  at  the  cowardly  surrender  of  it  by  our  com- 
Ask  for  title-  mauder,  which  is  nearly  insufferable.     It  is  thus  of  imperious 
purchase,      necessity,  that  such  measures  directly  are  adopted,  by  which 
further  mischiefs  might  be   avoided.     We  recommend  your 
honour  most  seriously,  that  we  may  be  enabled  here  to  ex- 
plain this  hostile  aggression,  and  justify  the  title  of  the  com- 
pany to  this  district,  to  send  us,  by  the  first  opportunity,  not 
only  authentic  copies  of  the  deeds,  and  their  acknowledgment 
of  this  tract  of  land  which  we  purchased,  on  the  South  River, 
in  the  year  1650,  but  all  such  original  documents  and  papers 
as  may  be  serviceable  to  their  corroboration."^ 
Unauthenti-       "  Among  the   documcnts  joined   to    said  letter  of  Peter 
2it  ^"^^'^  Stuyvesant,  July  27,   are  certain  certificates  and   affidavits 
relative  to  the  scandalous  surrender  of  the  company's  fort  on 
South  River,  which  are  deficient  in  a  principal  requisite,  as 
they  ought  to  have  been  taken  under  oath,  and  recorded, 
without  Avhich  they  can  never  have  any  value  in  a  court  of 
justice."     They  then  order  verified  copies  to  be  sent.     Some 
soldiers  go  by  this  vessel." 
Nov.  26.  What  further  proceedings  succeeded  the  answer  of  the  go- 

The  Golden    vcmor  to  Captain  Elswyck's  protest,  the  documents  do  not 
sharkioaned  gj^^^   ^^^  ^.j^g  followiuff  rocord  would  lead  to  the  inference 

for  the  AVest  '  o 

India  trade,  that  the  Dutch  had  not  given  up  the  vessel,  as  it  is  mentioned 
tliat  "  the  Golden  Shark  is  loaned  by  director  and  council  to 
the  associates  for  four  or  six  months,  for  the  West  India 
trade."  She  appears  to  have  been  prepared  by  director- 
general  and  council.* 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  157—159.         2  Ibid.  p.  166. 

3  Ibid.  p.  168.  *  Ibid.  vol.  ix.  p.  236. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  171 

Another  meeting  of  the  general  court  was  held,  for  the    1654. 
purpose  of  -receiving  a  report  from  the  committee  appointed    "    '    ' 
on  the  2d  instant,  whose  transactions  will  appear  from  the 
following  minute. 

"  At  a  general  court  held  for  New  Haven,  27th  November,  Nov.  27. 
1654,  the  committee  which  was  appointed  the  last  court,  about  Eeportof 
Delaware  Bay,  acquainted  the  town  that  they  had  desired  '^"'"""''"^^ 
this  meeting,  that  they  might  inform  them  what  they  had  last  court  on 
done  in  that  trust  committed  to  them.    They  had  spoken  with  go^J^'w 
sundry  persons  in  the  tovv'n,  but  that  not  answering  expecta-  to  ueip.  The 
tion,  they  got  a  meeting  of  the  brethren  and  neighbours,  and  ^J^fgtrates 
for  the  most  part  they  were  willing  to  help  forward  the  work,  and  eiders 
some  in  person,  others  in  estate,  so  the  work  might  be  carried 
on,  and  foundations  laid,  according  to  God,  and  at  that  meet- 
ing they  desired  that  the  governor,  and  one  of  the  magis- 
trates, with  one  or  both  the  elders,  might  by  their  persons 
help  forward  that  work,  whereupon  they  had  a  church  meet- 
ing, and  propounded  their  desire.     The  elders  declared  they 
were  willing  to  further  the  work,  and  were  glad  it  was  in 
hand,  but  Mr.  Davenport  said,  in  reference  to  his  health,  he  Mr.  Daren- 
saw  not  his  way  clear  to  engage  in  it  in  person,  nor  Mr.  o°'^ac'^ri!iT^ 
Hooke,  because  his  wife  is  gone  for  England,  and  he  knowing  of  health. 
not  how  God  will  dispose  of  her.     The  governor  gave  no  account  of 
positive  answer,   but  said  it  was  worthy   of   consideration,  ws  wife's  ab- 

rn  •  •  sence. 

They  fui'ther  informed  that  some  from  other  plantations  see  Prospect  of, 
a  need  of  the  work,  and  are  willing  to  engage  in  it,  and  the  ^'^  ^""""^  , 

'  o  .  .  other  planta- 

rather  if  it  be  begun  by  New  Haven,  and  foundation  laid  as  tions. 
here,  and  government  so  carried  on,  thinking  it  will  be  for 
the  good  of  them  and  their  posterity. 

"They  also  declared  that  they  had  treated  with  the  pro-  Purchase  of 
prietaries  about  the  purchase  of  the  lands,  and  understand  l^J^'^^' 

r  r  '  Jlouey  ex- 

that  they  are  out  about  <£600,  but  are  willing  to  take  .£300,  pended  for 
to  be  paid  in  four  years,  that  is,  ,£100  at  two  years,  and  *'^®™' 
another  at  three  years,  and  the  last  at  four  years'  end,  which 
they  accepted  of,  if  a  suitable  company  appeared  this  spring 
to  plant  it. 

"  After  these  things,  sundry  debates  passed  about  it,  and  Discussion 
divers  declared  themselves  willing  to  go,  if  they  might  see  er^^mLsrs. 
some  appear  as  leaders  to  them,  for  settling  and  carrying  on  ^^^to^  ^nd 
civil  affairs  there ;  and  in  the  issue  it  was  propounded  to  Mr.  quested  to 
Samuel  Eaton  and  Mr.  Francis  Newman,  two  masristrates  in  «"■  '•'^•'y 

,...,..  .   1        ,  ^  r-  consider  up- 

this  jurisdiction,  to  go  along  with  them,  who,   alter  some  oait. 


172  JOHN  EYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1654.     persuasions,  were   willing   to   take   the   matter   into  consi- 
'    '    '    deration."^ 

About  this  time,  extensive  negotiations  were  progressing, 
relative  to  the  boundaries  of  New  Netherlands,  between  the 
English  and  the  Dutch.  We  find  the  following  minute  and 
resolution  of  the  States  of  Holland,  December  4. 

"  Received  a  letter  from  the  Dutch  ambassador,  at  London, 
December  4.  dated  Westminster,  27th  November,  with  an  extensive  report 
Kegotiations  Concerning  their  negotiations  about  the  limits  between  the 
Dutehand^   subjects  of  this  republic  and  the  English  subjects  in  New 
English,  on    Nethcrlaud.     Resolved,  to   advise,   at  the  assembly  of  the 
oAmits!'^     States-General,  to  send  a  copy  of  the  aforesaid  letter  to  the 
presidential  chamber  of  the  West  India  Company,  in  order 
to  give,  with  the  utmost  speed,  their  considerations  and  ad- 
vice, as  well  as  full  information  on  all  the  points  mentioned 
in  the  same  letter."^ 

The  answers  *of  the  gentlemen  to  whom  the  proposition 
was  made,  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  court,  to  act  as  leaders 
in  the  contemplated  expedition,  may  be  learned  from  the 
following  proceedings. 

"At  a  general  court  for  New  Haven,  December  11,  1654, 
Dec.  11.  the  committee  appointed  about  Delaware  Bay  acquainted  the 
Another  town  that  they  desired  this  meeting,  that  the  town  may  re- 
TO^^tore-  ceive  the  answer  of  Mr.  Eaton  and  Mr.  Newman,  in  the 
ceiye  the  matter  propounded  to  them  the  last  court.  Mr.  Eaton  gave 
Eaton  and  auswcr,  that  it  is  necessary  there  be  some  leader  in  such  a 
Newman.      -^ork,  but  for  his  part,  this  iurisdiction  havino-  an  interest  in 

Both  willing,   -.'.,,  ^         !  **  ,  .„  ? 

imdercir-  him,  which  he  must  have  respect  to,  but  it  it  appears  that 
cumstances.  Qq^  ^all  him  thereuuto,  he  shall  be  willing.  Francis  New- 
man assented  to  what  Mr.  Eaton  said,  and  declared,  that  if  a 
meet  number  appear,  for  quantity  and  quality,  that  the  work 
of  Christ  may  go  on  in  church  and  commonwealth,  founda- 
tions laid,  and  things  carried  on  as  here,  and  that  in  conve- 
nient time  this  next  spring,  at  furthest,  though  he  has  sundry 
objections  in  respect  of  himself,  and  private  occasions,  yet  he 
is  so  far  willing  to  further  the  work,  as  he  would  net,  by  his 
withdrawing,  hinder  it."^ 
Dec  23.  The  following  decree  is  passed  by  Charles  Gustavus,  in 

1  New  Haven  Records,  p.  160,  161. 

2  Miller,  MSS.  before  referred  to.     See  also  Brodhead's  Address,  p.  35,  and 
O'Call.  vol.  ii.  p.  279,  and  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  vii. 

3  New  Haven  Records,  p.  161. 


PETER  STUYA^ESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  173 

relation  to  tobacco.     By  an  ordinance  of  last  year,  it  was     1654. 

judged  proper  "  to  suppress  and  abolish  the  privileges  granted     '     '     ' 

to  a  certain  company  for  the  monopoly  of  that  commerce," 

"in  consequence  of  the  divers  complaints  and  inconveniences  Exclusive 

which  have  resulted  therefrom,  and  particularly  as  the  tobacco,  P^^'^'^se  to 

•"         '^^  _     •'  _  '  import  to- 

considered  in  itself,  is  a  merchandise  which  is  necessary  to  baccoby 

the  comfort  of  no  one,  and  for  which  each  one  ought  to  re-  A^e'rfcl^  re- 
press and  restrain  his  unaccountable  taste ;  and  as  we  have  stored, 
just  reason  to  stop  and  forbid,  rather  than  permit  and  fasili-  so^^foll^ 
tate  the  commerce  and  importation  of  tobacco,  yet  a  deep-  laity,  on 
rooted  custom  having  so  far  spread  itself,  that  in  our  kingdom  tion  of  oroi- 
the  people  very  generally  purchase  and  make  use  of  the  to-  ^'^^'^^ 
bacco,  it  has  appeared  to  us  to  be  dangerous  to  suppress  and 
forbid  entirely  the  importation  of  the  same,    but  we  have 
rather  desired  to  devise  means  by  which  to  render  the  com- 
merce in  it  to  contribute  to  the  public  good.    In  consequence 
of  these  reasons,  the  exclusive  privilege  is  granted  to   the 
company  of  America,  under  certain  conditions,  hoping  that 
by  this  means,  not  only  New  Sweden  will  be  able  to  support 
itself  and  prosper,  but  also  that  our  nation  will  have  greater 
opportunity  and  facility  for  accustoming  itself  to  the  naviga- 
tion  and  commerce  of  America,  and  that  it  will  endeavour 
to  improve  itself  in  the  same."     No  one,  under  any  pretext, 
shall  "  dare,  or  have  the  power  or  permission  to  bring  in,  or 
cause  to  be  brought  into  the  kingdom,  or  the  Grand  Duchy  of 
Finland,  Carelie,  Kirgersmary,  Gottland,  Holland,  and  Jempst- 
land,  any  portion  of  tobacco,  secretly  or  openly,  either  to  sell  or 
for  his  own  use."     <«  Any  person  contravening,  by  importing 
from  the  smallest  quantity  up   to   20   pounds,  for  the  first 
offence,  shall  lose  all,  and  pay  40  marks  of  silver ;  for  the 
second,  80  marks,  and  for  the  third,  double,  and  so  on  for 
every  offence  ;  for  over  20  pounds,  for  every  pound,  a  fine  of 
20  runsticks  of  silver,  and  confiscation  of  the  tobacco."    All 
officers  to  prevent  infractions.^ 

Andreas  Hudde,  late  commandant  of  Fort  Nassau,  applies  ^-  huMo 
to  director-general  and  council  to  be  appointed  schoolmaster,  richooi- 
It  is  referred  to  the  minister  and  consistory.^  master. 

Governor  Stuyvesant  sails  from  Manhattan  to  Barbadoes,  Dec.  25. 
to  make  some  arrangements  for  trade.^  It  afterwards  appears  f^nJfor^* 
he  did  not  inform  the  company  of  his  intention.  west  indies. 

»  MSS.  A.  P.  S.,  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  v.  p.  15. 

«  Albany  Records,  vol.  ix.  p.  309.     Acrel.  413.  3  O'Call.  vol.  ii.  p.  276. 


174  JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1654.         The  Swedish  government,  calculating  upon  their  continu- 
*    '    '    ance  in  power  on  the  Delaware,  made  the  following  estimates 
of  expenses  for  New  Sweden,  for  the  following  year,  1655 : 
December.     One  Commandant,  at  75  silver  dollars  per  month ;  one  cap- 
Estimate  of   tain,  36 ;  one  lieutenant,  24 ;  one  ensign,  18 ;  one  sergeant- 
officersand    jjjajor,  15  I  three  gunners,  8,  each  of  whom  is  to  have  charge 

their  pay,  m  '^       '  '        _  _ »  '       '  o 

New  Sweden,  of  the  magazine  in  his  redoubt ;  one  corporal,  9  ;  one  drum- 
for  i6d5.  j^g^^  Yi ;  thirty-six  soldiers,  at  4  ;  one  provost,  9  ;  one  exe- 
cutioner, 6  ;  three  priests,  10 ;  one  superior  commissary,  who 
shall  also  he  book-keeper,  20 ;  one  fiscal,  who  is  also  to  be 
adjutant  to  the  commander,  12  ;  one  barber,  (surgeon  ?)  15  ; 
one  engineer,  who  is  also  secretary,  12  ;  one  sub-commissary, 
placed  at  the  River  Hornkill,  12;  total,  550|  per  month, 
6606  per  annum,  dollars  of  silver,  or  4404  rix  dollars.^ 

1655. 

The  subject  of  settling  on  the  Delaware  again  claimed  the 
attention  of  the  people  of  New  Haven. 

"At  a  general  court  held  at  New  Haven,  for  the  jurisdic- 

january  30.   tlou,  30th  January,  1655,  a  petition  was  presented  by  Thomas 

Petition  of    Muusou  and  John   Cooper,   of  New  Haven,  on  behalf  of  a 

tendto^^to"^"  company  of  persons  intending  to  remove  to  Delaware  Bay, 

gotoDeiar     wherein  they  propound,    that  for  the   enlargement   of  the 

ware  for  aid.  ]^jjjg(jQjjj  ^f  Christ,   the  forwarding  of  the  gospel,  and  the 

good  of  i^osterity  therein,  that  they  may  live  under  the  wings 

of  Christ,  they  would  afford  some  encouragement,  to  help 

forward  so  public  a  work. 

"  1.  That  two  magistrates,  Mr.  Samuel  Eaton,  and  Mr. 
Ask  for  two  Francis  Newman,  may  have  liberty  from  this  court  to  go  in 
magistrates    pgi^gQ^  at  first,  and  in  case  they  see  not  themselves  called  to 

to  go  with       ^  .  .       ., 

them.  lay  out  SO  much  of  their  estate  as  is  like  to  be  disbursed  in 

such  an  undertaking,  that  then  it  would  please  the  court, 
that  out  of  the  jurisdiction  they  may  be  honourably  provided 
for,  as  men  that  are  willing  to  lay  themselves  out  for  the 
public  good. 

"  2.  In  case  that  there  be  an  undertaking,  then  that  they 
Ask  the  pro-  may  at  first  go  under  the  protection  of  this  jurisdiction,  and 
tectionof  ^-^^^^  j^  gg^gg  ^f  ^j^y  affrout,  the  jurisdiction  will  engage  to 
diction,  tin  assist,  till,  by  the  blessing  of  God,  they  may  be  able  of 
they  canes-  thcmselvcs  to  sct  up  a  commonwcalth,  according  to  the  fun- 

tabUsh  ^  '^ 

themselves,    damcntal  form  of  government  laid  at  New  Haven. 

1  MSS.  A.  P.  S.,  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  v.  p.  15. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  175 

"  3,  That  seeing  our  numbers  are  yet  small,  about  or  be-     1655. 
tween  50  and  60,  we  desire  the  court  to  consider  what  number    '    ■    ' 
they  think  may  be  a  competent  number,  that  we  may  secure 
God's  providence,  and  yet  not  let  the  work  fall  for  want  of 
too  great  a  number. 

"  4.  That  two  great  guns  and  powder,  and  what  belongs  to  want  guns 
them,  might  be  granted.  ''"'^  p'"^'^"'- 

"5.  Seeing  that  most  that  have  purposes  to  go,  do  only  Those  who 
for  public  respects  undertake,  and  not  for  any  need  at  pre-  "°  "^^  ^^' 

'^  ^  '  »/  1  einption 

sent,  and  that  they  do  leave  their  houses  and  lands  without  from  taxes 
that  improvement  that  they  themselves  did  make,  they  desire  ^^''®'*^^«'^- 
that  for  some  time,  as  the  court  shall  think  meet,  they  may 
be  freed  from  rates  and  public  charges. 

"  6.  Seeing  that  they  whose  hearts  God  stirs  up  to  under-  Ask  money 
take  at  first,  are  men,  for  the  general,  of  no  great  estate,  tohuvT" 
and  some  cannot  go  without  help,  we  desire  that  a  sum  of  smaii  vessel. 
money  may  be  raised  in  this  jurisdiction,  which  may  be  em- 
ployed- either  to  buy  a  small  vessel  that  may  attend  their 
service,  or  otherwise,  as  shall  be  thought  meet.     Now  that 
which  occasions  this  last,  is  not  only  the  sense  of  their  great 
expense  and  charge  at  first,  and  the  present  need  that  some 
have  now,  but  also  we  have  heard  from  sundries,  that  gene- 
rally men  are  willing  to  help  on  the  work,  either  by  persons 
or  estates.     Thus  begging  pardon  for  our  boldness,  and  hum- 
bly desire  to  submit  all  their  consultations  unto  the  direction 
of  the   God  of  wisdom,   and   so  remain   yours   to  be   com- 
manded, John  Cooper,         Thomas  Munson, 

"In  behalf  of  the  rest." 

To  which  the  court  returned  : 

"That  having  read  and  considered  a  paper  of  some  pro-  The  court 
positions  presented  by  Thomas  Munson  and  John  Cooper,  of  ^^g^j^y J^ °  *^* 
New  Haven,  in  the  name  and  behalf  of  sundry  persons  of 
this  jurisdiction  and  elsewhere,  appearing  as  undertakers  for 
the  first  planting  of  Delaware,  in  order  to  the  public  good  of 
this  jurisdiction,  and  the  enlai^gement  and  further  advance- 
ment of  the  kingdom  of  Christ  in  these  parts,  do  return  in 
answer  as  foUoweth : 

«1.    That  they  are  willing  so  far  to  deny  themselves  for  AUowthc 
the  furtherance  of  that  work,  in  order  to  the  end  propounded,  ^^^'such'^' 
as  to  grant  liberty  to  one  or  both  of  those  magistrates  men-  others  as 
tioned  to  go  along  with  them,  who,  with  such  other  fit  per- 
sons as  the  court  shall  see  meet  to  join  with  them,  may  be 


176  JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1655.     empowered,  for  managing  of  all  matters  of  civil  government 
'    ■    '    there,  according  to  such  commission  as  shall  be  given  them 
by  this  court. 

"  2.  That  they  will  either  take  the  propriety  of  all  the 
wm  provide  purchased  lands  into  their  own  hands,  or  grant  it  to  such  as 
sent  anrfu-  shall  Undertake  the  planting  of  it,  provided  that  it  be  and 
ture  govern-  remain  a  part  or  member  of  this  jurisdiction.  And  for  their 
settlement  Gncouragement,  they  purpose,  when  God  shall  so  enlarge  the 
increases.      English  plantations  in  Delaware,  as  that  thev  shall  grow  the 

The  "Over-  o  i  ....  "  . 

nor  may  be  greater  part  of  the  jurisdiction,  that  then  due  consideration 
alternately  shall  be  taken  for  their  ease  and  conveniency  of  both  parts, 
a  and  De-  ^s  that  the  govcrnor  may  be  one  year  in  one  part  and  the 


Ten 


laware.  j^gxt  year  in  another,  and  the  next  court  for  making  laws 
may  be  ordinarily  but  once  a  year,  and  where  the  governor 
resides ;  and  if  God  much  increase  plantations  in  Delaware, 
and  diminish  them  in  these  parts,  then  possibly  they  may  see 
cause  that  the  governor  may  be  constantly  there,  and  the 
deputy  governor  here,  but  that  the  lesser  part  of  the  juris- 
diction be  promoted  and  eased  by  the  greater  part,  both  in 
rates  and  otherwise,  which  they  consider  will  be  both  accept- 
able to  God,  and  (as  appeareth  by  the  conclusion  of  the 
commissioners,  anno  1651)  most  satisfying  to  the  rest  of  the 
United  Colonies. 

"  3.  That  for  the  matter  of  charge  propounded  for  en- 
wui  consult  couragement  to  be  given  or  lent,  to  help  on  their  first  begin- 
pilntationa  ^^^g?  they  will  propouud  the  thing  to  the  several  particular 
about  en-  plantations,  and  promote  the  business  for  procuring  some- 
ment^*  thing  that  w^ay,  and  shall  return  their  answer  with  all  con- 
venient speed."^ 

It  appears  that  a  Mr.  JoJin  Cooper"  had  been  to  Delaware, 
and  returned  to  New  Haven.  In  order  to  afford  him  an  op- 
portunity of  imparting  the  information  he  possessed,  as  well 
as  to  take  further  necessary  measures,  a  special  meeting  of 
the  court  was  called.  Of  their  proceedings  we  have  the  fol- 
lowing minute : 

"At  a  general  court  for  New  Haven,  16th  of  March,  165^, 

March  16.      the  town  was  informed  that  the  occasion  of  this  meeting  is  to 

let  them  understand  how  things  are  at  present  concerning 

Delaware,  now  John  Cooper  is  returned,  he  finding  little  en- 

'  New  Haven  Records,  pp.  S3 — S.5. 

2  May  not  the  above  John  Cooper  be  an  ancestor  of  the  present  extensive 
Jersey  family  of  Uiat  name  1 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  17X 

couragement  in  the  bay,  fcAV  being  willing  to  engage  in  at    1655. 
present,  and  therefore  thej  may  consider  whether  to  carry  it    '    '    ' 
on  themselves,  or  to  let  it  fall.     Mr.  Goodyear  said,  notwith- 
standing the  discouragements  from  the  bay,  if  a  considerable  a  person  re- 
company  appear  that  will  go,  he  will  adventure  his  person  ^/ja^are!* 
and  estate  to  go  with  them  in  that  design,  but  a  report  of  Reports  dis- 
three  sliips  being  come  to  the  Sivedes    seems  to  make  the  some^nfing 
business  more  difficult.     After  much  debate  about  it,  it  was  *»  g°  °°*^ 

,,  ,  .,.  ,  1  Mil  withstand- 

voted  by  the  town,  m  this  case,  that  they  will  be  at  twenty  or  jng. 
thirty  pounds  charge,  that  Mr.  Goodyear,  Sergeant  Jeffery,  Arrival  of 
and  such  others  as  they  think  fit  to  take  with  them,  may  go  ^^'"'''^  ^^*' 
to  Delaware,  and  carry  the  commonwealth  letter,  and  treat  Delaware, 
with  the  Swedes  about  a  favourable  settlement  of  the  English  Town  votes 
upon  their  own  right,  and  then,  after  harvest,  if  things  be  ^l^?\  1^.^' 
cleared,  the  company  may  resort  thither  for  the  planting  of  it."^  to  the 

This  is  the  only  account  we  recollect  to  have  seen  of  the 
arrival  of  the  Swedish  vessels.     If  correct,  they  probably  tij^^^Trtva^i 
arrived  after  the  vessel  in  which  Rysingh  came :  it  will  be  of  *e  swe- 

n.ji  ^  c  •  T         x^^       •  •  r-         cUsh  vessels. 

recollected  he  speaks   oi  a  considerable  increase,  m  a  tew 
months  after  his  arrival. 

Several  persons  having  expressed  a  willingness  to  proceed  Apru  9. 
to  Delaware,  another  meeting  of  the  court  is  held,  on  the 
9th  of  April. 

"At  a  general  court  for  New  Haven,  9th  April,  1655,  the  Several  pro- 
town  was  informed,  that  the  occasion  of  this  meeting  is  about  [o  Deraware. 
Delaware  Bay ;  there  being  several  who  have  purposed  to  go,  Court  ex- 
but  they  conceive  they  want  both  number  of  men  and  estate  to  be  under 
to  carry  it  on :  now  if  any  be  willino;  to  further  it  in  person  jurisdiction 

,  ,  ,,  1       ,     °     .        .     ,         .  ,  ,.  of  New  Ha- 

or  estate,  they  may  do  well  to  declare  it,  it  having  been  nrst  ven. 
made  known  to  them  that,  though  they  may  go  free,  and  not 
engage  to  be  a  part  of  this  jurisdiction,  yet  they,  and  all  such 
as  come  after,  must  engage  to  go  upon  the  same  foundations 
of  government  as  were  at  first  laid  at  New  Haven,  which 
were  now  read  unto  them,  and  though  some  objections  were 
made,  yet,  notwithstanding,  the  business  proceeded,  and  divers 
declared  themselves  willing  to  further  it,  as  appeared  by  a 
note  in  their  secretary's  hand. 

"  And  for  their  further  encouragement,  the  town  granted,  watchmen 
if  any  go,  and  leave  none  in  their  families  fit  to  watch,  their  yiXd  for^'^'^ 
wives  shall  not  be  put  upon  the  trouble  and  charo-c  to  hire  a  *^"''''  '^'"'" 

.  Ill  '■'''^ '"  their 

watchman,  the  persons  only  Avhich  arc  present  being  to  carry  absence. 

'  New  Haven  Records,  j).  IGO. 
23 


178  JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1655.  on  that  service.  They  also  further  agreed  to  lend  the  com- 
"    •    '    panj  the  two  small  guns  which  are  the  town's,  or  else  one  of 

them  and  one  of  the  bigger,  if  they  can  procure  leave  of  the 
Town  will  jurisdiction  for  it,  with  at  least  half  a  hundred  of  shot  for 
^Tt  ^nd"*"^'  ^^^^  ^^oo^^  g^'^j  ^f  they  have  it,  a  meet  proportion  of  musket 
powder.        bullots,  accordiug  to  what  the  town  has,  and  also  a  barrel  of 

that  powder  which  the  town  bought  of  Mr.  Evans ;  and  con- 
Their  houses  ccming  their  houses  and  lands  which  they  leave,  what  of  them 
befree°rom°  ^j'^^o  uuimproved  shall  be  free  from  all  rates,  one  year  and  a 
taxes  for  a  half  from  the  time  they  leave  them,  paying  as  now  they  do 
™'''  for  what  they  improve  ;  then  they  shall  have  one  year's  time 

more,  that  they  shall  pay  but  one  penny  an  acre  for  fenced 
After  two  lands  and  meadow,  as  they  do  at  present.  But  if  they  dis- 
years  and  a    p^gg  j-^^^  ^f  them  whcn  that  two  vcars  and  a  half  term  is  out, 

half,  must       ^  „  .  ^  . 

pay  usual      they  must  pay  for  their  lands  after  the  old  way  of  rating, 
rates.  y-2_  fQ^,  pennies  and  two  pennies  an  acre,  while  they  keep  it 

in  their  hands.  "^ 

Stuyvesant's  proceedings  in  the  detention  of  the  Swedish 
April  26.  ship,  were  approved  in  Holland,  for  in  a  letter  of  this  date 
The  West  In-  from  the  West  India  Company  to  the  director-general,  they 
appro^^o°^  say,  "  we  approve  of  your  prudence  in  arresting  the  Swedish 
the  arrest  of  yessel,  with  its  cargo,  while  we,  in  our  last  to  the  director, 
Shark.  '^  havc  declared  our  mind  in  what  manner  the  Swedes  on  the 
How  the  South  River  ought  to  be  treated,  however,  we  cannot  omit  to 
to  be  treated,  iuform  you,  that  WO,  in  our  deliberations  upon,  and  examina- 
Defective  ti-    ^jq^  ^f  ^i^q  claims  of  the  company  in  the  South  River,  dis- 

tle-papers.  •         i  •  r.      i  i 

covered  that  the  transmitted  copies  of  the  documents  were 
not  only  insignificant,  but  in  places  unintelligible,  and  prin- 
cipally the  documents  between  the  Director  Stuyvesant  and 
the  Swedish  governor,  in  1650."  Then  referring  to  the  call 
made  by  the  English  to  see  our  documents,  viz.  letters-patent 
and  deeds  of  the  land  purchased  by  the  company,  with  the 
provisional  contract  between  us  at  Hartford,  in  1650,  they 
say,  "but  to  our  great  surprise,  none  of  these  documents 
have  been  received  by  us."- 

In  reference  to  the  proposed  expedition  against  the  Swedes, 
Ship  of  36  after  alluding  again  to  the  instructions  given  to  Stuyvesant, 
guns  almost  f-^}^Q  at  this  time  had  gone  to  Barbadoes,  without  notice  to 

ready  to  sail    \         ,.  •^^   ^  •     i  n  i  •       t  \   •  j 

for  South      the  directors,  till  his  letter  trom  there  m  January,)  in  regard 

P''^«r.  iQ  tiig  treatment  of  them,  they  inform  him  that  they  "  have 

hired  from  the  burgomasters  one  of  the  largest  and  best  ves- 

'  New  Haven  Records,  pp.  166,  167.         2  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  177. 


PETER  STUTVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  179 

sels,  the  Vigilance,  of  36  guns,  which  is  now  preparing  to     1655. 
sail  in  twelve  or  fourteen  days ;  as  soon  as  she  shall  have    '     ' 
arrived,  you  are  commanded  and  authorized  to  undertake 
this  expedition  with  all  possible  despatch  and  prudence,  even  Expedition 
if  the  director  shall  not  be  returned  from  his  voyao-e.     You  '■°  ^"^  """■ 
may  open  this  letter  and  act  conformably ;  keep  secret.  Vfe 
are  informed  the  Swedes  are  making  immense  preparations 
in  Sweden  to  second  their  countrymen  on  the  South  River. "^ 

Further  instructions  are  given  by  the  West  India  Company  May  26. 
to  Stuyvesant,  on  the  treatment  of  the  Swedes,  and  the  ex-  Further  in- 
pedition.     "  We  informed  you  in  our  last  general,  and  now  ^!^"\^?^f 
here  enclosed  letter,  in  a  manner  sufficiently  plain  and  intel-  swedes. 
ligible,  as  we  presume,  what  our  opinion  and  intentions  were  \^^l^^^' 
with  regard  to  the  Swedes  on  South  River;  which  warning  or  given  them, 
order  we  now  renew,  with  this  further  explanation,  which  we  j^  gucressfuL 
have  adopted  after  mature  elucidation,  that  after  your  exploit 
shall  have  been  successfully  executed,  you  permit  them  to  hold 
the  land  on  which  Fort  Christina  is  built,  with  a  garden  to 
cultivate  the  tobacco,  because  it  appears  that  they  made  this 
purchase  with  the  previous  knowledge  of  the  company,  pro- 
vided said  Swedes  will  conduct  themselves  as  good  subjects 
of  our  government  and  company,  of  which  we  inform  you, 
that  you  may  act  accordingly,  while  we,  before  we  leave  this 
point,  must  recommend  you  once  more,  in  the  most  serious 
manner,  to  make  the  utmost  speed,  after  the  arrival  of  the  urge  de- 
man-of-war,  with  this  exploit,  while  Ave  cannot  doubt  your  expedition/ 
honour  has  already  made  all  the  necessary  preparations,  as 
we  had  informed  you  of  our  intentions,  by  the  Bompteka." 

They  allude  to  instructions  sent  on  the  same  subject,  in  a  May  28. 
private  letter,  supposing  Stuyvesant  still  absent.^ 

Governor   Stuyvesant  having  returned    from   Barbadoes,  August  le. 
though  probably  before  he  could  have  received  the  foregoing  Prociama- 
instructions  from   Amsterdam,    sets   himself   to   work,   and  f^tfOTUi" 
makes  various  preparations  for  the  intended  expedition  against  expedition. 
Fort  Casimir,  alias  Trinity.     The  first  measure  that  we  have 
noticed  was  a  proclamation  for  "  a  general  fast,  thank,  and 
prayer  day,  on  the  25th  August,"  which  says,  "but  which  is 
the  chief  object  on  this  solemn  humiliation  and  thanksgiving, 
is  to  implore  the  only  bountiful  God,  that  it  may  please  him 
to  bless  the  projected  expedition,  only  undertaken  for  the 
greater  security,  and  extension,  and  consolidation  of  this  pro- 

>  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  180.  2  Ibja.  pp.  ISG,  191,  193. 


180 

1655. 


Superinten- 
dents of  ex- 
pedition. 


August  19. 

Offers  to 
those  who 
enlist  or  are 
wounded. 


August  19. 

Demand  on 

merchant 
vessels  for 
the  expedi- 
tion. 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

vince,  and  to  render  it  prosperous  and  successful,  to  the  glory 
of  his  name."  The  director  and  council  prohibit  "  all  usual 
exercises,  as  ploughing,  sowing,  mowing,  fishing,  and  hunting, 
on  that  day,  and  all  other  amusements  and  plays,  all  tapping 
and  intoxication,  under  penalty  of  arbitrary  correction."^ 

The  governor  and  Montague,  being  too  sick  to  superintend 
the  expedition,  they  appoint  Vice-Director  De  Sille,  and 
Attorney-General  Tienhooven,-  to  perform  that  duty,  in  con- 
nection with  the  captain  of  the  "  Weigh-scales,"  the  valiant 
Frederick  de  Koninck. 

An  invitation  is  given  "  to  any  individuals  loving  the  in- 
crease, welfare,  and  security  of  this  now  flourishing  province 
of  New  Netherland,  inclined  to  serve  in  the  projected  expe- 
dition, either  from  principle,  or  at  reasonable  monthly  wages," 
to  address  themselves  to  the  director-general  and  council,  or 
any  member  of  council,  who  "  make  the  solemn  promise,  that 
if  any  person  (which  God  avert)  come,  by  any  offensive  or 
defensive  measures,  to  lose  a  limb,  or  become  maimed  in  any 
manner  whatever,  such  a  one  shall  receive  due  compen- 
sation."^ 

"The  director-general  and  council,  assisted  by  the  valiant 
Captain  Frederick  De  Koninck,  deeming  it  necessary  for  the 
service  of  the  province,  for  various  reasons,  to  solicit  the  use 
of  a  few  merchant  vessels  for  the  service  of  this  country, 
provided  a  suitable  compensation  shall  be  allowed,  to  under- 
take, with  their  aid,  the  proposed  expedition,  under  God's 
blessing,  agreeably  with  orders  of  the  directors ;  and  in  case 
the  skippers  might  decline  to  engage  in  it,  then  it  is  resolved 
in  council  to  command  all  such  to  engage  in  their  country's 
service,  with  their  vessels,  ammunition,  and  crew,  with  their 
victuals  and  implements,  subject  to  the  orders  of  the  director- 
general  and  council,  and  join  this  expedition,  with  the  man- 
of-war  'Balance,'  despatched  from  Holland  for  this  purpose, 
and  to  sail  to  South  River,  and  remain  there  so  long  as  the 
director-general  and  council,  or  their  delegates,  may  judge 
they  may  be  of  service  to  their  country,  for  which  service,  a 
reasonable  satisfaction  shall  be  given  to  the  skippers,  or  their 
employers,  at  A.msterdam,  in  Holland,  by  the  directors  and 
patrons  of  New  Netherland.     Signed,  Peter  Stuyvesaxt, 

«<  De  Sille,     Tienhooven."-* 


•  Albany  Records,  vol. 

*  Albany  Documents,  v 


xi.  pp.  30,  32. 
■'■'   xi.  p.  34,  35. 


2  Ibid.  p.  28.         3  Ibid.  p.  33. 


PETER  STU  YVES  ANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  181 

Foppe  Jansen  is  appointed,  by  council,  "  provisional  com-     1655. 
missary,  to  superintend  and  take  care  that  all  ammunition     '     '    ' 
and  victuals  required  for  the  projected  expedition,  of  which 
correct  lists  shall  be  delivered  to  him,  are  obtained,  shipped, 
and  due  attention  paid  to  them  during  transportation."^ 

Persons  were  sought  for  "  who  have  a  perfect  knowledge  August  24. 
of  the  bottom,  depths,  and  shoals  in  and  about  South  River,  Pilots 
to  make  use  of  them  as  pilots.     Sol.  Garretson  and  Peter  ''°°^^'^- 
Lourison  were  engaged,  as  thoroughly  acquainted  with  those 
waters,  at  10  shillings  per  day." 

Edmund  Scarborough  presented  a  petition  to  the  director-  August  24. 
general  and  council,  "  that  he  may  depart  from  Manhattan,  a  person  ap- 
with  his  sloop  and  some  negroes,  for  Virginia,"  which  was  cu To*d!part 
granted,  "provided  he  give  security  to  the  value  of  £5000  withasioop 
sterling,  that  he  will  neither  directly  nor  indirectly  run  into  f"j.  y^^^n^^ 
the  South  Bay  nor  river,  and  that  his  men  do  promise,  upon  '^^^es  boaa 
oath,  not  to  do  the  same,  nor  to  give  any  intelligence  to  any  gouth  River, 
person,  on  sea  or  shore."  A  person  of  this  name  was  sur-  and  keep  se- 
veyor  of  Virginia,  at  or  about  this  time.^ 

Director-general  and  council,  "considering  the  feebleness  August 25. 
of  the  college  when  the  director-general  and  honourable  De  Persons  ap- 
Sille   shall  be  gone  to   South  River,  as  they,  under  God's  P°'°ted  to 

'-'  '  "^  '  ^  act  in  al)- 

guidance,  are  resolved,"  other  persons  are  appointed  to  act.     senceof  di- 

The  director-general  takes  with  him  1500  gyllens  of  black  ^^  "^■s'-''^'^- 
and  white  seawan,  on  the  expedition  to  South  River,  to  be  Director 
used  for  the  service  of  the  company,  either  to  pay  soldiers'  for  threTpZ 
expenses  or  victuals,  or  for  presents  to  the  natives.^  dition. 

The  day  before  set  apart  throughout  the  province  for  fast.  Fast  day. 
thanksgiving,  and  prayer,  for  the  expedition. 

The  skipper  of  ship  Love  is  commanded  to  engage  with  August  29. 
his  ship,  for  the  expedition,  on  "  our  assurance  of  remunera-  vessels 
tion,  and  to  be  ready  with  his  crew,  ammunition,  and  victuals,  [hrs^vice 
besides  all  such  implements  and  materials  for  embarkation,  as  ^ith  ammu- 
may  be  sent  on  or  before  Thursday  next."  '"*'°°' 

Several  skippers,  it  appears,  declined  acceding  to  the  com-  skippers  de- 
mands of  the  director-general  and  company,  who  thereupon  coundiusc 
assume  a  more  persuasive  mode,  and  say,  "if  the  aforesaid  miwerian- 
skippers  or  merchant  vessels  accommodate  them  each  with  ^"^°^' 

'  Albaoy  Documents,  vol.  xi.  pp.  34,  35. 

'  MSS.  A.  P.  S.,  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  96.    Albany  Records.    McSherry's 
Maryland. 

8  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  pp.  88,  91,  92,  94;  vol.  xi.  p.  35,39,  64. 

Q 


182 


1655. 


May  take  in 
cargoes,  but 
must  remain 
at  anchor 
till  the  suc- 
cess of  the 
expedition  is 
known. 


August  29. 

Further  de- 
mands for 
vessels,  pro- 
Tlsions,  &c. 


August  30. 

Last  warn- 
ing. 


Three  yachts 
engaged. 


August  31. 

A  French 
privateer  en- 


Damages  to 
be  paid. 


Sept.  5. 

Sailing  of 
the  expedi- 
tion. 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

two  men,  besides  witli  the  surplus  of  their  victuals  and  am- 
munition, on  all  which  it  is  resolved  to  indemnify  the  skip- 
pers, and  at  the  same  time  they  are  permitted  to  take  in  their 
lading,  provided  they  remain  at  anchor  till  the  success  of  the 
expedition  shall  be  known,  or  if  ready  before,  to  fetch  their 
permit  and  despatches  from  South  River,  while  the  director- 
general  and  council  deem  it  of  the  highest  importance  to 
inform  the  mayors  in  Finland,  as  soon  as  possible,  of  the 
success  of  the  expedition." 

"Van  Tienhooven  and  Frederick  De  Koninck,  captain  of 
the  man-of-war  <The  Balance,'  are  by  warrant  authorized  and 
commanded  to  go  on  board  the  ships  '  Bear,'  '  Spotted  Cow,' 
and  'New  Amsterdam,'  and  first  solicit  the  said  skippers,  and 
on  refusal  to  command  them,  and  require  from  each  ship  two 
men,  200  pounds  stockfish,  two  or  three  firkins  of  barley,  one 
ton  of  beef,  one  ton  of  pork,  with  300  pounds  of  bread,  and 
as  much  powder  as  they  can  spare,  without  inconvenience, 
delivering  to  the  skippers  a  receipt."^ 

A  formal  notice  is  served  upon  each  of  the  skippers  of  the 
vessels  New  Amsterdam,  Spotted  Cow,  and  Bear.  "  The 
skipper  of  the  ship  is  warned,  for  the  last  time,  to  send  with- 
out any  further  delay,  two  expert  sailors  on  board  the  man- 
of-war  the  Balance."^ 

Three  yachts  are  also  employed  for  the  expedition,  at  six 
guilders  a  day,  provided  they,  the  skippers,  procure  two  men 
and  one  boy  at  their  own  expense."^ 

The  director-general  and  council  "  have  deemed  it  neces- 
sary, to  insure  the  success  of  the  proposed  expedition,  to 
engage,  besides  the  vessels  and  yachts  in  actual  service,  the 
French  privateer  lately  arrived  here,  and  named  L'Espe- 
rance."  In  case  the  galliot  receives  damage.  Captain  Jean 
Flamand  is  to  receive  reasonable  compensation,  agreeably  to 
decision  of  impartial  and  expert  men."^ 

All  these,  and  probably  other  preparations  being  com- 
pleted, the  vessels  take  their  departure  for  the  South  River, 
where,  after  a  very  short  passage,  they  arrive  in  safety.  The 
fleet  consisted  of  seven  vessels,  having  on  board  from  six  to 
seven  hundred  men.  The  director-general  was  accompanied 
by  the  honourable  Mr.  De  Sille,  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Megapo- 
lensis,  as  chaplain,  a  force  certainly  amply  sufficient  to  com- 


1  Albany  Document?,  vol.  xi.  pp.  36 — 38. 

2  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  pp.  41,  42. 


3  Ibid. 


4  Ibid. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  183 

pel  the  small  number  of  Swedes  on  the  Delaware  to  any    1655. 
measures  they  might  see  proper  to  propose.  "    •    ' 

Although  the  preparations  at  Manhattan  seem  to  have  been 
conducted  with  no  special  secrecy,  except  so  far  as  to  prevent 
persons  departing  -who  could  communicate  information  im- 
mediately to  the  Swedes,  they  appear  not  to  have  been  fully 
apprized  of  the  facts ;  yet  it  is  asserted  that  they  had  a  hint 
of  what  was  in  progress,  through  some  of  the  savages ;  but 
whether  they  placed  confidence  in  their  reports  or  not,  no 
special  means  of  defence  were  apparently  adopted  by  them. 

The  first  point  on  the  Delaware  where  we  hear  of  the  fleet, 
was  Fort  Elsingborg,  which  was  in  ruins.  Here  they  made 
arrangements  for  the  grand  attack  on  Fort  Casimir.  Fortu- 
nately, we  have  a  full  report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Dutch, 
in  the  following  letter  from  Stuyvesant  himself,  dated  at 
Fort  Casimir,  after  the  surrender. 

Letter  from  Stuyvesant  to  the  council  at  Fort  Amsterdam :  sept.  12. 

"  Honourable,  prudent,  and  discreet — On  Sunday,  justly  stuyyesant's 
eight  days  from  this  day,  after  the  sermon,  was  our  departure,  council" a^" 
The  next  day,  about  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  we  arrived  in  tert-nesur- 
the  bay  of  the  South  River ;  a  profound  calm,  with  an  incon-  FortCasimir- 
venient  tide,  prevented  our  coming  up  till  the  following  day, 
when  we  cast  anchor  before  the  Swedish  Fort  Elsingborg ; 
there  we  took  a  review  of  our  small  force,  and  divided  it 
regularly  into  five  sections,  each  under  its  own  colours.  On 
Friday  morning,  wind  and  tide  being  propitious,  we  lifted 
anchor,  passed  Fort  Casimir  about  8  or  9  o'clock,  without  any 
act  of  hostility  from  either  side,  cast  our  anchor  about  the 
distance  of  a  small  goteling's  shot  above  the  aforesaid  for- 
tress, went  directly  on  shore  with  our  force,  despatched  Cap- 
tain-Lieutenant Smith  with  a  drummer,  towards  the  fort,  to 
claim  the  direct  restitution  of  our  own  property.  The  com- 
mander solicited  time  for  consideration,  and  till  he  should 
have  communicated  the  event  to  Governor  Rysingh,  which 
was  rejected ;  meanwhile  were  all  the  passes  leading  from 
the  fortress  to  that  of  Christina,  occupied  by  fifty  of  our 
soldiers,  while  the  commander,  Schute,  was  a  second  time 
solicited  and  warned,  under  the  favour  of  our  cannon,  that 
he  would  not  wait  an  attack  of  our  troops,  to  avoid  bloodshed, 
with  other  more  serious  calamities.  The  commander,  in  an- 
swer, solicited  an  interview  with  us  for  a  negotiation,  which 
being  acceded  to,  he  did  meet  us  in  the  valley,  about  the  "^ 


184  JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1655.  middle,  between  the  fort  and  our  newly-constructed  battery; 
'  '  '  and  instantly  was  his  request  that  he  might  be  permitted  to 
despatch  an  open  letter,  after  it  was  shown  to  us,  to  the  go- 
stuyvesant's  vemor,  which  proposal  was  seriously  rejected.  He  left  us 
letter,  con-  ^heu,  dissatisfied,  on  which  our  troops  approached  the  valley 
in  sight  of  the  fort.  When,  in  the  meanwhile,  our  breastworks 
were  raised  about  a  man's  height,  the  surrender  of  the  fort 
was  demanded  for  the  third  and  last  time,  on  which  was 
humbly  supplicated  a  further  delay,  till  early  the  next  morn- 
ing, which  was  granted,  because  we  could  not  be  ready  with 
our  battery  that  evening  or  following  night,  to  approach  yet 
nearer  the  fort,  under  the  favour  of  our  guns.  The  next 
morning  the  commander  appeared,  and  entered  with  us  into 
a  capitulation,  on  the  following  conditions :  about  morn,  our 
troops,  with  flying  colours,  marched  into  the  fort,  and  this 
day  a  sermon  was  delivered,  with  our  imperfect  thanksgivings, 
as  God's  hand  and  blessing  was  so  remarkably  visible  with 
us,  as  well  in  the  weather  and  prosperous  success,  as  in  the 
discouragement  of  our  enemies ;  wherefore  we  request  and 
command,  that  the  allwise  and  good  God  shall  not  only,  on 
the  usual  days  of  worship,  but  on  a  solemn  day,  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  your  honours,  be  openly  thanked  and  praised, 
and  be  further  ardently  addressed  with  prayers,  that  it  may 
please  his  Divine  Majesty  to  favour  us  with  his  further  aid 
and  blessings. 

"Yesterday,  about  noon,  when  the  fortress  surrendered, 
arrived  the  factor,  Elswyck,  from  Fort  Christina,  and  asked, 
in  the  name  of  the  commander,  in  a  courteous  manner,  the 
reasons  and  intention  of  our  arrival,  with  the  orders  of  our 
principals.  The  answer  was,  '  to  recover  and  preserve  what 
belonged  to  them.'  He  then  requested  that  we  might  remain 
satisfied  with  what  has  been  effected,  without  advancing  more 
forward  towards  the  Swedish  fortress,  with  persuasive  elo- 
quence and  courteously  artful  arguments,  at  last  interlarded 
with  threats,  hodie  mihi,  eras  tiM,  which  were  answered  as  the 
tone  and  the  case  required.  Our  small  force  is  meanwhile 
preparing  to  march  hither  to-morrow,  or  the  day  after  to- 
morrow. We  are  induced  to  move  slowly  on  for  our  own 
salvation,  partly  to  try  our  men,  partly  to  send  your  honours 
an  early  communication,  with  regard  to  the  first  and  last 
orders  of  our  lords  the  mayors,  in  their  last  letters  relating 
to  that  point,  expecting  your   advice  and  opinion  on  these 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  185 

letters  with  the  present  messenger,  who  is  to  return  without     1655. 
delay ;  and  to  enable  your  honours  to  do  this  with  greater    '     ""^ 
effect,  I  send  you  a  copy  of  their  private  letter,  addressed  to 
me  personally,  which  letter  your  honours  will  be  so  good  [to 
return  ?]  with  their  general  letter  on  this  subject,  and  com- 
municate us  their  advice. 

"I  will,  meanwhile,  consult  on  the  best  measures,  with  the 
honourable  De  Sille  and  Captain  Koninck,  and  adopt  them 
accordingly,  with  which  concluding,  I  recommend  you  to 
God's  protection,  and  remain,   meanwhile,  honourable,  pru-  v 

dent,  discreet,  your  affectionate  friend,       P.  Stuyyesant. 

"  In  Fort  Casimir,  12th  September,  1655. 

«  About  thirty  Swedes  have  submitted  to  us,  and  solicited 
to  be  permitted  to  go  to  the  Manhattans,  whom  you  may  ex- 
pect by  the  first  opportunity,  and  whom  ye  will  treat  with 
civility.     We  hope  these  will  soon  be  followed  by  others."^ 

The  following  are  the  articles  of  capitulation  at  Fort  Casi-  Sept.  ii. 
mir,  or  Trinity : 

"  Capitulation  or  conditions  on  which  Fort  Casimir,  by  its  Articles  of 
commissary,  Swen  Schute,  was  surrendered  to  the  honourable  of^Fo^t'^c^- 
director-general,  Peter  Stuyvesant.  mir. 

<' 1.  The  commander  shall,  whenever  it  may  please  him,  swedes  may 
or  when  he  obtains  an  opportunity,  by  the   arrival  of  the  'hX^^, 
croon,  or  by  any  other  private  vessels,  be  permitted  to  trans-  &c. 
sport  from  the  Fortress  Casimir,  all  the  artillery  belonging 
to  the  crown,  either  large  or  small  guns,  as  they  were  desig- 
nated by  the  commissioner,  4  iron  guns  of  14  lb.  balls,  and  5 
pieces,  viz.  4  small  and  1  large  one. 

"  2.  Twelve  men,  with  their  full  arms  and  accoutrements,  Twelve  men 
shall  be  permitted  to  march  from  the  fort  with  the  commis-  ™uhttiT*' 
sioner,  as  his  life-guard,  the  remainder  only  with  their  side-  commission- 
arms,  provided  that  the  guns  and  muskets  belonging  to  the  fort,  as  a  me- 
crown  shall  remain  at  its  disposal,  or  that  of  the  commis-  guard;  the 
sioner,  to  transport  them  from  the  fortress  whenever  the  com-  side-arms. 
mander  may  have  an  opportunity  of  bringing  it  to  its  execution. 

"  3.  To  the  commander  shall  be  delivered  in  safety,  all  his  Private  ef- 
personal  property  and  furniture,  which  he  may  either  carry  cers  given 
with  him,  or  send  for,  when  it  shall  please  him,  and  so  too,  "p  *°  t^*™' 

provided  he 

all  the  goods  of  all  the  other  officers,  provided  that  the  com-  surrenders 
mander  remains  obliged  to  surrender,  this  day,  the  Fortress  H^  ^"""^  *"** 

o  ?  t/  '  the  company 

Casimir  to  the  director-general,  with  all  its  guns,  ammunition,  property. 

•  Albany  Records,  vol.  xiii.  p.  348. 
24  q2 


186 


JOHN  KYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1655.     and  Implements  of  war,  and  other  effects  belonging  to  tlie 

'    '    '    general  privileged  West  India  Company.     Done,  concluded, 

and  signed  by  the  combatants,  on  the  11th  September,  A,  D. 

1655,  in  the  man-of-war  the  Weigh-scales,  [or  Balance,]  at 

anchor  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Fort  Casimir. 

"P.  Stuyvesant,      Swen  Schute."^ 

The  following  offers  were  made,  after  the  surrender  of  Fort 
Casimir,  &c.  by  Stuyvesant,  to  the  Swedes  who  chose  to  remain : 

"  All  persons  inclined  voluntarily  to  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance to  honourable  Peter  Stuyvesant,  director-general,  &c., 
and  to  be  faithful  to  their  oath,  are  permitted  to  remain  as 
freemen  on  South  River,  and  to  provide  there  for  their  main- 
tenance, as  good  and  free  inhabitants  ;  whereas  they  who 
might  have  any  conscientious  scruples  forbearing  them  to 
take  this  oath,  are  permitted  to  leave  this  province  of  New 
Netherland,  having  previously  disposed  of  their  goods  to  their 
best  advantage,  and  shall,  when  willing  to  leave  this  country, 
be  accommodated  with  a  free  passage." 

"  Oath. — I,  undersigned,  promise  and  swear,  in  presence 
of  the  omniscient  and  almighty  God,  that  I  will  be  true  and 
faithful  to  their  high  and  mighty  lords  and  patrons  of  this 
New  Netherland  province,  with  the  director-general  and 
council  already  appointed,  or  who  may  be  appointed  in  fu- 
ture, and  will  remain  faithful,  without  any  act  of  hostility, 
sedition,  or  intention,  either  by  word  or  deed,  against  their 
high  sovereignty,  but  that  I  will  conduct  myself  as  an  obe- 
dient and  faithful  subject,  as  long  as  I  continue  to  reside  on 
this  South  River  in  New  Netherland.  So  help  me  God  Al- 
mighty. Signed, 
"  Jan  Hoffel, 
"  Claes  Peterson, 

"  CONSTANTINUS  GrUMBERGH, 
"  xiBRAHAM  JaNSEN, 


September. 


Offers  to 
those  who 
are  willing 
to  remain 
under  the 
Dutch. 


Oath  to  be 
taken  by 
Swedes  who 
remain. 


Form  of  the 
oath  sub- 
scribed by  20 
Swedes. 


"  Barent  Jansen, 
"  Martin  Martens, 
"  Samuel  Peterse, 
"  William  Morris,' 
«  Claes  Tomassen, 
"  Molens  Andriessen, 


Harmen  Jans, 
JoHAN  Anies, 
Oloff  Transen, 
Lambert  Michielson, 
Simon  Hidden, 
Jan  Echost, 
Thomas  Bruyn, 
Andress  Jansen, 
Jan  Jansen, 
Matheys  Elkisse."^ 


In  all  twenty,  of  whom  only  seven  wrote  their  names. 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xiii.  pp.  349,  350.     Roll.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  pp.  108, 109. 
-  Albany  .Records,  vol.  xiii.  p.  361. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  187 

The  surrender  of  Fort  Tirinity  being  thus  readily  accom-  1655. 
plished,  and  with  so  little  noise  that  the  event  was  unknown  " — '^^ 
at  Christina  till  next  day,  Stuyvesant  directed  his  attention 
next  to  the  conquest  of  that  fort  also,  which  being  imme- 
diately in  command  of  Rysingh  himself,  did  not  submit  so 
readily,  but  the  opposition  was  made  rather  through  negotia- 
tions than  fighting.  Stuyvesant  having  been  directed,  in 
case  of  success,  to  restore  it  to  the  Swedes,  may  have  felt 
less  disposed  to  exert  his  power  than  to  accomplish  his  object 
by  milder  means.  The  strength  of  Christina,  too,  had  been  re- 
duced by  sending  off  men  to  Trinity,  who  were  captured.  One 
great  gun  was,  notwithstanding,  fired  at  the  Dutch,  which  drove 
them  into  the  woods.  After,  however,  doing  all  they  could 
in  the  way  of  defence  and  negotiation,  the  fort  was  surren- 
dered to  the  Dutch  on  the  25th,  after  a  siege  of  fourteen 
days,  when  articles  of  capitulation  were  signed,  as  follows : 

"  Capitulation  between  the  valiant  and  honourable  John  Sept.  25. 
Rysingh,  governor  in  New  Sweden,  and  the  valiant  and  hon-  Articles  of 
curable  Peter  Stuyvesant,  director-general  in  New  Nether-  ''ap't'^''t'o*> 
land,  from  the  other  side.  Christina. 

"1.  All  guns,  ammunition,  implements,  victuals,  and  other  Crown  pro- 
effects  belonging  to  the  crown  of  Sweden  and  South  Com-  fo^^'^trtbT 
pany,  which  are  now  in  the  fort  or  its  vicinity,  shall  remain  Swedes. 
in  full  property  to  the  crown   and  company,  while  it  shall 
depend  upon  the  governor  either  to  take  all  these  with  him, 
or  deliver  them  to  the  director-general,  P.  Stuyvesant,  on 
condition  that  all,  when  demanded,  shall  be  returned  without 
any  delay  whatever. 

"  2.  Governor  J.  Rysingh,  with  all  field-oflScers  and  subal-  Governor 
tern  officers,  ministers  and  soldiers,  shall  march  out  of  the  ^°^°®^''s 

'     _  '  to  march  out 

fort  with  beating  of  drums,  fifes,  and  flying  colours,  firing  ^ith  drums, 
matches,  balls  in  their  mouths,  with  their  hand  and  side-arms,  t°'^l  -L 

-^  '  7    iiminer  isle, 

first,  to  Timmer-isle,  (Building  or  Timber  Island,)  where  they  tiiithe«Ba- 
all,  at  their  arrival  from  the  fort,  shall  be  lodged  in  the  TX'^ 
houses,   with  security,   till   the    departure    of  the    director-  take  them  to 
general  with  the  man-of-war,  the  Weigh-scales,  which  shall  Rys'Jugh  ^a 
convey,  at  longest  within  fourteen  days,  the  governor  with  ^'swyck 
his  people  and  goods,  so  far  as  the  Sand  Point,  about  five  infort^oV 
miles  from  Manhattans,  in  full  security.     Meanwhile,  it  is  ^^''"^e  their 
permitted  to   Governor  Rysingh,  and   his  factor,  Elswyck,  fairs. 
with  four  or  five  servants,  to  remain  so  long  in  their  houses 
in  the  fort,  till  they  may  arrange  their  private  affairs. 


188  JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1655.         "  3.  All  papers,  letters,  documents,  and  acts  belonging  to 
'     •    ^    the  crown  of  Sweden,  tlie  South  Company,  or  private  indi- 
viduals, discovered  and  obtained  in  Fort  Christina,  shall  be 
delivered,  unopened  and  unsearched,  to  the  late  governor,  to 
be  distributed  at  his  discretion. 

"  4.  No  person  belonging  to  the  crown  of  Sweden,  or  the 
All  persons  South  Compan  J,  officers,  soldiers,  ministers,  or  freemen,  shall 
dep™f  if '°  ^®  compelled  to  stay,  but  permitted  to  accompany  the  gover- 
they  choose,  nor  whcrcvcr  they  may  deem  proper. 

"  5.  All  the  high  and  low  ministers  of  Sweden,  or  of  South 
Personal       Company,  ministers,  officers,  soldiers,  and  freemen,  shall  be 
^g"yp       maintained  in  the  undisturbed  possession  of  their  individual 
property. 

"  6.  If  any  servant  or  freeman  desires  to  leave  this  coun- 
Personsnot  try,  and  now  could  not  be  ready  to  depart  with  the  governor 
part^auowed  ^^^  ^^^  pcoplc,  all  such  shall  be  permitted  to  dispose  of  their 
time  to  set-  real  and  personal  property,  during  the  period  of  one  year 
fairs.  and  six  weeks,  provided  they  take  the  oath  of  loyalty  for  the 

time  they  intend  to  remain  in  this  river. 

"  7.  If  there  were  any  Swedes  or  Finns  who  do  not  wish 
Persons  to  depart,  then  it  shall  remain  free  to  Governor  Rysingh  to 
stLy,Tfter°  admonish  them,  and  if  they,  upon  such  admonition,  are  in- 
being  admo-  clined  to  follow  him,  then  all  such  shall  not  be  prevented  by 
Kysilghf  the  director-general  from  doing  so,  while  they  who  volun- 
may  do  so,  tarily  are  resolved  to  remain,  and  desire  to  search  for  their 
their  reii-  sustcnanco  in  this  country,  shall  enjoy  the  liberty  of  the 
gion  and       Augsburg  Confcssion,  with  a  minister  to  instruct  them  in  this 

ministers.  . 

doctrine. 

'<  8.  The  governor,  John  Rysingh,  the  factor,  Elswyck, 

Bysinghand  with  all  the  Other  high  and  low  officers,  soldiers,  and  free- 

men  Ih^°be  ^len,  who  now  wish  to  depart  with  their  personal  property, 

provided       shall  obtain  from  the  director-general  a  convenient  vessel, 

totakVthem  '^^lich  at  Sand  Point  shall  take  them  in,  and  transport  them 

to  Sweden,     further  to  the  Texel,  and  from  there  further  with  a  Boeder 

galliot  or  other  good  ship,  to  Gottenburg,  free  from  expense, 

provided  that  such  ship  or  galliot   shall  not  be  molested  or 

detained   at   Gottenburg,  for  which  the  aforesaid  governor 

remains  responsible. 

"  9.  If  Governor  Rysingh,  Factor  Elswyck,  or  any  minis- 
Not  to  be      ters  of  the  aforesaid  crown  or  South  Company  have  contracted 
res^^fordebl'  ^^^  dcbts,  they  shall  not  be  subject  to  arrest  within  the  go- 
vernment of  the  aforesaid  general. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  189 

"  10.  Governor  Rjsingli  is  permitted  to  inquire,  unmo-    1655. 
lasted,  how  the  late  commander,  Schute,  officers,  and  other    " — ' — ' 
soldiers,  have  conducted  themselves  in  the  surrender  of  the 
fortress  at  Sand  Point. 

"11.  Provided  the  governor  engages  to  march  out  of  the  Fort  to  be 
Fortress  Christina  on  this  daj,  being  the  25th  of  this  month,  l"^^  "'^ 
September,   with  all  his  men,   and  to  surrender  it  to  the 
director-general.     Done  and  signed  on  25th  September  afore- 
said, A.  D.  1655,  on  the  paved  place  between  Fort  Christina 
and  encampment  of  the  director-general. 

"  Peter  Stuyvesant. 
"  John  Rysingh,  Director  of  the  country.  New  Sweden." 

"  It  is  further  agreed  by  capitulation,  that  the  skipper  with  Special 
whom  the  governor,  Rysingh,  and  factor,  Elswyck,  shall  de-  ^amiTRy- 
part,   shall  be  expressly  commanded  to  land  Rysino-h  and  singhand 

£,,  -         .  ,  .   ^  _,       ,''       ,  .^  -     ,  ,1?  Elswyck  in 

Elswyck,  either  in  England  or  t  ranee,  and  that  the  director-  England  or 
general  shall  advance  in  cash  to  said  John  Rysingh,  or  by  a  France,  and 
bill  of  exchange,  the  sum  of  <£300  Planders,  which  sum  the  money,  Ry- 
aforesaid  Governor  John  Rysingh  accepts  to  pay  in  cash,  or  ^^^^^  ^^'^ 
by  a  bill  of  exchange,  at  Amsterdam,  to  the  director-general  pay  in  Am- 
or his  order,  within  six  months  after  reception  of  said  money,  ^<''"''*™' 

.  .  .  •'       leaving  his 

giving  the  meanwhile,  in  security  for  this  money,  an  equiva-  effects  as  se- 
lent  out  of  effects  belonging  to  the  crown  or  South  Company,  *'""'^" 
to  director-general,  upon  a  receipt  to  be  left  here,  with  a  copy 
for  the  party,  both  signed  by  the  contracting  parties  on  25th 
September,  1655,  on  the  paved  place  between  Fort  Christina 
and  the  encampment  of  Director  Peter  Stuyvesant. 

"Peter  Stuyvesant, 
"John  Rysingh."^ 
In  a  postscript  of  the  24th,  Stuyvesant  says  he  sends  the  Capitulation 
directors  the  "capitulations  concluded  with  Fortress  Christina,  Christina 
to  be  signed  to-morrow,"  referring  to  the  messenger  for  par-  noticed. 
ticulars  ;  hopes  soon  to  be  with  them ;  recommends  his  affec- 
tionate wife,  children  and  subjects  to  God,  and  anticipates  a 
"splendid"  meeting,  &c.^ 

We  have  the  Swedish  account  of  the  whole  affair  at  both  Swedish  ac- 
forts,  in  the  following  report  of  Governor  Rysingh  himself,  '°pture'o?^ 
in  which  he  censures  the  valiant  Swen  Schute  for  so  readily  Forts  chris- 
delivering  up  Fort  Trinity.     The  Dutch  account  of  the  latter  cTs^i^°r^ 
affair  we  do  not  find.     There  is  a  difference  of  dates  between 
the  two  accounts  respecting  Fort  Casimir,  otherwise,  as  far 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xiii.  pp.  355 — 359.  2  Ibid.  p.  351. 


190  JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1655.     as  tliey  relate  to  tlie  same  matters,  they  agree  tolerably 
'    •    '    well. 

"  Report  concerning  the  hostile  and  treacherous  invasion 
Governor      of  the  Swcdish  colony  in  New  Sweden,  by  the  Dutch,  under 
oSfr^      the  command  of  P.  Stuyvesant,  governor  of  the  New  Nether- 
port,  lands,  wherefore  the  faithful  subjects  of  his  royal  majesty  of 
Sweden,  who  have  endured  such  violence,  do  most  humbly 
betake  themselves  to  his  royal  majesty's  most  gracious  shelter 
and  protection,  to  the  intent  that  they  may  be  sustained  and 
indemnified  for  the  wrongs   and   injuries  which  they  have 
suffered. 

"  In  the  year  1655,  on  the  30th  day  of  August,  the  Dutch 
from  the  North  River,  where  Manhattan  or  New  Amsterdam 
is  situated,  with  seven  ships  or  vessels,  under  command  of  the 
said  P.  Stuyvesant,  having  on  board  600  or  700  men,  arrived 
in  the  South  River,  where  New  Sweden  lieth,  and  anchored 
before  the  fortress  of  Elsingborg,  which  was  then  dismantled 
and  ruinous ;  the  next  day  they  passed  Fort  Casimir,  and 
bringing  to  a  little  above,  they  landed,  and  immediately  sum- 
moned Swen  Schute,  who  was  in  command,  to  surrender  the 
fort,  enforcing  their  summons  both  with  menaces  and  per- 
suasion, and  proceeded  to  throw  up  some  works.  Some  time 
before  this,  having  learned  from  the  savages  that  the  Dutch 
were  about  to  assail  us,  we  had  caused  Fort  Casimir  to  be 
supplied  with  men  and  munitions  to  the  best  of  our  ability, 
and  had  drawn  up  a  resolution  in  writing  to  defend  the  fort 
in  case  the  Dutch  should  attack  it,  ordering  Captain  Schute, 
the  commandant,  to  send  on  board  their  ships,  when  they 
approached,  and  demand  of  them  whether  they  came  as 
friends,  and  in  any  case  to  warn  them  not  to  run  by  the  fort, 
upon  pain  of  being  fired  upon,  (which  in  such  case  they  could 
not  reckon  an  act  of  hostility.)  But  if  they  were  minded  to 
treat  with  us  as  friends,  concerning  our  territory  and  boun- 
daries, he  should  compliment  them  with  a  Swedish  national 
salute,  and  assure  them  that  we  were  well  disposed  to  a  fast 
friendship.  Nevertheless,  Captain  Swen  Schute  not  only 
suffered  the  Dutch  ships  to  pass  the  fort  without  remonstrance 
or  firing  a  gun,  whereby  they  gained  the  command  both  of 
the  fort  and  of  the  whole  river,  and  cut  off  the  communica- 
tion between  the  forts,  by  posting  troops  between  them,  as 
high  up  as  Christina  Creek,  but  surrendered  the  fort  to  Stuy- 
vesant by  a  dishonourable  capitulation,  in  which  he  forgot  to 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  191 

stipulate  a  place  to  which  he,  with  his  people  and  effects,     1655. 
might  retire ;  he  also  subscribed  the  capitulation,  not  in  the    "    ■    ' 
fort  or  in  any  indifferent  place,  but  on  board  a  Dutch  ship. 
So  Stuyvesant  detained  the  garrison,  and  transported  most  Governor 
of  them  to  Manhattans,  whereby  we  were  greatly  reduced  in  ^^^^f^^ 
strength  and  endangered,  and  not  even  knowing  as  yet  that  port,  con- 
Fort  Casimir  had  so  suddenly  fallen  into  the  enemy's  hands,  *^"^'*'"^- 
we  had  sent  thither,  in  the  mean  time,  nine  or  ten  of  our  best 
men  to  strengthen  the  garrison.     This  detachment,  when  they 
had  crossed  Christina  Creek,  betimes  in  the  morning,  found 
the  Dutch  posted  there,  who  immediately  attacked  them,  fifty 
or  sixty  men  strong,  and  summoned  them  to  surrender,  but 
they  put  themselves  in  posture  of  defence,  and  after  a  skir- 
mish with  the  Dutch,  were  all  taken  prisoners,  except  two, 
who  retreated  to  the  boat,  and  were  several  times  fired  upon 
by  the  enemy,  but  without  being  slain  or  wounded.     Upon 
this  we  fired  upon  the  Dutch  from  the  sconce,  with  a  great 
gun,  whereupon  they  retired  into  the  woods,  and  afterwards 
treated  harshly  and  cruelly  such  of  our  people  as  fell  into 
their  hands. 

"  The  same  day,  the  factor  Elswyck  was  sent  down  from 
Fort  Christina  to  Stuyvesant,  to  demand  an  explanation  of 
his  conduct,  and  to  dissuade  him  from  further  hostilities,  as 
we  could  not  be  persuaded  that  he  seriously  purposed  to  dis- 
turb us  in  the  lawful  dominions  of  his  royal  majesty  and  our 
principals.  But  as  Stuyvesant  had  so  cheaply  obtained  pos- 
session of  Fort  Casimir,  whither  we  had  sent  our  best  soldiers, 
thus  depriving  ourselves  in  a  great  measure  both  of  men  and 
munitions,  he  would  give  Elswyck  no  satisfaction,  but  claimed 
the  whole  river  and  all  our  territory,  and  had  well-nigh  de- 
tained Elswyck  as  a  spy.  When  we  learned  this,  we  collected 
all  the  people  we  could  for  the  defence  of  Fort  Christina,  and 
laboured  with  all  our  might,  by  night  and  by  day,  in  strength- 
ening the  ramparts,  and  filling  gabions.  '  The  next  day,  being 
September  2,  the  Dutch  showed  themselves  in  considerable 
strength  on  the  opposite  bank  of  Christina  Creek,  but  at- 
tempted- no  hostile  operations.  On  the  morning  of  the  3d, 
they  hoisted  their  flag  on  our  shallop,  which  lay  drawn  up  on 
the  beach,  and  appeared  to  be  about  establishing  themselves 
in  a  neighbouring  house.  We  therefore  sent  over  Lieutenant 
Sven  Ilook,  with  a  drummer,  to  demand  what  they  purposed, 
for  what  cause  they  posted  themselves  there,  and  for  what  we 


Governor 
Rysingh's 
official  re- 
port, con- 
tinued. 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

should  hold  them.  When  he  had  nearly  crossed  the  creek,  he 
asked  them  from  the  boat,  whether  he  might  freely  go  to 
them  ?  They  answered  yes  ;  and  whether,  after  discharging 
his  commission,  he  might  freely  return  ?  to  which  also  they 
answered,  yes,  as  we  could  all  plainly  hear  in  Fort  Christina, 
and  can  bear  witness  accordingly.  So  the  drummer  rowed 
the  boat  to  the  shore,  without  beat  of  drum,  because  the 
lieutenant  already  had  their  parol,  and  knowing  no  cause  of 
hostility,  he  supposed  this  ceremony  to  be  unnecessary.  They 
then  both  went  on  shore,  and  an  officer  met  them,  and  con- 
ducted them  some  distance  to  a  house,  where  the  enemy  had 
already  taken  up  a  position.  The  Dutch  then  sent  our  lieu- 
tenant down  to  Stuyvesant,  pretending  that  he  was  a  spy, 
and  Stuyvesant  arrested  him  and  threw  him  into  the  ship's 
hold,  but  Captain  Fridr.  Konish  detained  the  drummer  and 
his  drum  in  his  own  custody,  and  thus  they  treated  our  mes- 
sengers, contrary  to  the  laws  and  customs  of  all  civilized 
nations. 

"  By  the  4th,  they  had  planted  gabions  about  the  house  on 
the  opposite  bank  of  Christina  Creek,  and  afterwards  threw 
up  a  battery  under  cover  of  them,  and  intrenched  themselves 
there.  Some  of  our  people  interpreted  all  this  as  indicating 
the  purpose  of  the  Dutch  to  be  to  claim  and  hold  all  our 
territory  up  to  the  creek,  and  to  construct  a  fort  there,  not 
yet  believing  that  they  would,  in  contempt  of  public  peace, 
and  without  any  known  cause,  commence  hostilities  against 
us,  until  they  had  set  up  some  claim,  or  promulgated  some 
protest  against  us,  whereas,  up  to  this  time  we  had  received 
from  them  neither  message  nor  letter  assigning  any  manner 
of  cause  or  complaint. 

"  On  the  5th,  the  Dutch  ships  went  up  to  Third  Hook, 
{tridie  IToeek,)  where  they  landed  their  men,  who  then  passed 
over  to  Timber  Island,  and  thence  over  the  great  falls,  [stoore 
fallet,)  and  so  invested  Fort  Christina  on  all  sides.  They 
brought  their  ships  into  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  and  planted 
their  great  guns  on  the  western  side  of  the  fort,  and  when 
we  burnt  a  little  powder  in  a  couple  of  pieces  to  scale  them, 
they  fired  several  shots  over  our  heads  from  Timber  Island, 
where  they  had  taken  post  in  a  house,  and  announced  to  us 
that  they  had  taken  up  a  position  on  the  west  side,  by  regular 
volleys.  We  continued  to  prepare  ourselves  to  make  the  best 
defence  which  our  strength  would  allow,  if  we  should  be 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  193 

attacked,  for  we  were  not  yet  satisfied  what  the  Dutch  in-    1655. 
tended ;  but  in  a  short  time  an  Indian  came  in  to  us  with  a    """""    ' 
letter  from  Stuyvesant,  in  which  he  arrogantly  claimed  the 
whole  river,  and  required  me  and  all  the  Swedes  either  to  Governor 
evacuate  the  country,  or  to  remain  there  under  Dutch  pro-  ^^*'°^^'* 
taction,  threatening  with  the  consequences  in  case  of  refusal,  port,  con- 
Hereto  I  answered  briefly,  by  letter,  that  I  would  reply  to  *"^^®*^- 
this  extraordinary  demand  by  special  messengers,  and  sent 
him  my  answer  by  the  same  Indian.    We  then  held  a  general 
council  of  war,  as  to  what   should  be   done,  if  the  Dutch 
assaulted  us  by  storm  or  battery,  and  it  was  determined  that 
we  should,  in  any  case,  maintain  the  defensive,  and  make  the 
best  resistance  we  could,  but  should  not  commence  or  provoke 
hostilities,  on  account  of  our  weakness  and  want  of  supplies ; 
that  we  should  wait  until  they  fired  upon  us,  or  began  to 
storm  the  works,  and  then   defend  ourselves  as  long  as  we 
could,  and  leave  the  consequences  to  be  redressed  by  our  gra- 
cious superiors. 

"  The  Dutch  now  began  to  encroach  upon  us  more  and 
more  every  day.  They  killed  our  cattle,  goats,  swine,  and 
poultry,  broke  open  houses,  pillaged  the  people  without  the 
sconce  of  their  property,  and  higher  up  the  river  they  plun- 
dered many,  and  stripped  them  to  the  skin.  At  New  Gotten- 
burg  they  robbed  Mr.  Pappegoya's  wife  of  all  she  had,  with 
many  others,  who  had  collected  their  property  together  there. 
They  continued  to  advance  their  approaches  to  Fort  Chris- 
tina, (which  was  a  small  and  feeble  work,  and  lay  upon  low 
ground,  and  could  be  commanded  from  the  surrounding 
heights,)  and  threw  up  two  batteries  besides  those  on  the  op- 
posite bank  and  on  Timber  Island,  and  hoisted  their  flags  on 
all  of  them,  as  well  as  on  our  ship  in  Fish  Creek,  all  which 
hostile  acts,  injuries,  and  insults  we  were,  to  our  great  morti- 
fication, compelled  to  witness  and  sufl'er,  being  unable  to  resist 
them,  by  reason  of  our  want  of  men  and  of  powder,  whereof 
our  supply  scarcely  sufficed  for  a  single  round  for  our  guns. 
Notwithstanding  all  this,  we  still  trusted  that  they  would  at 
length  be  persuaded  to  hear  reason,  and  accordingly,  on  the 
7th,  we  sent  messengers  down  to  Stuyvesant  at  Fort  Casimir, 
with  a  written  commission,  whereby  we  sought  to  dissuade 
him  from  further  hostilities,  protesting  against  his  invasion 
and  disturbance  of  our  proper  territory  without  cause  as- 
signed, or  declaration  denying,  as  far  as  they  could,  our  right 


194 

1655. 


Governor 
Rysingh's 
ofScial  re- 
port, con- 
tinued. 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

of  possession  in  the  river ;  also  suggesting  to  him  the  jea- 
lousies between  our  respective  sovereigns,  and  other  conse- 
quences of  great  moment  which  would  ensue ;  that  we  were 
determined  to  defend  our  rights  to  the  utmost  of  our  strength, 
and  that  he  must  answer  for  all  consequences,  and  finally 
required  him  to  cease  hostilities,  and  to  retire  with  his  people 
from  Fort  Christina.  But  all  this  availed  nothing  with  him, 
and  on  the  contrary  he  persisted  in  his  claim  to  the  whole 
river,  and  would  listen  to  no  terms  of  accommodation,  de- 
claring that  such  were  his  orders,  and  that  those  who  had 
given  them  might  answer  for  the  consequences.  He  then 
wrote  me  a  letter  on  the  9th,  in  which  he  anticipates  all  terms 
of  accommodation,  will  not  allow  that  we  have  any  rights  to 
the  said  river,  seeks  to  refute  our  arguments,  and  styles  our 
possession  a  usurpation,  and  so  interprets  every  point  to  his 
own  advantage. 

"  As  we  still  determined  to  maintain  our  own  defence,  and 
abide  the  result,  the  enemy  continued  to  carry  on  their  ap- 
proaches day  and  night,  and  with  our  little  force  of  about 
thirty  men,  we  could  make  no  sorties,  or  prevent  him  from 
gaining  positions  from  which  he  could  command  the  sconce 
so  completely  that  there  was  not  a  spot  on  the  ramparts 
where  a  man  could  stand  in  security,  and  as  he  now  daily 
advanced  his  works,  and  summoned  us  to  capitulate,  with 
threats  of  giving  no  quarter,  our  men  proposed  to  us  to  go 
out  and  try  to  bring  Stuyvesant  to  reason,  both  on  account 
of  our  want  of  supplies,  and  the  advanced  condition  of  the 
enemy's  works,  and  especially  because  our  provisions  were 
scanty,  and  would  soon  be  exhausted.  Besides,  our  few  and 
hastily  collected  people  were  getting  worn  out,  partly  sick, 
and  partly  ill  disposed,  and  some  had  deserted.  From  these 
considerations,  and  the  fear  of  a  mutiny,  it  was  agreed,  that 
I  and  Elswyck  should  go  out  the  next  day  and  hold  a  parley 
with  Stuyvesant,  and  endeavour  to  restrain  him  from  forcible 
measures,  and  to  bring  him  to  reason.  We  accordingly  went 
out  for  this  purpose  on  the  13th,  and  Stuyvesant  and  Nicatius 
de  Sille  met  us  between  the  sconce  and  their  most  advanced 
work.  We  solemnly  protested  against  his  procedure  and  his 
hostile  conduct,  and  replied  verbally  to  his  last-mentioned 
letter,  confirmed  our  title  with  the  best  arguments  we  could, 
and  held  a  long  discussion  with  them ;  but  all  this  produced 
no  impression  upon  them,  and  they  maintained  their  first 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  195 

ground,  and  insisted  upon  the  surrender  of  Fort  Christina  1655. 
and  the  whole  river,  to  which  we  replied  that  we  would  de-  '  •  ' 
fend  ourselves,  and  resist  them  to  the  last,  clearly  showing 
them  that  they  were  unjustly  invading  our  possessions,  and  ooTemor 
declaring  that  we  would  appeal  to  our  government  to  redress  ^^^^f ^g! 
our  wrongs,  and  protect  our  rights  thus  forcibly  trenched  port,con- 
upon,  and  so  we  went  back  to  the  sconce,  exhorted  our  men  to  ""**  " 
a  manly  defence,  and  encouraged  them  as  well  as  we  were  able. 

"  As  soon  as  the  Dutch  had  nearly  completed  their  works, 
they  brought  the  guns  of  all  their  batteries  to  bear  upon  us, 
and  on  the  14th  instant  formally  summoned  Fort  Christina, 
with  harsh  menaces,  by  a  drummer  and  a  messenger,  to  capi- 
tulate within  twenty-four  hours.  We  then  assembled  a  general 
council  of  the  whole  garrison,  and  it  was  found  to  be  their 
unanimous  opinion,  that  inasmuch  as  we  had  not  sufficient 
strength  for  our  defence,  (the  Dutch  having  completed  their 
works  against  the  sconce,  and  neither  the  sconce  nor  the  gar- 
rison being  able  to  stand  an  assault,)  and  were  in  want  both 
of  powder  and  other  munitions,  and  had  no  hope  of  relief, 
therefore  they  were  all  of  opinion,  that  we  should  make  the 
best  terms  we  could  obtain  with  the  Dutch ;  all  which  may 
be  seen  by  the  documents.  So  the  next  day  we  announced 
to  the  enemy,  that  we  would  consider  their  summons  within 
the  time  prescribed,  and  being  now  reduced,  by  our  want  of 
supplies  and  weak  condition,  to  yield  to  the  violence  practised 
upon  us,  we  concluded  a  capitulation  with  Stuyvesant,  as  may 
be  found  by  the  original  among  the  documents,  and  surren- 
dered Fort  Christina  to  him  on  the  15th  instant,  stipulating 
that  the  guns  and  all  the  effects  belonging  to  the  crown  or  the 
company,  should  be  restored  by  the  Dutch,  according  to  the 
inventory,  upon  demand,  and  reserving  the  restitution  of  our 
sovereign's  rights,  in  time  and  manner  fitting ;  providing  also, 
that  the  Dutch  should  freely  transport  to  Sweden,  both  us, 
and  as  many  Swedes  as  chose  to  accompany  us,  for  we  held 
it  better  that  the  people  should  be  restoi-ed  to  their  father- 
land's service,  than  to  leave  them  there  in  misery,  without 
the  necessaries  of  life,  in  which  case  they  would  have  entered 
the  service  of  the  Dutch  or  English,  and  never  again  advan- 
taged their  country."^ 

After  the  success  attending  the  capture  of  the  two  forts,  it 
is  said,  by  Campanius,  "  the  Dutch  proceeded  to  destroy  New 

•  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  N.  S.  vol.  i.  p.  443—448. 


196 

1655. 


Gottenberg 
falls  into  the 
hands  of  the 
Dutch. 


Swedes  hard- 
ly used  by 
the  Dutch. 


Indians 
attack  the 
fort. 


Tender  of 
Fort  Chris- 
tina to  Got. 
Rysingh. 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

Gottenburg,  laying  waste  all  the  houses  and  plantations  with- 
out the  fort,  killing  the  cattle  and  plundering  the  inhabitants 
of  every  thing  they  could  lay  their  hands  upon."^  No  other 
document  has  fallen  into  our  hands  to  confirm  this  statement ; 
although  the  Swedish  power  on  the  river  being  subdued,  this 
fort  of  consequence  came  into  possession  of  the  Dutch. 

Acrelius  says,  "  the  Swedes  suffered  great  hardships  from 
the  Dutch.  The  flower  of  their  troops  were  picked  out  and 
sent  to  New  Amsterdam  ;  though  under  pretext  of  their  free 
choice,  the  men  were  forcibly  carried  aboard  the  ships.  The 
women  were  ill  treated  in  their  houses,  the  goods  pillaged, 
and  the  cattle  killed.  Those  who  refused  allegiance  Avere 
watched  as  suspicious.  That  this  ill  usage  took  place,  appears 
from  the  testimony  given  by  Rysingh  to  those  who  had  suf- 
fered, several  of  which  were  preserved  in  the  original.  The 
Dutch  have  in  vain  endeavoured  to  defend  their  aggressions 
by  allegations  that  the  Swedish  establishment  was  by  a  pri- 
vate company,  because  the  whole  was  undertaken  under  the 
authority  and  protection  of  the  government."^ 

One  of  these  certificates  given  by  Rysingh,  is  copied  on 
the  records  of  the  Swedes'  Church  in  this  city ;  it  is  "  a 
passport  given  by  Rysingh  to  Nicholas  Mattson.  ''I  do  by 
these  presents  certify,  that  the  bearer  has,  during  my  whole 
time,  behaved  as  an  honest  faithful  servant  of  the  crown. 
He  was  brought  on  board  the  enemy's  vessel,  and  endured, 
for  three  weeks,  with  the  other  prisoners,  contumelious  in- 
sults. In  the  same  time  his  house  was  plundered,  and  his 
wife  stripped  of  her  very  garments."^ 

Lambrechten  says,  "it  is  a  fact,  that  in  the  fall  of  this 
year.  Fort  Casimir  was  assaulted  by  more  than  500  Indians, 
instigated,  as  it  is  presumed,  by  the  Swedes."* 

Agreeably  to  the  instructions  given  to  the  director-general, 
a  tender  of  Fort  Christina  was  made  to  Rysingh,  as  is  related 
in  a  Dutch  document  already  referred  to,  which  says,  <«  al- 
though the  above-mentioned  acts  (alluding  to  the  surrender) 
might  have  been  supported  and  justified  according  to  the 
laws  of  nations,  and  to  several  views,  nevertheless  did  the 
company,  to  show  and  declare  to  the  world  that  they  (iid  not 
wish  nor  seek  any  hostilities  with  anybody,  but  only  maintain 


I  Campanins.  p.  84.     Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  32— CO.  2  Acrel.  p.  417. 

3  Records  of  Wiccacoa  Church. 

4  Lainbrechton,  p.  109.     He  gives  as  authority,  Holl.  Merc.  1058,  p.  43. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  197 

and  defend  their  own  rights,  they  made,  on  the  same  day  (of  1655. 
the  surrender,)  a  written  offer  to  put  Fort  Christina  again  '  "  ' 
into  the  hands  of  the  said  John  Rysingh,  on  honourable  and 
reasonable  terms,  to  be  sworn  to  and  faithfully  kept  on  the 
part  of  him  and  his  officers,  as  authorized  hj  her  royal 
majesty  of  Sweden,  on  one  side,  and  on  the  part  of  the  di- 
rector-general and  his  council  on  the  other,  as  authorized  by  the 
company ;  but  the  offer  was  declined  by  Rysingh,  under  pre- 
tence that  this  affair  was  not  complete,  and  he  would  rather 
hold  himself  to  the  capitulation  made." 

Rysingh,  the  late  governor,  arrived  at  Manhattans  in  a  Rysingh  ar- 
"  frantic  mood,"  charging  Governor  Stuyvesant  with  a  breach  jjanhtttan 
of  some  of  the  articles  of  the  treaty,  loss  of  public  property,  H's  conduct 
and  not  suitably  providing  for  his  accommodation,  all  which 
are  replied  to  in  the  following  communication  to  Rysingh 
from  Stuyvesant : 

"  Petrus  Stuyvesant,  in  behalf  of  the  New  Netherland,  &c.,  October  28. 
does  insinuate  to  you,  John  Rysingh,  as  he  is  pleased  to 
qualify  himself,  formerly  director  of   his  royal  majesty  of 
Sweden  and  the  company  of  the  South  in  New  Sweden  : 

"1.  That  your  honour  placed,  besides  the  houses  in  the  Letter  from 
Fortress  Christina,  some  effects  and  materials  which  have  not  ^'^^y^'^^a^' 

,  ,      ,  to  Rysingh, 

been  delivered  to  us,  but  may  be  left  m  Fortress  Christina,  complaining 
whereof  we  now  inform  you,  protesting  that  we  do  not  con-  ^u^^ndre- 
sider  ourselves  holden  to  the  restitution  of  any  other  effects  ferringto 
or  materials  than  those  we  received,  and  for  which  you  have  ^'^°^'^';f  *^ 

'  -^  restore  Fort 

our  receipt ;  whereas,  besides  that  we,  (in  regard  of  the  old  Christina, 
confederation  and  union  between  their  High  Mightinesses  and 
crown  of  Sweden,)  did  offer  you  the  Fortress  Christina,  with- 
out doing  it  any  hurt,  or  forcing  it  by  our  artillery,  and  with 
same  intention  made  you  an  offer  of  the  keys  before  your 
departure,  yet  you  left  it  unprotected  and  abandoned  it,  and 
therefore  all  losses  and  damages  suffered  by  the  interested 
are  to  be  answered  by  you.  We  shall,  however,  as  far  as  it 
yet  remains  in  our  power,  endeavour  to  protect  it,  by  our 
delegates  and  soldiers  on  South  River,  till  the  crown  of  Swe- 
den and  their  High  Mightinesses  shall  have  compromised  this 
business,  and  informed  us  both  of  the  result. 

"2.  We  insinuate  that  when  you,  last  Sunday,  stepped 
here  on  shore  in  a  frantic  mood,  you  injured  us  in  our  quality, 
by  uncouth  language,  and  many  threats  that  you  would  per- 
secute us  in  every  corner,  would  accuse  us  of  an  infi-action 

k2 


198  JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 

1655.  of  a  solemn  capitulation,  because  we  declined  to  accommodate 
'  '  '  you,  with  your  suite,  to  your  satisfaction,  and  did  not  offer  to 
defray  your  expenses,  whereas,  you  cannot  prove,  by  the  let- 
Letter  con-  ter  of  the  capitulation,  that  we  were  holden  in  any  manner 
Py^j^'^Jjj  to  defray  your  expenses,  or  those  of  your  suite,  but  only  a 
having  left  free  passagc  to  some  parts  of  Europe,  for  which  end  you  were 
stuyvesant  embarked,  with  your  dependants,  in  a  capital  ship,  "the 
is  absolved  Balancc,"  and  provided  by  the  captain  with  an  honourable 
hisTxpenles^  entertainment,  till  the  merchantmen  ready  to  sail  could  admit 
you,  with  your  accoutrements  and  baggage  ;  so  that  when  you 
left  the  ship  voluntarily,  with  your  people,  we  deem  not  our- 
selves further  obliged  by  the  capitulation  to  defray  any  of 
your  further  expenses,  except  only  in  the  way  of  courtesy, 
and  from  respect  to  your  high  station,  on  which  last  account 
only,  we  presented  you  more  than  once,  and  offered  by  re- 
spectable individuals,  to  accommodate  and  entertain  you  in 
my  own  house,  with  which,  nevertheless,  you  seemed  not 
satisfied.  We  succeeded  in  persuading  you,  by  others,  to  re- 
side in  one  of  the  principal  houses  in  this  city,  when,  how- 
ever, indulging  yourself  in  unmannerly  threats  that  you 
would  return  to  destroy  the  place,  with  other  indecent  lan- 
guage and  actions,  you  scared  so  much  the  honest  inhabitants 
of  the  house,  that  for  peace'  sake  they  left  their  own  lodgings 
for  a  while,  by  which  conduct,  and  your  usual  threatenings, 
before  and  after  that  day,  in  such  an  unmannerly  way  against 
ourselves,  this  province  and  city  particularly,  just  reasons 
were  given  us,  after  we  produced  many  proofs  from  respect- 
able and  reputable  persons,  to  compel  you  to  defend  yourself 
and  conduct,  but  so  far  is  it,  that  we  made  use  of  our  right, 
that  we  set  it  entirely  aside,  by  our  respect  for  the  crown, 
and  the  high  relation  in  which  you  stand  to  it.  While  we 
only  went  so  far  as,  by  our  own  station,  we  were  in  duty 
bound  to  do,  because  the  rumour  of  your  threatenings  had 
struck  the  ears  of  the  skippers  and  passengers  with  whom, 
agreeably  to  the  capitulation,  you  were  to  embark,  so  that 
their  fears  were  raised,  and  they  were  not  without  apprehen- 
sions if  prudence  would  permit  them  to  take  you,  with  your 
suite,  and  such  a  large  number  of  your  dependents,  in  their 
ships,  except  they  obtained  previously  a  good  security  for 
their  ships  and  cargoes.  They  are  at  least  unwilling,  appre- 
hending some  mischief,  to  land  you  in  England  or  France,  in 
conformity  to   the   secret    capitulation,    concluded   without 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  199 

knowledge  of  your  people,  except  they  met,  as  by  accident,  1655. 
in  the  Channel,  or  near  the  heads,  some  French  or  English  '  '  ' 
vessel,  of  which  we  deemed  it  necessary  to  give  you  a  timely 
information,  by  our  secretary  and  witnesses,  so  that  you  may 
have  no  reason  to  blame  us,  but  your  unmeasured  threaten- 
enings,  if  our  orders  concerning  our  secret  capitulation  were 
not  executed.     Done  in  Fort  Amsterdam,  day  as  above. 

"  Peter  Stuyvesant." 
Then  follows  a  certificate  of  the  secretary.  Van  Ruyven, 
"  that  he  read  the  above,  word  for  word,  to  Rysingh,  residing 
at  the  house  of  Lieutenant  Daniel  Litschoe,  in  the  city,  de- 
livered his  protest,  and  left  him  a  copy  of  it,  to  which  he 
answered,  '  It  is  well,  I  shall  answer  it,'  in  presence  of  Johan 
de  Decker,  commissary  of  Fort  Orange,  and  Dirck  Van 
Scheldyne,  28th  October. "^ 

The  following  order  was  passed  by  the  director-general  and 
council : 

"The  skippers  and  freighters  of  the  ship  Bear  remonstrate  Arrange- 
that  their  ships  are  so  fully  laden  that  it  was  not  in  their  ^Xdes^°'as- 
power  to  admit  the  Swedish  passengers,  with  their  goods,  as  sage  to  swe- 
was  agreed  in  the  capitulation,  as  the  vessels  are  already  ^^' 
much  disqualified  to  go  to  sea,  and  would  become  far  more 
60,  while,  nevertheless,  the  country's   service  requires  that 
the  Swedes,  agreeably  to  the  capitulation,  should  be  accom- 
modated with  a  passage  to  Europe.     The  attorney-general  is 
commanded  to  visit  the  two  above-mentioned  vessels,   and 
ascertain  which  of  them  can  admit  the  Swedish  baggage,  and 
if  all  is  filled  up,  then  to  unload  so  many  goods  and  mer- 
chandise of  private  persons,   and   carry  them  to  the  ship 
Water-hoost,  till,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  skippers,  sufficient 
room  is  left  for  the  Swedish  baggage,  more  so  as  the  service 
of  the  country,  in  conformity  with  the  capitulation,  requires 
such  an  arrangement.     By    order  of  director-general   and 
council.  C.  Van  Ruyven,  Secretary."^ 

The  following  order  for  the  debarkation  of  Rysingh,  was 
sent  to  the  '<  Bear"  and  "  Sea-cow :" 

"  The  skipper  and  merchant  of  the  ship  Bear,  Cornelius  o^der  to 
Willimsen  Beer,  and  Jan  Jansen  Behavur,  are  commanded  landTohn 
to  send  on  shore,  either  in  England  or  France,  as  may  suit  Rys'ns^- 
them  best,  the  honourable  John  Rysingh  and  Factor  Elswyck, 
agreeably  to  the  capitulation,  and  the  remaining  Swedes  at 

•  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  p.  135 — 137.  2  Ibid.  p.  135. 


200 


JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  SWEDES. 


1655. 


October  28. 


Order  for 
money  to  be 
paid  to  John 
Rysingh. 


Rysingh's 
receipt. 


October  29. 

Kysingh's 
answer  to 
the  letter  of 
the  director- 
general. 


the  Helder,  and  to  recommend  to  the  commissary  of  the 
West  India  Company,  Peter  Claesen  Croon,  with  their  goods 
and  merchandise,  or  transfer  them  there  on  a  galliot,  to  he 
transported  to  Gottenherg  free  of  all  expenses,  in  conformity 
to  capitulation.     Done  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  &;c." 

Then  follow  documents  relating  to  the  promised  advance. 

"  I,  undersigned,  certify  and  declare,  that  I  have  requested 
the  honourable  Cornelius  Jacobsen  Stanwyck  to  pay,  in  con- 
formity to  capitulation,  the  sum  of  800  gyllens,  or  bill  of 
exchange,  for  payment  of  which,  with  the  interest,  and  all 
its  eventual  losses,  I,  undersigned,  besides  all  the  effects  of 
aforesaid  Rysingh  in  my  possession,  submit  all  my  own  pro- 
perty, real  and  personal,  to  the  control  of  any  court  of  jus- 
tice, wherefore  I  signed  this  with  my  own  hand. 

"  P.  Stutvesant." 

Then  follows  a  receipt  for  the  above  bill,  of  John  Rysingh 
to  director-general,  ''  agreeably  to  our  capitulation,  for  two 
bills  of  exchange,  one  for  1000  gyllens  on  London,  the  other 
for  800  gyllens,  together  <£300  Flanders,  which  being  paid 
and  satisfied,  I  promise  to  pay  again  the  above  sum  within 
six  months  after  received ;  these  in  conformity  with  our  capi- 
tulation to  aforesaid  P.  Stuyvesant,  or  order  *  *  *  for  which 
I  make  a  deposit,  agreeably  to  our  capitulation,  of  all  the 
effects  of  the  crown  of  Sweden  and  the  South  Company,  now 
in  possession  of  P.  Stuyvesant,  qualifying  and  authorizing 
him  to  dispose  and  sell  so  much  of  the  effects  of  the  crown 
of  Sweden  and  South  Company,  as  aforesaid  sum,  and  da- 
mages and  interest  will  amount  to,  in  good  Holland  money. 
"  Signed,  John  Rysingh, 

"  Hendrick  Van  Elswyck. 

"  Witness,  F.  D.  Decker."^ 

The  following  is  the  reply  of  Governor  Rysingh  to  the 
director-general,  soon  after  which  he  probably  left  the 
country : 

"  Royal  majesty  of  Sweden.  His  obedient  servant  and 
appointed  director  of  New  Sweden,  John  Rysingh's  answer  to 
you,  Peter  Stuyvesant,  director-general  of  New  Netherland : 

"  On  your  honour's  open  writing,  which  was  delivered  me 
yesterday,  at  my  lodgings,  by  three  persons,  I  cannot  but 
answer  in  few  words,  upon  that  which,  in  regard  to  those  in- 
ventories, was  agreed  between  your  honour  and  me.     It  is 

I  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  p.  136 — 146. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  201 

evident,  that  by  its  contents,  it  is  no  more  than  just  that    1655. 
your  honour  remains  responsible  for  every  article  which  re-    '    '    ' 
mained  in  and  out  of  Fort  Christina.     These  materials  and 
implements  of  war,  ammunition,  &c.,  were  delivered  to  Johan  Rysmgh'a 
Davidson,  the  master  of  your  artillery,  and  your  commissary.  ^"^^^ 
If  the  persons  appointed  by  your  honour,  and  to  whom  the 
keys  of  these  were  delivered,  had  been  dissatisfied  with  them, 
then  they  ought  not  to  have  accepted,  or  at  least  not  kept 
these   keys,  much  less  should  they  have   carried  off  these 
articles  without  the  presence  of  some  of  my  people.     Your 
men  took  away,  at  Tennakong,  in  an  uncouth  manner,  all  the 
cordage  and  sails  of  a  new  vessel,  and  then  they  went  to  the 
magazine,  without  having   the  keys  demanded,   entered    it 
alone,  broke  the  boards  of  the  church,  and  so  took  away  the 
cordage  and  sails. 

"  That  ancient  confederation  and  union  between  his  royal 
majesty  of  Sweden  and  the  high  and  mighty  lords  the 
States-General  of  New  Netherland,  which  your  honour  is 
pleased  to  mention,  has  been  truly  very  little  respected  by 
your  honour,  by  your  invasion,  besieging,  and  conquering, 
finally,  of  the  territory  and  forts  of  my  most  gracious  lord 
and  king,  in  this  part  of  the  world.  What  regards  myself, 
I  can  never  believe  that  the  aforesaid  High  Mightinesses  have 
instructed  your  honour  with  similar  orders,  more  so,  as  your 
men  acted  indeed  as  if  they  had  been  on  the  lands  of  their 
inveterate  enemy,  as  for  one  example,  in  plundering  Tenna- 
kong, Upland,  Finlandt,  Printzdorp,  and  several  other  places, 
which  are  indeed  incontestable  witnesses,  not  to  say  a  word  of 
what  was  done  in  Fort  Christina,  where  the  women  were  vio- 
lently torn  from  their  houses,  whole  buildings  destroyed,  and 
they  dragged  from  them,  yea,  the  oxen,  cows,  and  swine,  and 
other  creatures,  were  butchered  day  after  day ;  even  the 
horses  were  not  spared,  but  wantonly  shot,  the  plantations 
destroyed,  and  the  whole  country  left  so  desolate,  that  scarce 
any  means  are  remaining  for  the  subsistence  of  the  inhabit- 
ants. That  I  could  not  accept  your  honour's  offer  to  reside 
again  in  Fort  Christina,  I  think  that  I  fully  explained  in  my 
answer  of  26th  September  last ;  that  I  was  only  responsible 
to  his  royal  majesty  of  Sweden,  and  the  honourable  South 
Company.  That  your  honour  mentions  that  your  troops  had 
marched  already,  before  my  departure,  out  of  the  Fortress 
Christina ;  that  he  delivered  its  keys  to  me,  while  I,  in  an 


answer, 
continued. 


202  JOHN  RYSINGH,  GOVERNOR  OF  THI;  SWEDES. 

1655.  unbecoming  manner,  left  that  place  without  defence  or  pro- 
'  '  '  visions,  which  occasioned  further  damages,  and  that  I  for  all 
these  was  responsible;  to  this  I  answer,  not  I,  but  your 
Rysingh's  honour,  left  the  fort  bereft  of  every  thing ;  as  you  had  car- 
ried off,  by  your  men,  every  thing  which  was  discovered,  yea, 
even  mine  own  private  property,  with  that  of  my  family, 
although  the  greatest  part  of  it  had  been  conveyed,  before- 
hand, to  the  ship,  when  your  men,  drawing  out  about  evening, 
on  28th  September,  (0.  S.)  invaded  us,  when  we,  with  a 
handful  of  men,  without  any  other  defence,  were  left  as  sheep 
doomed  to  the  knife,  to  receive  the  wild  barbarians.  It  can- 
not, in  truth,  be  proved,  that  any  keys  of  the  forts  have  been 
returned  to  me  by  your  men,  and  much  less  that  I  did  accept 
these,  and  I  am  much  astonished,  indeed,  that  your  honour 
can  write  such  things  to  me.  But  it  is  happy  indeed  that  you 
are  not  my  judge,  wherefore  I  neither  care  much  about  what 
your  honour  said,  that  I  should  remain  responsible  for  it,  and 
for  all  the  damages  which  might  have  been  occasioned  by  the 
defenceless  state  of  the  fort.  Is  it  not  risible  indeed,  that 
another  person  should  become  answerable  for  what  has  been 
caused  by  you  alone  ?  I  recommend  this  case  to  God,  and  to 
my  lord  and  king,  who  will  avenge  the  violence  committed 
against  his  possessions  and  subjects. 

"  I  deem  it  not  requisite  to  waste  many  words  in  answering 
the  second  point,  neither  ought  that  which  there  is  brought 
against  me  as  a  grief,  be  considered  otherwise  as  a  blas- 
phemy ;  I  conversed  before  with  many  persons  of  high  and 
low  station,  and  knew,  God  be  praised,  very  well  to  pay  to 
each  of  them  that  regard  which  was  due  to  them,  neither  am 
I  inclined  to  act  here  against  it,  but  how  this  has  been  reci- 
procated towards  me,  shall  be  shown  at  the  proper  time  and 
place. 

"  The  separate  treaty,  which  your  honour  calls  a  secret 
capitulation,  and  which,  as  your  honour  stated,  was  concluded 
between  him  and  me,  without  the  knowledge  of  my  people, 
is  not  quite  so,  as  it  was  with  their  knowledge,  and  in  their 
presence,  upon  the  paved  place,  signed  by  your  honour,  which 
your  honour  is  holden  and  obliged  to  execute,  if  he  does  not 
wish  to  be,  in  future,  accused  of  having  violated  his  word. 
"What  has  been  said  of  my  violent  threatenings  is  entirely 
unknown  to  me ;  but  if  the  sayings  of  a  party  are  once  ad- 
mitted, then  many  might  be  believed  against  any  honest  man, 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  203 

of  which  not  one  can  be  proved.    I  endeavoured,  with  justice    1655. 
on  my  side,  as  it  was  stipulated  distinctly  by  the  capitulation,    ' — '"^ 
not  to  leave  my  countrymen  here  behind,  who  came  hither 
with  me,  and  tried  to  prevent  their  being  hired  to  remain  Kysingh's 
here,  that  all  should  embark  with  me  in  one  ship ;  but  I  soon  ^®*'®''' 

continued. 

afterwards  discovered  that  not  only  the  largest  part  of  them 
had  been  persuaded,  by  great  promises,  to  stay  here,  while 
the  few  persons  who  could  not  yet  be  shaken  were  divided  and 
distributed,  against  the  capitulation,  upon  different  ships,  here 
and  there,  neither  can  they  recover  the  small  bundles  of 
goods  which  they  had  saved. 

"  I  renew,  therefore,  my  solicitation  to  your  honour,  that 
all  my  men  may,  without  any  further  molestation,  embark 
with  me  in  the  same  ship,  and  further,  that  every  article  pro- 
mised me  in  the  general  and  separate  treaty,  both  sanctioned 
by  your  honour's  signature,  may  be  kept  inviolate,  while  I 
pledge  myself  to  your  honour  at  this  time,  that  neither  by 
myself,  neither  of  any  of  my  people,  any  offence  or  outrage 
shall  be  committed  upon  any  individual  on  the  ship,  during 
the  voyage,  either  by  words  or  deeds,  and  otherwise  I  pro- 
test, as  I  now  do,  m  optima  forma,  against  your  honour, 
against  every  transaction  against  my  most  gracious  lord  and 
king,  and  against  his  majesty's  subjects,  by  the  invasion, 
siege,  and  conquest  of  the  whole  South  River  of  New  Sweden. 
It  may  also  appear,  from  the  several  parcels  of  goods,  if  it 
is  not  placed  on  the  inventory  as  ship  materials,  cattle,  and 
various  other  separate  articles.  Done  in  Amsterdam,  in  New 
Netherland,  29th  October,  1655.  John  Rysingh."^ 

Governor  Rysingh  and  his  company  take  their  departure  Rysingh 
for  Europe  in  the  "Spotted  Cow"   and  ''Bear,"  but  were  p'^'^" 
compelled,  by  weather,  to  put  into  England,  where  he  had  an  the  coimtry. 
opportunity  of  communicating  to  the  Swedish  minister  an 
account  of  the  late  occurrences  on  the  Delaware,  and  received 
the  <£300,  according  to  treaty. 

Thus  terminates  the  short  career  of  Governor  Rysingh, 
and  Avith  him  the  Swedish  power  and  influence  on  the  Dela- 
ware, the  consequence  of  his  rash  and  injudicious  attack  on 
the  fort,  and  disobedience  to  the  instructions  of  his  govern- 
ment. The  Dutch  have,  therefore,  again,  under  lieutenant- 
governors,  controlled,  appointed,  and  commissioned  by  the 
director-general  and  council,  the  entire  command  of  the  river, 
•  Albany  Records,  vol.  xiii.  pp.  3G3 — 367. 


204  DERCK  SMIDT,  COMMANDER  AD  INTERIM. 

1655.  for  a  time.  During  their  joint  occupation  of  the  river  for 
'  "  '  about  seventeen  years,  such  was  the  state  of  things  arising 
from  jealousy,  and  a  mutual  thirst  for  power,  that  the  growth 
and  settlement  of  the  country  made  but  little  progress,  though 
probably  the  Swedes  had  the  advantage ;  yet  their  increase 
was  small  compared  with  what,  under  other  circumstances, 
might  reasonably  have  been  expected.  It  is  true,  they  were 
not  well  sustained  by  the  mother  country,  and  to  this  may 
probably  be  attributed,  in  a  great  measure,  their  want  of 
success. 

It  is  said  that  "  two  out  of  three  Swedish  clergymen  were 

expelled  the  country."^     The  one  left  was  a  man  of  "  godless 

and  scandalous  life."      Were  there  so  many  here? — their 

names  are  not  mentioned. 

Derek  smidt       On  Stuyvesaut's  departure  for  Manhattan,  he  appointed 

appointed      (Captain  Derek  Smidt,  commissary  or  interim  commandant. 

commissary  jr  '  «/  ' 

pro  tern.       for  a  short  time.^ 

A  petition  is  presented  to  director-general  by  Abraham 
Nor. 29.        Lucena,  Salvador  D'Andrade,  and  Jacob  Cohen,  "in  their 
Jews  ask  to    Qwn  name,  and  on  behalf  of  the  Jewish  nation  residing  at 
^o^uth'Eiver.  ^6^  Amsterdam,  showing  that  the  suppliants,  on  February 
Declined  ge-   13^  1655,  wcrc  permitted  by  the  director  of  the  West  India 
permitted"    Company,  &c.,  to  travel,  reside,  and  trade  here  as  other  in- 
fer the  pre-    habitants,  and  to  enjoy  all  the  privileges,"  &c.,  "soliciting, 
therefore,  most  reverently,  that  your  honour  will  not  obstruct 
them,  but  permit  that  they,  agreeably  to  the  obtained  privi- 
lege in  Holland,  may  travel  and  trade  on  the  South  River, 
&c.,  with  the  same  liberty  as  the  other  inhabitants."     Each 
member  of  the   council  gave  his  opinion   on    the    subject ; 
Stuyvesant  and  Montagne  said,  "  it  cannot  be  granted,  for 
weighty  reasons ;"  De  Sille  thought,  as  "  they  had  embarked 
some  goods  for  South  River,  it  might  not  be  becoming  to 
grant  a  permit,  but  wait  orders  from  the  directors ;"  Tien- 
hooven  "■  thought  it  would  be  prejudicial  to  the  [trade  ?]  and 
population  of  this  country,  and  therefore,  at  present,  dm-ing 
winter,  ought  to  be  rejected,  and  carefully  and  fairly  repre- 
sented to  the  directors,  and  that  a  young  man,  for  the  present, 
of  that  nation,  may  depart  for  the  South  River  with  a  few 

'  O'Call.  vol.  ii.  pp.  290,  318,  and  note,  which  says,  "that  one  freeman  was 
appointed  to  read,  every  Sunday,  something  from  the  Apostles;  that  the  Lu- 
theran minister  who  was  there  was  sent  to  Sweden  ;  that  by  the  capitulation, 
one  Lutheran  minister  should  be  retained,  which  was  granted." 

2  Acrelius,  jp.  418. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  205 

cargoes,  without  being  drawn  into  precedent."  They  there-  1655. 
fore  came  to  the  decision,  that  "  for  weighty  reasons,  is  the  '  "  ' 
request  expressed  in  general  terras  declined,  but  as  we  are 
informed  the  suppliants  have  embarked  already  some  goods 
thither,  so  are  they  now  permitted  to  send  two  persons  to- 
wards South  River,  to  trade  with  it,  and  when  they  shall 
have  disposed  of  their  goods,  then  to  return  hither."^ 

The  director-general  and  council,  "wanting,  for  the  pro-  Nov. 29. 
motion  of  the  interests  of  the  company  on  South  River,  an  johnPaui 
expert  and  well  qualified  person  to  command  there  in  their  p^n^^^^^'e- 
absence,  and  direct  the  affairs  at  that  distance,  on  the  good  director.  His 
reports,  and  their  own  knowledge,"  appointed  John  Paul  Jac-  "    L 

quet,  "  confiding  in  his  probity,  experience,  and  talents," 
vice-director  and  chief  on  that  river,  and  commander  of  all 
the  forts,  lands,  and  places  on  said  river,  to  keep  good  order 
for  the  security  of  Fort  Casimir,  and  other  places  already 
fortified,  or  which  may  be  fortified  in  future,  and  to  have  his 
orders  observed  and  executed,  in  all  concerning  commerce, 
police,  justice,  militia;  and  further,  to  command  all  the  sol- 
diers, boatmen,  freemen,  ofiicers  of  any  class,  either  now  in 
office,  or  that  hereafter  may  be  commissioned  by  him ;  to  act 
as  vice-director  in  behalf  of  the  company,  to  keep  order,  do 
justice  and  administer  it  either  in  civil  or  military  cases,  and 
finally,  to  execute  all  what,  by  his  station  and  office,  might  be 
required,  agreeably  to  instructions  received  or  to  be  re- 
ceived."^ 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  instructions  given  him :  December  3. 

To  have,  in  the  fort  and  river,  command  of  all  officers,  msmstruo- 
soldiers,  and  freemen,  possess  chief  authority,  place  of  ho-  *)°gfj(f*^* 
nour,  and  first  vote  in  council  and  all  meetings  called  by  him,  mand  and 
to  which  he  shall  propose  all  matters  relative  to  police,  jus-  *=^^''°s  ^o^. 
tice,  commerce,  &c.,  to  be  decided  by  a  majority  of  votes,  he 
having  the  casting  vote. 

The  council  to  consist  of  Vice-director  Andreas  Hudde,  Members  of 
Elmerhuysen  Klein,  and  two  sergeants,  if  an  affair  purely  ^'^ '=°'^°'=''- 
military,  or  relate  to  the  company  exclusively;  but  if  purely 
civil,  between  freemen  and  the  company's  servants,  then,  in- 
stead of  two  sergeants,  two  most  expert  freemen. 

A.  Hudde  to  be  secretary  and  surveyor,  and  keep  minutes,  a.  iiudde, 
Keys  of  the  forts  and  masjazines  in  the  place  of  the  vice-  ^^'^J'^'^''^ 

''  ^  _  o  r  and  auryey- 

director's  residence,  to  be  intrusted  to  him ;  he  alone  to  give  or. 

>  Albany  Record.",  vol.  x.  p.  178.  2  Ibid.  p.  174. 


I 


206  JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  nCE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER. 

1655.     the  watchword,  and  enjoy  all  general  and  special  authority, 
"    •    '    and  command  of  other  officers  under  him. 

Strictly  to  observe  the  regulations  respecting  the  sale  of 
obserrance    brandy,  &c.,  to  Indians,  plundering  gardens  and  plantations, 
bath^  ^^    running  through  the  country,  in  town,  and  drinking  on  the 
Sabbath,  its  profanation,  &c. 

No  officers  or  soldiers  to  be  absent  from  the  fort  at  night ; 
No  officers  to  no  freemen,  especially  no  Swede  living  in  the  counti'y,  to  stay 
from  fort  at  ^^  *^®  ^^^'^  ^^  night.  Fort  Casimir  not  to  be  too  often  visited 
night.  No  by  them  or  the  savages,  much  less  the  fortifications  examined. 
stay  in  it.  ^^  ^^^^^  rcspcct,  pay  particular  attention  on  arrival  of  any 
Visits  to       foreign  vessels,  yachts,  or  ships. 

No  vessel  to  go  above  or  below  Fort  Casimir  to  trade  with 

No  vessel  to  savagcs  or  Christians,  but  such  as  remain  at  the  fort  at  an- 

fort  °Gene-^  chor,  and  well  near  the  shore.     All  on  guard  to  be  kept  in 

rai  reguia-     good  Order,  keep  fort  in  good  repair,  and  its  fortifications  in 

proper  state  of  defence ;  but  permission  may  be  granted  to 

plant,  on  taking  oath  to  assist  the  fort,  or  be  transported,  in 

case  they  refuse  the  oath. 

In  granting  lands,  above  all  things,  take  care  that  a  com- 
Respecting     muuity  of  at  least  sixteen  or  twenty  persons  reside  together, 

lands.  Num-  „        .,.  ,  •  i'       n 

bers  to  re-     Or  SO  many  lamilies,  and  to  prevent  coveting  lands,  require, 
side  togeth-    foj.  ^}^g  proscnt,  instead  of  one-tenth  to  be  paid  per  morgen, 

er.    Rent  of  i       -,  o       • 

lands.  only  12  stivers  per  annum. 

Grant  no  houses  or  lots  on  the  side  of  the  meadow  of  Fort 

Special  di-     Casimii',  viz.  between  the  creek  and  the  fort,  nor  behind  the 

cemingThJ   ^*^^*>  ^^^*  IsiXid  to  bc  rescrvcd  for  fortifying  and  outworks  of 

lands  near     the  fort.     For  favouriuo;  the  dwelling  together  on  the  south 

side  of  the  fortress,  lay  out  a  convenient  street  behind  the 

streets  to  be  houses  already  erected,  and  lay  out  convenient  lots  in  the 

same,  about  40  or  50  feet  broad,  by  100  long,  and  the  street 

at  least  4  or  5  rood  broad. 

Take  very  good  notice  of  the  behaviour  of  the  Swedes 
December  3.   there  being  yet,  and  in  case  any  of  them  should  be  found  not 
Observe  con-  Well  afiectcd  to  the  honourable  company  and  the  state  of  our 
SwedM*^*    native  country,  "to  prevent  further  trouble;,  you  are  to  cause 
all  such,  with  all  imaginable  civility,  to  depart,  and  if  possi- 
ble, send  them  hither,"  &c. 

This  was  probably  the  commencement  of  the  present  town 
of  New  Castle,  then  called  New  Amstel. 
Jac  net's  Jacquct  took  the  oath  to  be  loyal  and  faithful,  administer 

oath.  justice,  and  maintain  laws,  "  maintain  and  protect  the  Re- 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  207 

formed  religion,  as  it  is  learned  and  instructed  in  this  country,     1655. 
in  conformity  to  the  word  of  God  and  the  synod  of  Dor-    "    "^    ' 
drecht,  and  to  promote  it  as  far  as  his  poAver  may  extend ; 
secm-e  and  defend  the  fort,  &c."^ 

The  following  duties  were  imposed  by  Jacquet :  on  hogshead  Dec.  20. 
of  French  wine,  20  guilders;  anker  of  brandy,  and  distilled  Duties  on 
waters,  per  tun,  6  guilders ;  Holland    or  foreign  beer,  per  ^^f  ^'''^' 
tun,  4  guilders.^     No  liquor  to  be  sold  to  Indians. 

Persons  appointed  by  Jacquet  to  examine  the  situation  of  Dec.  25. 
the  fort,  report  it  to  be  "  very  much  decaying  in  its  walls  and  Decayed 
batteries,  and  if  it  should  ever  be  of  any  use,  it  ought  to  be  Ci^i^'ir. 
renewed  from  the  bottom,  as  the  outworks  are  nearly  de- 
stroyed, while  what  remains  cannot  last  very  long,  from  its 
disrupted  and  tottering  situation."^ 

Jacquet  had  previously,  for  many  years,  resided  in  Brazil, 
in  the  service  of  the  company. 

A  license  of  marriage  is  recorded,  between  Wm.  Mauntz,  Marriage 
"a  young  man  from  Wallshire,  old  about  33,  to  Jannitze  ^'^^'^^ 
Tomas,  born  in  New  Netherland,  old  about  16  years.  "^ 

Several  sachems  arrived  at  Fort  Casimir,  and  demanded  to  Dec.  28. 
be  heard,  as  they  had  proposals  to  make,  which  being  granted,  Meeting  of 
they,  in  presence  of  Hudde,  Gysbert,  Bracy  Elmerhuysen,  ^fciiemsat 
Sandy  Boyer,  and  many  others,  stated — First,  that  from  the  Theu- de- 
late commander,  (Delmet  ?)  they  were  promised  an  extension  ^^^'^^  ^"^^ 

,,.■,.  T-v.  T  •  extension  of 

of  the  trade,  and  at  higher  prices.    Director  Jacquet  replied,  trade.  Pre- 
"that  having  lately  arrived,  he  did  not  know  what  was  done  ^''°'^/®- 

°,         ,    "^  .         .  ,  .  manded. 

before,  but  his  wish  was  to  live  in  peace  and  amity  with  them, 
and  that  if  any  thing  promised  had  been  neglected  through 
ignorance,  it  ought  to  be  overlooked." 

2.  They  ask  an  alteration  in  trade,  "  using  a  vast  volu- 
bility of  words,"  and  demand  for  two  deers  a  dress  of  cloth, 
and  so  of  other  things  in  proportion.  The  director  replied, 
"  that  his  principal's  custom  was  not  to  dictate,  but  that  each 
was  at  liberty  to  act  his  pleasure,  and  might  go  where 
his  purse  and  the  wares  best  suited,"  to  which  they  as- 
sented. 

3.  That  according  to  previous  custom,  to  make  presents  to  Presents  pro- 
the  chiefs,  it  was  proper,  as  a  confirmation  of  the  treaty.  ™'^®'^' 
The  director  "  remonstrates  that  goods  were  now  very  scarce, 
though  as  much  inclined  as  ever  to  give  such  proofs  of  friend- 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  pp.  174,  186 — 191.     Reg.  Pcnns.  vol.  iv.  p.  82. 

2  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  p.  191.  3  Ibid.  p.  403.  ■»  Ibid.  p.  407. 


208 


JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  VICE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER. 


1655. 


Subscrip- 
tions by  in- 
habitants 
for  presents. 
Two  persons 
decline. 


Individual 

ffubscription 
for  sachems. 


January  18. 

A  claim  pre- 
sented.   Re- 
ply of  the 
directors. 


January  18. 


Soldiers  re- 
quired to 
drive  Swedes 
from  New 
Netherland. 


January  19. 

Petition  of 
the  Swedes 
against  liv- 
ing in  the 
village. 
Allowed  to 
remain  on 
their  lands. 


ship ;  they  would  now,  however,  do  what  they  could  at  pre- 
sent, and  promise  in  three  days  to  gratify  their  wishes." 

On  the  next  day  the  preceding  articles  were  communicated 
to  the  inhabitants  of  Fort  Casimir,  and  accepted  with  plea- 
sure, each  cheerfully  subscribing,  except  Israel  and  Isaac 
Van  der  Zee,  who  made  difficulties,  and  preferred  to  depart 
from  the  river,  and  abandon  the  trade,  rather  than  assist, 
with  the  other  inhabitants,  to  maintain  the  peace  and  tran- 
quillity of  the  community. 

One  hundred  and  eighty-nine  guilders  were  collected,  of 
which  the  West  India  Company  gave  38,  Jacquet,  14-10, 
Hudde,  10-10,  Mr.  Jacob,  Jan  F.  Camman,  Connel  Mauntz, 
each  13,  Elmerhuysen  Klein,  14,  Thomas  Brays,  William 
Mauntz,  John  Eacophoff,  S.  Boyer,  Harman  Jansen,  John 
Schagger,  each  9,  OloflF  Steams,  8,  Laurens  Bors,  6,  and 
Mons.  Andreis,  4,  most  of  whom  wrote  their  names,  a  few 
only  making  marks. ^ 

1656. 

A  certain  Claes  Peterse  Smith  presents  a  claim  for  ser- 
vices rendered  on  South  River,  as  well  as  for  payment  or 
restitution  of  three  small  fuzees.  Council  answer,  that  "  when 
the  petitioner  has  proved  these  particulars,  and  where  he  left 
the  arms  that  were  at  his  house  when  the  Fortress  Casimir 
was  surrendered,  further  notice  will  be  taken  of  his  request."^ 

In  the  following  letter,  the  States-General  make  a  call 
upon  the  West  India  Company  for  soldiers,  to  be  sent  to 
New  Netherland : 

"With  this  we  request  and  require  of  you  to  send,  as  soon 
as  possible,  the  reinforcement,  for  the  purpose  of  driving 
away  some  Swedish  soldiers  from  the  New  Netherlands,  as  is 
mentioned  in  your  last  letter  sent  to  us,  on  which  we  depend."^ 

The  free  persons  of  the  Swedish  nation  residing  on  the 
second  corner  above  Fort  Casimir,  appear  before  council,  and 
solicit  that  they  may  remain  on  their  lands,  as  they  have  no 
inclination  to  change  their  place  of  abode,  neither  to  build  in 
the  netv  village,  but  claim  the  promise  made  to  them  by  the 
director-general,  Stuyvesant,  and  that  they  will  conclude 
finally  what  to  do  after  the  time  of  one  year  and  six  weeks, 
which  was  allotted  them  by  the  capitulation,  shall  be  expired. 


'  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  p.  407. 

2  MSS.  A.  P.  S.,  ill  Reg.  Peiins.  vol.  iv.  p.  96. 


3  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  p.  2G. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  209 

The  parties  being  heard,  their  petition  was  granted,  agreeably     1656. 
to  capitulation,  and  they  who  are  willing  are  permitted  to    "    •    ' 
come  and  reside  in  the  village,  while  they  who  cannot  yet 
conclude,  shall  be  obliged  to  ask  leave  for  this  purpose,  after 
that  period  shall  be  expired.^ 

Matthy  Busain  is  appointed,  by  director-general,  court 
messenger  in  Fort  Casimir,  and  directed  by  Jacquet  to  be 
acknowledged  as  such.^ 

Jacobus  Crabbe  presents  a  petition  respecting  a  plantation  February  5. 
near  the  corner,  where  brick  and  stone  are  made  and  baked ;  Manufacture 
granted,  though  after  the  place  is  inspected.^ 

Council  publish  a  placard  commanding  all  persons  to  have  February  13. 
their  lots  enclosed  before  15th  March,  on  penalty  of  6  gl.  Lots  to  be 
Those  who  keep  goats  must  have  a  keeper,  or  in  case  they  l^^eepej  for 
are  injured,  expect  no  damages.^  goats. 

Swen  Schute  asks  receipts  for  articles  delivered  Derek 
Smith,  former  commissary.^ 

A  servant  charges  Thomas  Broen  for  striking  him,  so  that 
he  cannot  labour.     Thomas  Broen  ordered  to  provide  the  MisceUane- 
servant  with  victuals  till  he  can  labour.® 

Thomas  Broen  is  arrested  for  abuse  of  Director  Jacquet.'^ 

A  qualification  is  made  before  A.  Hudde,  respecting  a  mar-  February  24. 
riage  contract,  which  was  delayed  completion  till  a  minister 
of  the  Gospel  should  arrive  here? 

The  following  letter  from  the  directors  in  Holland  to  Stuy- 
vesant,  written  after  receiving  an  account  of  the  capture  of  the 
forts,  shows  their  views  of  it  and  the  capitulation,  which  are 
somewhat  curious.     They  say,   "We  do  not  hesitate  to  ap-  March  13. 
prove  of  your  expedition  on  the  South  River,  and  its  happy  views  of  the 
termination,  while  it  agrees  in  substance  with  our  orders ;  '^^^l'^^\^^ 
however,  we  should  not  have  been  displeased,  that  such  a  of  Fort  Casi- 
fovraal  capitulation  for  the  surrender'  of  the  forts  had  not  ^pjtuution* 
taken  place,  but  that  the  whole  business  had  been  transacted  Curious  rea- 
in  a  similar  manner  as  the  Swedes  set  us  an  example  of,  when  ^^^' 
they  made  themselves  master  of  Fort  Casimir ;  our  reason  is 
that  all  ivhich  is  written  and  coined,  is  too  long  preserved, 
and  may  sometimes,  ivhen  it  is  neither  desired  nor  expected, 
be  brought  forward,  whereas  words  not  recorded,  are  by  length 
of  time  forgotten,  or  may  be  explained,  construed,  or  excused, 
as  circumstances  may  require.     But  as  all  this  is  passed  by, 

"  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  p.411.  2  ibid.  pp.  411,  413,  414,421. 

3  Ibid.  p.  4'.il.  ■»  Ibid.  5  Ibid.         6  Ibid.         7  Ibid.  8  Ibid. 

27  s2 


210 


JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  VICE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER. 


March  22. 


Appleboom's 
protest. 


1656.  so  our  only  object  in  making  this  observation,  is  to  give  a 
'  '  '  warning,  if  similar  opportunities  might  present  themselves  in 
future.  You  will  take  care  that  said  Fort  Casimir  is  in  every 
respect  well  provided,  and  placed  in  a  state  of  defence,  but 
do  not  mind  the  Fort  Christina,  leaving  only,  to  ascertain  its 
possession,  three  or  four  men  in  it,  soliciting  some  individuals 
to  establish  themselves  there. "^ 

H.  Appleboom,  the  Swedish  resident  at  the  Hague,  made 
the  following  declaration  or  protest  to  the  States-General, 
against  their  proceedings  on  the  Delaware  last  year : 

"  The  underwritten  resident  of  Sweden  doth  find  himself 
obliged  by  express  order,  to  declare  unto  their  high  and 
mighty  lordships  herewith,  how  that  the  commissioners  of  the 
West  India  Company  of  this  country  in  the  New  Netherlands, 
now  the  last  summer  did  unexpectedly  assault,  by  force  of 
arms,  the  Swedish  colony  there,  taking  from  them  their  forts, 
and  drove  away  the  inhabitants,  and  wholly  dispossessed  the 
Swedish  company  of  their  district.  It  is  true  and  without 
dispute,  that  the  Swedish  company  did  acquire  optimo  titulo 
^  juris  that  part  which  they  possessed,  and  did  buy  it  of  the 
natives,  and  consequently  have  had  possession  of  it  for  several 
years,  without  that  the  West  India  Company  of  these  coun- 
tries did  ever  pretend  any  thing.  Wherefore,  the  said  resi- 
dent doth  not  doubt  but  these  hostilities  will  very  much  dis- 
please their  high  and  mighty  lordships,  and  doth  desire,  in 
the  name  of  his  most  gracious  king  and  lord,  that  their  high 
and  mighty  lordships  would  be  pleased  to  take  some  speedy 
order  for  the  redressing  of  such  unlawful  proceedings,  as  the 
justice,  the  mutual  amity  between  both  nations,  and  the  con- 
sequence of  the  business  require,  and  is  expected  from  their 
high  wisdoms,  whereby  the  Swedish  company  may  be  restored 
undamnified.  H.  Appleboom. 

"Done  at  the  Hague,  22d  March,  1656,  (N.  S.)"^ 

It  appears  by  the  following  minute  what  action  was  taken 
March 24.      by  the  States-General  on  the  subject: 

"24th  March,  1656.  Received  a  memorial  presented  to 
the  States-General  by.the  Swedish  resident,  Appleboom,  with 
complaints,  that  the  preceding  summer,  the  officers  of  the 
Dutch  West  India  Company  in  New  Netherland  had  attacked 
with  arms  the  Swedish  company,  inhabiting  the  lands  on  the 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  204.  The  date  at  the  foot  of  this  letter  is 
May  13.         2  Thurloe's  State  Papers,  vol.  iv.  p.  599.  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  36. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  211 

South  River  of  Florida,  in  the  most  unforeseen  manner,  taken  1656. 
their  forts,  and  driven  out  the  inhabitants,  and  had  dis-  '  '  ' 
possessed,  by  this  means,  the  Swedish  company  of  their  dis- 
tricts ;  the  said  resident  therefore  praying  that  it  would 
please  the  States-General,  in  order  to  redress  the  disorderly 
proceedings  of  the  West  India  Company,  to  take  such  mea- 
sures as  were  most  consonant  to  justice,  the  mutual  friendship 
subsisting  between  the  two  nations,  and  the  importance  of 
the  question.  Resolved,  that  the  said  memorial  shall  be  ex- 
amined, together  with  an  extensive  memorial  presented  to 
the  States-General  on  the  same  business,  by  the  deputies  of 
Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  and  Hoorn,  to  make  as  speedily  as 
possible  a  report  on  it,  and  prepare  an  answer  to  the  Swedish 
memorial."^ 

"  The  expulsion  of  the  Swedes  from  the  South  River,  con- 
tinued for  many  years  to  be  a  subject  of  complaint,  on  the 
part  of  the  crown  of  Sweden,  to  the  States-General."^ 

Intelligence  communicated  by  J.  P.  Jacquet  was  received  Mai-ch  29. 
by  council,  that  some  of  the  remaining  Swedes  were  very  complaints 
turbulent  and  dangerous.     Swen  Schute  and  Jacob  Swenske,  st^^egfo/ 
among  others,  were  alleged  to  have  held  secret  intercourse  turbulence, 
with  the  savages ;  the  commander  was  ordered  to  send  them,  gchuter^c. 
by  the  first  vessel  of  Jan  Jacobsen,  to  Fort  Amsterdam,  and  ordered  to 
to  insure  his  success,  in  case  of  resistance,  12  soldiers  were  Manhattan, 
sent  to  him,  to  be  returned  in  the  same  vessel.     The  oath  of 
allegiance  was  to  be  taken  by  the  other  Swedes,  and  the  re- 
fractory to  be  transported.^ 

Evertze  Devez,  a  Swedish  woman,  complained  against,  in  a  woman 
New  Amsterdam,  for  debauching  the  negroes  of  the  company  oeuwfr^ 
and  others;  "having  a  very  bad  name,"  is  required  to  trans- 
port herself,  without  delay,  to  Long  Island  or  South  River, 
"to  avoid  public  scandal."'^ 

After  the  surrender  of  Fort  Casimir  to  the  Dutch,  and 
before  the  news  had  reached  Sweden,  a  vessel  called  "Mer- 
curius,"  Captain  Hendrick  Huygh,  sailed  from  thence  with  a 
considerable  number  of  emigrants.  She  arrived  safely  in  the 
Delaware,  but  very  much  to  the  surprise  of  all  on  board,  they 
soon  learned  the  fact  that  all  was  in  possession  of  the  Dutch. 

'  Copied  from  MSS.  in  N.  Y.  Hist.  Society's  possession,  given  by  Dr.  Samuel 
Miller,  and  received  by  him  from  William  Murray,  dated  Hague,  .Tune  29,  1799. 

2  OCali.  p.  327;  also  a  Swedish  memorial,  translated  from  Aitzema,  vol.  v. 
pp.  247,  .573,  dated  June,  1(JG4. 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  p.  352  ;  vol.  xi.  p.  327.         *  Ibid.  vol.  xiii.  p.  20G. 


212  JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  VICE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER. 

1656.     The  arrival  is  soon  announced,  bj  several  communications,  to 
'    '    '    the  authorities  at  Manhattan,  as  appears  from  the  following 
extracts : 

"  The  commanding  officer  on  South  River  informs  them,  by 

March  29.      Mr.  Allcrton's  small  vessel,  of  the  arrival  of  a  Swedish  ves- 

ArriTaiof     scl  named  <  Mercurius,'  manned  with  180  men.     Resolved, 

Not'^er^l^  not  to  permit  the  Swedes  to  come   on  shore,  and  that  they 

tfdtoiand,    might  retum  in  the  vessel  to  Sweden,  or  if  it  rather  pleased 

^^LTt^roTt  them  to  come  hither,  that  a  permit  to  pass  and  repass  would 

Amsterdam.   \)q  sent,  to  depart  again  from  here  without  any  trouble  in  any 

manner,  after  they  should  have  provided  themselves  with  a 

fresh  supply  of  victuals  and  other  necessary  commodities. 

Done  at  night  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  between  28th  and  29th 

of  March.  "^ 

Director  is  informed,  in  addition,  by  a  letter  from  honour- 
March  3o.  able  John  Pappegoya,  of  the  arrival  of  the  Mercury,  "  with  a 
Letter  from  few  Swcdish  families,  which,  for  some  weighty  reasons,  cannot 
J.  Pappe-      ijg  permitted  to  be  landed  there  on  shore,  without  further 

goya,  on  the  '■  ^  '  i  •    i 

subject  of  orders  of  principals;  that  they  are  disposed  to  return,  which 
^^^  ^T^'oTu-  cannot  and  ought  not  to  be  refused ;  but  further  it  appears, 
tjonof  di-  that  it  is  highly  probable  that  this  small  vessel,  with  130  souls 
rectors.  ^^  board,  after  such  a  long  voyage,  might  be,  on  its  return 
home,  in  want  of  victuals,  if  this  vessel  could  not  be  pro- 
vided with  a  fresh  supply ;  so  is  it,  that  we,  director-general 
and  council,  intending  nothing  else,  and  having  nothing  more 
at  heart  than  to  preserve  the  ancient  union  and  friendship 
between  the  two  nations,  leaving  our  disputes  about  our  ter- 
ritorial claims  on  the  lands  on  South  River  to  the  decision  of 
our  reciprocal  principals,  give  an  absolute  consent,  pass  and 
repass,  to  the  aforesaid  vessel  Mercury,  its  officers,  sailors, 
and  passengers,  to  come  hither  to  their  contentment,  to  pro- 
vide here  in  New  Amsterdam  for  all  their  wants,  by  a  fresh 
supply  of  victuals  and  other  commodities,  and  leave  again  at 
their  good  pleasure."- 

Finding  remonstrances  and  appeals  to  Jacquet  in  vain,  and 
that  nothing  could  be  effected  here,  the  captain  proceeded 
overland  to  Manhattan,  the  head-quarters  of  the  Dutch  go- 
vernment, and  there  addressed  the  following  letter  to  the 
director-general  and  company,  in  which  he  feelingly  describes 
his  unpleasant  position : 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  p.  351 ;  vol.xi.  p.  326.  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  83. 

2  Ibid.  vol.  X.  p.  353;  vol.  xi.  p.  328. 


PETER  STUYA^SANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  213 

"  Gentlemen — "Whereas  my  instructions  required  that  I    1656. 
should  unload  my  cargo,  and  a  few  families  and  some  colo-    """^^    ' 
nists,  in  Kew  Sweden,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Fort  Christina, 
but  when  I  arrived  off  the  mouth  of  the  river,  I  understood,  Letter  of 
very  unexpectedly,  that  every  thing  which  might  deserve  the  ?!''^r^^'* 
name  of  Swedish,  inhabitants,  fortresses,  ammunition,  yachts,  general  and 
scales,  with  all  the  stock  and  personal  property,  was,  either  F^s'yer 
by  ministers  of  the  West  India  Company,  or  by  the  director-  unexpected- 
general,  taken  by  a  capitulation  between  the  director-general  thinll^pos- 
and  Commander  John  Rysingh;   which  unexpected  change  session  of 
made  me  resolve  to  try  to  obtain  a  faithful  statement,  where- 
fore I  went  to  Fort  Casimir,  and  being  there  informed  of  all 
that  had  passed,  although  I  could  not  acknowledge  any  other 
sovereign  than  my  own,  I  required  some   explanation,  in  a 
courteous  conversation  with  Commander  Jacquet,  requesting 
to  proceed  unmolested  to  the  place  of  destination,  to  execute 
what  I  was  instructed  to,  who  replied,  that  he  could  not  com- 
ply, having  no  orders  from  the  director-general  and  council 
for  this  purpose ;  he  desired  me,  therefore,   to   obtain  the 
general's  opinion  in  writing,  and  kept  me  meanwhile  in  ar-  Requests  ex 
rest,  against  all  reason,  in  my  opinion,  as  hinting  that  I  was  frrm^j'"^^ 
looked  upon  as  a  traitor  and  an  enemy  of  his  state,  whereas  quet^sar- 
I  visited  him  with  the  best  faith,  to  avoid  any  disagreeable  rlferreno 
occurrences,  or  giving  offence,  without  intending  it.     This  the  director- 
passed,  he  received  an  answer  from  the  director-general,  who  fookedupL 
declined  to  permit  me  to  act  agreeably  to  my  instructions,  as  a  traitor, 
while  his  honour  made  me  an  offer,  that  if  I  would  come  to 
New  Amsterdam,  I  should  be  at  full  liberty  to  do  so,  as  well 
to  unload  my  vessel,  as  to  take  in  a  new  cargo,  provide  my- 
self with  a  fresh  supply  of  victuals,  trade  there  at  my  plea- 
sure, and  return  afterwards  to  Sweden,  enjoining,  and  said  it 
was  the  determined  resolution  of  the  director-general,  that 
the  colonists  should  return  with  me  in  the  same  vessel ;  when 
I  afterwards  undertook  this  journey  by  land,  and  therefore, 
for  the  present,  solicit,  with  all  reverence,  that  it  may  please 
the  director-general  and  council  to  consider  the  distressing 
situation   of  these   colonists.     Besides   the  immense   losses  Presents  a 
which  they  suffer,  many  good  farmers  were  ruined,  parents  BtttemLt  of 
were  separated  from  their  children,  even  husband  from  wife,  ^'^  °^"^  *''*^ 
and  all,  without  exception,  bereft  of  liberty  of  their  religious  the  favour 
worship.     In  this  distressed  state,  they  were  compelled  to  °^^^'''^"^'^ 

.  ,  n        •  '  •/  r  tor-general, 

reside  among  a  foreign  nation,  whose  language  they  could  &c. 


214  JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  VICE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER. 

1656.    not  understand,  whose  manners  were  unknown  to  them,  be- 
'    '    '    sides  that  they  crossed  the  sea  to  colonize  and  increase  the 
population  of  New   Sweden,  not  that  indeed  of  any  other 
April.  11.       country  further.     I  solicit  that  I  may  be  permitted,  with  the 
families  and  colonists  under  my  direction,  and  the  cargo  en- 
trusted to  my  care,  may  settle  in  any  of  the  deserted  places, 
or  in  any  other  unsettled  part  of  the  country,  or  which  I 
might  select  and  deemed  proper  for  our  present  purpose,  till 
I  receive  new  orders  from  Sweden,  or  was  informed  of  the 
course  which  my  masters  should  recommend  to  pursue,  or 
might  be  dictated  by  the  mayors,  leaving  the  past  transac- 
tions as  I  found  them,  alone ;  that  we  might  not  be  separated 
Asssforper-  from  ouc  another,  and  we  be  permitted  to  trade  for  our  sup- 
eeuirgome-    V^^%  *^^^  ^J  ^^"^  ordcrs,  WO  wcrc  provided  for  our  future  lot ; 
where  tm      which,  if  it  is  not  permitted,  then  I  would  solicit  what  has 
ceivefresh     l^^cn  offered  by  director-general  and  council,  viz.  that  the 
instructions,  vcsscl,  to  obtain  a  fresh  supply  of  victuals,  might  be  favoured 
with  a  safe  conduct,  and  that  this  might  be  extended  to  my 
person,  obliging  myself  to  remain  in  the  river,  to  cultivate 
friendship  and  good  correspondence,  and  contribute  all  that 
was  in  my  power  to  avert  all  calamities,  as  well  of  Indians  as 
Christians,  to  the  security  of  the  subjects  of  both  govern- 
ments, leaving  it  further  to  our  principals  to  make  a  final 
arrangement  for  settling  between  them  the  contested  points, 
which  issue  we  are  resolved  to  await  with  patience  and  resig- 
nation.    New  Amsterdam,  April  11th,  1656. 

"  Hendrick  Huygh."^ 
Upon  considering  the  foregoing  petition  of  Capt.  Huygh, 
the  director  and  council  decide  as  follows : 

They  deny  any  knowledge  of  the  truth   of  the  alleged 

Apriiii.       assertion  of  the  captain,  that  Jacquet  called  him  a  "traitor 

and  enemy,"  and  say,  "  The  written  proposal  or  request  in 

substance  corresponds  with  the  letter  of  John  Pappegoya,  of 

24th  March,  from  South  River,  written  for  this  purpose,  and 

answered  by  the  honourable  director  at  large,  on  the  29th  of 

that  month,  which  answer  and  resolution  the  director-general 

Mercury  per-  and  council  are  still  conforming  themselves  to,  viz.  that  their 

orfeTCd^to     honours,  for  reasons  explained  in  that  letter  more  at  large, 

depart  from   canuot  admit  in  the  South  River  any  vessel,  nor  permit  any 

South  Biyer.  fQj.gjgj^  trade,  uor  the  residing  of  foreigners  on  its  shores  in 

that  district,  except  those  who  arrive  there  with  theii'  special 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  p.  362 ;  vol.  xi.  p.  338. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  215 

orders  and  commissions,  wherefore  the  order  is  again  renewed  1656. 
to  the  23etitioner,  to  depart  from  there  with  his  ship  Mercury,  '  '  ' 
its  crew  and  passengers ;  it  is  left  to  the  petitioner's  choice 
to  effect  this  from  their  free  will,  and  by  their  own  orders, 
and  depart  to  which  place  they  deem  proper,  or,  by  refusal, 
the  director-general  and  council  will  be  compelled  to  adopt 
other  measures  to  effect  the  departure  of  the  ship  Mercury, 
and  any  other  vessel  arriving  there  without  their  orders,  or 
the  commission  of  their  principals,  of  which  alternative  the 
director-general  and  council  demand  the  petitioner's  prompt 
resolution  and  answer,  while  the  director-general  and  council 
will  not  be  responsible  for  any  damages  which  rnight  be  the 
consequence  of  his  non-compliance.  Done  at  meeting  of 
council  in  Fort  Amsterdam.     Signed, 

"P.  Stuyvesant,  a.  De  Sille, 

"MONTAGNE,  TlENHOVEN."^ 

Captain  Huygh  appeared  next  day  in  council,  "and  an-  Apriii2. 
swered,  on  our  resolution  of  the  11th,  that  he  accepted  the  Huygh'san- 
safe  conduct  of  passing  and  repassing,  and  was  resolved  that  o^councn/" 
his  ship  Mercury,  and  her  crew,  passengers,  and  cargo,  should  and  their  re- 
come  hither,  while  he  would  remain  here  till  her  arrival :  he  k°ee'p  the 
solicits  further,  that  the  vice-director  there  may  be  authorized  ship  weigh- 
to  despatch  said  vessel  as  soon  as  possible ;  which  was  then,  po^t. 
by  the  director-general  and  council,  taken  into  further  con- 
sideration.    To  avoid  further  expenses,  it  was  deemed  super- 
fluous, as  yesterday  was  proposed,  to  send  thither  the  man-of- 
war,  to  convey  the  Mercury  here  in  safety ;  and  they  deem  it 
now  only  necessary  and  serviceable  that  the  ship  Weigh-scales 
shall  remain  here  till  the  Swedish  vessel  shall  have  arrived." 

They  accordingly  despatched  a  messenger  with  a  letter,  April  12. 

dated  12th  April,  to  Jacquet,  to  which  it  appears,  from  a  No  answer 

record  between  the  12th  and  29th,  they  had  received  no  an-  'etTeJbytho 

swer,  at  which  they   express   much  surprise,   and   "  cannot  special  mes- 

account  for  it  or  the  delay  of  the  Swedish  ship,  except  by  toSrathRi- 

various  floating  rumours ;  some  say  they  heard  from  savages  '^'^r-  Ensign 

that  there  had  arisen  some  differences  between  our  nation  and  to  know  the 

the  aforesaid  Swedes,  or  with  the  Indians  on  South  River."  reason  of  de- 
rm       T  11  -in  ■  1  n   tention  of 

Ihe  director-general  and  council,  after  considering,   "  are  of  ship. 
opinion  that  the  welfare  of  the  country  in  general,  and  par- 
ticularly of  the  West  India  Company,  are  closely  connected 
with  that  of  South  River,  and  the  departure  from  there  of 

•  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  p.  366;  vol.  xi.  p.  341. 


Kumours. 


21Q  JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  VICE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER. 

1656.  the  Swedish  ship  Mercury,  crew,  and  passengers.  They  re- 
'  •  '  solve,  in  order  to  obtain  direct  information,  to  command 
Ensign  Smith,  at  the  head  of  12  or  15  armed  men,  to  go 
thither  by  land,  with  orders  to  send  from  there  by  a  savage, 
&c.,  as  soon  as  possible,  tidings  if  the  ship  Mercury  had 
sailed  from  there  or  not,  and  what  is  the  present  situation  of 
the  affairs  of  the  company  in  that  neighbourhood ;  and  the 
ensign  to  return  as  soon  as  possible."^ 

Not  long  after  the  recovery  of  Fort  Casimir  by  the  Dutch 
April  12.       from  the  Swedes,  grants  of  land  were  made  by  Stuyvesant, 
Early  con-     many  of  which  are  on  record,  either  at  Albany  or  New  Castle. 
lEmd  near°^    He  stylcs  himself  "  Peter  Stuyvesant,  under  their  high  and 
rortcasimir.  mighty  the  lords  States-General  of  the  New  Netherland,  and 
the  honourable  West  India  Company,  director-general  of  New 
Netherland,  Curracoa,  Bonayro,  Aruba,  and  the  dependencies 
thereof,  and  the  honourable  gentlemen  of  council."  The  earliest 
that  we  have  noticed  is  April  12,  to  Thomas  Broen,  "  a  plan- 
tation lying  in  South  River  of  New  Netherland,  below  the 
Fort  Casimir,"  2046  rods,  with  express  conditions,  &c.     A 
house  and  lot  to  A.  Hudde,  <'nigh  Fort  Casimir,"  Novem- 
ber 30.     Under  same  date,  a  plantation  to  Alexander  Boyer, 
<' north  of  Fort  Casimir,  on  the  point  between  the  first  and 
second  meadow,"  and  various  others  of  intermediate  dates. - 
The  situation  of  things  seems  to  have  assumed  a  threaten- 
Mayi.         ing  aspect,  arising,  apparently,  from  the  interference  of  the 
Swedes  and  Indians  in  the  affair  of  the  ship  Mercury,  as  ap- 
pears from  the  following  documents  on  record. 

Letters  and  declaration  were  received  from  A.  Hudde,  at 

South  Biver,  with  respect  to  the  situation  of  that  country. 

Governor  Stuyvesant  advised  the  council  to  send  the  man- 

Condition      of-war  "  Wcigh-scalcs,"  and  two  members  of  council,  to  ob- 

South°River!  ^^^^  corrcct  information,  and  to  retrieve  affairs  as  much  as 

Caseofsiiip  possiblc,  to  the  best  advantage  of  the  company. 

D^cu"sfon         ^^^'-  ^^  Sille  agrees  with  the  director  about  sending  a  ves- 

on  Bending    ggi  j  fg  willing  to  go  himsclf,  if,  in  case  of  any  difficulty  in 

scales  to       Ncw  Amsterdam,  they  will  take  care  of  his  family  and  inte- 

south  River,  rests.  Moutague  agrees  with  the  director  about  the  "Weigh- 

scales,"  provided  that  orders  be  given  that  no  hostile  attack 

shall  be  made  on  the  Swedish  vessel,  as  she  actually  unloaded 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  pp.  367,  3S4 ;  vol.  ix.  p.  366. 

2  Albany   Records,  "  Dutch  Patents,  beginning  in   1654."     Reg.  of  Penns. 
vol.  iv.  p.  121.     Penn's  Breviat,  p.  36. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  217 

her  cargo  and  discharged  her  crew.  Tienhoven,  taking  Into  1656. 
view  the  letters  from  Jacquet,  and  the  information  by  Hudde,  '  '  ' 
about  the  ship  Mercury,  which  has  dared  to  proceed  to 
Mantes  Hoeck,  where  she  landed  her  passengers,  with  the 
consent  of  the  vice-director,  from  which  many  difficulties  and 
trials  might  arise,  and  as  the  man-of-war,  the  "  Weigh-scales," 
is  yet  on  our  shores,  thinks  she  should  be  employed  on  the 
South  River,  to  crush  any  such  attempts,  and  that  she  ought 
to  be  despatched  at  once,  "  to  bring,  if  it  is  possible,  in  the 
most  civil  manner,  the  ship  Mercury  from  there,  and  recon- 
cile the  natives  to  our  nation." 

The  council,  after  hearing  these  several  suggestions,  adopt 
the  following  resolution : 

"  Taking  into  further  consideration  the  weighty  reasons  Resolution 
why  the  aforesaid  ship,  the  Mercury,  as  we  did  hope,  against  °Je°o^the^ 
the  orders  of  the  commissary,  Hendrick  Huygh,  did  not  come  Mercury. 
hither,  and  heard  upon  it,  and  compared  the  reports  of  several 
passengers,  viz.  Mr.  Isaac  Allerton,  Captain  Jan  Jacobsen, 
Claes  De  Croyter,  and  several  other  persons,  among  whom. 
Otto  Grim,  a  soldier,  and  N.  N.  Swart,  carpenter  of  the  ship 
Weigh-scales,  who  all  unanimously  unite  in  the  declaration,  , 

that  as  far  as  they  know,  the  not  returning  hither  of  the  said 
vessel  was  not  caused  by  the  skipper  or  crew  of  said  ship,  but 
that  it  was  prevented  by  several  Swedes,  who,  in  conjunction  sheisde- 
with  many  Indians,  arrived  on  board  of  said  ship  with  Pap-  g'^i^eLs,  in- 
pegoya,  and  remained  altogether  in  large  numbers,  till  said  dians,  and 
ship  had  actually  passed  Fort  Casimir,  while  the  same  men    ^pp®^"^*" 
and  others  did  further  relate  that  to  them  it  appeared,  from 
all  circumstances,  pretty  clear,  that  some   of  the  principal 
Swedish  settlers  were  the  only  cause  of  all  this  turmoil,  and  Thecrewand 
that  a  large  number  of  Swedes  who  had  taken  the  oath  of  empt  from 
allegiance  were  stirred  up  by  them,  or  hired  by  their  misre-  ^^'^'^• 
presentations ;  at  least  we  cannot,  as  yet,  either  from  these 
reports,   or  from  the    letter  of  the  commissary,   Hendrick 
Huygh,  who  constantly  remaineth  here,  and  waited  for  the 
arrival  of  said  vessel,  find  any  fault  with  him,  neither  with 
skipper,  his  officers,  or  crew ;  all  which  being  taken  into  ma- 
ture consideration,   to  prevent  greater  damages  and  more  Despatch  the 

serious  complaints,  we  deemed  it  more  proper  and  useful  to  ^='pt'^*'»  =^'»<i 
^         _ '  -i     i  two  mem- 

despatch  thither  in  the  man-of-war  the  "  Weigh-scales,"  Hen-  bersofcoun- 

drick  Huygh,  with  two  members  of  council,  promising  to  take  ^'g|\'^^ 

care  of  his  interests,  when  he  conducts  himself  in  a  proper  scales. 

28  I 


218 


JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  VICE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER. 


1656, 


Freedom 
from  duties, 
and  protec- 
tion pro- 
mised to  the 
captain  on 
conditions. 


May  3. 

Obligation 
of  Hendrick 
Hnygh  to 
conduct 
himself  well, 
and  submit 
to  director 
and  council. 


May  3. 

And  to 
soothe  ani- 
mosities be- 
tween 
Christians 
and  natives. 


manner,  as  a  good  and  loyal  servant  ought  to  do,  and  so  far 
as  may  be  in  his  power,  to  promote  the  peace  and  harmony 
between  savages  and  Christians,  continuing,  with  regard  to 
him,  full  liberty  to  pass  and  repass  with  his  ship  and  cargo, 
without  giving  any  offence,  or  violating  our  laws ;  when  he  is 
permitted,  on  his  arrival  here,  to  trade  with  his  goods,  pro- 
vided he  submits  to  the  payment  of  all  such  duties,  and  those 
only,  as  other  subjects  and  strangers  pay,  with  the  same  pri- 
vileges, while  at  his  request  our  commissioners  are  authorized 
not  only  to  protect  him,  and  assure  him  the  enjoyment  of  all 
which  we  have  promised,  but  further  assist  him,  by  word  and 
deed,  against  all  who,  against  his  orders,  had  already,  or 
might  obstruct  his  orders  in  the  departure  of  said  ship  from 
South  River,  and  to  procure  him  a  recovery  of  damages,  if 
he  suffered  any  on  her  cargo.     Done,  &c.,  May  1. 

"  Signed,  Peter  Stuyvesant, 

N.  De  Sille, 

C.  TlENHOVEN."^ 

In  consequence  of  the  foregoing,  Huygh  signed  the  follow- 
ing obligation : 

"  I,  undersigned,  Hendrick  Huygh,  commissioned  by  the 
company  of  the  South,  in  Sweden,  on  a  voyage  in  the  ship 
Mercury,  as  the  commissary,  before  my  arrival  on  South 
River,  not  knowing  any  thing  about  the  changes  which  hap- 
pened there  since  I  left  that  country,  promise  under  my  sig- 
nature, in  lieu  of  oath,  that  I,  on  the  safeguard  which  I  have 
obtained  from  the  director-general  and  council,  will  conduct 
myself,  as  well  in  regard  to  my  commerce,  as  to  my  residence 
either  here  or  on  the  South  River,  as  a  faithful  and  obedient 
servant,  and  submit  to  all  such  orders  and  laws  as  the  sub- 
jects of  New  Netherland,  and  particularly  that  I  will  in  no 
manner  whatever,  foment  disunion  between  Christians  and 
savages,  but  that  I  rather  will  exert  myself  to  the  utmost  to 
soothe  the  animosities  betAveen  the  Christians  and  natives,  and 
endeavour  to  reconcile  and  unite  them,  and  act  and  conduct 
myself,  in  every  respect,  as  if  I  was  a  sworn  subject  of  this 
state.  In  further  security  of  my  promise,  I  submit  my  per- 
son, and  my  property,  real  and  personal,  present  and  future, 
to  the  judicature  of  any  court  of  justice.  Signed  at  New 
Amsterdam,  May  3,  1656." 


'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xiii.  pp.  1 — 7. 


PETER  STUTVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  219 

Mathias,  a  Swedish  clergyman,  arrives  in  the  Mercurius,     1656. 
and  returned  to  Sweden  in  about  two  years,^  ^"""^    ' 

Also,  Andreas  Bengtsen,  the  ancestor  of  the  BanJcson 
families,  into  which  the  name  changed ;  he  was  living  here, 
April  6,  1703.2 

A  regulation  was  adopted,  "that  all  the  swine  should  be  May22. 
yoked  within  twenty-four  hours,  or  be  killed  by  the  soldiers."^  ^1^1*°^ 

Jews  are  prohibited  from  trading  on  South  River.*  jimei4. 

H.  Huygh  represents  to  the  director-general  and  council,  July  u. 
that  on  their  promise  and  assurance,  when  he  arrived  before  The  Mercu- 
the  city  of  New  Amsterdam  with  his  ship  Mercury,  that  he  ^aSi^ttan!^ 
should  be  treated  with  civility  and  courtesy,  till  the  case  in 
question  should  be  decided,  he  desires  to  be  informed  what  Duties  on 
duties  they  contemplate  demanding,  that  he  may  know  how  cury. 
to  regulate  his  conduct.     They  inform  him  that  "  he  ought 
to  pay  the  duties  of  recognition  on  all  the  imported  goods, 
10  per  cent.,  but  as  he  remonstrates,  and  it  actually  appears 
that  some  of  the  goods  are  damaged,  he  is  permitted  to  pay, 
in  lieu  of  recognitions,  for  all  the  goods  laden  on  the  Mer- 
cury, amounting,  by  invoice,  to  9079-10  guilders,  (X1513,  Vaiueofhe. 
4s.  2d.)  the  sum  of  750  guilders,  (^141,  13s.  id.f  '^'°''' 

A  Swede  and  a  Finn  were  arrested  for  selling  beer  to  a  July- 
savage,  but  being  lately  arrived,  and  doing  it  through  igno-  ignorance  of 

1 .      1  1  R  law  excused. 

ranee,  were  discharged.'' 

Printz's  daughter,  Armgard,  now  Madame  Pappegoya,  who  August  3. 
still  remained  (with  her  husband)  in  the  country,  had,  for  Memorial  of 
some  reasons,  been  deprived  or  dispossessed  of  her  father's  p^^^  for 
property  ;  now  applies  to  the  director-general  to  be  reinstated  her  father's 
in  it.     Her  memorial  sets  forth,   "  It  is,  without  doubt,  well 
known  to  the  director-general,  that  our  late  lord  governor, 
my  highly  revered  lord  and  father,  prepared  a  farm,  partly 
cultivated  by  freemen,  who  are  returned  to  Sweden,  and  sur- 
rendered it  to  him,  and  partly  cleared  by  his  orders,  and  cul- 
tivated for  several  years ;  that  this  was  granted  him  by  the 
king,  and  by  the  present  royal  majesty  was  confirmed,  but 
which  now,  since  three  years,  being  abandoned,  was  again 
covered  with  bushes,  and  the  dwelling-house  nearly  destroyed 
by  the  Indians,  and  so  I  have  been  obliged  to  repair  it,  by 
three  Finns,  and  to  sow  its  fields,  when,  unexpectedly,  I  was 

"  Campanius,  p.  109.  2  Clay,  p.  31.  3  Acrelius,  p.  420. 

*  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  212. 

5  Ibid.  vol.  xiii.  p.  374 ;  vol.  xi.  p.  433.  6  ibid.  vol.  xiii.  p.  101. 


220 


JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  VICE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER. 


1656. 


Her  petition 
granted. 


Transfer  of 

Fort  Casimir 

to  city  of 

Amsterdam 

arranged. 

Name 

changed. 


August  16. 

Colonists  to 
be  trans- 
Bported  free 
of  expense. 


forbidden  by  the  present  commander,  to  take  possession  of  it 
again ;  wherefore  I  am  compelled  to  inform  the  director-general 
of  this  event,  with  humble  supplication  that  it  may  please 
him  graciously,  and  from  the  friendship  between  him  and  my 
lord  and  father,  to  favour  me  with  this  possession,  as  I  am 
confident  that  his  honour  will  do,  and  solicit  fui'ther,  that  my 
people  may  remain  unmolested  at  Printzdorp,  and  continue 
to  cultivate  its  soil ;  and  that  his  honour,  &c.  may  be  pleased 
to  grant  me,  for  my  greater  security,  letters-patent  for  that 
spot,  and  so  too  for  Tinnakonk.  I  hope  that  my  lord  and 
father  will  acknowledge  it  as  a  mark  of  great  friendship,  and 
as  far  as  it  is  in  his  power,  be  remunerated  with  thankful- 
ness ;  with  which  I  recommend  the  du'ector-general  to  the 
protection  of  God  Almighty.  Dated  at  Tinnakonk,  August  3, 
1656.     The  director-general's  humble  servant, 

"Armgard  Printz." 
"  The  suppliant  is  permitted,  agreeably  to  the  capitulation, 
to  take  possession  of  the  lands  of  her  lord  and  father,  in 
Printzdorp,  and  to  use  it  to  her  best  advantage.     Done  at 
New  Amsterdam,  August  28,  1656.         P.  Stuyvesant."^ 

It  is  not  precisely  known  where  Printzdorp  was  situated, 
but  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  village,  (as  the  name  implies,) 
in  the  neighbourhood,  or  upon  a  part  of  Tinnecum.  Tradition 
places  it  on  the  south-east  portion. 

The  Dutch  West  India  Company,  being  much  in  debt,  from 
various  causes,  previous  to  the  affairs  on  South  River,  which, 
instead  of  relieving,  had  the  tendency  to  embarrass  them 
still  further,  having  been  compelled  to  obtain  aid  from  the 
city  of  Amsterdam  in  recovering  South  River,  now  proposed, 
in  order  to  relieve  themselves,  to  transfer  Fort  Casimir,  and 
some  adjoining  territory,  to  the  city  of  Amsterdam.  After 
repeated  negotiations,  the  arrangement  was  effected,  the 
colony  was  named  New  Amstel,  and  steps  taken  to  encourage 
settlements,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  conditions  en- 
tered into  between  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam  and  the 
colonists  in  the  city's  colony  of  Neiv  Amstel. 

They  are  to  be  transported,  with  their  families,  furniture, 
&c.,  in  vessels  to  be  procured  by  the  city,  who  are  to  advance 
the  freight  money,  to  be  afterwards  refunded.  The  city  en- 
gages to  provide  them  a  fruitful  soil,  healthy  and  temperate 
climate,  watered  by,  and  situated  on  a  fresh  water  river,  on 

I  Albany  Records,  vol.  xi.  p.  518,  519;  vol.  xiii.  p.  154,  155. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  221 

whicli  large  ships  may  sail,  having  made  an  agreement  with    1G56. 
the  West  India  Company  to  this  eifect,  for  a  place  at  their    ' — • — ' 
disposal,  to  which  no  other  persons  have  any  claim ;  the  city 
there  to  lay  out  on  the  river-side  a  suitable  place  for  their  a  town  to  be 
residence,  and  fortify  it  with  a  trench  without  and  a  wall  '*"'°"**"^ 

'  _  •'  _  river  side, 

within,  and  divide  the  enclosed  land  into  streets,  a  market,  and  to  be 
and  lots,  for  traders,  mechanics,  and  farmers,  all  at  the  ex-  sdiooimas- 
pense  of  the  city.      The  city  to  provide  a  schoolmaster,  (who  tcr  to  be  pro- 
shall  also  read  the  Holy  Scriptures  in  public,  and  set  the  to'be're^er 
Psalms,)  and  provide  for  him. 

The  city  to  provide,  for  one  year,  clothing,  provisions,  and  city  to  pro- 
garden  seeds,  build  a  large  storehouse  to  contain  their  goods,  year,  doth-^ 
clothing,  and  provisions,  keep  a  factor  there,  with  all  neces-  '°»;  *<^- 
saries,  and  sell  them  at  Amsterdam  prices  to  the  colonists,  warehouse, 
company's  toll  excepted,  which  shall  be  employed  in  building  ^'^^  floods  at 

n  •  11-  1         1  1  1        •        1   ,  ,       TTr  Amsterdam 

and  supporting  public  works,  by  those  authorized  by  the  West  prices. 
India  Company  and  city.     The  police  of  the  town  or  city,  as  Poiice  and 
well  as  administration  of  iustice,  to  be  as  in  Amsterdam.    A  J"*^*''""  ^^  at 

,,»..  .,.,  Amsterdam. 

schout,  or  head  of  justice,  appointed  m  the  name  of  their 
High  Mightinesses  and  West  India  Company,  by  deputies  of 
Amsterdam,  who  shall  give  the  director  a  power  of  attorney. 
Three  burgomasters  to  be  appointed  by  the  common  burghers.  Mode  of  ap- 
from  the  "honestest,  fittest,  and  richest,"  and  five  or  seven  f'"''"! 

'  '  '  town  ofli- 

schepens,  for  which  the  burghers  to  nominate  a  double  num-  cers. 
ber,  from  which  the  director  by  attorney  is  to  select.     When 
the  town  contains  200  or  more  families,  they  shall  choose  a  common 
common  council  of  21  persons,  to  meet  with  the  burgomasters  *^°"°"''  ''°^ 

'■  '  .  °  and  when 

and  schepens,  and  consult  on  matters  relating  to  government  chosen. 
of  the  city ;  once  established,  the  council  to  supply  vacancies 
by  a  new  election,  by  a  plurality  of  votes ;  they  shall  an- 
nually choose  burgomasters,  and  nominate  a  double  number 
out  of  which  to  choose  schepens.     The  schepens  are  to  de-  Duties  of 
cide  causes  for  all  sums  under  100  guilders,  ($60 ;)  over  that  ^'^^^p^'^^- 
sum,  appeal  allowed  to  director-general  and  council  of  New 
Nctherland.     The  schepens  to  pronounce  sentences  in  crimi- 
nal cases,  subject  to  appeal. 

The  city  of  Amsterdam  to  agree  with  a  smith,  wheelwright,  city  to  fur- 
and  carpenter,  to  live  there  with  the  colonists.  ^'''^  ^^' 

rpi  .  ■.       .  1      11      T    •  T  chanics. 

Ihe  said  city  shall  divide  the  lands  about  the  town  into  Lands  to  be 
fields,  for  plough,  meadow,  and  pasture,  and  allow  for  roads.  ^^*'*^'^- 
Every  farmer  to  have,  "in  free,  fast,  and  durable  property," 
as  many  morgens  of  land  as  the  family  can  improve,  and  for 


on  commis- 
sion. 


222  JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  VICE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER, 

1656.     grazing,  which  must  be  under  cultivation  in  two  years,  or 

"    ■    '    forfeit  them ;  no  poundage,  horn-money  or  salt-money  to  be 

required  for  ten  years  from  the  first  sowing  or  pastm'ing ;  at 

Free  from      the  end  of  tou  ycars  to  pay  no  higher  tax  than  the  lowest  in 

years.  ^^7  Other  district  of  the  West  India  Company.    Shall  be  free 

from  tenths  for  twenty  years  from  first  sowing ;  at  end  of 

twenty  years,  the  tenths  shall  be  given  to  city  of  Amsterdam, 

half  of  which  tenths  to  be  applied  to  support  of  public  works, 

and  of  persons  employed  in  public  service ;  and  so  also  of 

poundage,  and  other  charges,  whenever  paid. 

During  and  after  sending  ships  from  Holland,  to  load  and 
Shipping  bring  over  corn,  seeds,  wood,  and  merchandise  by  the  city, 
must  con-      ^]^g  most  uscful  of  the  colonists  are  at  liberty  to  charter  pri- 

sign  goods  to  _  .  . 

city,  to  sell  vate  ships ;  but  they  must  be  consigned  to  the  city  of  Am- 
sterdam, who  shall  provide  for  them  there  storehouses,  sell 
the  goods,  and  return  the  proceeds  as  ordered,  deducting  only 
2  per  cent,  for  commissions,  and  one-tenth  of  net  proceeds 
for  disbursements  by  the  city,  for  the  freight  and  passages 
of  the  colonists  and  their  goods,  which  shall  cease  when  the 
disbursements  are  refunded. 
Colonists  The  colonists  may  take  what  they  require  from  the  city's 

goods^from    'warehouse,  at  a  fixed  price,  the  account  to  be  sent  with  their 
public,  and    goods,  to  be  dcductcd  therefi'om. 

Emope.  Colonists  may  cut  what  wood  they  require  for  building 

PriTiieges  of  houscs  and  vcsscls,  from  any  forests  in  the  district  not  granted 

wood,  and  .  „  ^"^  ,  i         p        i      T  • 

fishing  and    to  private  porsons,  tree  oi  cost,  and  may  also  ireely  hunt  m 
hunting.       ^^q  woods,  and  fish  in  any  waters  not  private  property,  under 
certainofa-   regulations  to  be  made  by  the  company,  &c.     The  burgo- 
appointedby  mastcrs  of  Amsterdam,  as  founders  and  patroons,  shall  ap- 
ters^of"!^-    poi^t  secretary,  messengers,  and  other  inferior  persons,  and 
sterdam.       the  city  of  Amsterdam  shall  see  that  all  tools  and  implements 
Mines  and    bc  transported  free,  and  without  recognitions.  The  discoverer 
free  to^dis-     ^^  minerals,  crystals,  precious  stones,  marble,  &c.,  may  keep 
coTerer.        them  as  his  own  for  ten  years,  free  of  duty  or  imposition ; 
after  ten  years,  to  pay  the  company  one-tenth  of  their  pro- 
city  to  pro-    ceeds.     The  city  of  Amsterdam  shall  provide  a  warehouse 
housri^'^Am-  fo^  ^^^  t^6  goods  it  iutouds  to  send  to  New  Netherland,  to  be 
sterdam.       visitcd  by  any  person  appointed  by  the  directors'  of  the  West 
India  Company,  under  the  inspection  of  a  person  appointed 
by  the  city,  and  marked  with  the  marks  of  the  city  and  com- 
pany, the  recognition  to  be  paid  to  the  company,  according 
to  the  list.     These  goods  may  then  be  laden,  with  the  know- 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  223 

ledge  of  the  company,  on  any  vessels  they  may  obtain.     If     1656. 
the  city  ships  any  goods  on  freight  to  New  Amsterdam,  they    ' — ■ — ' 
must  submit  to  the  same  regulations  as  others ;  but  if  the 
city  of  Amsterdam  sends  its  own  or  chartered  vessel,  laden  Regulations 
only  with  its  own  goods,  the  vessel  must  go  to  its  own  city  or  °^  ^^pp^°s- 
colony,  but  all  the  goods  on  board  shall  be  advertised  in  the 
<;ity  warehouse,  under  the  inspection  of  any  one  of  the  com- 
pany appointed  for  the  purpose,  to  whom  the  letters   and 
commission  from  the  company  shall  be  delivered;  and  vice 
versa,  of  goods  imported  from  the  city's  colony  into  Amster- 
dam ;  duties  due  to  the  country  and  the  company  to  be  paid. 

All  materials,  &c.,  for  farming  or  trades,  to  be  free  from  Materials  for 
recognition  ;  all  produce  of  New  Netherland,  on  importation,  **'^™'°s  and 

^17    trades  to  be 

to  be  free  of  duty ;  so  also,  salted  or  dried  fish  taken  there,  free. 
Peltry,  as  beavers,  otters,  &c.,  to  pay  8  per  cent.     Besides 
the  duties  above,  paid  in  Amsterdam,  there  must  also  be  paid  Duties. 
in  New  Netherland,  4  per  cent,  in  light  money,  reckoning  the 
rix-dollar  at  63  stivers.^ 

A  board  of  commissioners  to  manage  the  affairs  of  New  Boordof 
Amstel,  to  reside  in  Amsterdam,  was  appointed ;  preparations  <=°™™'s-''°°- 
made  for  an  expedition  of  emigrants,  40  soldiers  engaged,  Am,=teiap- 
under  command  of  Captain  Martin  Krygier,  and  Lieutenant  p°'°'*''^-  ^ 

^  */  o        '^  Emigrants 

Alexander  D'Hinoyossa,  the  expense  of  which,  and  support  and  sowiers 
of  settlers  one  year,  estimated  at  36,000  guilders,  (,^14,000  Krygier^Id 
or  $15,000,)  raised  by  a  loan.^  ninoyossa. 

A  contract  with  Niles  Matson,  for  an  island,  near  Chris-  inland  and 
tina,  and  a  certain  field  to  Paul  Janses,  situated  on  south-  Christina, 
west  side   of  Christina   Creek,   obliquely  to   the  fort;  with 
regard  to  the  mill,  this  is  left  to  the  choice  of  sub-sheriff  and 
commissioners  to  repair  it."^ 

The  following  deliberations  of  the  council  of  the  city  of  Nov.  4. 
Amsterdam,  relate  to  the  new  colony  to  be  established : 

Extract  from  the  resolutions  of  the  council  of  the  city  of 
Amsterdam : 

"November  4,  1656. — The   burgomasters   having  imme- Kesoiutions 
diately  made  known  to  the  council,  that  their  honours,  in  "f  ^'^^^-'^• 

.  *',  '  '  dam  respect- 

providing  for  the  wants  of  the  New  Netherlands,  among  other  ing  the  new- 
matters,  had  deliberated  in  what  manner,  and  by  whom,  the  j^frmers  to 
city  should  take  over  Fort  Casimir,  situated  near  the  River  ^  sent  oyer. 
Delaware,  from  the  West  India  Company,  it  being  destined 

'  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  pp.  543—047 ;  List  of  Duties,  548. 
2  O'CaJl.  vol.  ii.  p.  334.  3  Albany  Records, 


224  JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  VICE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER. 

1656.  to  be  the  first  place  of  abode  in  the  new  colony,  and  is,  for 
'  '  '  the  future,  to  be  guarded  and  protected  from  outward  vio- 
lence, as  the  present  garrison  is  taken  from  thence  by  the 
said  company,  and  is  intended  to  be  quartered  in  their  other 
forts  laying  along  the  river,  further  upwards ;  and  that  their 
honours  took  into  consideration  these  means,  to  wit,  to  send 
over  from  sixty  to  seventy  farmers,  from  the  country  called 
Guliker,  and  the  surrounding  places,  for  finding  tenements 
for  the  daily  quarters  of  the  soldiers,  for  instructing  them 
for  warfare,  and  on  certain  conditions,  in  their  turn  to  guard 
and  to  stand  sentinel,  and  the  remainder  of  the  time  to  be 
occupied  in  agricultural  pursuits,  or  if  it  would  not  be  better 
to  have  a  certain  number  of  soldiers  to  garrison  the  fort  ef- 
fectually. Then  their  honours,  considering  that  these  means, 
one  the  more,  the  other  less,  would  only  amount  to  reasonable 
expenses  to  this  city,  have  decided,  before  coming  to  a  final 
determination,  to  request  and  take  the  advice  and  order  of 
this  council;  on  which  having  deliberated,  and  judged  that 
the  keeping  of  soldiers,  or  those  that  have  to  attend  to  their 
duty,  for  the  safety  of  places,  villages,  or  cities,  is  one  of  the 
fundamental  necessities  of  the  same, 

"  It  is  unanimously  resolved  and  decided  to  request  the 
burgomasters  with  this,  and  authorize  them  to  do  what  they 
judge  best,  and  for  the  greatest  advantage  of  the  projected 
colony.^" 

It  was  ordered  that  a  bridge  was  highly  necessary  over 
Nov.  4.  the  creek,  near  the  Fortress  Casi?nir,  because  the  passage  is 
Bridge  near   now  impracticable  ;  decided  that  it  shall  be  made,  22d  instant, 

FortCasimir.   r    •  ■»«•       j    _ 

being  Monday. 

Also,  that  the  fields  be  fenced.  Two  persons  to  be  ap- 
OTerseers  of  pointed  overscers  or  inspectors  of  fences.  Harman  Jansen 
fences  ap-      j^jj(j  John  Echhost  were  appointed.     The  community  are  re- 

pointed.  ^  '■  7         /•  i  •    i        i 

Palisades      qucstcd  to   cut  paliscidcs  to  strengthen  the  fort,  which  the 
for  fort.        public  Safety  much  requires,  as  the  fort  ought  to  be  enclosed 
with  palisades  on  every  side.^ 

A  "  placard"  complains  that  lots  and  plantations,  in  the 
Not. 27.  neighbourhood  of  the  fort,  lie  open  like  commons;  as  their 
Lands  to  be  proprietors  are  not  residing  on  the  spot,  others  have  taken 
drtainthne  possessiou  of  more  lands  than  they  can  cultivate;  fences  to 
or  penalty,     bc  put  up  by  last  of  February,  or  forfeit  10  guilders,  or  on 

•  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  XV.  pp.  7 — 9.  2  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  p.  448. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  225 

seven  days'  delay,  20  guilders ;  another  seven  days,  they  to    1656. 
be  considered  obstinate,  and  forfeit  the  land.  '    '    ' 

The  cultivation  of  and  trade  in  tobacco  was  at  this  time  one 
of  the  chief  objects  of  attention,  and  the  character  of  it  Dec.  12. 
stood  very  high.     On  the  9th  of  November,  the  community  Act  for  the 
was  summoned  at  the  fort,  to  nominate  four  persons,  out  of  '°^p''<=*'°'^  °f 

'  '^  '  tobacco. 

whom  to  elect  two  expert  persons  as  tobacco  inspectors ;  and  two  mspeo- 
on  the  12th  December,  a  placard  was  posted  up,  stating  that,  ^°^j^^j 
"  as  it  is  ascertained  that  this  river  has  become  renoivned  for 
its  tobacco,  and  persons  are  daily  encouraged  to  settle  within 
its  limits,  if  this  produce  is  managed  as  it  ought  to  be,  and 
properly  cured  and  packed,   and  all  sorts  of  fraud  which 
might  be  used  is  carefully  avoided  ;  and  whereas,  all  this  can- 
not well  be  eifected,  except  it  is  examined  and  inspected  be- 
fore it  is  exported ;  and  whereas,  expert  and  faithful  persons 
are  required  for  this  inspection,"  &c,,  Meenes  Andriessen  and 
William  Maunts  are  selected  from  the  nomination,  as  inspec- 
tors, "  who  shall  inspect  and  examine  all  the  tobacco,  before 
it  may  be  delivered,  shipped,  or  exported,  and  give  a  certifi- 
cate to  the  owner."     If  any  one  will  not  submit  to  inspection 
and  examination,  the  honourable  Jacquet  "  commands  all  the 
inhabitants  residing  on  this  river,  that  they  shall  not,  in  fu- 
ture, undertake  to  deliver  any  tobacco,  or  receive  it,  much 
less  export  it,  without  the  act  of  inspectors  that  it  has  been 
weighed  and  inspected;  and  for  each  100  weight  of  inspected 
tobacco,  paid  6  stivers  by  the  receiver,  and  4  stivers  by  the  Penalty  for 
seller,  on  penalty  of  50  guilders  for  first  offence,  and  for  ^j'^^^'"?. 
second  and  third  in  proportion,  the  informer  to  receive  20  spectioa. 
guilders,  and  his  name  kept  secret."^ 

The  following  are  the  instructions  from  the  directors  in  Dec.  19. 
Holland  to  Governor  Stuyvesant,  for  the  conveyance  of  Fort 
Casimir,  as  a  distinct  colony,  to  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  the 
name  of  which,  as  well  as  Forts  Christina  and  New  Gotten- 
berg,  are  to  be  changed : 

"  Whereas  the  burgomasters,  as  we  mentioned  before,  have  orders  for 
chosen  to  settle  their  colony  on   the  South  River,  in  the  if^"^!!"."'. 

''  '  Fort  Casmiir 

neighbourhood  of  Fort  Casimir,  noiv  to  be  called  New  Am-  toburgo- 
STEL,  who,  farther  to  garrison  said  fort,  and  defend  the  in- 
habitants of  said  colony,  farmers,  and  free  mechanics,  (about  Name 

souls,)  embarked  a  company  of  soldiers,  under  command 
of  Captain  Martin  Krygier,  whom  we,  upon  the  good  report  stei 

•  Albany  Records,  Tol.  x.  p.  450.     Ibid.  p.  448. 


masters  of 
Amsterdam. 


changed  to 
New  Am- 


226  JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  VICE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER. 

1656.     of  your  honour,  have  recommended  to  the  burgomasters,  we 

"     ■    '    did  not  only  deem  it  necessary  to  send  you  this  information, 

but  at  the  same  time  to  command  to  deliver  said  fort,  \nih  the 

Airicks  ap-    lauds  in  its  neigbourhood  which  we  had  purchased,  to  Jacob 

pointed  com-  ^ly-i^f^g  y^j^Q  emburJcs  as  director  and  commissary-creneral  of 

said  burgomasters,  over  and  in  the  colony  aforesaid,  whom 

your  honour  will  assist  with  his  aid  and  advice.     We  authorize 

your  honour  to  make  this  transfer  in  due  form,  including  in 

it  all  the  artillery  and  ammunition,  and  what  further  of  the 

company's  property  might  remain  in  that  fort,  not  omitting 

to  have  an  inventory  made  of  all  the  articles,  which  ought  to 

be  signed  by  said  Director  Airicks,  to  regulate  our  conduct 

by  it  in  process  of  time. 

"  What  regards  the  Forts  Christina  and  New  Crottenherg, 
Fort  Chris-  now  Called  by  us  Altona  and  the  Island  Kattenberg,  your 
tinachanged  honour  will,  for  the  present,  garrison  both  with  eight  or  ten 

to  Altona ;  '  r  >  &  o  _ 

Gottenberg    soldicrs,  as  wcU  for  defence  of  the  Swedes  and  our  inha- 
to  Island      i)itants  in  that  vicinity,  as  to  imbue  the  natives  with  some 

Kattenberg.  _  "^ ' 

awe.  Your  honour  will  by  no  means  neglect  to  inform  us,  by 
the  first  opportunity,  of  the  present  situation  of  affairs,  and 
what  in  your  opinion  would  be  their  best  direction.  You  will 
dispose  of  the  remainder  of  the  soldiers  where  your  honour 
shall  deem  most  proper, 

"  The  confidence  which  we  feel  about  the  success  and  in- 
waidenses  creasc  of  this  new  colony,  and  of  which  we  hope  to  see  next 
expected  to    spj-jnor  somo  prominent  features,  while  to  all  appearance  large 

emigrate.  x         o  i  '  i  r  o 

numbers  of  the  exiled  Waldenses,  who  shall  be  warned,  will 

flock  thither  as  to  an  asylum — this  confidence  induces  us  to 

send  you  orders,  that  you  may  endeavour  to  purchase,  before 

Large  pur-    it  Can  he  accomplished  by  any  other  nation,  all  that  tract  of 

chase  of  land  id^id  situated  bctwceu  the  South  River  and  the  corner  of  the 

ordered,  be-  n  ^  • 

tween  South  North  Rivcr,  to  providc  establishments  for  these  emigrants, 
and  North     ^^^  rcceivc  in  this  manner  an   additional  defence  and  in- 

Rivers. 

crease. 

"  It  is  the  opinion  of  many  here,  that  by  the  establishment 
of  said  new  colony,  many  of  our  inhabitants  will  be  induced 
to  move  thither  by  reason  of  considerable  expected  benefits, 
without  paying  any  taxes  during  the  first  years  ;  which  point, 
as  it  is  well  deserving  consideration,  so  it  ought,  if  feasible, 
to  be  prevented,  and  the  management  of  said  colony  be  fol- 
lowed. It  is  in  this  regard  momentous  to  prevent  complaints, 
for  which  occasion  is  given  when  the  goods  are  overcharged 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  227 

above  the  sums  for  which  they  here  had  obliged  themselves."  1656. 
They  then  speak  of  the  commissary  appointed  to  the  admi-  "  ■  ' 
nistration  of  the  colony,  intending  to  land  with  the  ship  Prince 
Maurice,  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  to  obtain  there,  with  less  trou- 
ble and  expense,  the  merchandise  and  goods  which,  from  the 
smallness  of  that  vessel,  were  embarked  on  the  "Beaver,"  and 
"Flower  of  Gelder;"  and  ask  his  honour's  assistance  to  the  Di- 
rector to  promote  his  journey,  and  render  it  as  expeditious  and 
convenient  as  possible  :  "  because  neither  the  vessel  nor  cargo 
is  subject  to  any  visitation  at  New  Netherland ;  but  when  it 
shall  arrive  at  South  River,  at  the  place  of  destination,  then 
it  will  be  unladed  and  inspected  by  the  custom-house  officers, 
and  then  carried  to  the  magazine  in  conformity  to  34  and 
35  articles  of  the  printed  conditions." 

Jacques  Cartier  is  mentioned  as  engineer  and  a  good  sur- 
veyor, and  who  might  be  of  great  service  in  selecting  the  spot 
for  the  houses  to  be  erected  on,  &c.,  "  that  so  the  said  colony 
may  at  least  be  successful  in  its  beginning."^ 

In  consequence  of  Alrick's  detention,  the  delivery  of  the 
colony  was  not  formally  made  till  next  year. 

Fi'equent  reference  has  already  been  made  to  a  long  "  Hoi-  ' 
land  document,"  written  in  this  year,  which  gives  an  interest- 
ing view  of  matters  on  this  river  from  the  building  of  Fort 
Nassau,  which  might  be  interesting  if  printed  consecutively : 
but  as  the  material  parts  have  been  noticed  under  their  appro- 
priate dates,  only  the  views  at  that  time  entertained  respect- 
ing the  importance  of  the  Delaware  are  introduced  here. 

"  This  river  Delaware  is  considered  the  finest  of  all  North  Eariy  no- 
America,   being   wide,   deep,   and  navigable  ;  abounding  in  ^eilwlre* 
fish,  especially  an  abundance  of  sturgeons,  of  whose  roes  a  Great  quan- 
great  quantity  of  cavejaar  might  be  made.  titicsof  stur- 

"  The  land  about  here,  and  on  the  borders  of  the  river, 
is  very  good ;  for  the  most  part  remarkably  well  adapted  for 
the  culture  of  corn,  and  other  agricultural  pursuits,  and  pro- 
duces a  great  many  kinds  of  fruits."  It  then  speaks  of  the 
great  beaver  trade  of  the  Schuylkill." 

Acrelius  says :  "  In  the  spring  of  this  year  several  parties 
came  from  New  Amsterdam  to  settle  here.     It  was  then  that  Emigrants 
the  governor-general  and  council  gave  deeds  of  land — 75  in  ^'•"^  n«7 

o  _  °  o  Amsterdam. 

all — till  the  end   of  August.     These  grounds  were  small ; 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  pp.  222 — 225. 
2  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  viii.  pp.  32—50. 


Town  meet- 
ing to  fix 
prices  of 
skins. 


JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  VICE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER. 

greater  part  only  lots  in  the  town."  Orders  were  given  that 
16  or  20  families  should  settle  together  for  the  sake  of  safety, 
which,  however,  was  only  observed  about  Fort  Casimir.  A 
yearly  rent  of  12  stivers  for  every  morgen.  Within  the  dis- 
trict of  the  Swedes  no  deeds  were  given  at  this  time,  but  a 
tax  of  5  or  6  gyllen  laid  on  every  family,  agreeably  to  pro- 
ject of  the  schoute.^ 

1657. 

A  meeting  of  "  the  community"  was  summoned  at  Fort 
January  10.  Casimir,  at  which  it  was  stated  "  that  some  persons  did  not 
hesitate  to  spoil  the  trade  with  the  Indians,  by  increasing 
already  more  than  one-third  the  price  of  deer-skins,  which 
price  it  is  feared  will  continue  to  be  heightened,  to  a  great 
loss  of  the  lower  classes  ;  whereas  the  inhabitants  who  must 
earn  their  living  by  their  hands  must  pay  a  higher  price  for 
several  articles  than  they  can  dispose  of  them  for  to  others 
again.  Whereas  this  inconvenience  is  the  least,  compared 
with  the  consequences  to  be  apprehended  from  such  a  course, 
when  in  the  spring  the  trade  in  beavers  is  again  to  be  opened; 
in  which  case,  the  inhabitants  residing  in  this  neighbourhood 
may  be  utterly  ruined :  and  many  serious  complaints  have 
already  been  made  to  the  commander,  while  nothing  can  yet 
be  effected  to  avert,  or  provide  for  these  evils — it  is  now  pro- 
posed to  the  community  that  they  will  determine  together  on 
a  price,  which  shall  be  adopted  as  a  rule  in  trading ;  while 
the  director  and  council  promise  that  all  such  orders  as  they 
shall  decree,  provided  they  will  give  their  assistance  and 
superintendence,  shall  be  promptly  executed.  On  which  the 
community  resolve  to  adopt  the  following  rules,  and  promised, 
by  their  signatures,  on  their  honour  and  oath,  to  maintain 
them ;  not  objecting  to  be  considered  perjured  men  if,  in  any 
respect,  they  betray  their  trust  and  violate  these  orders ;  and 
will  forfeit  the  privilege  of  trading  for  a  whole  year ;  for 
second  time,  agreeably  to  orders  ;  and  for  third  time,  finally 
of  being  expelled  from  the  river.  And  they  further  pledge 
themselves,  each  for  himself,  if  they  become  acquainted  with 
similar  transgressions,  they  will  give  information  to  whom  the 
law  shall  direct. 

Prices  agreed  upon. — For  a  merchantable  beaver,  two 
fathoms  of  seawan. 


Pledges,  and 
penalty  of 
offence. 


Prices 
agreed  upon. 


'  Acrelius,  p.  420. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  229 

For  a  good  bear's  hide,  to  the  value  of  a  beaver,  two    1657. 
fathoms.  '■^''    ' 

For  an  elant's  (moose)  hide,  to  value  of  a  beaver,  two 
fathoms  seawan,  and  so  in  proportion. 

For  a  deer-skin,  120  seawan. 

Those  of  foxes,  ratclapan,  hispan,  and  others,  in  propor- 
tion. Done  in  a  general  meeting  in  Fort  Casimir,  January 
10,  1657.  Signed,  John  Powel  Jaquet,  Andreas  Hudde, 
Israel  Allerton,  Jeners  Willem  Mountsen,  Alex'r  Boyer, 
Thomas  Broen,  Galnet  Haes,  Jacob  Crabbe,  Harmen  Jansen, 
and  twenty-two  or  twenty-three  others,  whose  names  are  re- 
corded, of  whom  eleven  or  twelve  made  their  marks.^ 

A  placard    of  the    director-general    complains    of   great  January  lo. 
abuses  by  the  inhabitants  running  after  the  savages  and  de-  order  re- 
taining them,  when  they  have  articles  for  sale :  and  orders,  ^"Ij^^'^grij,, 
"that  in  future,  no  persons  shall  go  to  the  Indians,  by  land  with  the  in- 
or  by  water,  to  trade  with  them,  or  oifer  them  gifts,  by  sail-  '^""^''■ 
ing  up  and  down  the  river ;  nor  meet  the  Indians  when  they 
approach  their  dwellings,  to  hire  and  coax  them,  or  call  them 
in  their  houses;  but  permit  them  to  use  their  pleasure:" — 
under  penalty  of  the  forfeiture  of  the  furs  thus  obtained,  be- 
sides arbitrary  correction. 

Jacob  Alricks,  who  had  been  sent  by  the  burgomasters  of 
Amsterdam  as  director  of  their  new  colony  of  New  Amstel, 
w^as  unfortunately  shipwrecked  off  Long  Island;  he  thus 
communicates  to  Stuyvesant  the  condition  of  himself  and  com- 
rades, in  a  letter  of  which  only  fragments  remain  : — 

"  Whereas,  the  noble  lords  of  the  privileged  "West  India  March  i2. 
Company,  &c.,  agreed  that  the  great  and  respectable  lords.  Letter  of  j. 
the  burgomasters  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  should  be  per-  gtutvesant 
mitted  to  establish  a  colony  on  South  River,  in  New  Nether-  shipwreck 
lands,  on  which  aforesaid  lords  burgomasters  proposed  certain  Maurice  on 
conditions  to  all  such  persons  as  should  be  inclined  to  expa-  Long  island. 
triate  themselves  hither  as  colonists,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  assistance 
annexed  copy :  on  which  terms  several  persons  solicited  per-  ^'^°^  ''^^ 
mission  to  go  thither,  who  consequently  embarked,  at  the  rai. 
expense  of  the  city,  in  different  vessels :  viz.,  ship  Prince 
Mants,  (Maurice,)  about  one  hundred  and  twelve  persons, 
besides  sixteen  of  the  crew,  officers  and  sailors ;  thirty-three 
souls  on  the  ship  Bear ;  eleven  on  the  expected  ship,  the 
Flower  of  Gelder ;  being  together,  one  hundred  and  sixty- 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  x.  p.  458. 
V 


rector-gene- 


230  JOHN  PAUL  JACQUET,  VICE-DIRECTOR  AND  COMMANDER. 

1657.  seven  souls,  who  intend  to  make  an  establishment  on  afore- 
'  ■  '  said  South  River ;  and  that  they  all,  who,  in  behalf  of  the 
aforesaid  city,  should  be  intrusted  with  the  direction  of  the 
J.  Airicks'3  aforcsaid  colony,  should  inform  me  before  they  arrived  on  the 
shipwreck  of  ^^^^P  P^ince  Mauricc  at  Manhattans,  should  convey  their  let- 
PrinceMau-  tcrs,  instructious,  and  address  to  your  honour,  in  behalf  of 
JtMed.        the  aforesaid  colony.     *     *     *     * 

"  On  which  I,  with  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight  souls, 
embarked  in  ship  Prince  Maurice,  we  hoped  and  wished  that 
we  might  have  arrived  at  the  Manhattans ;  but,  unhappily, 
we  struck  the  shore  of  a  certain  place  opposite  Long  Island, 
Sicktewacky.^  The  crew  were  saved,  and  we  are  in  hopes 
that  we  shall  succeed  with  the  largest  part  of  the  lading,  if  it 
please  God ;  all  which  increases  the  diflBculty,  hardship,  and 
labour,  is,  the  increasing  cold  and  freezing  weather  to  which 
we  must  remain  exposed,  to  avoid  yet  more  severe  losses.  In 
the  mean  time,  I  am  with  the  aforesaid  persons,  among  whom 
about  fifty  soldiers,  with  their  captain,  Martin  Krygier,  and 
the  lieutenant,  D'Hinoyossa,  (D'Jongren,)  and  further,  the 
other  persons  here,  in  the  greatest  distress :  and  I  ardently 
look  to  obtain  means  and  opportunities,  with  some  succour 
and  aid  for  our  safety,  so  that  we  may  execute  the  plan  of 
the  lords  directors  and  burgomasters  aforesaid.  But  as  the 
ship  Prince  Maurice  was  shipwrecked,  and  is  in  such  a  situa- 
tion that  it  must  be  considered  as  lost,  so  that  I  am  compelled 
to  implore  your  honour's  advice  and  assistance,  humbly  there- 
on, soliciting  your  honour  will  not  delay  in  any  manner.  *  * 
"Except  that  your  honour  were  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  this  situation,  and  could  inform  me  what  you  deemed 
best  to  do — as  there  is  no  time  for  us  to  spare — I  must  con- 
clude, requesting  that  you  will  be  so  kind  to  accommodate  all 
such  persons  as  may  arrive,  and  have  arrived  there  in  the 
ships  Beaver  and  Flower  of  G elder,  in  behalf  and  on  account 
of  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  in  the  most  becoming  manner,  till 
further  orders.  I  expect,  meanwhile,  your  answer ;  with  a 
small  vessel,  with  a  pilot  and  three  or  four  other  seafaring 
men,  well  acquainted  with  this  place,  to  examine  what  might 
yet  be  saved  from  the  ship." 

"  Signed,        J.  Alricks.^ 
«  Long  Island,  March  12,  1657." 

'  "  Near  the  present  town  of  Islip,  in  South  Bay,  near  Fire  Island  inlet.'' 
aCall.  V.  ii.  p.  335.         «  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  pp.  405 — 107,  415 — 117. 


PETER  STPYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  231 

Alricks  still  remained  •with  the  wreck  at  Sicktewacky,  Long    1657. 
Island.      The  director-general,  who  went  there  to  render  his    '"^'^    ' 
advice  and  assistance,   had  departed  for  Manhattan.     The 
wind  was  so  unfavourable  that  the  yacht  Concord  could  not  March  20. 
go  to  sea — the  skipper  was  provided  with  a  lading — the  skip-  Prospects  of 
per  Dirk  Claessen  declared  he  had  only  room  for  twenty  ^^J^^'^^^^,, 
ankers,  which  were  then  on  board ;  asks  the  special  attention  the  Prince 
to   the   property  belonging  to  the  city ;  learns  by  Captain  '^^''^™^- 
Jacobs  that  the  Beaver,  Flower  of  Gelder,  and  the  Bear  had 
arrived  at  Manhattan,  with  fifty  to  fifty-five  souls  to  settle  in 
the  colony  of  New  Amstel ;  hopes  the  director  will  provide 
lodgings  and  victuals  till  the  rest  arrive,  and  transport  them 
to  South  River  in  a  convenient  ship,  with  their  goods ;  Jacob 
sails  to-morrow  with  flour."^ 

Director  Stuyvesant  issues  an  order  respecting  the  pleasure-  March  26. 
boat  of  the  late  Gov.  Printz,  which,  "he  is  informed,"  is  pieasure- 
decaying,  and  nearly  rotten  where  she  now  lies :  he  therefore  q°*'  p^j^^j^ 
permits  Peter  Meyer  to  make  use  of  her  for  transporting  let- 
ters ;  provided,  that  when  required,  he  will  satisfy  the  attor- 
neys of  the  late  Gov.  Printz,  and  discharge  Stuyvesant  from 
the  responsibility  of  the  capitulation.^ 

Isaac  Allerton,  senior,  protests  against  Commander  Jac-  April  6. 
quet,  for  a  quantity  of  tobacco  seized  at  New  Amstel.     A  aglitlt  Jao- 
certificate  of  it,  being  a  true  copy,  is  signed  by  Johanni  luet. 
Mysingh,  junior,  probably  a  son  of  the  late  governor.^  Got!^y. 

The  proprietors  of  the  new  colony  appear  to  be  entering  singh. 
with  spirit  into  plans  for  its  increase  and  prosperity ;  accord- 
ingly they  are  sending  out  colonists,  with  all  necessaries  for 
their  settlement.  The  vessels  which  accompanied  Alricks, 
whose  misfortune  we  have  noticed,  are  soon  to  be  followed  by 
a  vessel  of  war,  bearing  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  of  which 
Stuyvesant  is  advised  in  a  letter  from  the  directors,  dated 
April  7. 

"  The  city  of  Amsterdam,"  they  say,  '<  or  the  commissioners  AprU7. 
who  are  appointed  to,  and  entrusted  with,  the  direction  of  the  ship  Ba- 
colony  on  the  South  River,  have  now  in  readiness  the  man-  cohi'^isrsand 
of-war,  the  "Balance,"  which  will  sail  within  three  or  four  a  minister, 
weeks,  with  divers  families  and  other  free  colonists.  In  this  for^ew 
ship  comes  over  a  minister  for  said  colony ;  and  whereas  said  Amstei. 
city  does  not  spare  any  expenses,  so  it  would  afford  us  a  high 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  p.  409.  2  Ibid.  vol.  xv.  p.  96. 

*  Ibid.  p.  13G. 


232  J-  ALRICKS,  NEW  AMSTEL— J.  P.  JACQUET,  OF  COLONY. 

1657.  gratification  that  this  enterprise,  by  every  possible  assistance, 
'  "'^  was  encouraged,  and  said  vessel  provided  with  a  valuable 
cargo  on  its  return.  Wherefore  we  recommend  you  to  endea- 
vour to  secure  its  success :  we  have  enclosed  the  list  of  pas- 
sengers with  the  invoices  of  the  private  merchandise  laden  in 
the  sloop  Golden  Mill.  The  attorney-general  is  directed  to 
be  on  his  guard  when  it  is  unloading."^ 

The  minister  here  spoken  of  was  the  Rev.  Everardus  Welius,- 
who  died  a  few  years  afterwards. 

Agreeably  to  the  orders  given,  the  transfer  of  Fort  Casi- 
mir  was  this  day  made  to  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam,  in 
the  following  words  : — 

"  I,  Peter  Stuyvesant,  in  behalf  of  the  high  and  mighty 
Aprui2.  lords,  the  States-general  of  New  Netherlands,  and  lords 
Article  of  dircctors  of  the  privileged  West  India  Company,  Director- 
Mssionof      general  of  New  Netherlands,  &c.,  declare,  that  on  this  day. 

Fort  Casimir   o  _  '  '  '  J  i 

to  the  bur-     in  couformity  with  the  orders  and  letters  of  the   directors 
gomasters  of  (ja|.g(j  December  19,  1656,  I  made  a  transfer  and  cession  to 

Amsterdam.  '  ^  ' 

the  Hon.  Jacob  Alricks,  and  Commissary-general  of  their 

colony  on  South  River,  in  New  Netherlands,  the  Fortress 

New  Am-      Casimir,  now  named  New  Amstel,  with  all  the  lands  depend- 

***'■  ant  on  it,  in  conformity  with   our  first  purchase  from,  and 

transfer  by  the  natives  to  us,  on  the  19th  July,  1651,  begin- 

Bounds.        ning  at  the  west  side  of  the  Minquas,  or  Christinakil,  named 

in  their  language  Suspencough,  to  the  mouth  of  the  bay  or 

river  included,  named  Bompjeshock,  (Trees  Corner,)  in  the 

Indian  language  Cannaresse,  and  this  so  far  in  the  country 

as  the  limits  of  the  Minquas  land,  with  all  the  streams,  kils, 

creeks,  harbours,  bays,  and  plains  belonging  to  these ;  of  all 

which  lands,  with  all  their  appendages  and  dependencies,  we 

now  make  a  cession  and  transfer,  in  the  name  and  behalf  of 

Alricks        the  lords  directors,  patrons,  to  the  aforesaid  the  Hon.  Jacob 

commia-       Alricks,  in  behalf  of  the  honourable  burgomasters  and  rulers 

Bioned  in  '  •  r>      11 

room  of  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  makmg  a  cession  of  all  our  actual 
director,  &c.  ^^^  ^^^^  possossions,  property,  right,  and  privileges,  and  all 
this  on  such  conditions  as  between  the  aforesaid  directors,  and 
the  burgomasters  and  rulers  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  have 
been  sanctioned ;  appointing  therefore,  in  our  place,  and  con- 
stituting the  aforesaid  Hon.  Jacob  Alricks  in  that  quality,  in 
behalf  as  before  proprietor,  in  our  place,  without  reserving 
to  ourselves,  in  our  former  quality,  any  action  or  pretension ; 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  237.  2  OCall.  vol.  ii.  p.  336. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

promising  therefore  to  hold  sacred  this  our  transfer.  In 
truth  whereof,  we  have  signed  this,  and  confirmed  it  with  our 
usual  signature.  Done  in  Fortress  Amsterdam,  New  Nether- 
lands, April  12,  1657.  P.  Stuyvesant. 

"  Nicolas  De  Sille. 

"  Peter  Tonneman."^ 
Shortly  after,  the  "Gilded  Beaver"  was  engaged  to  take  Departure  of 
the  new  director  Alricks  to  New  Amstel,  the  future  seat  of  ^'""^^  ^°f , 

'      ^  New  Amstel. 

his  government,  with  the  goods,  and  colonists  amounting  to 
125,  including  about  76  women  and  children ;  or,  according 
to  Van  Sweringen,  who  was  supercargo,  "180  souls,"  60 
being  soldiers.^  They  reached  their  place  of  destination  after 
a  passage  of  five  days,  and  took  possession  about  the  21st  or 
25th  of  April.  Thus  terminating  the  government  of  Director 
Jacquet,  so  far  as  the  city's  colony  is  concerned. 

In  consequence  of  various  complaints  against  Commander 
Jacquet,  the  director-general  finds  it  necessary  to  remove 
him  from  office.  This  he  does  in  the  following  document, 
which  differs  much  from  the  instruments  used  for  such  pur- 
poses at  the  present  day,  as  it  furnishes  the  reasons  for  it, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  manifests  some  sympathy.  It  is  en- 
titled— 

"Further  orders  to  the  Commander  Jacquet,  by  which  he  Apruso. 
is  removed  from  office. 

"  Honourable,  beloved,  faithful : — 

"  In  our  last  letter,  which  we  sent  by  the  Hon.  Alricks,  charges 
we  left  it  to  your  choice  to  continue  there  in  your  office.  quet°and  w- 
Since  that  time,  we  have  received  so  many  complaints,  all  der  for  his 
proved  in  writing,  of  your  delaying,  if  not  actually  declin-  ^'i^anL^ 
ing  to  administer  justice,  and  obstructing  legal  arrests ;  of 
arbitrary  executions  on  your  own  authority,  without  the  shadow 
of  any  legal  process,  and  really  by  acts  of  violence ;  in  tak- 
ing possession  of  lands,  and  cultivating  those  which  we  did 
grant  to  other  persons :  and  many  other  unbecoming  extra- 
vagancies towards  different  individuals,  as  well  freemen  as 
ministers  of  the  company.      That  the  hearing  alone  (and 
what  effect  would  a  detailed  narrative  have  on  our  mind  ?) 
causes  us  a  deep  regret,  and  creates  no  less  unpleasing  appre- 
hensions ;  and  although  we  were  even  yet  fostering  the  hope 
that  the  aforesaid  complaints  about  an  overbearing  and  out- 
rageous conduct  would  have  been  removed  on  our  serious  ad- 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xv.  pp.  124—125.        2  Lend.  Doc.  vol.  iv.  p.  173. 
30  v2 


234  J-  ALRICKS,  COMlVLiNDER  OF  NEW  AMSTEL. 

1657.    monitions  and  warnings,  and  at  least  have  been  remedied  in 
'    •    '    part,  so  do  we  see  this  hope  de  novo  frustrated ;  as  the  last 
written  complaints  of  Jan  Schaggen,  Allerton,  and  others, 
ja«qucfs      cannot  be  palliated,  much  less  defended.     Wherefore,  we  are 
dismission.    ^^^^  regret  compelled  to  advise  you  to  prepare  your  defence 
against  their  criminations,  as  we  in  the  meanwhile  discharge 
you  from  your  office,  commanding  you  to  deliver  all  the  effects 
of  the  company,  with  a  correct  inventory,  to  Andreas  Hudde, 
Jan  Juriansen,  and  the  sergeant,  Paulus  Jansen,  under  a  legal 
receipt,  of  which  they  shall  take  two  copies,  sending  us  first 
the  one,  and  then  the  other.     On  which  confiding,  we  will, 
with  the  usual  salutations,  recommend  you  to  God's  protec- 
tion, and  remain,  Hon.  beloved,  faithful, 

"Your  affectionate, 

"Peter  Stuyvesant.^ 
"  Done  in  Fortress  Amsterdam,  in  New  Netherlands,  April 
20,  1657." 

After  his  discharge  from  office,  various  complaints  are  made 
against  him,  and  the  matter  taken  into  court.     See  June. 
Captain  Martin  Krygier  was  appointed  by  Stuyvesant  to 
April  24.       proceed  overland  to  New  Amstel,  to  receive  from  Jacquet  the 
M.  Krygier    cffccts  of  the  Company.    Krygier  asks  for  ensign  Derek  Smith 
^uth^River,  ^^  ^  gui*!©?  ^0  having  passed  the  road  several  times ;  Avhich, 
with  Derek    the  dircctor  "  deeming  it  necessary  and  good  that  the  deli- 
guide,  to  re-  vcry  and  transfer  should  be  made  in  the  presence  of  Smith, 
ceive goods,    ^s  he  had  delivered  them  to  Jacquet,"  grants:  and  Smith  is 
Jacquet.       accordingly  instructed  "  to  leave  the  city  with  Krygier  and 
others,  and  conduct  them  to  South  River,  to  New  Amstel ; 
obtain  every  information  from  Jacquet  about  the  effects,  espe- 
cially the  ammunition  and  stock  remaining,  and  how  the  rest 
had  been  disposed  of;  when  an  inventory  is  taken  in  his  and 
H.  Huygens's  presence,  to  transport  to  Fort  Christina,  now 
April  25.       Altona,  as  much  of  the  ammunition,  victuals,  and  materials, 
as  may  be  required  there.     Among  others,  a  double  number 
of  swords  and  fire  arms  for  twenty  persons,  and  good  mate- 
rials in  proportion.     They  are  to  be  left  there,  upon  their 
receipt,  with  Hudde,  Jansen,  and  Juriansen.      The  rest  of 
the  effects  to  be  shipped  on  the  "  Beaver,"  or  left  in  custody 
of  Hon.  J.  Alricks,  or  his  commissary,  till  further  orders. 
The  remaining  stock  of  the  company  to  be  transported  over 
to  Christinakil,  and  left  there  in  custody  as  before.     All  this 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xv.  pp.  13S — 139. 


Instruc- 
tions 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  235 

beiiK^  done,  Smith  may  return  in  the  Beaver,  with  the  rest  1657. 
of  the  soldiers,  or  by  land,  leaving  only  sixteen  military,  with  '  '"'^ 
the  substitutes,  in  Fort  Christina.  He  is  to  treat  commander 
Jacquet  with  all  courtesy,  and  give  him  no  reason  of  com- 
plaint ;  but  inquire  of  him  and  others,  after  the  goods  miss- 
ing, and  placed  on  inventory  ;  so  also  of  the  stock,  and  ren- 
der a  true  account."^ 

In  a  fragment  of  a  letter  from  Alricks,  at  New  Amstel,  he  May  8. 
says  he  is  informed  of  the  complaint  of  Allerton  and  Schag-  charges 
gen  against  Jacquet ;  that  he  has  examined  it,  and  "  thinks  q^XIettiTd. 
it  more  passion  than  reason" — has  terminated  it.     Schaggen  state  of 
keeps  the  land,  Jacquet  the  produce  of  it  and  the  garden  ;  xe^  Amstei. 
the  effects  inventoried  by  Jacquet,  even  the  smallest  matters,  Fort  decay- 
received;  a  few  necessary  articles  conveyed   to   Christina, 
others  laden  with  ship  Love  for  Manhattan,  and  thirteen  men, 
all  provided  with  victuals.     He,  Alricks,   wants  oxen  and 
horses  to  carry  wood,  and  repair  the  fort  at  the  strand,  which 
is  fast  decaying,  with  several  other  places ;  much  wood  will 
be  required  ;  the  cattle  are  weak  ;  only  two  cows  give  milk  ; 
there  are  only  a  few  hogs ;  a  few  soldiers  have  applied  them- 
selves to  agriculture,  and  settled  in'  the  country,  and  deserve 
not  to  be  ejected.     He  speaks  of  a  daughter,^ 

Alricks  says  he  has  taken  a  survey  of  the  "  Plocks"  ?  and  May  28. 
nations  in  this  vicinity,  and  discovered  these  by  examination  Nations  in 
to  be  twelve  in  number ;  *     *     *     wishes  to  make  them  a  ^ew  aLsLi, 
present  in  remembrance  of  his  arrival ;  several  soldiers  are  no  commis- 
expected ;  proposes  to  director-general  to  appoint  Gerrit  Van  gweringen 
Sweringen,  "  as  there  is  actually  no  commissary  here  who  can  proposed. 
take  care  of  the  rights  of  the  company,  on  the   arrival  of 
wares  and  merchandise."^ 

N.  De  Sille,  attorney-general,  in  consequence  of  various  com-  May  23. 
plaints,  as  well  by  mouth  as  writing,  by  commissaries,  inhabi-  various 
tants,  officers,  and  soldiers,  as  well  as  of  the  Swedish  nation,  against  Jao- 
all  under  your  honour's  government,  "made  with  respect  to  J.  quetbyat- 
Paul  Jacquet,  your  honour's  late  commander  in  South  River,  rai.  ms  ar- 
who  in  every  respect  conducts  himself  there  in  a  very  un-  rest. 
courteous  manner,  vexed  the  community,  tyrannized  over  the 
inhabitants,  and  made  the  soldiers'  lot  nearly  insufferable, 
requests,  nomine  officii,  permission  of  director-general  to  ar- 
rest  Jacquet."     The    director    answers    "  the    suppliant    to 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xv.  pp.  149 — IGl.      2  Ibid.  vol.  xii.  pp.  412 — 413. 
3  Ibid.  vol.  xii.  pp.  415 — 416. 


236 
1657. 


May  24. 

Jacquet 
complains  of 
arrest,  and 
asks  for  the 
reasons. 


June  12. 

Swedes  to 
lire  in  vil- 
lages. 


Jurgin, 
court  mes- 
senger and 
proTOst. 

Complaint 
against  Jac- 
quet. 
Cattle 
scarce. 


June  14. 

Abbe  Claes 
in  seryice  of 
Printz,  Pap- 
pegoya  and 
Bysingh. 


J.  ALRICKS,  COMMANDER  OF  KEW  AMSTEL. 

make  careful  inquiry  into  all  the  complaints,  and  meanwhile 
allot  the  commissary's  office  to  the  person  of  Jacquet,  for  his 
residence,  to  make  up  his  accounts ;  and  at  same  time  arrange 
the  complaints  against  him  in  order,  and  deliver  them  to  direc- 
tor-general and  council  to  be  properly  disposed  of." 

Jacquet  complains  of  being  under  arrest  by  the  attorney- 
general  ;  asks  the  reasons  for  it ;  finds  himself  in  great  trou- 
ble ;  wants  a  copy  of  the  petition  of  the  attorney-general 
under  which  the  arrest  was  made,  together  with  one  of  the 
causes  of  impeachment  which  he  "  presumes  to  bring  against 
me,  so  that  I  may  defend  myself;"  to  which  the  attorney- 
general  answers,  "as  plaintiff,  rations  officii."^ 

Gregorius  Van  Dyck,  sheriff,  appointed  by  the  Swedes, 
who  it  appears  were  still  governed  in  part  by  their  own  offi- 
cers, presents  his  credentials  and  instructions  to  the  director- 
general  and  council,  dated  20th  May  last,  on  South  River. 
He  appears  before  them,  and  his  petition  is  read,  "  setting 
forth  the  necessity  of  concentration  as  soon  as  possible." 
Council  authorize  the  sheriff,  and  appointed  commissaries, 
and  command  them  to  concentrate  their  houses,  and  place 
them  in  future  in  the  form  of  a  village  or  villages,  either  at 
Upland,  Passyunk,  Finland,  Kinsessing,  at  the  Verdietige- 
hoeck,  (the  Doleful  Corner,)  or  at  such  place  as  they  may 
deem  most  convenient  to  their  purpose,  provided  they  pre- 
viously notify  the  directors  when  they  select  any  other  spots 
than  here  specified. 

The  director-general  and  council  approve  of  "  one  Jurgin, 
the  Finn,  on  the  CrooJced-Jcill,  as  court  messenger,  to  admi- 
nister the  office  of  provost,  provided  he  comes  to  New  Am- 
sterdam for  his  salary." 

The  farmers  complain  against  Jacquet. 

As  cattle  are  yet  few,  they  cannot  be  located  on  one-half 
increase,  which  appears  to  have  been  a  principle  heretofoi'e 
adopted. 

One  Abbe  Claes  renders  an  account,  which  he  requests  to 
be  paid  him  from  the  property  left  by  the  honourable  John 
Rysingh,  '<  considering  that  he  wants  it  very  much,  as  he  has 
nothing  in  his  old  age  to  live  upon."  It  appears  it  was  for 
services  after  he  closed  his  account  with  Governor  Printz 
and  H.  Huygen,  September  1,  1653,  up  to  September  1, 
1655 ;  he  received  money  after  Printz's  departure,  from  the 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xv.  p.  187. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  237 

commander,  John  Pappegoya,  and  after  the  departure  of     1657. 
Rysingh.^     He  had  lost  a  hand  in  the  service.     Ordered  to    "    '    ' 
be  paid.     Huygen  certifies  to  his  faithful  services.     It  is  or- 
dered to  be  paid  when  in  funds,  and  charged  to  "  Swedish 
coinpany's  effects  at  settlement  of  accounts." 

Isaiah  Mesa,  a  Jew,  remonstrates,  "that  he  found  himself  June  12. 
aggrieved  by  a  sentence  of  14th  April  last,  pronounced  by  AJewcom- 
the  vice-director  on  the  South  River,  New  Nether! and,  J.  P.  p''"'"'  ^ 

^  _ '  against  Jao- 

Jacquet,  and  council,  relative  to  a  dispute  between  him  and  quetand 
some  of  the  Swedes ;  desires  to  appeal ;  granted,  "  provided  =°™i"'°'' 
he  makes,  as  usual,  a  deposit  of  12  guilders,  which  being 
performed,  he  is  commanded,  as  the  sheriff  of  the  Swedes  is, 
on  his  departure,  to  deliver  his  conclusion  within  twenty-four 
hours,  to  enable  us  to  give  a  decision."^ 

Jacquet  appears  before  council;  a  compilation  of  com- Jacquetap- 
plaints  is  read ;  he  asks  a  copy,  which  the  director-general  is  ^^^"^.ij^  ""^^ 
directed  to  furnish.^ 

Jacquet  appears  in  court;  "he  was  told  that  it  was  said  June  is. 
he  first  violated  the  arrest  which  wa,s  laid  on  tobacco  of  Niels  Appears  be- 
Swarsen,  which  he  denied,  but  said  Jacob  Swenske  did,  who  jj^^^g  ^ 
carried  his  tobacco  from  there  21st  December,  and  Jacquet  charge;  is 
not  till  2d  January   following.     G.   Van   Dyck,   sheriff  on  a^copyofit 
South  River,  being  in  court,  demands  a  copy  of  Jacquet's 
charge  against  Swenske,  which  was  ordered.     An  answer  in 
writing  presented  by  Jacquet ;    attorney-general  rejects  it, 
and  says  he  must  answer  "  ilico  on  the  accusations,  or  return 
to  his  arrest."^ 

From  a  letter  of  this  date,  from  Alricks  to  Stuyvesant,  August  10. 
some  particulars  are  learned  respecting  A.  Hudde,  who  had  second  mar- 
been  for  several  years    connected  with   the    affairs   of   the  huj^I  kib 
Dutch    company.      It    appears    "  he    unexpectedly   married  dejection 
again,  and  regained  his  former  confidence.     He  had  been  be-  ment.  Ap- 
fore  somewhat  dejected  and  low  spirited,  that  others  were  peaiof  ai- 

..,.,,..,  .      .  ,  1  ricks  in  hia 

jomed  with  him  in  the  same  commission,  and  seemed  appre-  behalf, 
hensive  that  ere  long  he  might  be  set  aside,  as  here  was  re- 
ceived a  schedule  that  he  was  not  much  longer  to  be  respected, 
and  that  every  thing  was  referred  to  the  sergeant  and  clerk ; 
on  which  occasion,  and  at  his  earnest  request,  I  recommended 
to  your  honour  his  petition  for  his  dismission ;  but  as  he  is  an 
old  servant  of  the  company,  residing  here,  whom,  when  dis- 

I  Albany  Records,  vol.  xv.     Ibid.  p.  218.  2  Ibid.  p.  202. 

3  Ibid.  p.  21G.  *  Ibid.  p.  220. 


238  J-  ALRICKS,  COMMANDER  OF  NEW  AMSTEL. 

1657.  charged  from  the  company's  service,  in  the  same  quality  as 
'  '  '  he  was  before  provisionally,  on  the  same  "wages,  board,  and 
in  the  same  quality,  engaged  in  the  service  of  the  city,  pro- 
vided he  would  act  at  the  same  time  as  under-sheriff,  on  the 
fees  which  in  that  office  he  may  recover,  without  any  other 
charge  on  my  principals,  till  otherwise  should  be  disposed  of 
it  by  our  lords  and  masters."^ 

J.  Alricks  further  speaks  of  Laurens  Hansen,  "  captain 
August  10.  des  armes,  from  Christina,  now  Altona,"  who  went  with 
Murder  of  L.  Alexander  Boyer  "on  a  trading  expedition  for  their  princi- 
Hansenbya  p^jg^"  ^q  i}^q  Minquas,  in  consequcncc  of  permission  granted, 
Some  arti-  and  was  "  murdered  by  a  savage,  and  robbed  of  some  seawan, 
cies  stolen     ^^^  ^  ^^^  other  articlcs  which  he  had  with  him."     A  short 

were  reco- 

Tered.  time  aftcrwards,  "a  Minquas  savage,  who  ruled  as  a  chief  in 

the  next  fort  from  here,  in  the  country  of  the  Minquas,  came 
with  other  savages  in  our  colony,  bringing  with  him  some  of 
the  seawan,  and  some  other  articles  taken  from  the  savage 
who  perpetrated  the  deed."     This  seawan  was  "  sealed  up 
before  witnesses,  and  consigned  to  Hudde,  ad  opus  jus  ha- 
bendum," in  order  to  obtain  time  to  give  notice  to  the  director, 
as  it  belonged  to  Hansen,  one  of  the  garrison  of  Fort  Altona. 
He  requests  the  director  to  inform  him  how  to  dispose  of  it.^ 
The  "Balance,"  with  galliot  "New  Amstel,"  arrived  safely, 
August  21.    though  the  former  was  in  great  danger  near  Cape  Henlopen, 
Arrival  of     whcro  shc  experienced  several  very  severe  shocks,  so  that  the 
and^a^yacbt  ^^^w  became  greatly  alarmed.     She  is  to  go  to  New  Nether- 
land.     Fifty  to  sixty  lasts  of  clajjboards  are  ready  for  her.^ 
"Every  preparation  was  made  to  render  the  settlement 
Number  of    both  Orderly  and  secure;  lots  were  conceded  to  the  colonists, 
improv^"      a  magazine  erected,  the  fort  repaired,  a  guard-house,  bake- 
ments  in       housc,  and  forge  built,  together  with  residences  for  the  clergy- 
'  man,  and  other  public  officers,  a  city  hall  for  the  burghers,  a 
building  or  log-house,  two  stories  high  and  20  feet  square ;  a 
square  enclosed  the  public  buildings.     At  the  end  of  the  first 
year.  New  Amstel  was  a  goodly  town  of  about  100  houses.* 
Alricks,  in  one  of  his  letters,  thus  speaks  of  the  govern- 
Modeofgo-    j^g^^  ^f  -^^^  Amstel,  before  and  after  his  arrival :   "  I  found 

vernment  m  ' 

New  Amstel.  the  govcmment  to  consist  of  a  military  council  over  the  sol- 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  p.  424 — 42.5.  2  Ibid. 

3  Ibid.  vol.  iv.  pp.  237,247;    vol.  xii.  pp.  40-5 — 411,  419,  448,  449;  vol.  xv. 
p.  124. 

4  HoU.  Doo.  vol.  XV.  pp.  12,  213,  225,  227—231,  233,  252  ;  vol.  xvi.  pp.  196, 
200 ;  from  OCall.  vol.  ii.  p.  337. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  239 

diers,  -who  were  here  of  old.  The  differences  between  the  old  1657. 
settlers,  who  consisted  of  about  twelve  or  thirteen  families,  '  '  ' 
were  decided  by  the  commander  and  two  persons  acting  as 
schepens,  and  a  secretary  appointed  from  among  the  inhabit- 
ants, by  the  general,  on  the  part  of  the  West  India  Company. 
These  expressed  a  desire,  now  that  the  place  had  changed 
hands,  that  a  burgher-like  government  should  be  continued, 
according  to  the  conditions,  as  it  was  under  the  director- 
general  and  the  West  India  Company ;  so  it  was,  and  they 
continued  to  decide  all  differences  between  burgher  and 
burgher.  All  affairs  appertaining  to  the  city  and  military 
matters  were  disposed  of  by  me  and  the  council,  and  differ- 
ences between  the  city's  servants,  soldiers,  trainsbands  and 
freemen,  until  the  arrival  of  the  Balance,  (this  day,)  when 
seven  city  councillors  were  elected,  and  from  them  three  new 
schepens  were  chosen  ;  another  secretary  and  schout  were  also 
appointed,  two  elders  and  two  deacons,  for  the  management 
of  church  affairs."^ 

Salt-works  are  referred  to,  at  which  ships  stop  and  take  in  Sept.  le. 
the  rest  of  their  lading.      The  "  Weigh-scales"  may  take  150  saiworks, 
vats.     Vessels  may  reach  there  in  a  day  from  New  Amstel.      ''™'^^'  *'^' 

Bricks  or  stones  for  chimneys  are  wanted ;  they  appear  to 
have  been  made  at,  and  brought  from  Fort  Orange.  Captain 
De  Baet  sailed  this  night  upwards  to  the  Schuylkill.^ 

Complaints  are  made  against  AlriSks,  for  using  the  com-  Sept.  is. 
pany's  oxen  and  negroes.  Ainckscom- 

,  °  plained  of. 

The  directors  express  themselves  pleased  that  so  few  are  Emigration 
disposed  to  go  from  Fort  Amsterdam  to  South  River :  they  ^^^  ^°''' 

.  .  .  '  ti    Amsterdam 

hope  it  may  so  continue  ;  no  force  to  be  used.^  smaii. 

Great  sickness  (a  fever)  prevails  at  New  Amstel.  Alricks,  October  28. 
his  wife,  and  three  or  four  children  sick ;  scarcely  a  family  Great  sick- 
exempted  ;  no  deaths  as  yet.  '^''^^• 

Three  persons  arrive  with  about  forty  cows.     Alricks  being  cows. 
in  great  want,  purchases  them  at  128  to  130  guilders  per 
head.     He  wants  a  "ross-mill  for  breakins:  corn."'* 

Two  boats,  with  14  Englishmen,  ran  on  shore  at  Haver-  Two  boats 
kill.     Captain  Flanning  is  sent  to  save  them ;  he  lost  an  an-  Engi^r^' 
chor,  and  did  not  succeed.     Michael  was  then  sent,  who  ran- 
somed six  from  the  savages,  and  brought  them  to  New  Amstel. 

•  HoU.  Doc.  quoted  in  note  by  O'Call.  vol.  ii.  p.  337. 

2  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  p.  437.  3  Ibid.  vol.  iv.  p.  249. 

<  Ibid.  vol.  xii.  p.  437. 


240 


J.  ALRICKS  AND  M.  KRYGIER. 


1657. 


Dec.  15. 

Frauds  at- 
tempted. 
Warning 
against  is- 
sued by  di- 
rector-gene- 
ral and 
council. 


Alricks  re- 
presents 
forts  in  bad 
condition. 


Dissatisfac- 
tion ex- 
pressed 
against  Al- 
ricks.   He 
vindicates 
himsel£ 


As  Alricks  immediately  sent  information  to  the  governor  of 
Virginia,  it  is  probable  they  belonged  there.^ 

The  director-general  and  council  issue  a  "  warning,"  having 
been  informed  by  diiferent  merchants  and  inhabitants  of  the 
city  of  Amsterdam,  and  the  village  of  Beaverw^'ck,  through 
petitions,  "  that  they  long  ago  furnished  different  inhabitants 
on  South  River,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  their  former  forts 
Nassau  and  Casimir,  with  several  cargoes,  for  the  payment 
of  which  the  majority  of  the  inhabitants  mortgaged  their 
lands,  houses,  and  all  their  real  property.  Said  debtors,  by 
removing  to  the  colony  of  New  Amstel,  endeavour  to  sell  and 
alienate,  to  defraud  their  creditors,  which  is  against  all  law 
and  justice;  therefore  all  such  sales  and  transfers  made 
without  consent  of  creditors,  are  null  and  void ;  purchasers 
are  warned  not  to  make  any  payment  on  such  purchases,  un- 
less a  formal  notification  is  made  previously  of  their  inten- 
tion, under  penalty  of  being  compelled  to  pay  it  a  second 
time  to  the  creditors,  unless  done  in  the  presence  or  with  the 
consent  of  the  concerned.^ 

Alricks,  in  a  letter  to  Stuyvesant,  represents  Fort  Amstel 
in  a  sad  condition,  the  expenses  heavy,  means  gone ;  fort  and 
several  buildings  much  damaged ;  no  magazine  to  save  vic- 
tuals ;  walls  and  fortifications  crumbled  down,  as  easy  to  pass 
them  as  through  the  gate ;  another  gate  required,  to  make 
"some  outward  appearance  of  defence."  He  says  of  Chris- 
tina, that  "  75  men  should  go  to  Fort  Christina,  now  Altona ; 
for  a  long  time  no  garrison  has  been  there,  and  as  it  was 
rather  decaying,  and  they  knew  not  what  to  do,  either  in  re- 
gard to  their  lodgings  or  victuals  ;  they  found  indeed,  at  first, 
enough  to  do  in  the  beginning,  when  struggling  with  so  many 
difiiculties,  to  save  and  provide  for  themselves,  as  they  had  no 
employment  for  their  stock,  and  not  desiring  to  take  care  of 
them,  much  less  that  they  should  be  solicited  further,  so  no 
representation  in  this  respect  took  place,  but  they  solicited 
that  I  would  from  time  to  time  provide  the  garrison  with 
bread,  and  also  now  and  then  some  peas,  oil,  and  other  arti- 
cles of  which  they  were  in  want.  I  never  refused.  I  cannot 
guess  what  reasons  for  discontent  they  might  have,  and  on 
"what  ground  they  could  make  any  written  complaint  about 
my  past  transactions  with  them.  I  cannot  discover  that  I 
have  ever  given  them  any  reasons  for  offence,  or  that  I  per- 
'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  p.  437.  ^  Ibid.  vol.  vii.  p.  406. 


PETER  STLYVESANT,  DIKECTOR-GENERAL.  241 

formed  any  thing  against  their  "will  and  desire.  But  what  1657. 
has  been  reported  by  Ensign  Smith  and  Henry  Huygen,  on  "  '  ' 
this  I  shall  only  say,  in  a  few  words,  with  regard  to  the  en- 
sign, he  says  often  more  than  he  well  understands,  and  often 
Avished  he  had  used  fewer  words  in  my  lodgings  to  my  ser- 
vants, but  nevertheless  I  passed  it  by,  and  never  have  given 
any  offence  either  to  him  or  Van  Huygen."^ 

"  The  Delaware  was  frozen  over  in  one  night,  so  that  a  Delaware 
deer  could  run  over  it,  Avhich  the  Indians  relate  had  not  hap-  *^^°^'^° '° 

'  '^     one  night. 

pened  in  the  memory  of  man."^ 

1658. 
The  galliot  remained  at  the  kill  all  winter,  but  is  now  at  March  is. 
Altona  for  the   nutwood   (hickory)  which  was   chopped  by  Articles  of 
Stuyvesant's  orders,  and  is  going  to  Tinnicum  for  rye  straw.  ^"^'^^^  ^'"'" 

J  J  o        o  ./  wood;  rye 

Three   hundred   planks    are   wanted    at   New   Amstel,  for  straw. 
the  garret  in  the  magazine,  with  lodgings  of  the   commis-  di'uo^'^ofThe' 
sary,  with  the  house  in  the  fort  wherein  Alricks  resides,  of  fort,  and 
which  only  one-third  part  is  furnished,  with  a  garret  and  one  ^^^jZaT 
room  ;   a  new  guard-house  is  wanted,  as  the  old  one  is  entirely  tions. 
decayed.     There  is  no  carpenter  there." 

With  respect  to  the  distribution  of  lots,  Alricks  says,  "  at  Bistribution 
first  after  my  arrival,  eight  or  more  days  passed  by  before  I  ^ew  Amite? 
could  effect  any  thing  about  it,  as  there  was  scarce  a  single  by  lot. 
lot  which  could  be  freely  disposed  of,  as  one  or  another  made 
some  claim  upon  it ;  this  made  it  necessary  to  collect  infor- 
mation, when  at  last,  on  the  petition  of  Jacob  Elder,  it  was 
resolved  to  distribute  all  these  lots,  so  that  they  should  draw 
for  them.  When  the  <  Weigh-scales'  arrived,  I  authorized 
the  late  Fabreck  Spelen  and  A.  Hudde  to  act  in  the  same 
manner.  On  my  arrival,  and  not  before,  the  lieutenant, 
D'Hinoyossa,  assisted  at  the  drawing,  so  that  to  him  again, 
at  the  arrival  of  the  ship,  and  the  schepen,  Rademan,  the 
disposition  and  distribution  of  the  lots  were  referred,  and  by 
tliem  accepted.  Mr.  A.  Hudde,  with  a  carpenter,  Breant, 
surveyed  in  June  last,  as  much  land  as  he  desired,  and  ac- 
tually received,  as  is  evident  from  the  signature  of  each  in- 
dividual, yet  in  my  possession.  This  was  done  as  well  to  the 
colonists  as  to  the  officers  and  soldiers.  *  *  *  Scarce 
one  of  the  men  here  had  a  dwelling-house  for  their  residence, 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  pp.  417 — 423.  2  Campanius,  p.  55. 

8  Alriclcs's  Letters,  in  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  285,  &c. 
X  31 


242 

1658. 


Condition  of 
things  at 
New  Amstel. 
Want  of 

carpenters. 
Great  sick- 
ness. Dis- 
couraging 
prospects. 


March  30. 

Fast  day  at 
both  forts. 


April  20. 

Affairs  on 
South  Kiver 
deranged. 
Smuggling 
common. 


Persona  ivish 
to  settle 
near  Altona. 
Swedes  to  be 
regulated. 
Director- 
general,  &c. 
to  go  to  De- 
laware. 


April  30. 

Saw  and 
grist  mills. 


Mays. 

Director 
arriYed. 


J.    ALRICKS  AND  M.    KRYGIER. 

or  is  now  engaged  in  constructing  one,  as  there  were  only 
four  or  five  carpenters  here,  whom  I  was  compelled  to  employ, 
and  they  were  usually  poor  workmen,  without  experience  or 
ingenuity,  and  what  they  are  able  to  effect  is  of  very  little 
consequence ;  they  who  cannot  pay  must  labour  for  them- 
selves alone,  without  any  assistance,  and  consequently  make 
very  slow  progress.  The  prevailing  sickness  and  hot  fevers 
threw  us  considerably  back,  and  made  many  linger ;  there 
were  neither  stables  nor  hay ;  nevertheless,  as  a  few  heads  of 
cattle  arrived  from  Virginia,  our  hope  is  somewhat  revived."^ 

The  proclaimed  thank,  fast,  and  prayer  day  was  celebrated 
on  the  13th,  and  on  the  following  day  in  the  same  manner, 
by  the  Rev.  Welius,  who  by  the  commissary  at  Altona  was 
desired  to  deliver  a  sermon  there  for  the  same  end,  which  was 
done.     "I  fear,  nevertheless,  a  scarcity  of  victuals."^ 

The  director-general  suggests  to  council  that  the  affairs  on 
South  River  required  to  be  examined  into,  and  that  some 
changes  in  their  management  were  necessary,  many  irregu- 
larities having  been  introduced,  owing  probably  to  the  removal 
of  Jacquet.  It  was  requisite  "  that  the  rights  of  the  com- 
pany ought  to  be  maintained,  particularly  in  collecting  the 
recognitions  from  imports  and  exports,  as  he  was  advised  by 
letter  of  great  frauds  by  merchants  of  this  city,  and  others 
on  South  River ;  that  those  who  do  not  pay  could  sell  cheaper 
-than  those  who  do.  That  several  persons  of  New  Amstel 
colony  asked  pei-mission  to  settle  near  Fortress  Altona,  in 
the  company's  district,  there  to  begin  plantations.  Some 
regulations  were  necessary  also  among  the  Swedes."  The 
council  therefore  advise  that  the  director-general  and  the 
honourable  Peter  Tonneman  should  proceed  to  the  Delaware, 
and  place  matters  in  a  proper  train.^ 

Joost  Andriansen  &  Co.  propose  to  build  a  saw  and  grist- 
mill below  the  Turtle  falls,  the  site  for  which  they  obtained 
from  the  provisional  commissary ;  they  ask  a  patent  for  it, 
wliich  is  granted  by  the  director-general,  on  condition  that 
they  charge  no  more  for  grinding  than  is  paid  at  the  com- 
pany's mill.^ 

The  director-general  and  Mr.  Tonneman  having  arrived  at 
South  River,  the  Swedish  sheriff,  Gregorius  Van  Dyck,  Oloff 
Stille,  Mathys  Hanson,  Pieter  Rambo,  and  Pieter  Cock,  ma- 

1  Alricks's  Letters,  in  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  pp.  285,  &c.  ^  Ibid. 

3  Albany  Records,  vol.  xiv.  227—228.  *  Ibid.  p.  250. 


TETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  243 

gistrates,  Swen  Schute,  captain,  Andries  D'Albo,  lieutenant,     1658. 
and  Jacob  Swensen,  ensign,  met  him  at  Tinnicum,  and  pre-    '    ^'~' 
sented  their  petition  for  various  privileges,   as  will  appear 
from  the  following  summary.     They  renewed  their  allegiance, 
by  taking  the  subjoined  oath,  as  all  others  were  required  to 
do. 

For  executions,  they  ask  a  court  messenger.    Director  says  Ask  for 
the  jailer  can  perform  this  duty,  as  he  is  now  employed  by  *^°"''*  ™*^®" 
the  sheriff  and  commissioners  to  make  summons,  arrests,  and 
executions. 

They  ask  for  free  access  to  the  soldiers  of  Altona,  in  case  Forsowiers 
they  wish  their  aid  for  execution  of  resolves.    The  provisional  ^"j^^^""^' 
commissary  is  commanded  to  furnish  them,  if  solicited  by  the 
sheriff. 

They  ask  that  no  person  shall  leave  their  limits  without  the  Regulations 
knowledge  of  the  magistrates,  much  less  male  and  female  ser-  ^'"'^  fug't'^es. 
vants ;  that  when  they  leave  without  a  discharge,  or  try  to 
run  off,  they  may  be  arrested.     Director  orders  that  no  per- 
son shall  leave  without  consent  of  commissary,  but  first  ob- 
tained  of   director-general   and   council,    as   usual   in   New 
Netherland ;  and  if  any  Swede  departs,  sheriff  to  order  him  May  be  ar- 
te return,  and  in  case  of  refusal,  to  arrest  him,  and  inform  ^'^®*®'^' 
the  director. 

Some  subsidies  are  required ;  sheriff  and  commissary  to  in-  subsidies 
quire  "  where  they  can  be  obtained  with  the  least  incumbrance  '^^i"®^*'^'*- 
for  the  Swedish  nation,  our  good  and  faithful  subjects,  whom 
we  promise  that  we  cordially  desire  to  favour  as  much  as  any 
of  our  own  nation,  on  the  oath  which  they  voluntarily  took, 
and  which  must  yet  be  taken  by  those  who  have  not,  viz. 
We  promise  and   swear  in  presence  of  Almighty  God,  that  Form  of 
we  will  be  loyal  and  faithful  to  the  high  and  mighty  lords  the  °^ 
States-General  of  New  Netherland,  and  lords  directors  of  the 
general  privileged  West  India  Company,  with  director-general 
and  council  already  appointed,  or  in  time  being,  and  will  re- 
main and  show  them  honour,  respect,  and  obedience,  as  good 
and  honest  subjects  ought  to  do,  as  long  as  we  remain  in  this 
New  Netherland  province,  so  truly  help  us  God  Almighty."^ 

The  director,  on  his  return  to  Manhattan  from  South  River,  May  is. 
May  13,  reports  '<  many  things  there  not  as  they  ought  to  be,  stuyvesant 
chiefly  smuggling  and  fraud  on  the  company's  recognitions  on  jilnjj°ttj*n 
goods  imported  from  Holland,  many  articles  not  having  the 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xiv.  p.  249. 


244  J-  ALRICKS  AND  M.  KRTGIER. 

1658.     company's  mark  being  shipped  in  late  vessels,  without  pre- 
'    ■    '    caution  taken  against  it,  as  with  a  case  of  36  guns  from  the 
man-of-war  Weigh-scales,  embarked  by  the  brother  of  Dr. 
Welius,  which  were  distributed  by  Alricks  among  the  com- 
munity." 

2.  He  is  surprised  at  the  oath  taken  by  Alricks  from  newly 
Oath  omits  arrived  settlers,  entirely  omitting  the  directors  of  the  com- 
Srectors"^    pauy,  and  director-general  and  council  in  New  Netherland. 

Alricks  promised  to  alter  it. 

3.  A^anderlis  and  one  N.  Ring,  being  aggrieved  by  a  sen- 
Appeai  from  tcncc,  intended  to  appeal,  and  requested  the  secretary  to 
a  sentence,     gjjter  the  appeal,  which  he  declined  doing. 

4.  The  Swedes,  after  taking  the  oath  on  South  River,  de- 
swedesask  maudcd  that  they  might  be  permitted,  if  there  arose  a  differ- 
i^cLTof"^^  ence  between  the  crown  of  Sweden  and  our  state  in  Europe, 
war.            not  to  side  with  one  or  the   other  party,  but  remain  neutral 

and  quiet,  to  which  the  director-general  consented. 

5.  He  had  laid  out  a  few  lots  near  Fort  Altona,  some  30 
Lots  laid  out  feet,  the  double  of  60  feet  broad,  100  feet  deep,  on  condition 
near  Altona.  ^j^g^^  ^.^^  buildiugs  should  be  ercctod ;  if  the  first  proprietors 

failed  to  build,  their  lots  to  be  disposed  of  to  others ;  the 
first  proprietor  may  demand  100  guilders  for  fencing,  &c. 
^,  ,.     ,         6.  Officers  elected  over  the  Swedes — Captain  Swen  Schute, 

Election  of  _  . 

officers.        Lieutenant  Andries  D'Albo,  Ensign  Jacob  Swensen.-^ 

Alricks   seems   to  be   sensible    that  the    director-general, 
May  IT.        during  his  late  visit,  had  not  been  entertained  as  became  his 
rank,  and  writes  him,  after  his  return  home,  the  following 
apologetical  letter : 

'<  After  your  departure  from  here,  I  hope  that  your  return 
Apology  of  home  may  have  been  easy  and  prosperous,  and  that  you  met 
Alricks  to        ^^^,  family  in  the  same  happy  situation.     I  solicit  now  and 

Stuyvesant,     J  >>  l  i.  J 

for  not  treat-  trust  that  your  honour  will  excuse  our  moderate  reception,  as 
^tte™tyie  ^^  ^^^  '^^^  ^"^  *^^'*  powcr,  in  our  distressed  situation,  to  contri- 
bute any  thing  further  to  your  comfort,  and  I  beg  you  will 
take  our  good-will  for  the  deed.  If  our  situation  improves, 
then  we  will  endeavour  to  acquit  ourselves  of  our  duty  to- 
wards you,  and,  if  possible,  cancel  our  debts."^ 

It  will  be  recollected  that  two  boats,  with  a  number  of 

May  28.        Englishmen  from  Virginia,  were  cast  away  on  Cape  Henlopen, 

and  a  part  of  them  ransomed  by  Alricks.     It  appears  by  a 

letter  of  this  date  to  P.  Stuyvesant,  and  in  one  of  a  later 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xiv.  p.  245.  2  ibid.  vol.  xii.  p.  456. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  245 

date  from  the  directors  in  Amsterdam,  that  they  view  this    1658. 
transaction  with  a  jealous   eye,  and  fear  that  it  is  only  a    "    '~~' 
scheme  of  the  English  to  get  possession  of  this  part  of  the 
river ;  to  prevent  which  they  afterwards  direct  a  purchase  to 
be  made. 

In  the  first  letter  they  say,  "  two  boats,  with  14  English,  Apprehen- 
arrived  near  Cape   Henlopen,  and  were  taken  by  savages,  gi.°"aamtr 
ransomed  by  Director  Alricks,  and  settled  in  the  city's  colony ;  spsctmg  the 
from  which  it  is  apprehended,  that  if  said  English  remain  ^tructions  to 
there,  and  increase  in  number,  said  nation,  which  at  present,  stuyTcsant 
although  without  sufficient  grounds,  claim  the  said  river,  with  hu'coVcufct 
adjacent  country,  will  endeavour  to  intrude  upon  us  there,  towards 
and  dwell  on  said  spot,  as  they  before  tried  it  from  the  side 
of  New  England,  and  become  its  usurpers  on  the  first  favour- 
able' opportunity ;    whereon  it  is  resolved,  that  to  prevent 
this,  the  director-general,  Stuyvesant,  shall  be  authorized  and 
recommended  to  be  on  his  guard,  and  take  care  that  Director 
Alricks  be  instructed  that  said  persons,  who  are  represented 
as  fugitives,  if  they,  without  a  willing  consent  and  act  of  their 
governor  in  Virginia,  left  that  colony,  be  again  conducted 
thither ;  or  if  they  are  free  persons,  to  disentangle  himself 
from  them  in  the  best  manner  possible,  without  giving  them 
any  ofi'ence ;   at  all  events  not  to  admit  any  English  beside 
them   in  that    vicinity,  much   less  to    allure    them  by   any 
means  whatever."^ 

Michael  Baukhuysen,  "  adelhorst"  in  the  colony  of  Director  May  28. 
Alricks,  complains  that  he  was  engaged  on  South  River  as  a  person 
jailer,  (captain  geweldiger,)  but  that  he  is  employed  by  the  compiamsof 
sheriff  as  the  meanest  servant ;  prays  that  a  mandamus  may 
issue  to  Alricks,  commanding  that  Alricks  ask  of  him  no 
other  services  than  those  of  adelborst,  or  discharge  him. 
Answer — the  suppliant  must  previously  address  himself  to  his 
competent  superiors.^ 

The  directors  in  Amsterdam,  fearing  the  English  designed 
to  make  a  purchase  of  the  lands  below  Bombay  Hook,  direct 
Stuyvesant  to  anticipate  them.  They  view  the  affair  of  the 
boat  and  crew  as  a  deception. 

"We  have  been  informed  by  the  commissioners  appointed  JuneT. 
for  the  direction  of  the  colony  of  this  city  in  New  Nether- 
land,  that  the  burgomasters  were  inclined  to  take  possession 
of  a  tract  of  land  called  the  WhoreJcill,  and  situated  in  the 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  viJi.  p.  185.  2  Ibid.  vol.  xiv.  p.  392. 

x2 


246  J-  ALRICKS  AND  M.  KRTGIER. 

1658.  bay  of  South  River,  at  its  west  side,  (on  which  bay  they  in- 
'  •  '  tended  to  place  some  buoys  for  the  security  of  the  vessels 
which  arrive  on  that  coast,)  they  requested  us  that  we  should 
Order  to  purchasc,  on  our  own  account,  said  tract  of  land,  beginning 
I'^I'from  ^^  Cape  Henlopen  till  Boomtjies-hook  inclusive,  and  make 
Cape  Henio-  then  a  legal  transfer  of  it  to  their  director.  It  was  further 
pen  to  Bom-  -tjjgjj.  intention  to  construct  a  redoubt  for  its  defence.     As 

bay  lIooK. 

Afraid  of  the  this  Undertaking  cannot  but  promote  the  interest  of  the  com- 
Engiishdo-  p^^y,  and  procure  an  additional  security  to  its  possessions,  so 
Propose  would  WO  not  delay  in  recommending  that  you  would  exert 
buoys  to  the  yo^^sclf  to  obtain  the  possession  of  this  tract  as  soon  as  poS' 
mer.  siblo,  and  if  it  is  not  done  before,  to  purchase  it  from  the 

original  owners,  from  whom  a  written  transfer,  with  usual 
formalities,  must  be  obtained,  that  afterwards  your  honour 
may  transfer  it  again  in  due  form  to  the  director  of  said 
colony.  You  will  perceive  that  speed  is  required,  if  for  no- 
thing else,  that  we  may  prevent  other  nations,  and  principally 
our  English  neighbours,  as  we  really  apprehend  that  this 
identical  spot  has  attracted  their  notice;  because  we  have  been 
informed  that  lately  two  boats,  with  Englishmen  from  the 
Virginias,  were  seen  near  the  Cape  Henlopen,  and  thereabout 
were  driven  on  shore,  when  the  crew  was  taken  prisoners  by 
the  savages.  When  they  were  ransomed  by  the  director, 
Alricks,  they  pretended  to  be  fugitives,  perhaps  to  remove 
from  their  governor  the  suspicion  that  they  had  been  acting 
under  his  direction ;  while  we  are  further  informed  that  the 
director,  Alricks,  consented  that  a  few  English  families  might 
settle  there ;  and  when  we  reflect  on  the  insufferable  proce- 
dure of  that  nation,  not  only  by  intruding  themselves  upon 
our  possessions  about  the  north,  of  which  our  title  is  indis- 
putable, and  when  we  consider  the  bold  arrogance  and  faithless- 
ness of  those  who  are  residing  within  our  own  jurisdiction, 
then  we  cannot  expect  any  good  from  that  quarter;  and 
therefore  recommend  you  to  pay  a  particular  attention  that 
you  become  duly  informed  what  number  of  families  have 
actually  settled  there,  and  that  you  warn  the  director,  Al- 
ricks, of  the  disastrous  consequences  of  placing  too  great  a 
confidence  in  them,  with  all  possible  courtesy.  Do  not  omit 
to  advise  us,  in  time,  of  the  true  state  of  affairs,  that  we  may 
take  such  measures  as  may  be  required.  Amsterdam,  June 
7,  1658."! 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  pp.  273 — 274. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  247 

An  order  for  a  purchase  of  land,  it  will  be  recollected,  was    1658. 
given  in  1656,  somewhat  similar  to  this.  '    "^^ 

It  was  usual  for  vessels  from  Amsterdam,  bound  to  South 
River,  first  to  touch  at  Manhattan,  unless  special  permission 
to  the  contrary  was  granted  by  the  directors,  as  was  done  in 
the  following  instance  by  the  directors  in  Amsterdam : 

«  Whereas  Barent  Jochemsen,  skipper  on  the  vessel  '  The 
Gilded  Mill,'  chiefly  freighted  by  this  city  to  transport  colo- 
nists and  freemen,  wishes  to  sail  directly  to  South  River,  and 
solicited  us  to  grant  him  this  request ;  we  deemed  it  becoming 
to  acquiesce  in  the  proposal,  wherefore  if  he  might  not  stop 
at  the  Manhattan,  as  is  the  letter  of  the  usual  formulary  in 
the  contract  with  private  shippers,  we  desire  that  he  may  not, 
on  his  return,  be  troubled  or  molested  for  this  reason."^ 

The  following  extracts  from  letters  of  Alricks,  show  the  September. 
prevalence  of  sickness,  and  deaths  among  them : 

New  Amstel,  and  the  surrounding  country,  suifered  much  Great  skk- 
from  sickness,  as  well  as  other  causes.  Alricks  writes,  that  ^^^t^jj^^*"*^ 
"  our  actual  situation,  which  is  certainly  very  distressing  by 
an  ardent  prevailing  fever,  and  other  diseases,  by  which  the 
large  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  oppressed  and  broken 
down,  besides  that  our  '  barber'  (surgeon)  died,  and  another, 
well  acquainted  with  his  profession,  is  very  sick." 

"  But  few  old  people  died,  but  a  great  number  of  young 
children,  who  could  not  stand  it.  Six  of  us  fell  sick.  The 
members  of  the  council,  Hinoyossa  and  Rynvelt,  with  the 
sheriif  and  all  the  schepens,  had  a  very  severe  attack,  and 
the  greatest  part  remain  yet  bedridden,  but  I  hope  they  may 
ere  long  recover,  as  the  sickness  now  begins  somewhat  to 
abate."  Besides  this,  "  Christian  Barents,  who  was  to  make 
the  ross-mill,  has  died.  In  great  distress  for  bread  and  corn." 
(August  9,  September  5,  October  7.) 

The  ship  Mill  arrived  with  108  souls ;  ten  to  eleven  died  September. 
on  board,  owing  to  the  long  voyage,  from  scurvy,  and  three  ship  siiii  ar- 
more  since  arrival.     They  were  in  want  of  water.     No  cook-  ^Jj^^^^  ^.^^^ 
ing  took  place  for  several  days.  ter. 

"  Died  here.  Commissary  Abraham  Rynvelt,  and  left  by  October  28. 
will  his  estate  to  Commissary  Van  Sweringen.     Also  died,  Death  of 
Anthony  Merman,  so  that  here  the  generally  prevailing  sick-  ^""^"^jf  ^'"^ 
ness  has  taken  off  several  of  our   respectable   inhabitants,  &c. 
besides  other  persons,  but  chiefly  young  ones  or  children ; 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  278. 


248  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1658.     besides,  many  are  yet  lingering  and  bedridden,  and  who  can 
'    •    '    slowly  recover  tlieir  former  health  and  strength.     Muskets 
rusty  and  want  cleaning."^     Complains  of  smuggling,  and 
proposes  a  watch  of  three  or  four  soldiers. 

The  director-general  and  council  "  wanting,  for  the  admi- 
October28.    nistratiou  and  promotion  of  the    company's  and  our    own 
Appoint-       affairs  on  South  River,  an  expert  and  respectable  person  to 
h^Beek-  '  commaud  there  in  our  absence,  as  vice-director  and  commis- 
man  as  vice-  sary,  and  direct  the  whole  for  the  best  of   the  company, 
commissary   placiug  unbouudcd  coufideuce  in  the  abilities,  honesty,  and 
of  South  Ri-  experience  of  William  Beekman,  schepen  and  elder  in  the 
city  of  New  Amsterdam,  have  appointed  him  as  our  commis- 
sary and  vice-director,  to  administer  and  take  care,  during 
our  absence,  of  the  aforesaid  country,  of  the  fortresses,  the 
militia  and  freemen,  issue  good  orders,  and  make  those  well 
respected  and  fairly  executed ;  to  administer  justice,  accord- 
ing to  his  best  knowledge  and  judgment,  as  well  civil  as  cri- 
minal and  military  affairs,  according  to  instruction.  All  to  obey 
him  as  such,  especially  the  present  provisional  commissary." 
His  salary  and  boarding  same  as  the  late  commissary  Jac- 
Saiary.         quct,  viz.  50  guilders  per  month,  and  200  guilders  per  annum 
for  board,  in  conformity  to  resolution,  July  30.^ 

He  took  the  oath  of  oflSce^  on  the  same  day,  in  which  he 
Oath.  promises  to  be  loyal  and  faithful,  to  administer  justice,  to 

maintain  the  reformed  religion  as  it  is  preached  in  "  Father- 
land" and  here,  in  conformity  to  the  word  of  God,  and  the 
Synod  of  Dordrecht,  and  promote  it  as  much  as  in  his  power ; 
do  every  thing  for  security  and  defence  of  the  government, 
and  conform  in  every  respect  to  instructions,  of  which  the 
following  is  a  summary : 

When  arrived  at  South  River,  as  the  company  reserved 
Instructions,  neither  house  nor  lot,  he  is  at  first,  and  provisionally,  to  take 
His  resi-       j^jg  lodgino;s  in  the  divellinq -house  in  Fortress  Altona;  but  as 

dence.  o     o  t/         ^ 

he  ought  generally,  and  especially  on  the  arrival  of  vessels, 
to  have  his  permanent  residence  at  or  near  New  Amstel,  he 
must,  as  soon  as  possible,  procure  convenient  rooms  or  a 
dwelling,  and  hire  for  a  year  at  expense  of  company. 

On  the  arrival  of  any  vessels  or  yachts  of  any  nation,  or 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  pp.  467 — 476. 

2  Ibid.  vol.  xiv.  p.  314.     By  this  resolution  it  appears  that  then  Mr.  Beekman 
was  commissioned  as  commissary  at  this  salary,  which  Jacquet  also  enjoyed. 

3  Recorded  on  page  388. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  249 

at  least  before  their  unloading,  to  be  in  or  near  Fort  New    1658. 

Amstel,  attend  carefully  to  their  loading  and  unloading,  and    '    '    ' 

in  no  manner  permit  any  goods  or  merchandises  to  be  laden 

or  unladen,  or  embarked  in  other  vessels,  without  examination  ms  duties. 

and  certainty  that  the  recognitions  have  been  paid  from  those 

in  Fatherland  or  here  at  the  commissary's  office,  or  that  the 

company  be  not  defrauded  of  revenue. 

To  secure  this,  and  prevent  smuggling,  he  is  to  have  all  Tohavea 
the  time  a  guard  of  the  company  there,  under  his  orders  or  ^'^^'^' 
those  of  a  sergeant,  or  some  other  officer  of  the  company. 

In  case  of  discovery  of  contraband,  he  is  to  act  as  auditor,  with  re- 
and  seize  them,  in  conformity  to  placards  of  director-general  g^^yt'^g^ 
and  council  of  New  Amstel,  prosecute  the  smugglers,  &c.  goods. 
provisionally,  till   further  orders,  before  the  council  there, 
whose  judgment  he  shall  demand.     From  their  decision  he 
may  appeal  to  Manhattans. 

He  is  to  have  a  share  of  all  smuggled  and  confiscated  ms  share  of 
goods  which  by  his  industry  and  diligence  have  been  disco-  ^^^^' 
vered,  as  also  of  all  fines,  at  the  judgment  and  discretion  of 
director-general  and  council,  to  whom  the  goods  are  to  be  sent 
by  first  opportunity,  or  an  account  of  them. 

He  is  provisionally  invested  with  all  the  powers  of  the  com-  Has  aii  pow- 
pany  on  the  river,  except  the  district  of  New  Amstel,  with  "j^p^ny 
regard  to  all  the  ministers  and  servants  of  the  company,  who  except  at 
shall  support  him  in  his  office,  order  all  freemen  of  whatever    *^^    ™^  ^ ' 
nation,  keep  the  first  under  good  order  and  discipline,  and 
to  the  second  maintain  and  administer  good  justice,  both  in 
civil  and  military  afiairs,   and  in   criminal  cases  of  minor 
grade,  all  in  conformity  to  former  instructions,  either  to  late 
commissary  or  to  the  Swedish  nation,  or  as  future  circum- 
stances may  require ;  shall  employ  the  sheriff  and  commis- 
saries  already   appointed,    or   which    had   previously   been 
appointed  over  the  Swedish  nation. 

"  Whereas  it  had  pleased  the  lords  directors  to  extend  the  Respecting 
limits  of  the  colony  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  upon  request  ^^^  purchase 
of  the  commissaries,  and  to  favour  it  with  the  tract  of  land 
named  Bompjes  hoeck,  (Trees  Corner,)  from  there  to  the  south 
to  Cape  Hcnlopeh,  and  consequently  authorized  us  to  pur- 
chase aforesaid  land  from  the  original  proprietors,  and  thus 
is  he  particularly  commanded  to  act  in  concert  with,  and 
solicit  the  advice  of,  the  honourable  Jacob  Alricks,  or  any 
other  who  shall  be  qualified  by  him  for  that  purpose,  to  be- 

32 


250 


J.  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


Fortifica- 
tions. 


1658.  come  well  informed  who  the  real  proprietors  are  of  aforesaid 
'^^'"^  lands,  to  hear  and  weigh  their  pretensions,  and  if  their  de- 
mands are  reasonable,  to  enter  with  them  into  an  agreement 
about  it,  or  otherwise  inform  us  about  it ;  and  if  the  aforesaid 
honourable  Alricks  might  feel  himself  inclined,  and  has  an 
opportunity,  to  erect,  before  winter  sets  in,  some  fortifications 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Cape  Senlopen,  or  about  the  Hoern- 
kill,  or  to  make  any  buildings  there,  then  he  ought  to  be 
specially  authorized  and  commanded  to  make  first  a  purchase 
of  the  land  which  he  should  want,  of  which  then  as  soon  as 
we  are  informed  of  the  situation  and  extent,  a  deed  shall  be 
prepared." 

"Directly  on  arrival,  prepare  correct  inventory  of  all  the 
effects  of  the  company ;  also  a  correct  list  of  all  the  horses 
and  cattle  formerly  belonging  to  the  Swedish  officers,  how 
many  at  first,  and  what  became  of  them. 

Examine  into  quantity  and  quality  of  the  guns  in  the  for- 
tress of  New  Amstel,  especially  their  weight ;  also  what  other 
materials  were  received  by  Alricks  from  the  company,  on 
behalf  of  the  city.^" 

A  voluminous  correspondence  of  Beekman  has  fortunately 
been  preserved  among  the  Albany  Records.  As  they  fui'nish 
almost  the  only  history  of  that  period,  and  enter  into  details 
of  many  circumstances  as  they  occurred,  and  are  indeed 
chiefly  official  communications  to  Stuyvesant,  we  shall  rely 
much  upon  extracts  from  them  for  that  portion  of  our  work. 

1659. 
About  this  time  Alricks  lost  his  wife,  by  the  prevailing 
January  6.    sickucss,  and  appears  to  be  in  great  affliction  in  consequence 
Alricks  loses  of  it  and  Other  causes.     He  says,  "  winter  early,  long,  and 
unexpected,  caused  great  distress ;  the  previously  long  con- 
tinued rain  prevented  the  collection  of  fodder  for  the  crea- 
tures, and  continued  sickness  curbed  us  so  far  down  that  all 
the  labour  in  the  field  and  agriculture  was  abandoned ;  the 
guns  are  rusty,  not  having  a  proper  place  to  keep  them  in." 
"  One  reason  of  want  of  victuals  is,  the  lands  are  new."    "I 
did  see  from  the  first,  that  from  the  few  Netherland  settlers 
who  actually  resided  here  at  our  arrival,  scarce  one  obtained, 
during  our  residence,  one  schepel  of  grain ;  those  who  came 
with  us  hither,  or  emigrated  afterwards  to  this  place,  did  not 

>  Albany  Records,  vol.  xiv.  pp.  3S9 — 392. 


Take  inven- 
tory. 


Examine 
guns  and 
fortifica- 
tions. 


Beekman's 

letters. 


his  wife. 
Further  do- 
tails  of  dis- 
tress. 


March  28. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  251 

much  more,  or  could  effect  any  thing  better,  as  the  time,  in     1659. 
the  first  year,  was  spent  in  building  houses  and  making  gar-     '    '    ' 
dens,  in  which  small  compass  of  garden  each  individual,  as 
well  in  clearing  soil,  in  building,  and  carrying  the  materials,  Settlers  en- 
was  so  busily  engaged,  that  the  summer  was  passed  without  f^^^  ^f^ 
having  thrown  much  seed  into  the  ground ;  besides  this,  was  No  time  is 
then  obstructed  by  the  general  prevailing  sickness,  during  c^'tu°re^^'" 
two  successive  years,  while  the  immoderate  hot  weather  was 
another  impediment."^ 

The  following  letters  from  the  directors  in  Holland  to  Go- 
vernor Stuyvesant,  show  that  the  Dutch  entertained  constant 
suspicions  of  the  fidelity  of  the  Swedes  in  public  trusts,  espe- 
cially since  their  request  to  remain  neutral  in  case  of  any 
interruption  to  the  mutual  harmony  between  the  two  nations. 
They  say : 

"We  approve  the  orders  of  your  honour  on  the  South  February  13 
River,  with  the  exception  of  the  appointment  of  Swedish  Letter  from 
oflScers  in  that  district,  because  that  nation  is  not  to  be  trusted,  ''"■<''=*°'"^  °^ 
which  may  not  only  be  presumed  from  its  former  conduct,  but  company  to 
is  evident  from  their  request  to  the  director  that  they  misht  ^'  ^'°y^*^ 

.  .    ^  JO        sant.    Dis- 

be  permitted  to  remain  neutral  m  case  a  Swedish  succour  pleased  with 
might  arrive.  These  are,  in  our  opinion,  bold  proposals  from  of  g^^"^"^^*^* 
subjects  who  pledged  their  obedience  to  our  government  and  officers. 
the  company,  when  they  took  the  oath  of  allegiance,  and  removtd^^ 
who  betray  the  sentiments  which  they  foster  in  their  bosoms ; 
wherefore  we  have  been  yet  more  surprised,  as  it  had  been 
rather  preferable  to  have  disarmed  the  whole  nation,  than  to 
provide  them  with  officers,  and  place  the  arms  in  their  hands, 
which  they  might  use  against  us,  not  only  by  the  arrival  of 
any  Swedish  succour,  but  on  any  other  occasion.  It  is  there- 
fore required,  to  prevent  such  an  event,  that  this  mistake 
should  be  corrected,  not  only  by  removing  the  Swedish  officers, 
but  by  replacing  them  with  other  officers  of  our  own  nation, 
when  you  ought  further  to  take  hold  of  the  first  favourable 
opportunity  to  disarm  them  at  the  least  symptom  of  disaffec- 
tion. The  sheriff  and  commissaries  of  the  same  nation  ought 
not  to  be  reappointed  when  their  time  is  expired,  and  others 
of  our  nation  put  in  their  places,  to  render  their  associations 
fruitless,  and  discover  their  machinations  with  more  ease.  It 
would  be  useful  for  this  purpose,  could  you  succeed,  to  sepa- 
rate them,  and  induce  them  by  fair  means  to  settle  among 
'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  pp.  480 — 483. 


252  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.     our  own  inhabitants,  when  we  could  not  be  endangered  by 
""  '  ""    them.     You  must  conclude,  from  what  we  have  already  writ- 
ten on  this  subject,  that  we  consider  it  of  the  highest  import- 
ance, wherefore  we  recommend  you  to  execute  our  orders 
with  the  greatest  carefulness."^ 

They  give  some  further  instructions :  Governor  Stuyvesant 

Beekman's    is  to  "  admouish  Ah'icks,  from  time  to  time,  of  his  duty,  and 

o^onyT*^*    particularly  to  assist  William  Beekman,  who  is  now  continued 

custom-house  officer  and  auditor  in  the  colony  of  the  city  on 

South  Iliver.2 

"  It  is  now  no  longer  required  that  you  transmit  the  weight 

Prices  of  ar-   of  the  brass  and  iron  guns,  with  the  valuation  of  the  remain- 

surrendered  ^^S  ammunition  and  instruments  of  the  artillery  train,  cattle, 

atFortCasi-  and  Other  articles  which  were  surrendered  with  the  Fort  Casi- 

""'^'  mir,  now  New  Amstel,  to  Director  Alricks,  as  we  have  agreed 

on  this  point  with  the  burgomasters  and  rulers  of  this  city, 

who  now  are  its  legitimate  proprietors ;  we  shall  therefore  be 

attentive  to  communicate  to  you  the  prices  of  the  ammunition 

and  other  implements  which  occasionally  may  be  transmitted 

to  New  Netherland,  that  you  may  have  a  certain  rule  to  act 

on  in  your  distribution  of  these  articles  to  your  neighbours."^ 

About  this  time  various  alterations  were  made  by  the  bur- 

Aiterations    gomastcrs  iu  Amsterdam,  in  the  conditions  upon  which  the 

in  conditions  colouists  had  aojreed  to  emigrate,  and  which   caused  much 

to  colonists ;        .  °  .  .   . 

create  dis-  discontcnt  whcu  the  news  arrived ;  provisions  were  only  to  be 
distributed  from  the  public  magazine  among  those  who  left 
Holland  prior  to  December,  1658 ;  merchandise  to  be  sold 
only  for  cash,  and  the  city  to  be  no  longer  obliged  to  keep 
supplies  in  their  magazines.  Exemption  from  tenths,  instead 
of  continuing  for  twenty  years,  were  to  cease  in  1678,  and 
poundage,  horn,  and  salt-money,  ten  years  earlier  than  stipu- 
lated, when  the  director-general  could  impose  what  rate  he 
pleased.  Goods  in  future  must  be  consigned  exclusively  to 
the  city  of  Amsterdam,  whereas  the  West  India  Company 
allowed  all  traders  resident  on  South  River  to  export  wherever 
they  pleased,  except  beavers  and  peltry,  the  monopoly  of 
which  was  still  retained  by  the  city.  Many  poor  folks,  whilst 
yet  they  had  any  thing  left  wherewith  to  pay  for  their  pas- 
sage, had  offered  it  to  Alricks,  and  besought  him,  with  clasped 
hands,  to  accept  it  in  payment  of  their  debts,  but  he  de- 

»  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  pp.  291—292.  2  Ibid.  p.  285. 

3  Ibid.  p.  286,  &c. 


Batisfaction. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  253 

clined,  saying,  "  Ye  are  bound  to  remain  for  four  years."  1659. 
"We  have  spent,  in  our  hunger,  ■wretchedness,  and  misery,  '  •  ' 
all  that  vfe  sa.ved  from  our  small  pittance ;  "we  have  nothing 
left  wherewith  to  pay."  "You  must  pay  first,  and  then  go." 
Numbers  fled  to  Virginia  and  Maryland,  where  they  spread 
the  news  of  the  weak  and  desperate  condition  of  New  Am- 
stel.^  Stuyvesant,  in  a  letter  of  4th  September,  complains 
of  this  conduct  of  Alricks  to  the  company ;  which  see. 

A  public  fast  and  prayer  day  is  directed  by  the  director-  March  28. 
general  to  be  observed  on  Wednesday,  April  2,  which  Alricks  Fast  and 
says  will  be  observed.     "  What  regards  the  proclamation  of  ^""'^J^!^*^' 
a  fast  and  prayer  day,  transmitted  here  to  be  published  on 
the  2d  of  April,  I  delivered  it  to  the  secretary  as  I  received 
it  from  your  honour ;  he  will  copy  it  in  the  form  in  which  it 
ought  to  be  done,  and  deliver  it  then  to  the  gospel  minister,  to 
be  published  by  him  on  that  day.    The  minister  keeps  alM'ays 
the  copies  in  his  possession,  by  which  it  may  thus  always  be 
seen  what  your  honour  commanded,  and  in  what  manner,  so 
that  in  this  regard  every  thing  is  performed  that  would  be 
required — wherefore  I  enclose  the  declaration  of  the  secretary 
on  this  subject."^ 

"  The  fort  and  several  buildings  are  much  decayed;  there  condition  of 
is  no  magazine  to  save  the  victuals  ;  lodgings  too  small,  not  *^®  ^°''* 
light,  and  many  out  of  repair ;  the  ramparts,  &c.  unfit  for 
use ;  beddings  for  the  cannon  in  same  situation ;  the  walls 
and  fortifications  so  far  crumbled  down  that  it  is  easy  to  pass 
them  as  by  the  gate  itself,  so  that  another  gate  is  required, 
to  make  some  outward  appearance  of  defence,  chiefly  against 
the  Swedish  nation,  who  are  yet  ardently  fostering  the  hope 
to  be  restored  to  possession."^ 

The  following  fragments  of  a  letter  from  Alricks  to  Stuy-  March. 
vesant,  show  some  of  the  causes  then  operating  against  the 
colony : 

*     *     *     u  That  prevailing  violent  sickness,  which  wasted  DepioraWe 
a  vast  deal  of  goods  and  blood,  from  one  year  to  another,  and  ^oi^y^^froL 
which  not  only  raged  here,  but  everywhere  throughout  this  sickness,  se- 
province,  and  which  consequently  retarded  not  only  our  pro-  [bIr,IndTii- 
gress  in  agriculture,  but  threw  a  damp  over  the  other  under-  '^ny  of  a 
takings.     Besides  that,  in  the  ship  'Mill,'  which  only  lately  w^th^p!" 

plies. 
>  O'Call.  vol.  ii.  pp.  37G— 377,  who  quotes  Holl.  Doc.  vol.  xv.  pp.  23—27 ; 
vol.  xvi.  pp.  215 — 217.     Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  290. 

2  Albany  Records,  Tol.  xii.  pp.  482,  491.  3  Ibid.  p.  419. 

Y 


254  J-  ALRICKS  A^D  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.  arrived,  a  very  short  time  before  the  severe  cold  weather, 
"  '  '  were  embarked  more  than  200  souls,  besides  those  who  last 
spring  arrived,  and  bringing,  as  appears  by  the  lists,  about 
March.  500  souls,  without  bringing  any  victuals  with  them,  which 
baffles,  in  this  respect,  all  our  measures.  It  is  true  we  re- 
ceived by  said  ship  a  small  cargo  of  about  3000  guilders' 
worth,  for  the  purchase  of  victuals.  The  ship  Mill  arriving 
late ;  the  harvest,  by  the  unfavourable  season,  being  collected 
late ;  the  little  grain  which  was  not  drowned  by  the  heavy 
incessant  rains,  but  remained  stifled  in  its  growth,  was  sold 
at  such  excessive  prices,  that  it  often  could  not  be  purchased, 
where  it  was  necessarily  wanted.  We  were  not  permitted  to 
go  to  Virginia  nor  to  the  north,  so  that  our  bread  magazine, 
our  pantry-room,  our  only  refuge  is  to  Manhattan.  In  this 
full  persuasion,  we  despatched  the  galliot,  which,  however,  by 
the  eaidy  winter,  was  frozen  there,  and  as  we  had  only  a  very 
scanty  supply,  and  could  obtain  nothing  anywhere  else,  it 
actually  occasioned  great  distress  among  several  inhabitants, 
although  the  usual  rations  were  distributed  among  the  arrived 
colonists,  and  even  other  individuals." 

*     *     *     u  His  honour's  good  intentions  [for  supply  of 
Captainof  a  provisions]  being  carried  into  execution,  and  that  his  yacht, 
with '  rovl- '^  which  was  before  commanded  by  Lumis  Obbes,  now  named 
Bions  runs     thc  Brigantiue,  laden  with  victuals  of  pork,  beef,  maize,  &;c., 
was  despatched  hither,  but  to   our  misfortune,  its  skipper 
proved  himself  a  faithless  villain,  and  went  off  with  the  ves- 
sel thus  provided,  on  privateering,  to  look  out  for  a  good 
prize,  as  we  learned  from  various  information  ;  so  that  it  hap- 
pened to  us  as  is  so  really  said,   'misfortune  goes  seldom 
alone.'     After  all  this,  we  were  surprised  by  a  dreadful  and 
long-continued  hard  winter,  so  that  no  use  could  be  made  of 
Deplorable     any  vcsscl  whatever ;  so  that  sicknesses  during  summer  sea- 
Btateof  the    ^^^   ^^^  ^|^g  scvcrc  cold  in  winter,  took  away  the  greatest 

colony.  Hard  '  7^0 

winter.  part  of  the  year,  and  prevented  much  labour  from  being  per- 
formed. The  sicknesses  and  deaths  pressed  on  us  with  such 
unabated  violence,  that  a  large  number  of  men,  and  not  a 
small  number  of  our  cattle  perished,  during  that  period.  We 
will  devoutly  pray  our  God,  and  hope  that  our  sins  may  dis- 
continue, and  then  of  course  the  punishment  shall  be  abated, 
which  we  are  wishing  from  our  whole  heart.  "^ 

April  25.  At  this  early  period,  the  discovery  of  mines  and  minerals 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  pp.  4S4,  485. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  255 

appears  to  have  been  a  favourite  object  of  attention.  Several    1659. 
notices  appear  on  the  records,  such  as  at  Esopus,  and  on  the     '    '    ' 
Raritan,  but  the  following  is  noticed  particularly  for  its  con- 
nection with  the  history  of  this  state  at  a  later  period.     The 
directors  of  the  company  say,  "  We  lately  saw  a  small  piece 
of  mineral,  said  to  have  been  brought  from  New  Netherland, 
which  was  such  good  and  pure  copjyer,  that  we  deemed  it 
worth  inquiring  of  one  Kloes  de  Ruyter  about  it,  as  we  pre- 
sumed he  must  know  if  the  fact  is  as  stated.     He  asserted 
that  there  was  a  copper  mine  at  llenesink,  and  that  between  Copper 
the  Manhattans  and  South  River  was  discovered  a  mountain  ™°'-'^'^' 

Meaesmk. 

of  crystal,  of  which  he  said  he  brought  several  specimens 
with  him."^ 

A  communication  was  made  to  the  author,  and  is  printed 
in  his  Register  of  Pennsylvania,  volume  i.  page  440,  from  the 
late  Samuel  Preston,  referring  to  some  traditional  accounts 
respecting  the  ^^  mine-lioles"  and  the  <■<■  mine-road^'  as  having 
been  made  at  a  very  early  period,  by  "  a  company  of  miners 
from  Holland."     He  says,  "from  the  best  evidence  I  have 
been  enabled  to  obtain,  I  am  clearly  of  opinion  that  Menesink  The  earliest 
was  the  oldest  European  settlement  of  equal  extent  ever  made  in*pe™Qs°" 
in  the  territory  afterward  named  Pennsylvania."     The  pre-  vama. 
ceding  remarks  respecting  the  discovery  of  the  mines,  may 
possibly  show  the  origin  of  these  mine-holes,  and  thus  verify 
the  later  traditional  account. 

It  had  been  decided  by  the  Dutch,  if  practicable,  to  make 
a  purchase  of  the  Whorekill.  The  following  extracts  from 
Alricks  to  Stuyvesant,  show  the  progress  of  this  business ; 

"  We  further  understood  that  the  cargo  destined  for  the  May  u. 
purchase  of  the  Whorekill  was  now  arrived,  at  which  we  re-  Cargo  in- 
voice, but  that  no  guns  were  shipped,  as  these  were  not  ob-  t^g'^^urchase 
tainable  at  the  Manhattans;  wherefore  I  solicit  your  honour  ofwhorekui 
that  I  may  be  permitted  to  supply  them  from  the  smuggled  *™^*  ' 
guns  which  were  arrested  in  the  ship  Weigh-scales,  which  I 
would  perform  with  pleasure,  if  it  was  possible,  but  as  these 
guns  had  been  a  long  time  in  the  magazine,  and  became  wet, 
but  principally  as  several  of  the  new  colonists  were  without 
guns,  and  were  intended  to  be  armed ;  so  it  was  deliberated 
upon  this  point  in  our  meeting,  and  resolved  to  open  the 
cases,  which  having  performed  in  presence  of  D'Hinoyossa 
and  Rynewell,  it  was  discovered  to  contain  35  small  guns, 

'  Albany  Records,  vol,  iv.  p.  304.     See  also,  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  428, 


256  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.     witli  brass  handlures,  of  -n-hicli  then  was  said  that  each  cost 

'    '    '     in   Holland   3  gl.   5   st.,  and   it  was  concluded   that   these 

should  be   delivered  to  the  ensign,   Anthony  Rademan,  to 

Distribution  be  distributed  among  the  citizens  who  were  without.     When 

fro^the       ^^^^   ^^^  effected,  several  of  these  guns,  when  used,  burst. 

"Weigh-       This  was  communicated  to  the  directors,  of  whom  several 

veraTburst^  ^®^®  amoug  the  dircctors  of  the  company,  with  the  addition, 

that  he  who  would  reclaim  these  guns  might  be  referred  to  the 

attorney-general,  and  that  so  as  those  were,  they  were  here 

necessary,  so  might  the  city's  account  with  the  company  be 

charged  with  it." 

Difficulties  with  the  vessels,  and  their  passes  and  searches. 
Beekman  is  complained  of  as  causing  detention  by  his  ab- 
sence.^ 

Messrs.  Beekman  and  D'Hinoyossa  departed  23d  of  last 
May  24.  mouth  for  the  Whorekills ;  were  there  on  30th,  and  despatched 
Beekman  a  savagc  to  the  chiefs  in  the  country,  desiring  them  to  come 
and  B'Hmo-  (Jq-^jj  ^j^]^  q^  yjg^  ^q  agree  with  them.    Alricks  writes,  "  Now 

yossa  at  '  O  J 

whorekiii  to  I  hear  some  rumours  that  the  English  pretend  that  this  river 
\anl.  *^^  country  is  their  property ;  that  they  intended  to  send  ten 
English  persons  hither  to  claim  it,  and  place  them  in  possession,  with 
which  several  discontented  persons  would  coincide  to  effect 
this  plan,  as  there  are  here  persons  boasting  to  have  seen  let- 
ters written  from  Virginia  to  the  Swedes,  that  they  might 
remain  here  as  a  free  colony  under  the  English."^ 

Alricks  again  alludes  to  the  sickness  for  two  years,  hard 
juneu.       winter,  unfavourable  summer,  and  no  ship  arriving  with  vic- 
ordersto      tuals,  as  an  excuse  for  not  complying  with  certain  directions, 
^arrison^can-  ^^^  ^^J^>  "  ^lore  SO  as  I  am  commanded  by  my  principals,  in 
not  be  com-    their  Icttcrs,  to  secure  another  place  besides  this,  to  fortify 
^  ^  ^  ■     and  garrison  it,  which  cannot  be  undertaken,  much  less  ac- 
complished, without  great  expense,  towards  which  the  small 
cargo  of  the  '  Mill'  avails  little,  as  all  the  victuals  are  to  be 
purchased  at  a  high  price — for  maize,  6  gl.  per  schepel."^ 
Agreeably  to  their   instructions,   Messrs.   Beekman    and 
June  13.       D'Hinoyossa  having  effected  the  purchase  of  the  Whorekills, 
Alricks  asks  as  appears  by  a  deed  sent  by  William  Beekman  to  director- 
transfer  of     creneral,  Alricks  applies  to  them,  "  in  conformity  to  the  orders 

Whorekiii  to   &  ?  rr  >  _  •      j- 

the  city.  of  my  principals,"  for  "  a  transfer  of  this  purchase  in  forma, 
as  well  as  of  the  other  land  of  this  colony,  (New  Amstel.) 
and  further,  that  I  (J.  Alricks)  may  obtain  a  duplicate  of  said 

>  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  p.  48G.  2  Ibid.  496.  '  Ibid.  499. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  257 

transfer,  sealed  and  signed  in  the  same  manner  as  the  princi-  1659, 
pal,  on  parcliment  or  franchin,  that  it  may  be  sent  to  my  "^  •  ^ 
lords  and  masters  in  patria."^ 

A  person  arrives  from  Bearson,  or  Gfodtsnend  Island,  and  June  26. 
reports  the  leading  men  in  the  country  had  a  meeting,  but  Danger ap- 
that  nothing  could  be  known,  except  that  several  inhabitants  p''«>^«»^'^«i. 
had  been  warned  to  keep  at  home,  or  on  the  soil.^ 

Alarms  continue  respecting  the  English  in  Maryland.     Al-  juiy  29. 
ricks  says  to  Stuyvesant,  "  the  chief  consideration  with  regard  Alarms  from 
to  the  South  River  is,  that  the  arrival  of  the  English  here  '^y^iteg^to -0- 
must  excite  some  interest,  and  raise  discontentment.     It  is  vemor. 
not  doubted  by  the  generality,  that  they  intend  to  come 
hither.     It  was  resolved  here  to   address  the  governor  of 
Maryland,  that  he  would  send  back  our  deserted  soldiers,  but  • 
as  we  don't  know  Ms  najne  or  residence,  the  letter  was  sent 
to  Colonel  Jude  Utie,  who  resides  in  Bearson  Island,  where- 
as his  honour  is  the  first  of  the  twelve  magistrates  there,  so- 
liciting that  it  might  please  him  to  forward  this  letter,  with 
his   recommendation,   to   its    address,    which   was   accepted, 
although  his  honour,  during  the  conversation,  declared  that 
he  actually  had  a  commission  in  his  house  to  come  hither,  but 
that,  in  the  mean  time.  Lord  Baltimore  was  arrived,  com-  Lordsaiti- 
manding  that  the  lands,  from  such  to  such  degrees,  should  be  ^^vlyTr^ 
reviewed  and  surveyed,  and  when  ascertained,  reduced  and  lands. 
remain  under  his  jurisdiction,  without  any  intention  to  aban- 
don any  part  of  it."^      *     *     * 

As  soon  as  it  was  known  here  that  Josias  Fendall,  governor  August  is. 
of   Maryland,  was    commanded  to  inquire   into  limits,  and 
warn  intruders  oif,  it  caused  great  anxiety  among  the  inha- 
bitants ;  operations  are  discontinued,  and  each  one  is  pre- 
paring for  flight.^ 

The  following  proceedings  took  place  at  a  council  held  at  Augusts. 
Ann  Arundell,  in  Maryland,  August  3d,  being  the  commence- 
ment of  the  affair  in  which  Colonel  N.  Utie  acted  so  conspicu- 
ous a  part: 

"  Present,  the  governor,  (Fendall,)  the  secretary,  (Philip  Proceedings 
Calvert,  Esq.,  brother    to    Lord  Baltimore,)   Colonel   Utie,  o*"  «"""="  °f 

'  '    Maryland. 

and  Mr.  Edward  Lloyd,     Then  was  taken  into  consideration 
his  lordship's  instruction  and  command  to  send  to  the  Dutch 

I  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  p.  498.  2  Jbid.  p.  503.  3  ibid. 

<  Ibid.  p.  506.     This  is  probably  the  letter  to  which  the  one  that  follows  is 
a  reply;  if  so,  it  must  have  been  written  some  time  previously  to  this  date. 
33  T2 


258  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.  in  Delaware  Bay,  seated  within  his  lordship's  province,  to 
"  •  '  command  them  to  be  gone,  and  ordered,  that  C-olonel  Na- 
thaniel Utie  do  make  his  repair  to  the  pretended  governor  of 
Instructions  a  pcoplc  Seated  in  Delaware  Bay,  within  his  lordship's  pro- 
vince, and  that  he  do  give  them  to  understand  that  they  are 
seated  within  his  lordship's  province,  without  notice  given  to 
his  lordship's  lieutenant  here,  and  to  require  them  to  depart 
the  province." 

«  That  in  case  he  find  opportunity,  he  insinuate  unto  the 
people  there  seated,  that  in  case  they  make  their  application 
to  his  lordship's  governor  here,  they  shall  find  good  condi- 
tions, according  to  the  conditions  of  plantations,  granted  to 
all  comers  into  this  province,  which  shall  be  made  good  to 
them,  and  that  they  shall  have  protection  in  their  lives, 
liberty,  and  estates  which  they  shall  bring  with  them. 

"  Signed,  Philip  Calvekt." 

The  following  letter  was  addressed  "  to  the  commander  of 

the  people  in  Delaware  Bay,"  and  from  the  tenor  of  it,  would 

appear  to  be  in  reply  to  one  written  to  the  govei'nor  by  Al- 

ricks ;  the  date  of  neither  is  given,  but  that  of  the  governor 

of  Maryland  seems  to  form  part  of  the  proceedings  of  council : 

"  Sir — I  received  a  letter  from  you,  directed  to  me  as  the 

August  3.      Lord  Baltimore's  governor  and  lieutenant  of  the  province  of 

Letter  of  go-  Maryland,  wherein  you  suppose  yourself  to  be  governor  of  a 

vemor  of      people  Seated  in  a  part  of  Delaware  Bay,  which,  I  am  very 

governor  of   wcll  informed,  lieth  to  the  southward  of  the  degree  forty,  and 

Delaware,      therefore  can  by  no  means  own  or  acknoAvledge  any  for  go- 

requiring  ''  ... 

him  to  ae-     vcmor  there  but  myself,  who  am  by  his  lordship  appointed 
^^^^'  lieutenant  of  his  whole  province,  lying  between  these  degrees, 

88  and  40,  but  do  by  these  require  and  command  you  pre- 
sently to  depart  forth  of  his  lordship's  province,  or  otherwise 
desire  you  to  hold  me  excused,  if  I  use  my  utmost  endeavour 
to  reduce  that  part  of  his  lordship's  province  unto  its  due 
obedience  under  him."^ 

Stuyvesant  thus  represents  the  state  of  the  colony  to  the 
company  in  Amsterdam : 

"  The  situation  of  the  city's  interest  on  South  River  is 
Sept.  4.         very  precarious,  without  great  prospect  for  improvement,  and 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  p.  514.  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  97.  N.  Y.  Hist. 
See.  Coll.  vol.  iii.  p.  -368,  from  Maryland  Records,  by  Boznian.  This  letter 
may  also  be  found  in  a  note  to  OCall.  vol.  ii.  p.  378,  where  it  bears  date 
July  8,  1659,  as  from  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  xvi.  p.  99. 


PETER  ST  U  YVES  ANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  259 

it  is  much  to  be  apprehended  that  if  no  other  and  better    1659. 
measures  are  adopted,  that  this  settlement  will  fall  into  ruins.     '    ^'    ' 
It  would  be  too  long  and  tedious  a  task  to  enumerate  the  various 
complaints  which  are  reported  from  there,  and  cannot  all  be  Letter  from 
equally  credited.     This  is  certain,  that  several  inhabitants  fjnt'towegt 
are  removing  from  there.     While  I  am  writing  this,  there  inaiacom- 
arrived  here  from  there  an  English  ketch,  which  sailed  from  sterdLm."^' 
Boston  three  weeks  ago,  with  provisions ;  the  skipper,  a  well-  Ru'nous 

•  1      1  1  •!       1  CI         1     state  of  the 

known  and  credible  person,  said  that  Avhile  ne  was  on  feouth  colony,  ow- 
River,  about  fifty  persons,  among  whom  several  families,  re-  '°^  *°  ^^' 
moved  from  there  within  a  fortnight,  to  Virginia  and  Mary-  a  vessel 
land :  a  chief  excuse  for  these  removals  to  Virginia,  (that  the  ^^"^  Boston, 
general  complaints  and  rumours  are  spread  here  and  every- 
where,) is  supposed  to  be  the  too  great  preciseness  of  honour- 
able Alricks.  We  gave  to  individuals  a  pass  for  coming 
hither,  even  to  such  as  offer  to  pay  their  passage  and  fare,  or 
who  are  giving  security  for  it,  who  otherwise  would  have  de- 
sired rather  to  remain  among  their  own  nation  than  to  remove 
among  strangers.  The  probability  of  this  might  be  corrobo- 
rated by  our  own  experience,  because  his  honour  more  than 
once  prosecuted  and  solicited  that  those  might  be  returned 
who  did  come  hither,  without  being  willing  to  accept  their  pay 
or  security,  not  even  when  we  addressed  him  on  this  point 
with  such  preciseness,  of  which,  perceiving  the  dangerous 
fruits,  we  resolved,  at  least  till  further  orders  and  advice,  to 
act  not  with  much  rigour  from  our  side,  by  returning  thither 
all  such  as  might  come  here,  as  there  is  more  prospect  for  the 
city  of  receiving  its  payment  from  those  who  remain  under 
this  government,  and  within  this  province,  than  from  those 
who,  if  not  admitted,  are  as  much  enforced  to  remove  and 
settle  amongst  strangers ;  on  which  we  therefore  shall  expect 
your  honour's  advice  to  regulate  our  conduct." 

He  alludes  to  rumours  afloat  respecting  the  English  of  Kent  English  ex- 
and  Maryland,  a  part  of  Virginia,  making  an  attempt  on  j^^f  j^^™ 
South  River.  Fears  and  suspicions  of  a  confederacy  between 
Sweden  and  England,  and  the  disputes  with  our  government 
might  continue,  and  some  enterprise  be  undertaken  under 
Swedish  colours ;  fears  their  feebleness  to  oppose  such  an 
event. ^ 

"  We  mentioned  in  our  last  the  desolate  situation  of  the  September, 
city's  colony  on  South  River,  by  the  elopement  and  removal 

•  Albany  Records,  vol.  xviii.  pp.  28 — 39. 


260  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.     of  a  number  of  colonists  towards  Virginia  and  Maryland,  and 

"^^^^^     other  places,  day  by  day,  and  growing  worse  and  worse,  so 

that  scarce  thirty  families  remain  there.     Besides,  the  sol- 

RemoTaistx)  dicrs  of  the  city,  who  were  fifty  in  number  at  their  arrival, 

Maryland.     g^j.g  meltcd  down  to  near  one-half,  of  whom  two-thirds  have 

Only  thirty  .  .  '       , 

famuiesre-     bccn  garrisouod  at  Whorekill,  not  without  fear  and  peril  to 
'"'"''■  be  there  all  massacred  by  the  cruel  savages,  so  that  in  and 

about  New  Amstel  no  more  than  eight  or  ten  soldiers  are 

remaining."^ 

Alricks  writes  to  Stuyvesant  that  "  six  persons  arrived  at 
Sept.  9.  New  Amstel  from  Maryland,  on  last  Saturday,  about  8  p.  M., 
Letter  from  viz.  Colonel  Nathaniel  Utie,  his  brother,  his  cousin,  a  Major 
Alricks  to     Jacob  De  Vrintz  and  servant,  with  four  fugitives,  of  whom 

p.  StTiyve-  '  ^   . 

Bant,giTing   three  were  apprehended,  and  one  escaped.     Colonel  Utie  de- 
account  of    j^auded  an  audience  on  Wednesday,  which  was  consented  to. 

interview  "^  ' 

with  Colonel  When  they  appeared  before  us,  I  asked  for  his  commission, 
othlrT'^  when  he  showed  me  his  instructions,  which  he  said  was  at  the 
same  time  his  commission,  of  which  I  now  enclose  a  copy. 
He  appeared  pretty  harsh  and  bitter ;  however,  what  he 
joined  to  it  was  perhaps  yet  more  pungent  and  bitter,  yea, 
even  so  that  it  was  not  to  be  suffered.  He  urged  that  we 
should  give  him  our  answer  and  declaration  without  delay,  by 
yea  or  no,  or  he  should  be  compelled  to  use  other  means,  and 
then  he  would  be  innocent  of  the  blood  which  in  such  case 
might  be  shed.  He  was  fully  authorized;  might  not  indulge 
in  any  delay,  neither  could  there  be  a  more  favourable  period 
to  execute  the  plan,  as  they  might  now  dispose  of  a  number 
of  tobacco-planters.  It  appears  that  they  are  warmly  en- 
gaged in  the  execution  of  this  project,  as  becomes  further 
evident  from  his  answer  or  protest."  *  *  *  [Three  lines 
are  here  lost.]  "  The  citizens  are  few  in  number,  and  un- 
willing to  fight,  because,  as  they  say,  the  city  has  not  kept 
its  conditions,  but  curtailed  them ;  and  to  be  short,  it  is  utterly 
impossible  to  secure  this  place  without  a  larger  reinforcement, 
or  immediate  relief,  which,  on  receipt  of  this,  ought  to  be 
conveyed  hither  with  all  possible  speed,  without  the  least  de- 
lay." He  hopes  the  galliot  can  be  equipped,  and  "your 
honour  come  in  person.  We  cannot  expect  to  live  with  them 
in  peace,  except  your  honour,  with  his  usual  discretion  and 
prudence,  can  dispose  them  in  such  way  as  your  own  council 
may  deem  proper.    Do  not  then  forsake  us  in  our  distressed 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xviii.  p.  445. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  261 

situation,  neither  permit  that  we  should  be  ruined.  New  Am-     1659. 
stel,  September  9,  1659. — P.  S.  Three  weeks  allowed."^  "    '    ' 

On  the  12th  of  September,  Beekman  writes  to  Director 
Stuyvesant,  that  on  the  9th  he  had  despatched  to  him  a  sa-  Sept.  12. 
vage  with  the  honourable  Mr.  Alricks,  and  now  sends  another,  Letter  from 
fearing  some  accident  to  the  former,  and  would  have  sent  a  ^p^g^tu™^^ 
soldier  with  the  latter,  but  for  a  rumour  of  the  difficulties  at  eant,  giving 
Staten  Island.     He  proceeds :  "On  the  6th  of  this  month,  ^f  t^i^e°y'irit 
towards  evening,  arrived  at  New  Amstel,  Colonel  Nathaniel  ofcolonel^f. 
Utie,  with  his  suite,  being  altogether  seven  in  number,  who,  part'ofLora 
on  the  8th,  solicited  an  audience,  which  directly  was  granted.  Baltimore. 
I  was  then  very  urgently  entreated  by  Mr.  Alricks  to  assist 
in  their  meeting,  to  hear  the  colonel's  conclusion  and  pro- 
posals, while  he  further  said  that  I  was  far  more  deeply  in- 
terested in  it  than  he,  in  regard  to  my  relation  with  the  West 
India   Company,   while   the   city  of   Amsterdam   had   been 
guarantied  by  the  company,  who  sold  the  land  to  the  city  of 
Amsterdam  as  free  from  any  incumbrances. 

"  Colonel  Utie  first  delivered  a  letter  to  Alricks ;  then,  at  our 
request,  a  copy  of  his  instructions';  then  communicated  his 
orders  from  the  governor  of  Maryland,  and  <  declared  that 
we  here  in  South  River  have  taken  possession  of  Lord  Balti- 
more's jurisdiction,  and  therefore  commanded  us  to  leave  it 
directly,  or  declare  ourselves  subject  to  Lord  Baltimore ;  and 
if  we  hesitated  to  resolve  upon  it  voluntarily,  he  deemed  him- 
self not  responsible  for  the  innocent  blood  which  might  be 
shed  on  that  account.'  We  answered,  'that  this  communi- 
cation appeared  very  strange  in  every  respect,  as  we  had  been 
in  possession  of  this  land  during  so  many  years,  as  well  as  by 
octroy  of  the  States-General  and  the  directors  of  the  West 
India  Company,  which  we  previously  obtained.'  His  honour 
said,  '  he  knew  nothing  about  it ;  it  was  granted  to  Lord 
Baltimore,  and  was  confirmed  by  the  king  himself,  and  re- 
newed two  years  ago,  and  sanctioned  by  the  parliament,  to 
the  extent  of  forty  degrees ;  when  he  repeated  again  he  was 
innocent  of  the  blood  which  might  be  shed,  as  Lord  Balti- 
more was  invested  to  make  war  or  peace,  without  any  man's 
control.  He  said  further,  '  we  ought  to  take  hold  of  this  op- 
portunity, as  our  men  had  chiefly  deserted  us,  and  they  who 
are  yet  remaining  will  be  of  little  or  no  aid,  therefore  it  is 
our  intention  to  take  hold  of  this  occasion,  as  we  will  not  let 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  p.  509. 


262  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.  it  pass  by,  convinced  as  we  are  of  your  weakness,  and  it  now 
'"''^  '  suits  us  best  in  the  whole  year,  as  the  tobacco  is  chiefly  har- 
vested ;  we  therefore  demand  a  positive  answer,  just  as  you 
Letter  from  may  plcasc ;'  just  as  if  he  would  say,  '  it  is  indifferent  what 
to p^stu™^^  you  may  resolve.'  We  answered,  '  that  we  could  not  decide 
sant.  utie's  the  casc,  but  that  it  must  be  left  to  our  lords  and  principals 
"'^*"  in  England  and  Holland.'     He  replied,   'he  did  not  care 

anything  about  them.'  We  answered,  'that  we  would  do 
nothing  without  them,  and  were  in  duty  bound  to  refer  the 
case  to  the  director-general  of  New  Netherland,  to  whose 
government  we  were  also  subject,  and  it  would  require  some 
time  to  consult  them.'  He  demanded  'what  time  would  be 
required.'  We  proposed  then  '  three  weeks,'  on  which  the 
colonel  said,  '  I  have  no  orders  to  give  any  respite ;  neverthe- 
less I  will  give  you  the  required  time.' 

"  On  the  9th,  we  summoned  him  to  the  fort  again,  to  re- 
ceive our  answer  in  writing,  when  the  colonel  repeated  his 
former  saying,  and  then  said  to  ine  particularly,  as  he  under- 
stood that  I  was  commander  at  Christina,  that  '  I  too  must 
depart  from  there,  as  it  was  situated  within  40°.'  I  answered, 
'  that  if  he  had  any  thing  to  say  to  me,  that  he  ought  to  ap- 
pear at  the  place  of  my  residence ;'  when  he  replied,  '  I  think 
it  suflScient,  at  all  events,  that  I  made  you  this  communica- 
tion.' The  writings  reciprocally  delivered  are  now  transmitted 
to  your  honour  by  Mr.  Alricks ;  we  expect  your  orders  and 
assistance  with  all  possible  speed,  and  ardently  wished  that 
your  honour  was  here  on  the  spot.  We  devoutly  pray  that 
it  may  please  God  to  spare  your  honour  in  health,  and  pros- 
per the  administration  of  your  government,  while  I  remain, 
your  faithful  servant,  William  Beekman. 

"Altona,  12th  September,  1659.  \ 

"  P.  S.  Last  week  a  soldier  ran  away,  so  we  now  only  have 
thirteen  men,  besides  the  sergeants."^ 

The  following  protest  against  Colonel  Utie's  proceedings, 
Sept.  9.        by  the  commanders  on  South  River,  shows  the  ground  they 
took  in  this  high-handed  measure  : 

"  Whereas  you  appeared  yesterday  afternoon,  at  your  re- 
Protest  quest,  in  our  meeting,  and  read  and  showed  us  there  a  certain 
against  pro  Jnstruction,  which,  as  you  said,  was  given  by  order  of  the 
Col.  utie.      honourable  Josias  Fendall,  lieutenant  of  Lord  Baltimore,  but 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  5.  This  volume  contains  a  large  portion  of 
Beekman's  correspondence  between  1658  and  16G3. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  263 

"wltliout  (lay  or  date,  or  place,  when  or  where  it  should  have     1659. 
been  written,  being  signed  by  Philip  Calvert,  secretary,  &c.,     ^    '    ' 
and  designing  us  by  it,  as  at  the  Delaware  Bay  or  the  colony 
here ;  in  which  aforesaid  instructions  is  simply  said  and  al-  Protest 
leered  that  this  place  is  situated  in  the  aforesaid  Lordship's  ^^"^\, 

"     ,  .  ,  ^        proceedings 

Baltimore's  province,  and  that  therefore  this  government,  ofcoi.  utie. 
together  with  its  subjects,  ought  to  leave  this  spot  the  instant 
it  was  notified  to  them  by  you.  You  further  proposed  by  it, 
that  all  the  lands  between  38°  and  40°,  from  sea  to  sea,  east 
and  west,  belonged  to  Lord  Baltimore's  governors  of  Mary- 
land, and  that  what  had  been  before  disputed  in  Old  England, 
had  lately  been  granted  and  confirmed ;  relating  to  us  all 
this,  without  producing  one  single  document  for  its  sanction, 
or  forwarding  to  us  any  of  this  kind,  so  as  we  too  could  have 
wished  that  you  had  been  pleased  to  commit  your  proposals 
in  writing,  to  avoid  future  misunderstandings.  It  is  true  you 
declared,  in  words  of  more  weight,  that  in  case  of  refusal  of 
immediate  departure,  to  be  unaccountable  for  the  much  inno- 
cent blood  that  might,  by  reason  thereof,  be  spilled.  Such 
proceedings  and  treatment  appeared  to  us  unexpected  and 
strange,  and  so  do  such  procedures  and  treatment  by  Chris- 
tians and  Protestant  brethren,  and  our  near  neighbours,  with 
whom  we  desired,  and  of  whom  we  never  solicited  any  thing 
else,  nor  do  it  yet,  than  a  sincere  cultivation  of  harmony  and 
friendship,  that  we  yet  desire  may  be  uninterrupted,  as  we, 
from  our  side,  are  confident  that  we  never  gave  them  any 
reason  of  discontentment ;  we  therefore  request  once  more, 
as  we  did  before,  to  deliver  us  at  least  an  extract,  to  verify 
your  principal's  pretended  rights,  to  ascertain  the  title  and 
limits  of  his  property,  either  that  these  have  been  conquered 
by  his  right  hand,  or  that  they  have  been  acquired  by  a  title 
of  purchase  or  donation,  so  too,  what  in  Old  England  might 
lately,  or  for  some  time  might  have  been  disposed  by  the  par- 
liament in  favour  of  the  claims  of  your  principal. 

«  We  offer  to  show  and  prove  this  instant,  in  what  manner 
we  obtained  the  possession  of  this  land,  as  well  by  a  grant 
of  their  High  Mightinesses  the  States-General  of  the  United 
New  Netherlands,  as  by  a  legal  transfer  of  the  West  India 
Company,  by  the  payment  we  made  for  this  land,  and  its  actual 
possession. 

"  But  that  we,  if  some  misunderstanding  with  regard  to 
this  or  any  other  subject  might  have  taken  place,  we  should 


264  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.     -wish  that  such  a  diiference  should  be  submitted  to  our  sove- 

"    '    '     reigns,  as  the  parliament  and  the  States-General,  otherwise 

because  we  are  but  new  comers  in  these  countries,  and  there- 

Protest         fore  unacauainted  with  the  circumstances  of  this  affair,  or 

proceedings    "^^^*  may  DC  fouud  couceming  the  same  in  the  public  offices 

ofcoi.  utie.   of  record  or  elsewhere.     We  refer  ourselves  to  the  proofs, 

against  any  suggestions  to  the  contrary  which  are  yet  in  the 

possession  of  the  director-general,  and  in  whose  government 

of  New  Netherland  we  reside. 

"  It  was  further  continued  at  the  next  meetino;,  with  regard 
to  your  instructions.  It  is  given  in  consideration,  if  it  is 
lawful,  that  offers  are  made  here  to  some  of  our  inhabitants, 
and  favourable  terms  of  agreement  about  some  plantations 
proposed,  enforced  by  the  prospect  of  a  future  commerce 
with  the  inhabitants  of  Maryland,  and  the  promise  of  pro- 
tection and  much  liberty,  which  has  been  already  actually 
performed,  as  well  to  such  individuals  as  by  their  oath  were 
bound  to  obedience  to  their  lords  and  masters,  and  who  were 
owing  considerable  sums  to  one  and  other  of  their  fellow- 
citizens,  and  who,  seduced  by  such  lures,  are  wavering  if  they 
shall  abandon  their  former  pursuits,  and  conclude  to  run 
away,  to  meet  their  utter  ruin  half-ways,  by  which,  neverthe- 
less, their  lords  and  masters  are  disappointed,  and  are  frus- 
trated to  recover  their  debts ;  wherefore  we  are  compelled  to 
enter  a  solemn  protest  against  your  honour  and  his  principals, 
as  we  are  doing  by  this,  against  all  losses  and  damages  which 
we  suffered  already,  or  yet  might  sustain,  with  a  view  to  pur- 
sue the  recovery  there,  and  as  we  may  deem  proper. 

"  With  regard  to  the  continuation  of  peace  and  harmony, 
as  concluded  by  the  republic  of  England  and  their  High 
Mightinesses  the  States-General,  we  cheerfully  refer  ourselves 
to  it ;  also  to  the  treaty  and  alliance  concluded  5th  April, 
1654,  under  which  resort  all  governments,  as  well  in  America 
as  in  Europe,  and  whereby  they  are  charged  and  recommended 
to  commit  no  hurt,  hostility,  or  injury  against  one  another, 
as  by  the  16th  article. 

"I  am  confident,  nevertheless,  that  you  will  consider  every 
point  maturely,  and  require  nothing  further  than  you,  in 
equity  and  justice,  can  desire  to  maintain.  We  declare  that 
we  are  utterly  averse  to  defend  or  patrocinate  the  least  in- 
justice, but  are  always  cheerfully  willing  to  second  those  who 
have  the  right  side,  or  to  give  place  to  themj  while  in  all, 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  265 

what  more  is  required,  and  exceeds  this  just  measure,  or  is  1659. 
contrary  to  it,  we  refer  to  our  sovereigns,  or  otherwise  ;  we  "  •  ' 
so,  tenderly,  protest  against  all  losses  and  damages  as  before. 

"  It  was  further  proposed,  that  in  order  to  deliver  a  more 
decisive  answer,  it  would  be  expedient  to  write,  with  all  pos- 
sible speed,  to  the  director-general,  for  which  end  the  colonel     « 
allowed  three  weeks  or  thereabouts,  at  least  till  his  answer 
can  be  received.     Was  signed, 

"  J.  Alricks,  John  Williemsen, 

"Alexander  D'Hinoyossa,     John  Crato, 
«  William  Beekman,  Hendrick  Ripp. 

"  By  order  of  the  director-general  and  council,  with  the 
Director  Beekman  and  schepens.     By  absence  of  secretary, 

"  G.  Van  Sweringen."^ 

Beekman  refers  to  a  letter  sent,  for  greater  security,  by  a  Sept.  20. 
savage,  with  Sanders  Boyer  and  Vanetas,  to  inform  him  of 
the  transactions  with  the  English ;  they,  however,  returned 
last  night  to  New  Amstel,  the  savages  having  advised  them 
not  to  proceed.  At  a  consultation  at  request  of  Alricks,  it 
was  agreed  to  send  Van  Sweringen,  with  eight  or  ten  men, 
with  two  soldiers,  by  land  to  Manhattan.  By  two  Englishmen 
lately  arrived,  they  learn  that  when  Colonel  Utie  returned, 
five  hundred  men  would  be  ordered  to  be  ready  to  march  on  Rvehun- 
orders.    Beekman,  on  hearing  this,  sent  a  person  to  Virginia  *^«'^°^^'^ 

'  o  '  r  o  prepanng  to 

for  information,  solicited  Sheriff  Van  Dyck  to  provide  eight  come  from 
or  ten  men  for  the  security  of  Fortress  Altona,  but  he  did  '^^y^^'*'^- 
not  succeed ;   is  expecting  instructions  and  reinforcements 
from  director-general. 

They  again  resolve  to  write,  by  ten  men  by  land,  "  as  the  Sept.  21. 
road  was  here  deemed  very  unsafe."  Beekman  returned  to 
Altona  for  two  soldiers,  which  were  sent  over  to  Alricks  be- 
fore evening,  but  he  had  changed  his  mind,  and  sent  back  the 
soldiers.  Alricks  hired  a  yacht  of  Captain  Jacobs,  to  sail 
that  evening,  on  hearing  which,  Beekman  stepped  into  a 
canoe,  and  went  to  New  Amstel,  where  he  met  Vanetas  and 
Andreas,  who  said  Alricks  had  changed  his  mind,  because  he 
deemed  it  improper  to  send  so  many  men  from  the  colony. 
Beekman  writes,  "  it  seems  to  me  that  Alricks  and  Hinoyossa 
are  much  perplexed  and  full  of  fear,  with  respect  to  the  Eng- 

>  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  in  which  are  several  chasms,  which  we  have 
filled  from  the  copy  in  the  A.  P.  S.  Collections,  published  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol. 
iv.  p.  97.     Holl.  Doc.  xvi.  p.  117. 

U  Z 


266 


J.   ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


1659. 


Sept.  23. 


Letter  of  P. 
Stuyvesant 
to  Alricks 
and  Beek- 
man,  blam- 
ing their 
course  with 
Utie. 


Van  Buyven 
and  Krygier 
appointed. 


lish  coming  from  Maryland,  -whicli  I  could  not  believe."  No 
tidings  of  the  sheriff  and  commissary.  Alricks,  in  a  letter 
of  same  date,  to  Peter  Stuyvesant,  confirms  the  return  of  the 
savages  and  men,  after  being  eight  days  on  the  road,  which 
compelled  him  to  hire  the  yacht  at  200  guilders.  <«  Hopes  in 
God  for  a  large  reinforcement;"  says  "the  English  conduct 
themselves  in  such  a  manner  that  we  cannot  count  on  any 
time  with  certainty,  neither  can  there  be  placed  any  confi- 
dence in  them".^ 

After  receiving  from  Alricks  and  Beekman  their  account 
of  Colonel  Utie's  visit,  Stuyvesant  expresses  his  displeasure 
at  some  of  their  proceedings,  in  the  following  letter  : 

"  I  did  see,  with  no  less  regret  than  surprise,  in  your  last 
letter,  with  the  annexed  documents,  the  frivolous  conclusion 
of  Nathaniel  Utie,  and  your  not  less  frivolous  answer  and 
further  proceedings  with  him,  on  such  a  frivolous  fabricated 
instructions,  without  date  or  place  when  and  where  it  was 
signed,  or  by  whose  authority  and  order  it  was  given  ;  much 
more  so  yet,  that  you  permitted  the  aforesaid  Utie  to  sow  his 
seditious  and  mutinous  seed  among  the  community,  during 
four  or  five  days,  without  compelling  him  to  defend  his  coming 
there  ;  permitting  him  first,  (after  the  fifth  day  of  his  arrival,) 
at  his  request,  to  obtain  directly  an  audience,  with  a  further 
written  promise,  signed  by  the  great  council,  that  a  further 
and  more  satisfactory  answer  should  be  given  upon  his  frivo- 
lous conclusion  and  well  within  three  weeks,  and  all  this  only 
on  his  threatening  expressions,  without  showing  any  qualifi- 
cation or  commission  by  whom  he  was  authorized ;  unques- 
tionable proofs,  indeed,  of  want  of  prudence  and  courage, 
partly  avowing  his  rash  conclusion,  at  least  greatly  encourag- 
ing the  boldness  of  the  man,  who  rather  deserved  to  have 
been  apprehended  as  a  spy,  and  conducted  hither,  than  to 
have  obtained  an  audience  upon  such  a  frivolous  fabricated 
instruction,  without  a  commission.  To  leave  then  no  shadow 
of  hope  to  that  spy,  thus  are  we,  by  the  past  transaction,  and 
your  honour's  letter,  compelled  so  to  redress  the  one  and  cor- 
rect the  misconduct  of  others,  to  appoint  and  authorize  the 
bearer  of  this  letter,  our  beloved,  discreet  and  faithful  Corne- 
lius Van  Ruyven,  secretary,  and  Captain  Martin  Krygier, 
burgomaster  of  this  city,  to  dispose  and  regulate  all  the  affairs 
there,  agreeably  to  their  commission  and  instruction,  placing 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xii.  p.  516  ;  vol.  xvii.  p.  6. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  267 

fui-ther  under  the  command  and  direction  of  Captain  Krygier,     1659. 
the  military  force  which  in  our  present  situation  we  could     "    '    ' 
spare  with  difficulty ;  requesting  by  this  that  the  aforesaid 
committee  shall  be  received  and  respected  as  ourselves,  in  stuyresant 
executing  their  instructions,  to  procure  them  all  assistance,  ^^^^g^! 
and  to  pay  them  due  obedience.    In  which  confiding,  we  will,  man 
with  our  cordial  salute,  recommend  you  to  God's  protection, 
and  remain,  &c.  P.  Stuyvesant.^ 

'New  Amsterdam,  September  23,  1659." 
The  following  are  the  commissions  referred  to  in  the  pre- 
ceding, which  show  more  fully  the  nature  of  their  duties. 

"  P.  Stuyvesant,  &c.  &c.    Whereas,  for  the  purpose  of  pro-  sept.  22. 
tecting  and  securing  the  interests  of  the  company  and  city  commissioa 
of  Amsterdam's  colonies  on  South  River  and  New  Nether-  !?  '^*.''*™ 

Krygier,  as 

lands,  we  have  immediately  resolved  to  expedite  and  forward  captain  of 
a  certain  number  of  militia,  over  whom,  in  our  absence,  it  *^®°^*'=*- 
was  necessary  to  appoint  a  suitable  and  valiant  commander ; 
therefore,  from  our  own  experience,  and  relying  upon  the 
experience,  fidelity,  and  value  of  Martin  Krygier,  burgomas- 
ter of  this  city,  Amsterdam,  in  New  Netherland,  we  have 
commissioned  and  appointed  the  same,  and  by  these  presents 
do  commission  and  appoint  him  as  captain  over  the  said  troops, 
and  all  others  that  may  be  found  along  the  South  River  and 
elsewhere,  or  may  hereafter  be  raised,  ordering  and  com- 
manding all  officers,  high  and  low,  and  the  soldiers,  the  said 
Martin  Krygier  as  their  captain  to  acknowledge,  respect,  and 
obey,  according  to  our  good  meaning  and  intention.  Thus 
done  and  given  under  our  hand  and  seal,  September  22,  1659, 
at  New  Amsterdam.  P.  Stuyvesant." 

"  P.  Stuyvesant,  in  behalf  of  West  India   Company,  &c.  Sept.  23. 
Know  ye,  that  in  consequence  of  unexpected  advices  from  commission 
their  excellencies,  Jacob  Alricks  and  William  Beekman,  for  *«  krygier 

'  _  _  '  and  Van 

the  purpose  of  preserving  and  protecting  the  concerns  of  the  Ruyven,  as 
honourable  the  company's  colonies  and  the  city  of  Amster-  ^'^"^'^ 
dam,  we  have  commissioned,  authorized  and  despatched,  by 
these  presents,  our  trusty  and  well-beloved  honourable  Corne- 
lius Van  Ruyven,  secretary,  and  Captain  Martin  Krygier, 
burgomaster  of  this  city,  and  according  to  instructions  already 
given  them,  or  hereafter  to  be  given,  on  receipt  of  broader 
and  better  advice  respecting  the  government  and  security  of 
those  places,  to  establish  all  possible  and  prompt  orders,  and 

•  Albany  Records,  vol.  xix.  pp.  331,  332. 


268  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.     by  these  presents,  all  and  every  one  to  whom  these  presents 
'    '    '     shall  be  shown,  or  to  whom  they  may  appertain,  commanding 
and  summoning  our  aforesaid  commissioners,  viz.  Cornelius 
Van  Ruyven  and  Martin  Krygier,  as  such,  according  to  pre- 
sent and  future  instructions,  authorized  to  receive  and  respect, 
and  accept,  on  the  execution  of  these  presents,  and  of  what 
may  tend  to  strengthen  the  interests  of  the  company,  to  give 
them  all  such  advice,  comfort  and  aid  as  it  becomes  them." 
The  ninth  and  tenth  articles  of  instructions  to  Messrs.  Van 
Sept.  23.       Ruyven  and  Krygier,  in  relation  to  Colonel  Utie,  are, 

"  If  the  before-mentioned  Nathaniel  Utie,  be  it  in  person 
Instructions  Or  by  anybody  else,  might  return  for  an  answer  on  his  frivo- 
to  Van  Ruy-  \Q^g  demand,  and  no  less  frivolous  signed  promise,  as  is  said 

ven  and  ,  ,  .  ,..  ..,, 

Krygier  to  to  havo  been  given  nim  in  writing,  the  gentlemen  commis- 
treat  Utie  as  gJoners  are  to  give  unto  him,  as  being  a  spy,  and  wholly  un- 
qualified, no  answer,  until  he  first  exhibits  a  due  qualification 
of  a  state,  parliament,  or  lawful  established  government ;  in 
the  mean  while  to  keep  him  and  his  second  as  hostages,  and 
treat  them  civilly,  until,  they  exhibit  better  qualifications,  or 
that  other  commissioners  bring  a  more  peculiar  and  better 
answer  from  any  state,  prince,  parliament,  or  lawful  govern- 
ment, to  the  end  we  may  be  duly  acquainted  where,  how,  and 
on  whom  we  may  take  satisfaction  for  the  costs  and  expenses 
already  been  at,  or  yet  to  be  at,  in  the  maintenance  and  de- 
fence of  our  own. 

"  The  said  Utie  returning  or  not  retui'ning,  they  will  fill  up 
Commission  the  commissiou  delivered  them  in  blank,  and  despatch  the 
maus  to'go'to  pcrsous  therein  named,  or  to  be  named,  with  all  speed,  to  the 
.Maryland,     govcmor  of  Maryland,  if  they  can  conveniently  be  despatched 
from  thence,  and  may  have  a  speedy  answer  back  again.     If 
the  same  cannot,  according  as  they  find  matters,  be  done  bet- 
ter and  more  speedily  from  hence,  then  to  cause  Mr.  Augustus 
Heermans,  with  all  speed,  to  return  hither,  to  despatch  his  com- 
mission from  hence.    In  the  mean  while,  they  will  endeavour  to 
[obtain  as]  much  intelligence  as  in  any  ways  is  possible,  to  [from 
our]  good  friend  at  Beren  Island,  for  our  and  their  use."^ 
Governor  Stuyvesant  having  heard  of  Colonel  Utie's  visit 
Sept.  23.       to,  and  conduct  at  South  River,  resolves  to  send  two  commis- 
sioners to  Maryland,  and  appoints  Augustine  Heermans  and 
Resolved  Waldron  for  that  purpose,  with  the  following  com- 
mission and  instructions : 

•  A.  P.  S.  MSS.  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  98. 


and  Wal- 
dron. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  269 

"Peter  Stuyvesant,  in  behalf  of  the  high  and  mighty  1659. 
lords  States-General  of  the  United  Provinces,  the  noble  lords  "  '  ' 
overseers  of  the  authorized  West  India  Company,  as  director- 
general  of  New  Netherlands,  Curacoe,  Bonaire, (?)  Araba,  and  commission 
the  appurtenants  of  them,  with  advice  of  the  lords  of  the  t^n^^f™"" 
council,  to  all  men  that  these  shall  come  to  see  and  hear,  iieermana 
salut.  We  make  known  that  we  have  qualified,  authorized, 
and  have  given  power,  as  we  do  qualify,  authorize,  and  give 
power,  by  these  presents,  to  Sirs  Augustine  Heermans  and 
Resolved  Waldron,  as  our  trusty  ambassadors,  to  address 
themselves  to  the  honourable  Josias  Fendall,  governor  of 
Maryland,  and  after  the  delivery  of  the  copy  of  this  and 
letter  to  his  honour,  in  a  friendly  and  neighbourly  way,  to 
request  the  redelivery  and  restitution  of  such  free  people  and 
servants  as  for  debt  and  other  ways  have  been  fled,  and  as  to 
us  is  given  to  understand,  that  for  the  most  part  are  residing 
in  his  honour's  government,  especially  about  a  year  since  have 
gone  out  of  this  colony  of  the  high,  well  esteemed  lords  go- 
vernors of  the  city  of  Amsterdam ;  which  if  you  do,  we  are 
ready  to  assure  you,  that  in  maintaining  of  good  justice  and 
neighbourly  duty,  to  do  the  same  beside  all  those  that  may 
come  runaways  to  us  out  of  any  of  your  neighbour  govern- 
ments ;  otherwise,  if  contrarywise  your  honour  shall  make 
any  exception  or  delay  upon  this  friendly  and  neighbourly 
representation  then  to  his  honour,  as  also  to  the  council  or 
any  that  this  may  concern,  to  make  it  known,  that  we  shall 
be  enforced,  lege  talionis,  to  publish  and  to  grant  all  liberty 
and  stay  free  from  arrests,  and  recess  to  all  planters,  (ser- 
vants and  negroes  included,)  which  are  now  out  of  his  honour's 
government,  or  hereafter  shall  come  to  us. 

"  Secondly,  we  do  command  our  aforesaid  ambassadors  and 
agents  to  make  known  to  the  lord  governor  and  his  council 
what  has  passed  about  the  coming  and  arrival  of  one  Nathaniel 
Utie,  in  the  aforesaid  colony  of  New  Amstel,  seeking  to  sub- 
orn and  induce  the  inhabitants  of  the  high  and  mighty  lords 
of  the  said  colony  to  rebellion  from  their  legal  commander 
and  our  nation,  and  further,  without  lawful  order,  act,  or 
qualification  from  any  state,  prince,  parliament,  or  govern- 
ment, showing  only  an  authorized  instruction  or  cartabel, 
without  time  or  place,  or  when  written,  nor  by  order  of  any 
state,  province,  or  parliament  or  government  subscribed,  de- 
manding, and  in  case  of  refusal,  threatening  our  said  fortress 

za 


Heermans 
and  Wal- 
dron. 


270  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.  to  blood,  with  the  said  colony  of  New  Amstel,  thereto  adding 
"  '  '  the  said  fortress,  within  the  time  of  three  weeks,  (in  case  the 
same  was  not  surrendered  willingly,)  with  power  of  people  to 
Commission  invade  by  way  of  hostility,  which  is  altogether  contrary  to 
tfonsl^*™""  *^®  articles  the  2d,  3d,  16th  and  last  of  the  confederacy  and 
peace  between  the  republic  of  England  and  the  Netherlands, 
in  1654  made ;  and  also  we,  out  of  the  said  conceived  in- 
struction, by  Colonel  Nathaniel  Utie  delivered  to  the  lords 
directors  of  the  said  colony  of  New  Amstel,  cannot  conceive 
any  higher  power  or  authority,  or  order  to  such  seditious  pro- 
ceedings and  persuasions  to  the  subjects,  from  their  legal 
lords  and  own  nation,  and  far  less  for  to  demand  and  threaten 
such  places,  where  their  undoubted  right  can  be  shown  by 
patent  of  the  high  and  mighty  lords  States-General,  granted 
to  the  noble  lords  overseers  of  the  West  India  Company ; 
further,  by  bargain  and  sale,-  and  deeds  of  the  natives,  and 
possession  above  these  forty  years,  which  is  then  contrary  to 
the  law  of  nations,  and  contrary  to  the  forementioned  articles 
of  peace,  to  this  time  as  yet  entirely  observed,  to  whose 
judgment  and  decision  all  questions,  (if  there  should  arise  any 
between  both  nations,)  first  must  be  reserved,  according  to  the 
last  article  of  the  peace,  where  our  own  forenamed  ambassa- 
dors are  especially  authorized  and  commanded  seriously  to 
request  the  foresaid  lord  governor  and  his  council,  by  virtue 
of  the  foresaid  articles  of  peace,  to  give  us  right  and  justice 
against  the  said  Colonel  Nathaniel  Utie,  with  reparation  of 
damages  already  sustained  by  his  frivolous  demands  and 
bloody  threatening ;  in  conservation  of  our  plantations  in  the 
South  River,  and  hereafter  may  be  enforced  to  do.^  And 
further,  by  these  our  open  commission,  do  request  that  the 
above-mentioned  ambassadors,  Augustine  Heermans  and  Re- 
solved Waldron,  as  our  trusty  agents,  according  to  the  law 
of  nations,  may  be  received,  heard,  and  full  credit  may  be 
given,  promising  to  ratify  and  to  approve,  and  to  hold  of 
force  what  shall  be  done  by  them  according  to  the  commis- 
sion, as  if  such  was  done  by  ourself.  These  we  have  given 
under  our  ordinary  cachet  and  signature,  in  Amsterdam,  in 
New  Netherlands,  the  23d  of  September,  anno  one  thousand 
six  hundred  and  fifty-nine. 

"  P.  Stuyvesant. 


'  Something   seems  to  be  wanting  in  the  preceding  sentence  to  render  the 
sense  of  it  complete  ;  but  it  is  as  above  in  the  record. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  271 

«By  command  of  the  lord   director-general  of  the  New    1659. 
Netherlands,  Curracoe,  &c.,  and  the  lords  of  the  council.  '    '    ' 

"  C.  V.  RuYVEN,  Secretary."^ 

The  commissioners  bore  the  following  letter  from  Stuyve- 
sant,  objecting  to  the  conduct  and  demands  of  Colonel  Utie,  sopt.  23. 
and  informing  the  governor  and  council   of  their  appoint- 
ment : 

"  Honourable  lords — We  have  with  great  astonishment  un-  Letter  to 
derstood  how  that  one  Colonel  Nathaniel  Utie,  of  late,  with-  go^e>-°°'-,  ac 

1  •  1  1  1         r    ^  T  r"  •  ^^  Maryland, 

out  that  there  is  yet  showed  to  us  any  lawiul  qualification,  from  oen.  p. 
commission,  or  order  from  any  state  or  government,  but  only  stuyvesant, 
upon  a  seditious  cartabel,  in  form  of  an  instruction,  without 
inserting  any  time  or  place,  or  where  or  from  whom,  or  in 
whose  name,  order,  or  authority  it  was  written,  only  sub- 
scribed Philip  Calvert,  secretary,  is  come  to  us  within  our 
government  and  colony  of  New  Amstel,  and  upon  the  same 
so  formed  instruction,  hath  demanded  the  foresaid  places  and 
colony  of  New  Amstel,  and  upon  refusal,  hath  threatened  the 
governor,  council  and  inhabitants  of  the  place  to  blood,  in 
case  that  the  foresaid  fortress  and  colony  is  not  rendered  will- 
ingly within  the  time  and  space  of  three  weeks,  and  to  come 
again  by  force  of  people  to  enforce  the  same  by  way  of  hos- 
tility to  invade  the  same.  And  moreover,  the  inhabitants  of 
the  said  place  subject  to  the  high  and  mighty  lords  States- 
General  of  the  United  Provinces,  have  sought  to  alienate, 
and  to  induce  to  rebellion  from  their  lawful  commander  and 
our  nation,  which  is  also  directly  against  the  confederacy 
peace  articles  between  the  republic  of  England  and  the  above 
said  high  and  mighty  lords  States-General  of  the  United 
Provinces,  made  in  the  year  1654 ;  and  whereas  the  afore- 
mentioned Colonel  Nathaniel  Utie,  in  his  discourse,  did  make 
mention  as  if  he  by  you  thereto  was  qualified  and  commanded, 
which  nevertheless  we,  out  of  the  aforesaid  pretended  in- 
struction, in  noways  can  be  induced  to  believe ;  therefore  we 
have,  to  avoid  all  misunderstanding  between  these  govern- 
ments' people  and  subjects,  thought  fit  to  send  to  you  as 
agents  and  ambassadors,  our  well-beloved  and  trusty  Augus- 
tine Heermans  and  Resolved  Waldron,  for  to  remonstrate  all 
what  is  aforesaid,  and  how  ill  those  odious  proceedings  will 
be  taken  by  the  high  and  mighty  lords  States-General,  the 

>  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  iii.  p.  371—373.     MSS.  A.  P.  S.  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol. 
iv.  p.  97. 


272  J.  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.  lords  overseers  of  the  West  India  Company,  and  the  high 
"  '  ^  esteemed  lords  and  governors  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  as 
they  are  taken  now  already  so  by  us,  and  to  request  for  what 
is  past,  in  reference  to  the  articles  of  peace,  and  in  a  kind 
and  neighbourly  way,  the  apprehension  of  certain  fugitives  : 
all  this  in  conformity  to  their  commission.  These  are  only 
to  serve  for  their  address  and  safe-conduct,  and  we  accord- 
ingly request,  that  the  foresaid  our  commissioners,  according 
to  the  right  of  nations,  may  be  credited  and  believed  as  our 
trusty  ambassadors,  which  we,  in  like  occasions,  at  all  times, 
shall  be  willing  to  acknowledge,  and  remain  in  all  other  ob- 
servations, which  we  trust  shall  be  accepted  in  all  cordiality. 
«  Honoured  lords,  your  affectionate  friends  and  neighbours, 

"P.  Stuyvesant. 
"By  command  of  the  lords  overseers  general,  and  lords 
councillors  of  New  Netherland.     C.  V.  Ruyven,  Secretary. 

"  Dated  Fort  Amsterdam,  in  New  Netherland,   the  23d 
September,  1659."i 

Immediately  on  their  arrival  near  Fort  Christina,  Messrs. 
Sept.  28.  Van  Ruyven  and  Krygier  inform  Alricks  of  the  fact,  in  a 
Letter  from  letter  dated  28th  September.  After  acknowledging  receipt 
Ind  lr7-''°  ^^  ^  ^^"^^  ^^^^  Alricks,  of  the  9th,  they  say,  "  Though  the 
giertoAi-  director-general's  present  situation,  with  regard  to  savages, 
ricks,  m-       forbids,  yet  the  serious  and  earnest  entreaties  for  any  succour 

forming  of  '   •'  _  •'        _ 

arrival  with  of  men,  victuals,  and  powder,  and  that  your  honour  did  nci 
Gre^rt'eTe-  P^sscss  morc  than  eight  men,  soldiers,  two  adelborsten,  and 
ditioninout  one  scrgeaut,  besides  the  citizens  are  but  few  in  number,  and 
*'■  unwilling  to  fight,  because  the  city,  as  your  honour  says,  has 

broken  her  conditions,  and  rendered  them  less  favourable ; 
and  further,  that  your  honour  is  full  of  apprehension  with 
regard  to  the  threatening  neighbours,  whose  pretensions  and 
demands  are  entirely  frivolous,  is  yet,  on  same  day,  by  said 
director-general  and  council,  to  afford  you,  and  the  whole 
world,  how  deep  an  interest  they  feel  in  the  security  of  this 
South  River,  which  has  now  been  in  possession  of  the  privi- 
leged West  India  Company  more  than  thirty-six  years,  re- 
solved and  determined  to  send  me  here  with  a  force  of  sixty 
men,  in  succour,  under  the  military  command  of  the  valiant 
Captain  Martin  Krygier,  which  was  instantaneously  executed 
and  promoted  with  such  speed,  that  in  less  than  three  days, 
every  article  required  for  such  an  expedition  was  in  readiness, 

»  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  iii.  p.  370,  371. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  273 

■with  which  we  embarked  at  the  Manhattans,  in  three  barques,  1659. 
sailed  from  there  on  23d  instant,  and  this  instant  arrived,  "  '  ' 
which  is  therefore  directly  communicated  to  you,  so  that 
either  you  may,  on  receipt  of  this,  come  directly  to  see  us  in 
Fortress  Altona,  or  send  your  deputies,  provided  that  they 
are  persons  endowed  with  sufficient  knowledge  and  qualifica- 
tions to  assist  in  considering  and  arresting  the  use  of  such 
orders  and  means  as  might  be  serviceable  for  the  maintenance, 
preservation,  and  defence  of  this  excellent  South  River,  and 
particularly  the  colony  of  New  Amstel.  With  which  com- 
mending you,  (fee,  your  affectionate  friends, 

"  C.  Van  Rutven, 
"Martin  Krygier. 

"  Done  at  South  River  of  New  Netherland,  in  the  yacht, 
between  Forts  New  Amstel  and  Altona." 

At  foot  was  written — '<  Sir,  \yhereas,  before  sealing  this 
letter,  the  Lieutenant  D'Hinoyossa,  with  other  persons,  ar- 
rived on  board  our  vessel,  so  we  understood  by  them  of  your 
indisposition,  on  which  we  resolved  to  proceed  and  cast  anchor 
before  New  Amstel,  and  to  visit  you  in  person. 

("Arms  of  city  Hoorn.")^ 

Messrs.  Van  Ruyven  and  Krygier  censure  Alricks^  as  the 
cause  of  all  the  misfortunes  of  New  Amstel.     They  require  vanRuyren, 
the  fifty  soldiers  sent  back  who  had  been  sent  from  Manhat-  ^i^i^^^^^^g'' 
tan  to  defend  New  Amstel,  and  say  it  is  his  duty  to  keep  up  cause  of 
that  number,  which  would  have  prevented  runaways,  and  that  ^'^ew  Am- 
he  must  collect  them ;  charge  him  as  the  author  of  all  the  stei. 
calamities  which  befell  New  Amstel ;  insist  on  his  recovering 
it ;  "  must  supply  soldiery  from  the  colonists,  who  are  unwill- 
ing to  enter  into  the  service  of  the  city  unless  Krygier  re- 
mains," being  willing,  under  him,  to  defend  the  place  to  the 
last  man.    "  In  such  a  bad  name  is  this  place,  (New  Amstel,) 
that  the  whole  river  cannot  wash  it  off,  and  would  to  God  that 
it  remained  here,  and  that  it  was  not  openly  proclaimed  in 
our  fatherland,  to  the  scorn  of  this  whole  province.     And 
now  concerning  the  freemen,  as  we  have  learned  by  experience 
that  your  honour  compels  them  to  remain  here,  notwithstand- 
ing they  declared  their  distressed  situation,  that  they  cannot 
find  employ  here,  and  are  willing  to  oblige  themselves  under 
oath  not  to  leave  before  payment  of  their  debts  to  your  ho- 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xviii.  pp.  466,  467. 
2  No  dale,  but  between  Sept.  23  and  Oct.  1. 
35 


274 


J.  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


1659. 


Tan  Ruyren 
and  Krygier 
censure  Al- 
ricks. 


Soldiers  at 
Altona. 


General 
war  with  sa- 
Tages  pro- 


Soldiers  of 
New  Amstcl 
disobey  or- 
ders of  Kry- 
gier.   Justi- 
fied by  Al- 
ricks. 


nour,  whicli  management  is  too  slavish  and  odious  for  a  free 
nation,  and  in  our  opinion  not  in  unison  with  the  intention 
of  the  noble  lords  of  Amsterdam.  All  this  your  honour  may 
reply  is  untrue  ;  that  you  allow  every  one  to  depart  when  he 
pays ;  but  they  reply,  '  When  we  were  able  to  pay  for  our  pas- 
sage, we  offered  to  honourable  Alricks,  and  with  folded  hands, 
to  accept  it  for  payment  of  debts ;  he  declined,  saying  we  were 
bound  to  stay  four  years ;  now  we  have  spent  all  our  little 
pittance,  from  hunger,  anxiety,  and  misery,  and  have  nothing 
left.'  It  would,  in  our  opinion,  stem  and  soften  the  odious 
clamour,  and  remove  blame  from  you,  to  permit  such  as  can 
find  no  employment  here,  depart  to  Manhattan,  provided  they 
can  give  security  for  arrears  to  the  city ;  if  not,  that  they 
engage  on  oath  not  to  leave  the  province  without  your  con- 
sent or  on  payment.  We  cannot  perceive  any  advantage  by 
compelling  them  to  remain.  It  ought  not  to  be  that  we  should 
leave  them  to  perish  by  famine,  trouble,  and  cold,  though  the 
rumour  is  afloat  that  many  have  actually  died  by  hunger ;  this 
would  not  be  in  unison  with  the  duties  of  a  Christian  ;  then 
it  follows  we  must  at  least  provide  them  with  necessaries  and 
clothing,  by  which  their  debts  are  increasing ;  then  again  is 
the  hope  that  those  who  go  to  Manhattan  will,  some  day  or 
other,  pay ;  otherwise,  in  despair  they  will  run  oflf  to  Virginia, 
than  which  it  is  better  they  should  run  to  Manhattan." 

They  speak  of  the  transfer  of  the  colonists,  ten  or  twelve 
unwilling  to  enter  into  a  residence  in  the  city,  and  placing 
them  provisionally  in  Fortress  Altona,  under  command  of 
Beekman ;  besides  these,  twenty  men  more  in  garrison  there 
for  defence  of  fortress ;  that  he  shall  employ  as  many  sol- 
diers as  we  take  colonists  in  service  of  this  colony  and  For- 
tress New  Amstel. 

The  director-general  suggests  the  propriety  of  a  general 
war  with  the  savages  ;  has  written  to  fatherland  ;  at  present 
needs  the  galliot,  and  requests  it,  provided  another  good  ves- 
sel is  found  for  the  contemplated  voyage. 

Reminds  him  that  Captain  Krygier,  as  it  is  our  custom  to 
clean  and  place  every  thing  in  proper  order  in  our  Fort  Am- 
sterdam, commanded  some  of  the  soldiers  whom  we  conducted 
hither  to  clean  half  the  Fortress  New  Amstel,  which  was  an- 
nually effected,  and  that  each  person  might  do  something,  so 
commanded  aforesaid  your  sergeant,  Bernard  Stoodcur,  to  do 
the  same  on  the  other  part  of  the  fort,  with  his  men.     "  It 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  275 

is  forbidden  me  by  honourable  Alrieks  and  Lieutenant  Hino-     1659. 
yossa,  to  obey  any  other  command  than  theirs,"  was  the  an-     "    '    ' 
swer,  which  sounding  in  our  ears  as  an  uncommon  trumpet, 
we  directly  addressed  the  honourable  Alrieks,  in  presence  of  D'mnoyossa 
D'Hinoyossa,  declaring  our  surprise,  as  he  must  know,  by  g^^jj^^'g^tlf 
our  credentials  and  instructions,  with  Avhat  high  commission  clean  the 
we  were  endowed ;  wherefore  we  should  wish  to  know  if  it  [^Jer'sTrdMs' 
was  done  with  his  knowledge.     It  proved  true,  both  saying 
that  the  city's  servants  were  not  holden,  agreeably  to  their 
oath,  to  obey  any  other  commands  than  those  of  the  city ; 
and  Hinoyossa  further  declared  that  no  one,  while  he  held 
commission,  should  exercise  command  over  him,  or  the  sol- 
diers of  the  city,  and  such  other  discourse  which  should  not 
be  passed  by  without  protest,  yet  we  do  it,  as  it  might  lead 
to  discussions,  &c.  to  be  avoided ;  we  trace  it,  however,  to  the 
oath  which  had  been  taken,  excluding  the  directors  of  the 
West  India  Company ;  propose  its  alteration.*^ 

It  appears  from   the  following  letter  of   Beekman,   that  September. 
Stuyvesant  was  not  altogether  satisfied  with  the  manner  of 
conducting  the  first  interview  with  Colonel  Utie  : 

<'  I  received  your  communication  and  a  body  of  soldiers.  Director-ge- 
Alricks  and  I  received  your  letter  by  Van  Ruyven,  and  ob-  p^j'gpj'^^tig 
serve  you  are  displeased  we  did  not  detain  Utie.     I  was  in-  was  not  ar- 
clined  to  do   so,   and  actually  proposed  it  to  Alrieks  and  Beekman 
D'Hinoyossa,  they  fearing  great  calamities  from  it,  and  a  excuses  wm- 
revolt  of  the  citizens.    We  have  heard  no  more  of  the  English, 
except  a  report  that  Colonel  Utie  had  gone  to  see  the  gover- 
nor.    The  sheriff  and  commissary,  instead  of  sending  eight 
or  ten  men,  speak  of  your  sending  by  Huygens,  not  to  pro- 
voke war,  and  that  you  would  send  men  to  protect  against 
the  savages."^ 

Van  Ruyven,  &c.  write  to  Alrieks  in  rather  a  fault-finding  oct.  i. 
style,  charging  him  with  want  of  energy  in  raising  troops,  &c.  Letter  from 
They  urge  him  most  seriously  to  complete  and  maintain  fifty  ^^^  ^^^^ 
soldiers,  sent  by  director-general  when,  on  account  of  proba-  Airicks,  ccn- 
blc  war  with  the  savages,  they  could  be  badly  spared,  and  f""no^tr!S- 
ought  to  be  returned  thither  with  all  speed.     They  charge  mg  or  using 
him  with  using  no  effectual  efforts  to  enlist.    "  Did  one  of  the 
city  oflScers  stir  one  single  foot  towards  this  object,  or  shall  it 
be  urged  it  was  published  by  beat  of  drum  ?  but  no  person 
arrived.     This  was  known  beforehand,  that  no  one  would  be 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xviii.  pp.  423,  424.  2  Hjjj.  vol.  xvii.  p.  12. 


276 


1659. 


Cct  14. 


Letter  from 
West  India 
Company  to 
P.  Stuyre- 
Bant,  on 
state  of  co- 
lony.   Al- 
ricks  cen- 
Eured.     Plan 
proposed  for 
improving  it. 


J.  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

obtained  in  this  manner,  at  least  not  from  the  inhabitants, 
because  the  great  majority  who  did  yet  remain  in  the  city 
service  are  dissatisfied  with  the  magistrates  of  this  colony, 
for  what  reasons  must  be  best  known  to  your  honour ;"  *  * 
"  but  [these]  persons  ought  to  have  been  encouraged  by  offers 
of  favourable  terms  and  salary,  as  is  the  usage  in  fatherland, 
and  anywhere  else,  in  such  a  great  distress."  "But  what 
excuse  can  be  made  why  the  soldiers  on  the  Whorekill,  as  we 
were  promised  last  September,  were  not  commanded  to  march 
hither,  or  have  not  arrived."  "It  is  indeed  too  absurd,  that 
the  director-general  and  council  should  bereave  their  own 
places,  of  far  greater  consequence,  of  the  necessary  soldiers, 
and  send  them  hither  for  succour,  and  that  you  should  not 
send  for  your  own  soldiers,  but  leave  them  to  guard  one  or  two 
houses,  built  apparently  more  for  private  views  than  for  the 
welfare  of  the  country,  and  employ  sixteen  or  eighteen  for 
this  purpose."^     [The  remainder  lost.] 

The  unfortunate  situation  of  the  colony  still  continues,  and 
the  directors  of  the  company  in  Amsterdam  give  vent  to  their 
feelings  in  the  following  letter  to  the  director-general  in  New 
Amsterdam : 

"  We  heard  with  regret  the  indifferent  situation  of  the  co- 
lony of  this  city  on  South  River,  and  especially  the  elope- 
ment of  its  inhabitants  into  Virginia,  and  other  adjacent 
districts.  While  we  consider  this  a  symptom  which  threatens 
a  total  ruin  of  said  colony,  without  even  a  distant  prospect 
of  gathering  the  fruits  of  the  expenses  of  this  establishment, 
which  is  not  only  injurious  to  the  undertakers  of  this  great 
enterprise,  but  very  injurious  to  our  interests  in  general,  as 
it  will  bring  us  into  disrepute  witli  our  neighbours.  As  this 
misfortune  seems  to  have  been  originated  chiefly  on  the  too 
rigid  preciseness  of  the  Director  Alricks,  who  would  not  per- 
mit the  colonists  to  settle  in  the  Manhattans,  notwithstanding 
their  offer  to  pay  their  debts  to  the  colony,  or  to  procure  bail 
for  those  to  his  contentment,  so  it  is  highly  becoming  that 
you  should  endeavour  to  divert  him  from  this  plan  as  soon  as 
it  can  be  done,  and  expose  to  him  the  serious  consequences 
of  this  case,  in  a  plain  and  intelligible  manner.  Your  honour 
might  show  him  that  it  would  be  far  preferable,  if  he  would, 
in  this  critical  moment,  make  voluntarily  an  offer  to  the  re- 
maining creditors,  to  settle  in  the  Manhattans,  provided  they 

'   Albany  Records,  vol.  xviii.  pp.  425,  426. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  277 

give  bonds  for  the  debts  which  they  are  yet  owing,  while  in    1659. 
this  case  their  recovery  may  sooner  or  later  be  expected,     "    •    ' 
which  is  utterly  hopeless  and  impracticable,  if  they  move  from 
the  district  of  the  company,  and  settle  anywhere  else.     In  Letter  from 
case,  however,  the  said  director  does  persist  in  his  opinion,  company  To 
and  might  reclaim  colonists  who  have  already  settled  in  Man-  p.  stuyve- 
hattan,  so  it  is  your  duty  not  to  compel  them  to  compliance,  tfnued."'^ 
as  it  was  your  opinion  to  put  in  practice.     It  will  further  be 
of  service  to  solicit  the  return  of  those  who  did  emigrate  to 
Virginia,  and  other  neighbouring  districts,  if  it  is  feasible, 
and  employ  all  such  means  as  you  may  deem  the  most  effica- 
cious, to  obtain  this  end." 

"  The  suspicions  and  apprehensions  which  have  ai-isen  with  swedes. 
regard  to  the  Swedish  nation  which  are  remaining  in  the 
South  River,  and  that  the  English  might  be  tempted  to  some 
enterprise  against  us,  under  their  name  and  colours,  cannot 
be  prevented ;  more  so  while  your  honour,  although  without 
any  bad  intention,  did  place  the  arms  in  their  hands,  not  only 
by  the  permission  to  form  themselves  into  a  company  of  the 
militia,  but  by  appointing  officers  of  the  same  nation  to  said 
company ;  whereas  they  ought  to  have  been  separated  one 
from  another,  and  have  been  amalgamated  with  our  inhabit- 
ants, as  we  at  large  developed  in  our  letter  of  13th  February. 
We  persist  yet  in  the  same  sentiment,  to  which  therefore  your 
honour  is  recommended  to  conform  yourself,  before  they  can, 
in  alliance  with  their  neighbours,  take  any  advantage  of  us."^ 

The  commissioners  proceeded  to  Maryland,  and  on  the  16th  oct.  le. 
of  October,  obtained  a  hearing  of  "a  council  held  at  Patux-  Meeting  of 
ent,  at  which  were  present  the  governor,  secretary.  Captain  of\ia^iand 
William  Stone,  Thomas  Gerrard,  Luke  Barber,  Colonel  Na-  andthecom- 
thaniel  Utie,  Baker  Brooke,  and  Edward  Lloyd."  The  commis-  Deitverrof 
sioners  presented  their  credentials,  and  the  letter  from  Stuy-  letters  and 

I'll-  •  -nw         1     >>  -n        T    1       ii>  1  1  instructions. 

vesant,  which  bemg  in  "Dutch,  were  "Englished  by  order 
of  council,  by  Simon  Oversee ;  after  which  they  delivered  the 
following 

"  Declaration  and  manifestation  by  way  of  speech,  deli-  Declaration 
vered  unto  the  honourable  governor  and  council  of  the  pro-  tL^co^il^- 
vince  of  Maryland,  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  from  and  in  behalf  sioners. 
of  the  honourable  governor-general  and  council  of  the  pro- 
vince of  New  Netherlands. 

"  Notifying  first  and  foremost  the  ancient  original  right 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  pp.  310 — 312. 
2A 


278  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.     and  title  the  subjects  of  the  high  and  mighty  States-General 
'    '    '     of  the  United  Provinces,  under  the  propriety  of  the  lords  of 
the  West  India  Company  of  Amsterdam,  in  Holland,  have 
Declaration    unto  the  provinco  of  the  New  Netherlands,  latituded  from  38 
the'com^s-^  to  about  42,  by  the  great  ocean  sea,  and  from  thence     *     * 
sioners,  con-  all     *     *     islauds  and  main  continent,  northerly  up  to  the 
"*"^^-         river  of  Canada,  on  the  west  side,  Virginia  and  now  Mary- 
land, upon  the  great  bay  of  Chesapeake,  and  on  the  east, 
New  England,     To  say,  that  their  ancient  right  and  title  to 
that  part    of  the  new-found  world  of  America;  both  in  a 
manner  derived  to  them,  first  from  the  king  of  Spain,  as  then 
subjects  or  vassals  to  the  first  finder  and  fundator  of  that 
new  world,  who,  after  war  and  peace  in  those  days  concludeth, 
did  renounce  and  give  over  unto  the  United  Republic  of  the 
Seven  Provinces  aforesaid,  all  his  right  and  title  of  those 
countries  and  dominions  they  have  then  in  process  of  time 
conquered  and  seated  in  Europe,  America,   and  elsewhere, 
whereof  the  abovesaid  province  of  the  New  Netherlands,  the 
Island  of  Curracoe,  and  Brazil,  became  the  true  proper  inhe- 
ritance to  the  Dutch  nation  in  those  parts,  in  that  respect. 

"  Secondly,  as  for  the  generality,  the  French  were,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  God  Almighty  1524,  the  second  followers 
of  the  discovery  in  the  northern  parts  of  this  America,  by 
Jehan  De  Verazzano,  a  Florentine ;  then  came  the  English 
and  Dutch  afterward  also,  and  took  possession  in  the  parts 
we  are  in  now,  for  since  the  year  1006  or  1607  to  about  1618 
or  1620,  the  English  established  and  seated  their  colony  of 
Virginia,  by  distinct  patent,  from  the  degree  34  to  about  38 ; 
the  Dutch  the  Manhattans,  from  38  to  42,  and  New  England 
from  the  degree  42  to  45.  The  French  claim  in  Florida  and 
in  Canada,  (Spain,  the  West  Indies  or  Mexico ;  the  Portu- 
guese, Brazil ;)  and  thus  is  this  New  World  divided  amongst 
the  Christian  princes  of  Europe,  by  communication  of  each 
other's  ambassadors  agreed  upon ;  out  of  which  reason  King 
James  of  England  did  will,  command,  and  require  that  the 
colony  or  province  of  Virginia,  and  the  province  of  New 
England  should  remain  asunder,  and  not  meet  together  within 
the  distance  and  space  of  a  hundred  leagues,  which  was  al- 
lotted for  the  Dutch  plantations,  then  called  by  the  general 
name  of  Manhattans,  after  the  name  of  the  Indians  they 
were  first  seated  by.  And  is  here  to  be  noted  that  they 
deeply  mistake  themselves  who  interpret  the  general  name 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  279 

of  Manhattans  aforesaid,  unto  the  particular  town  built  upon  1659. 
a  little  island,  because,  as  it  is  said,  it  signified  the  whole  '  '  ' 
country  and  province,  or  at  least  that  particular  place  in  that 

province ;  as  per  example,  like  it  is  frequent  still  to  this  day  Declaration 

amongst  some  to  say  <to  go  or  come  from  the  Manhattans,'  °1^p^^^^°^ 

o  *'  o  ^  ^  7     Uie  commis- 

when  they  mean  the  whole  province,  like  unto  Virginia  or  sioners,  con- 
Maryland,  for  that  particular  town  itself  is  never  named  the  "°"®'^" 
Manhattans,  but  New  Amsterdam.  And  as  for  the  South 
River,  or  as  it  is  called  by  the  English  Delaware :  in  the  par- 
ticular, the  said  river  was  in  the  primitive  time  likewise  pos- 
sessed, and  a  colony  planted  in  the  western  shore,  within  the 
mouth  of  the  South  Cape,  called  the  Hoorekill  to  this  day. 
The  Dutch  nation  erecting  there  and  all  over  the  country 
their  states-arms  and  a  little  fort,  but  after  some  time  they 
were  all  slain  and  murdered  by  the  Indians,  so  that  the  pos- 
sessions and  propriety  of  this  river  at  the  first  in  his  infancy, 
is  sealed  up  with  the  blood  of  a  great  many  souls.  After 
this,  in  the  year  1623,  the  Fort  Nassau  was  built  about  fifteen 
leagues  up  the  river,  on  the  eastern  shore,  besides  many  other 
places  of  the  Dutch,  and  the  Dutch  Swedes  to  and  again 
settled,  until  it  thought  the  governor-general  and  council  good 
to  remove  the  said  Fort  Nassau,  in  the  year  1650,  downwards 
to  the  western  shore  again,  and  there  to  fix  a  town,  as  it  is  to 
this  day,  no  man  ever  making  any  protest  or  claim,  from 
Maryland  or  Virginia,  against  it.  We  say  furthermore,  to 
have  the  propriation  and  just  right  and  title  of  that  whole 
river,  (and  all  our  abovesaid  province,)  also  lawfully  obtained 
and  legally  bought  from  the  natural  proprietors  the  native 
Indians,  especially  the  western  shore,  from  time  to  time 
hitherto,  as  far  and  more  within  land  to  the  west,  as  our  line 
and  limits  as  yet  are  extended  and  seated.  By  virtue  of  all 
which,  and  the  right  and  title  above-mentioned,  Ave  have  always 
maintained  and  defended  the  said  river  against  all  usurpers 
and  obstructors,  as  it  is  publicly  known  to  this  day,  and  shall 
do  for  ever. 

"  Thirdly,  from  that  primitive  time  aforesaid  have  the 
Dutch  nation  in  the  province  of  the  New  Netherlands,  and 
the  English  nation  in  the  province  of  Virginia  and  Maryland 
aforesaid,  always  friendly  and  neighbourly  corresponded  to- 
gether, and  that  which  is  very  well  to  be  noted  [by  yourjself 
in  the  last  open  war,  without  any  claim,  injury,  or  molesta- 
tion one  to  another ;  until,  upon  the  8th  day  of  September, 


280  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.     tliis  running  year  1659,  Colonel  Nathaniel  Utie  came  to  our 
' — '~^     aforesaid  South  River,  (by  the  English  called  Delaware  Bay 
aforesaid,)  into  the  town  and  Fort  New  Amstel,  erected  in  the 
Declaration    year  1650  as  abovesaid,  and  without  any  special  commission 
or  speech  of  ^^  lawful  authority  from  any  state,  prince,  parliament,  or  go- 
eioners,  con-  vemmcnt,  exhibited  only  by  a  piece  of  paper,  a  cartabel,  by 
tinued.        form  of  an  instruction,  from  Philip  Calvert,  secretary,  written 
without  year  or  day,  nor  name  or  place,  were  neither  signed 
nor  sealed  by  any  state,  prince,  parliament,  or  government, 
demandeth  in  a  manner,  and  required  in  a  strange  way,  that 
the  town  and  country  should, be  delivered  and  surrendered  up 
to  the  province  of  Maryland,  as  he  saith,  for  my  Lord  Balti- 
more ;  going  from  house  to  house,  to  seduce  and  draw  the 
inhabitants  to  rebel  and  fall  from  their  right  lawful  lords' 
sovereign  government  and  province,  with  threatening,  in  case 
of  no  present  willing  submission  and  delivery,  to  come  again 
and  bring  them  to  it  by  force  of  arms,  fire  and  sword,  whereto 
he  saith  a  great  company  were  kept  and  held  for  that  pur- 
pose in  readiness ;  nay,  that  the  whole  province  of  Maryland 
should  rise  and  come  to  bring  them  under,  and  that  they  then 
should  be  plundered  and  their  houses  taken  from,  and  so  forth ; 
against  which  action  and  incursions,  and  illegal  proceedings, 
the  deputy-governor  and  magistrates  of  the  aforesaid  river 
and  colony  firmly  have  protested,  and  answer  made  under 
their  own  hand  subscribing,  dated  the  9th  of  September,  1659, 
last  past,  insinuating  that  the  further  occupation  of  that  great 
business  of  consequence  did  belong,  and  must  be  referred  to 
the  honourable  governor-general  and  council  of  the  whole 
province  of  the  New  Netherlands,  of  whom  an  answer  should 
be  expected  within  three  weeks'  time ;  who,  after  aid  and  as- 
sistance done  to  their  subjects  in  the  aforesaid  river,  have  us 
underwritten  as  ambassadors  and  messengers,  with  all  speed 
sent  hither  to  you,  the  honourable  governor  and  council,  as- 
sembly, or  whom  it  any  way  might  concern,  in  the  province 
of  Maryland  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  for  to  declare  and  manifest, 
by  power  and  authority  of  our  commission,  whereof  we  this 
present  deliver  duplicate. 

"  First,  that  the  foresaid  injurious  parts  are  done  not  only 
against  the  law  of  nations,  neighbourly  friendship,  and  com- 
mon equity,  but  also  directly  contrary  to  the  amity,  confede- 
racy, and  peace  made  and  concluded  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
God  Almighty  1654,  between  the  two  nations  of  the  republic 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  281 

of  England  and  the  republic  of  the  United  Provinces,  and    1659. 
their  subjects  all  over  the  world,  viz.  articles  2,  3,  5,  6,  9,     '"  ■ '-'' 
10,  and  16 ;  whereby  we  proclaim  the  said  amity  and  peace 
is  disturbed  and  interrupted  by  the  said  Colonel  Nathaniel  Declaration 
Utie,  or  his  principals  of  the  province  of  Maryland,  against  "^^^^^^^^ 
the  province  of  New  Netherland    aforesaid,   and  therefore  sioners,  con- 
make  protest,  and  by  power  from  the  abovesaid  16th  article  ^"'"^ 
of  peace  and  [do]  demand  justice  and  satisfaction  of  all  those 
wrongs  and  damages  the  province  of  the  New  Netherlands 
and  their  subjects  have  already  by  the  abovesaid  injurious 
proceedings  suffered,  or  as  yet  may  come  to  suffer. 

"  Secondly,  we  demand  the  sending  and  returning  back  to 
our  foresaid  South  River  and  colony,  all  the  Dutch  and 
Swedes  people,  subjects,  runaways,  and  fugitives  which  from 
time  to  time,  especially  this  present  year,  (for  the  most  part 
deeply  *  indebted,  or  delinquents,)  are  come  over  and  re- 
main in  this  province  of  Maryland,  as  it  is  strongly  suspected 
by  means  of  the  abovesaid  odious  and  injurious  design  from 
hand  to  hand  encouraged ;  declaring  that  the  said  honourable 
governor-general  and  council  of  the  New  Netherlands  are  in 
readiness  to  do  the  like  in  sending  and  returning  back  to 
Maryland  all  those  runaways  and  fugitives  which  may  come 
into  their  jurisdiction  and  government  aforesaid ;  which  mani- 
festation in  case  of  not,  that  according  to  lege  talionis,  the 
honourable  governor-general  and  council  of  the  New  Nether- 
lands aforesaid,  hold  themselves  constrained,  necessitated, 
and  excused  to  publish  free  liberty,  access  and  recess  to  all 
planters,  servants,  negroes,  fugitives,  and  runaways  which 
from  time  to  time  may  come  over  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of 
Maryland  into  the  jurisdiction  of  the  New  Netherlands 
aforesaid. 

'<  And  whereas  (to  say  some  things  by  way  of  a  little  dis- 
course to  the  supposed  claim  or  pretence  of  my  Lord  Balti- 
more's patent  unto  our  aforesaid  South  River  or  Delaware 
Bay)  we  utterly  deny,  disown,  and  reject  any  power  and 
authority,  (except  breakers  of  peace,  and  actors  as  public 
enemies,  which  rests  only  upon  their  strength  and  self-will,) 
that  may  or  can  legally  come  to  reduce  or  subdue  the  said 
river  and  subjects  from  their  right  lawful  lords  and  proprie- 
tors, by  whom  it  is  undeniable  justly  and  lawfully  possessed 
and  seated  about  forty  years  ago  as  abovesaid,  when  to  the 
contrary,  the  patent  of  the  said  my  Lord  Baltimore  is  of  no 

36  2  a2 


282 
1659. 


J.  ALRICKS  T^D  W.  BEEKMAN. 


longer  standing  and  settlement  than  about  twenty-four  or 

'^'^    '     twenty-seven  years,   without  any  particular  expressions   or 

special  title  mentioned,  to  take  that  river  of  Delaware  Bay 

Declaration    from  the  Dutch,  uot  iusomuch  as  Sir  Edmund  Ploy[den]  in 

or  speech  of  foj-jngj.  i[j^q  -^vould  make  us  believe  he  hath  unto,  when  it 

the  comnus-  _  '  -     ^ 

6ioners,con-  aftcrward  did  prove,  and  was  found  out,  he  only  subreptifF 
tmued.  ^^^  obreptifF  hath  something  obtained  to  that  purpose  which 
was  invalid.  And  put  the  case,  the  said  my  Lord  Baltimore, 
or  any  other,  hath  any  seeming  title  to  the  aforesaid  river  or 
Delaware  Bay,  then  his  lordship,  according  to  the  30th  article 
of  peace  and  confederacy,  should  have  made  his  repair  before 
the  18th  of  May,  1652,  to  the  honourable  commissioners  ap- 
pointed by  both  states  on  purpose  for  the  determination  of 
such  and  the  like  differences  as  might  have  been  committed 
or  transacted  between  the  two  nations,  in  the  foreign  parts 
of  the  world,  ever  since  the  year  1611  to  the  18th  day  of 
May,  1652,  after  which  time  it  is  in  plain  terms  prohibited, 
and  proclaimed  that  then  no  pretences  more  should  be  ad- 
mitted. 

<'  In  obedience  to  which,  to  prove  the  true  meaning  and 
interpretation  of  the  aforesaid  30th  article,  by  two  evident 
examples  and  witnesses  of  your  own  law,  and  chiefest  autho- 
rity of  the  republic  of  England,  we  say  that  New  England  in 
those  days  claiming  also  some  interest  to  our  limits  from  their 
side,  and  my  lord  protector's  ships  by  open  war  sent  hither 
to  subdue  the  aforesaid  province  of  New  Netherlands  at  the 
other  side,  peace  being  concluded,  renounced  and  deserted, 
upon  that  occasion,  their  design,  and  went  against  the  French ; 
so  that  the  right  and  title  the  Dutch  nation  have  unto  their 
province  of  the  Netherlands  aforesaid,  ever  since  more  and 
more  stands  confirmed  and  ratified.  But  forasmuch  new  mo- 
tion is  made,  and  question  moved  into  our  western  limits,  and 
having  thereupon  observed  and  suspected  the  Bay  of  Chesa- 
peake, in  the  uppermost  parts  therefore  winding  so  much  to 
the  north-east,  to  run  about  Sassafrax  and  Elk  River  into  our 
line,  we  therefore  lay  also  claim  to  those  parts,  until  by  due 
examination  hereafter,  the  truth  hereof  may  be  found  out,  or 
agreed  and  settled  among  us  otherwise. 

"  Lastly,  and  finally  to  conclude,  the  honourable  governor- 
general  and  council  of  the  New  Netherlands  abovesaid,  doth 
declare  and  manifest  that  like  we  at  our  side  never  have  in- 
tended any  wrong  or  offence  to  the  province  of  Virginia,  or 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOE-GENERAL.  283 

now  Maryland,  in  the  Bay  of  Chesapeake,  so  we  desire  to     1659. 
continue  still  with  them  in  all  neighbourly  amity,  confederacy,     ' — ■ — ' 
and  friendship,  saving  only  that  justice  and  satisfaction  may 
be  given  as  here  demanded ;  propounding  further,  by  way  of  Declaration 
advice  to  prevent  further  mischief,  that  three  rational  persons  tLT^s' 
on  each  side  may  be  committed  out  of  each  province  aforesaid,  eioners,  con- 
fer to  meet  at  a  certain  day  and  time,  about  the  middle  of 
between  the  Bay  of  Chesapeake  and  the  aforesaid  South  River 
or  Delaware  Bay,  at  a  hill  lying  to  the  head  of  Sassafrax 
River  and  another  river  coming  from  our  river  almost  meet 
together,  with  full  power  and  commission  to  settle  there  the 
bounds  and  limits  of  between  the  aforesaid  province  of  the 
New  Netherlands  and  the  province  of  Maryland  for  ever,  if 
possible,  otherwise  to  refer  the  difference  they  might  find  not 
agreeing,  to  both  lords  proprietors  or  sovereigns  in  Europe ; 
but  in  the  mean  while  that  all  further  hostility  or  infractions 
to  each  other  may  cease,  and  not  proceed  further,  so  that  the 
honourable  governor-general  and  council  of  the  New  Nether- 
lands hereof  assured,  farther  charges  and  damages  excused, 
may  call  their  soldiers  home,  which  upon  the  action,  or  to 
defend  their  province  and  colony  aforesaid,  are  only  sent 
thither,  and  that  we  both  sides  at  a  fair  correspondence  may 
be  kept  as  always  hitherto  before. 

"  By  denial  or  refusal  whereof,  we  do  proclaim  our  inno- 
cency  and  ignorance  to  all  like  world,  and  do  protest  generally 
against  all  wrongs,  injuries,  charges,  and  damages  already 
sustained  and  sneered,  or  as  yet  to  be  suffered  and  sustained ; 
declaring  and  manifesting  that  we  are,  and  shall  be  then  ne- 
cessitated and  f6rced,  by  way  of  recourse  or  reprisal,  accord- 
ing to  the  24th  article  of  peace,  to  preserve,  maintain,  and 
to  hold  our  right,  title,  and  propriety  of  our  aforesaid  South 
River  colony  or  Delaware  Bay,  and  our  subjects'  lives,  liber- 
ties, and  estates,  as  God  in  our  just  cause  shall  strengthen 
and  enable  us. 

"  Desiring  this  may  be  recorded  and  notified  unto  all  to 
whom  it  in  any  way  may  concern,  with  the  true  meaning  and 
tenor  thereof,  and  that  a  speedy  direct  answer  and  despatch 
may  be  given  to  us  in  writing,  from  you,  the  honourable  go- 
vernor and  council  of  the  province  in  Maryland,  for  to  be 
returned  and  recorded  by  our  honourable  governor-general 
and  council  of  the  province  of  New  Netherlands. 

"And  so,  wishing  the  Lord  God  Almighty  will  conduct 


284  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.  your  honours  both  to  all  prudent  results,  that  we  may  live 
"  *'  '  neighbourly  together  in  this  wilderness,  to  the  advancement 
of  God's  glory  and  kingdom  of  heaven  amongst  the  hea- 
thens, and  not  to  the  destruction  of  each  other's  Christian 
blood,  whereby  to  strengthen  the  barbarous  Indians ;  nay, 
may  rather  join  in  love,  and  league  together  against  them, 
which  God  our  Saviour  will  grant. 

"  Written  and  signed  by  our  own  hands,  in  the  province  of 
Maryland,  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  at  St.  Mary's  county,  and  de- 
livered this  6th  day  of  October,  Anno  Domini  1659,  in 
Patuxent.  Augustine  Herman, 

"Resolved  Waldron."^ 
After  Avhich  the  commissioners  withdi'ew.  The  council 
Proceedings  "  rcsolvcd,  that  the  business  be  forthwith  taken  into  debate, 
and  that  they  would  have  an  answer  ready  by  Saturday,  the 
8th,  at  5  o'clock,  p.  M.,"  and  then  adjourned  till  next  day, 
the  9th,  when  they  met,  and  "  after  a  long  debate  considering 
his  lordship's  instructions  and  order  were  only  to  give  the 
Dutch  warning  to  be  gone,  that  when  we  are  able  to  beat 
them  out  they  may  not  plead  ignorance,  resolved,  that  an- 
swer be  given  in  writing,  by  way  of  letter  directed  to  the 
general  of  the  Manhattans,  in  these  words,  viz. 

"  Honourable  lords — We  have  received  your  letters  of  cre- 
Answerpre-  donce  by  the  hands  of  Sirs  Augustine  Herman  and  Resolved 
them  for  the  Waldrou,  your  ambassadors,  wherein,  as  we  find  many  ex- 
conmiission-  prcssious  of  lovc  and  amity,  so  we  account  ourselves  obliged 
to  return  you  real  thanks  in  unfolding  tie  causes  of  that 
which  it  seems  hath  been  the  reason  of  your  astonishment 
and  wonder,  and  as  the  matter  shall  permit,  give  you  that 
satisfaction  which  with  reason  you  can  expect,  and  which  we 
likewise  shall  exact  from  you  in  the  rendering  to  us  as  sub- 
stitutes of  the  right  honourable  Cecilius,  lord  baron  of  Balti- 
more, lord  and  proprietary  of  this  province,  &c.,  that  part  of 
his  lordship's  province  lying  in  Delaware  Bay,  to  us  entrusted, 
and  by  you  (as  it  seems)  injuriously  seated,  in  prejudice  to  his 
lordship's  just  right  and  title.  *  *  For  answer,  therefore, 
unto  your  demands  by  your  said  agents  made,  we  say,  that 
Colonel  Nathaniel  Utie  was  by  us,  in  pursuance  of  a  com- 
mand from  the  right  honourable  lord  proprietary,  ordered  to 
make  his  repair  to  a  certain  people  seated  upon  Delaware 
Bay,  within  the  40th  degree  of  northerly  latitude  from  the 
J  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  vol.  iii.  pp.  374—381. 


ere. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  '  285 

equinoctial  line,  to  let  them  know  that  they  were  residing     1659. 
■within  our  jurisdiction  without  our  knowledge,  much  more,     " — ' — ' 
without  our  license,  without  grant  of  land  from,  or  oath  of 
fidelity  to  his  lordship  taken,  both  which  are  expressly,  by  Answer  to 
his  conditions  of  plantation  and  laws  to  all  comers  here  to  ti»e  commis. 

.  ..,  ifi  (V  sioners,  con- 

mhabit,  conditioned  and  enjoined;  and  further,  to  offer  unto  tinued. 
them  such  conditions,  in  case  they  intended  there  to  stay,  as 
we  ourselves  enjoy.  But  in  case  of  refusal  and  abode  there 
made,  to  let  them  know  we  should  use  lawful  means  to  reduce 
them  to  that  obedience  which  all  people  within  the  degree 
aforesaid  are  bound  to  yield  unto  us,  intrusted  within  this 
province  by  the  right  honourable  the  Lord  Baltimore,  sole 
and  absolute  lord  and  proprietary  of  the  same,  by  patent 
under  the  great  seal  of  England,  bearing  date  20th  of  June, 
in  the  year  of  our  Lord  God  1682,  (?)  and  since  by  act  of 
parliament  confirmed ;  (a  copy  whereof  we  have  shown  to 
your  said  ambassadors ;)  and  since  you,  by  your  writing,  as 
well  as  by  your  ambassadors,  seem  to  insinuate  that  the  said 
colony  in  Delaware  Bay  is  seated  there  by  and  under  your 
command,  we  do  protest  as  well  against  them  and  you,  as 
against  all  other  persons,  either  principals  or  abettors  in  the 
said  intrusion  upon  our  bounds  and  confines.  Our  damages 
and  costs  in  due  time,  and  by  all  lawful  means,  to  recover, 
which  we  either  have  or  shall  at  any  time  hereafter  chance  to 
sustain  by  the  recovery  of  that  place  so  seated  within  our 
bounds  and  limits,  and  injuriously  by  you  detained. 

"  The  original  ricrhts  of  the  kings  of  England  to  these 
countries  and  territories,  must  be  our  endeavour  to  maintain, 
not  our  discourse  to  controvert,  or  in  the  least  our  attempt  to 
yield  up,  as  being  that  which  we  can  neither  accept  from  any 
otlier  power,  nor  yield  up  to  any  other  authority  without  the 
consent  of  our  supreme  magistracy,  their  successors  in  the 
dominion  of  England.  Though  we  cannot  but  mind  you  that 
.it  is  no  difficult  matter  to  show  that  your  pretended  title  to 
that  part  of  this  province  where  those  people,  (now,  if  at  all, 
the  first  time  owned  by  the  high  and  mighty  States  to  be  in 
Delaware  Bay  seated  by  their  order  and  authority,)  do  live, 
is  utterly  none,  and  your  patent  (if  you  have  any)  from  the 
States-General  of  the  United  Provinces  void  and  of  no  effect. 

"And  to  those  instructions  by  us  delivered  to  the  said 
Colonel  Nathaniel  Utio,  so  much  insisted  on  by  you,  we  say, 
they  are  such  as  every  person,  inhabitant  of  this  province, 


286 


J.  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


1659. 


Answer  to 
the  commis- 
Bioners,  con- 
tinued. 


Further  pro- 
ceedings. 


Paper  de- 
livered by 
commission- 
ers on  the 
patent  of 
Lord  Balti- 
more. 


ought  to  take  notice  of,  as  being  subscribed  bj  the  secretary 
of  this  province,  and  to  no  other  did  we  give  them,  or  he 
make  use  of  them.  Neither  can  we  believe  the  high  and 
mighty  States-General,  &c.,  do  think  or  will  now  own  those 
people  at  Delaware  Bay  to  be  there  seated  by  their  authority, 
since  they  have  heretofore  protested  to  the  supreme  authority 
then  in  England,  not  to  own  their  intrusion  upon  their  terri- 
tories and  dominions.  As  to  indebted  persons,  if  any  be 
here  that  are  to  you  engaged,  our  courts  are  open,  and  our 
justice  speedy,  and  denied  to  none  that  shall  demand  it  of  us, 
which  we  think  is  as  much  as  can  in  reason  be  expected,  and 
the  self-same  course  we  take,  and  the  only  remedy  we  afford 
to  our  neighbour  colony  of  Virginia,  and  our  fellow-subjects 
and  brethren  of  England.  Thus  hoping  that  you  will  seriously 
weigh  the  consequences  of  your  actions,  we  rest  in  expecta- 
tion of  such  a  compliance  as  the  style  you  give  yourselves 
imports,  having  taught  us  to  subscribe  ourselves  your  affec- 
tionate friends  and  neighbours."^ 

After  which,  "  Ordered,  that  notice  be  given  to  the  ambas- 
sadors to  attend  their  answer  the  next  day." 

"  After  the  answer  agreed  upon,  Messrs.  Herman  and  ^Val- 
dron  presented  the  following  paper: 

"  Upon  the  sight  and  view  of  my  Lord  Baltimore's  patent, 
this  7th  day  of  October,  1659,  presented  unto  us  by  the 
honourable  governor  and  council  of  Maryland. 

"  To  say,  reserved  only  what  the  honourable  governor- 
general  and  council  of  the  New  Netherlands,  in  the  behalf 
of  our  lords  proprietors  and  sovereigns,  the  high  and  mighty 
States-General  of  the  United  Provinces  might  have  to  allege 
against  it. 

"  We  repeat  and  reply  our  former  declaration  and  mani- 
festation the  6th  of  this  instant  delivered  unto  the  honourable 
governor  and  council  of  the  province  of  Maryland,  and  say 
further, 

"  That  the  original  foundation  of  the  aforesaid  patent 
showeth  and  maketh  appear  that  my  Lord  Baltimore  has  hath 
to  his  royal  majesty  of  England  petitioned  for  a  country  in 
the  parts  of  America  which  was  not  seated  and  taken  up  be- 
fore, only  inhabited,  (as  he  saith,)  by  a  certain  barbarous  peo- 
ple, the  Indians ;  upon  which  ground  his  royal  majesty  did 
grant  and  confirm  the  said  patent. 

1  N.  y.  Hist.  Soc.  Col!,  vol.  iii.  pp.  384,  3S5. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  287 

"  But  now  whereas  our  South  River,  of  old  called  Nassau  1659. 
River  of  the  New  Netherlands,  (by  the  English  surnamed  "  ■  ' 
Delaware,)  was  taken  up,  appropriated,  and  purchased  by 
virtue  of  commission  and  grant  from  the  high  and  mighty 
States-General  of  the  United  Provinces  long  before ;  there- 
fore is  his  royal  majesty's  intention  and  justice  not  to  have 
given  and  granted  that  part  of  a  country  which  before  was 
taken  in  possession  and  seated  by  the  subjects  of  the  high 
and  mighty  States-General  of  the  United  Provinces,  as  is 
declared  and  manifested  heretofore ;  so  that  the  claim  my 
Lord  Baltimore's  patent  speaks  of,  to  Delaware  Bay  or  a  part 
thereof,  in  several  other  respects  and  punctuality  is  invalid ; 
of  which  we  desire  that  notice  may  be  taken.  Actum  as 
above.  Augustine  Herman, 

"Resolved  Waldron."^ 

The  council  again  met  on  the  8th ;  the  answer  was  ten- 
dered, but  there  being  some  errors  in  the  clerk's  copy,  they 
adjourned  till  the  9th,  when  the  ambassadors  being  present, 
it  was  signed  by  the  governor,  dated  9th,  and  "so  delivered 
to  the  ambassadors." 

Thus  terminated  the  discussion,  conducted  on  both  sides 
with  coolness  and  moderation.  The  Dutch  certainly  pre- 
sented their  claim  in  a  very  forcible,  clear,  and  able  manner.^ 

The  journal  of  Messrs.  Herman  and  Waldron  is  preserved  Thejom-nai 
entire  on  the  records.     The  following  abstract  of  it  shows  °^"'^™*'^ 

o  and  Wal- 

their  route,  the  dangers  they  encountered,  and  the  manner  dron,onmis- 
in  which  they  conducted  their  negotiations,  which  unfortu-  '"°°*°-^°;" 

»'  O  '  Ternor  cl 

nately  terminated  unsuccessfully.  Maryland, 

On  the  30th  of  September,  Messrs.  Herman  and  Waldron,  ^"w'with 
and  a  few  soldiers  for  convoy,  left  New  Amstel ;  about  three  iim  and 
miles  they  came  to  a  small  creek  which  empties  into  Jagers-  ThliTdepar- 
land  Creek  ;  a  west-north-west  course  brought  them  to  another  tare  and 
creek ;  course  westward,  a  march  of  three  miles,  they  came  Joi^ney. 
to  another  running  stream ;  the  savages  here  refused  to  pro- 
ceed, and  they  encamped  for  the  night.     Heard  a  shot  fired 
towards  north,  the  savages  supposed  it  to  be  from  some  Eng- 
lishmen ;  the  company  fired  three  times,  not  answered.     The 
next  day,  (October  1,)  they  pursued  a  west  to  south  course, 

»  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  vol.  iii.  pp.  384,  385. 

2  The  foregoing  are  from  the  coiiy  made  from  the  Maryland  Records,  by  J. 
Leeds  Bozman,  Esq.,  for  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc,  and  published  in  their  Collections, 
vol.  iii. 


288  ^  J-  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.  crossed  two  streams,  suspected  to  be  branches  of  South  River ; 
'  '  '  they  then  passed  through  dry  underwood,  the  land  somewhat 
rising,  then  a  valley,  till  9  o'clock,  when  they  arrived  at  the 
first  current  stream,  which  the  savages  said  emptied  into  the 
Bay  of  Virginia ;  there  they  breakfasted,  and  guessed  they 
■were  about  five  miles  from  New  Amstel ;  the  savages  called 
the  creek  Curriamus,  or  Horekill,  as  the  whole  tract  is  named 
after  it ;  from  this  they  passed  through  woods,  south-west  and 
•west-south-west,  without  a  path,  and  about  a  mile  further 
along  the  creek,  where  they  met  with  the  boat,  which  the 
savages  informed  them  had  been  drawn  on  land,  and  tho- 
roughly dried.  Dismissing  their  guides,  they  proceeded  by 
water,  except  Sander  Boyer,  who,  with  his  savages,  continued, 
but  soon  the  boat  being  half  filled  with  water,  they  were 
obliged  to  go  on  shore,  caulked  it  with  rags,  instead  of  the 
tow,  which  they  had  left  behind,  made  it  tolerably  tight  with 
bailing,  reached  Elk  River,  and  at  last,  at  east  branch  of  it, 
made  a  fire  in  the  woods,  and  with  the  evening  tide  proceeded 
'  on  with  great  trouble,  as  the  boat  was  very  leaky,  and  had 

neither  rudder  nor  oars,  but  only  pagays,  (perhaps  paddles.) 
Having  rowed  nearly  all  night  on  Elk   River,  about  8 
Arrival  at     o'clock,  (Octobcr  2,)  arrived  near  Sassafras  River,  and  stopped 
Ter'^Knd^ a  *^®^'®  ^*  ^  plantation  of  one  John  Turner,  where  they  met 
fugitive  sol-   Abraham  De  Fin,  a  soldier  of  Altona,  who  had  run  away  with 
^^°^  ^  ^  Dutch  woman ;  a  pardon  was  ofiered  if  they  would  return 
to  New  Amstel  or  to  Manhattan  in  one  month.     The  woman 
accepted,  she  had  three  months  to  serve ;  soldier  made  many 
objections,  but  made  two  oars  for  the  company ;  sent  Sander 
Also,  Swedes  Boycr  on  shore  for  information ;  could  get  none,  as  only  a  few 
part  of    '    Finns  and  Sivedes  were  there,  who  had  run  away  from  Go- 
printz's  CO-    yemor  Printz.     After  some  rest  they  continued  on,  but  had 
scarce  left  the  shore,  than  Abraham  and  another,  Marcus  De 
Adventure     Fin,  approached  in  a  canoe,  and  endeavoured  to  obstruct  their 
owner  of  the  pS'Ssage,  claiming  the  boat,  although  assuring  them  they  should 
toat  have  the  boat  on  their  return ;  they  stopped  the  company  by 

force,  drawing  a  pistol  and  threatening  to  fire  ;  they  had,  be- 
sides, two  guns  with  them.    At  last,  with  great  difficulty,  they 
Arrive  at      succccded  in  getting  rid  of  them.    At  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Great  firing   ^^^J  camc  to  Coloncl  Utic's ;  heard  strong  firing,  supposed 
heard.  to  proceed  from  fifty  or  sixty  men,  "  neither  was  the  noise  of 

music  much  less,"  which  continued  through  a  great  part  of 
the  night,  so  that  it  seemed  they  were  preparing  to  visit 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  289 

South  River.  Looking  for  information,  tliey  came  to  a  begin-  1659. 
ning  plantation,  hewing  and  cutting  of  timber  for  a  building,  '  '  ' 
but  the  carpenter,  who  was  known  to  the  company,  knew  not 
the  object  of  the  firing,  unless  they  were  feasting.  He  invited 
them  to  stay  with  him,  as  there  was  no  other  house  nearer 
Kent,  but  they  pursued  their  journey  two  miles  further. 
Wishing  to  despatch  a  savage  to  New  Amstel  with  the  tidings, 
they  could  find  none. 

Rowed  (October  3)  with  the  tide  of  that  day  and  night,  till  Arrive  at 
opposite  Pooloo  Island ;  they  passed  in  their  leaky  boat  to  Entertained 
the  east  of  it ;  from  here  to  Kent  there  is  no  fresh  water,  there,  a 
Towards  evening  arrived  at  north  side  of  Kent  Island,  where 
meeting  a  strong  flood,  and  much  fatigued,  took  quarters  with 
Captain  Wike,  one  of  the  three  magistrates  of  the  island. 
Of  him  they  endeavoured  to  learn  whether  the  English  had 
laid  any  regular  plan  for  attacking  South  River ;  had  under- 
stood it  belonged  to  Maryland,  and  was  obliged  to  sustain 
Lord  Baltimore  in  his  right  and  title ;  the  company  under- 
took to  prove  the  contrary,  and  "  he  who  would  have  must  get 
it  by  force ;  that  we  were  prepared  with  more  than  one  hun- 
dred soldiers  arrived,  and  double  expected,  yet  we  hoped  to 
live  on  friendly  terms."  During  the  discussion,  they  heard  Report 
of  a  rumour  from  Mr.  Bateman,  who  had  sent  for  Mr.  Wright,  ^^l^h. 
an  Indian  interpreter  from  above  the  bay,  that  the  Indians, 
with  regard  to  the  war  they  were  engaged  in  with  the  Eng- 
lish, had  confessed  they  had  been  stirred  up  by  the  Dutch 
who  lived  at  Whorekill,  to  murder  the  English,  which  took 
place  thus  :  "  a  certain  savage  met  a  Dutchman  at  Whorekill, 
and  told  him  he  would  kill  a  Dutchman,  because  his  father 
had  been  killed  by  a  Dutchman  before,  to  which  the  Dutch- 
man replied,  that  his  father  had  been  killed  by  an  English- 
man, and  therefore  ought  to  take  revenge  on  them,  on  which 
a  savage  went  off  and  killed  an  Englishman ;  thus  the  war 
was  continued,  aided  by  the  Dutch,  in  supplying  arms,  &c. 
I  denied  it  at  first,  then  palliated  it.     Inquired  for  a  boat  to  Bargain  for 

.i,,i  1111  1  anotlier  boat. 

take  us  to  the  governor,  as  ours  could  be  no  longer  used,  so 
he  offered  his.  Inquired  what  security  we  could  give,  to  re- 
turn or  pay  for  it,  as  he  had  been  frequently  deceived ;  they 
had  none  but  their  word  and  credentials,  or  refer  to  Mr. 
Brown,  who  they  presumed  had  arrived  with  his  ketch  at 
Seaforn ;  they  agreed  at  twenty  pounds  of  tobacco  per  day 
for  the  boat,  and  twenty  pounds  for  the  man.     Here  we  met 


290 


J.  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


1659. 


Arriye  at 
Seaforn. 


Difficulty 
about  pay- 
ing for  the 
boat. 


Arrive  at  Pa- 
tuxent. 


Proceed  by 
land  to  Se- 
cretary Cal- 
yert's,  and 
tell  him 
their  busi- 
ness. 


Dine  with 
Secretary 
Calvert  at 
Overfee's. 
Pleasant  con- 
Tersation. 


the  soldier's  wife,  "who  was  willing  to  go  back ;  he  was  so 
lazy  as  not  to  earn  bread  for  her,  and  therefore  she  ran 
off. 

Arrived  (October  4)  at  Seaforn  ;  Brown  had  not ;  Captain 
Wickes  proposed  to  procure  lodgings  for  us  at  Colonel  Utie's, 
who,  they  understood,  was  at  his  plantation ;  excused  them- 
selves, saying  they  were  confident  he  was  on  the  island,  as 
they  heard  such  a  grand  firing  ;  took  lodging  at  a  savage 
trader's,  who  was  from  home,  his  wife  and  child  only  there ; 
the  company  blamed  her  husband  for  enticing  away  the  peo- 
ple from  New  Amstel ;  she  excused  him  by  saying  they  came 
there,  and  left  scarcely  victuals  enough  for  the  family. 

Passed  (October  5)  a  draft  on  Mr.  Brown  for  the  boat- 
owner  ;  not  satisfied ;  must  have  at  Kent  or  Seaforn,  1500 
pounds  tobacco,  or  pay  at  Manhattan  in  brandy.  Declined 
a  visit  to  Colonel  Utie,  as  they  had  urgent  business  with  go- 
vernor. Had  a  fine  run  to  Billingly  plantation,  at  the  cleft, 
hearing  of  no  preparations  against  South  River. 

Arrived  (October  6)  at  Patuxent,  at  Colonel  Coortsey's, 
who  was  "very  courteous,  and  conversed  pleasantly."  Here 
they  learned  that  Colonel  Utie  was  authorized  to  communicate 
to  the  colony  of  New  Amstel  that  they  had  settled  on  jMary- 
land  limits,  and  ought  to  submit.  The  company  then  pre- 
sented their  claims  by  possession,  &c.  for  so  many  years,  as 
before. 

They  left  at  Colonel  Coortsey's,  (October  7,)  their  boat, 
travelled  nine  miles  by  land  to  Secretary  P.  Calvert's,  Mr. 
Coortsey  with  them  part  of  the  way ;  about  3  o'clock  arrived 
at  Calvert's ;  despatched  two  men  to  inform  him  of  their  ar- 
rival ;  could  not  forbear  to  pay  him  their  respects ;  passed 
over  the  creek  to  Mr.  Overfees,  where  we  intended  to  take 
up  our  quarters,  previously  having  communicated  to  the  secre- 
tary our  commission  to  the  governor  of  Maryland  on  important 
business,  and  requested  him  to  notify  the  governor  as  soon  as 
possible,  as  he  lived  several  miles  off,  of  our  arrival,  and  re- 
commend an  early  audience. 

Mr.  Overfees  invited  Calvert  to  dine  with  them,  (October  8,) 
he  and  his  next  neighbour  also ;  renewed  request  to  secretary 
to  inform  the  governor,  as  expenses  were  heavy,  including  the 
boat,  and  soldiers  all  waiting  their  return,  besides  more  than 
one  hundred  soldiers  arrived  from  Manhattans ;  he  promised 
to  do  all  he  could,  but  it  could  not  be  effected  before  next 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  291 

court.     They  conversed  freely  on  differences  between  Vir-    1659. 
ginia  and  Maryland,  wished  happiness  to  Maryland  and  Man-     '    '    ' 
hattans.  "  This,  we  remarked,  denoted  the  whole  land,  having 
retained  its  ancient  name  from  the  tribe  of  savages  among  Discussion 
whom  the  Dutch  made  a  beginning  of  the  first  settlement,  ^'^'^^®<'J«'. 

o  O  ^  _  '    tary  on  their 

and  so  gradually  we  struck  on  the  point  of  the  limits,  which  ciadms. 
he  said  of  Maryland  was  38°  to  40°,  along  the  sea,  by  which 
Delaware  Bay  was  included,  and  then  in  a  direct  course  to 
Pamaris  Island,  and  thence  to  origin  of  Potomac  River.  We 
answered  38°  to  40°  ought  to  be  understood  of  Chesapeake 
Bay  upward,  and  then  colony  of  Virginia  reached  same  bay 
to  the  sea.  He  replied,  <■  not  so,  and  that  it  ought  to  meet  the 
limits  of  New  England.'  On  which  we  asked,  'where  then 
would  remain  New  Netherlands,  if  their  limits  were  to  join 
New  England,'  to  which  he  answered  <he  did  not  know.' 
Then  we  said,  '  that  we  knew  it  for  us  both  together,  that  it 
was  a  mistake,  and  that  our  New  Netherlands  were  in  posses- 
sion of  these  limits  several  years  before  Lord  Baltimore  ob- 
tained his  patent,  and  that  they  actually  settled  these  spots ; 
alleging  further,  among  other  reasons,  that  Edmund  Preyton 
(Ployden  ?)  made  in  former  days  a  claim  on  Delaware  Bay,  rioyden'a 
and  that  the  one  pretension  had  not  been  better  supported  j^™,™  '^°' 
than  the  other  ;'  to  which  he  replied,  <  that  Preyton  had  not 
obtained  a  commission,  and  was  in  England  thrown  in  jail  for 
his  debts ;  he  acknowledged  that  he  solicited  by  the  king  a 
patent  of  Novum  Albium,  but  which  had  been  refused,  on 
which  he  addressed  himself  to  the  viceroy  of  Ireland,  of  whom 
he  obtained  a  patent,  but  that  it  was  of  no  value  at  all.'  On 
this  we  confounded  him  entirely  with  his  own  words,  by  say- 
ing, that  it  could  not  be  known  of  my  Lord  Baltimore's  pre- 
tension, if  he  had  any  on  the  Delaware  Bay,  had  obtained 
these  by  false  or  foreign  representations ;  neither  could  it  be 
believed  that  the  king  of  England,  who  once  took  notice  of 
the  Dutch  plantations  in  New  Netherlands,  and  who  com- 
manded those  of  Virginia  and  New  England,  as  we  could 
prove  by  their  own  English  authors,  expressly  to  remain  at  a 
distance  of  one  hundred  leagues  from  one  another,  deter- 
mined nothing  about  it.  It  was  therefore  an  unquestionable 
proof  that  he  might  reach  the  borders  of  New  England,  that 
it  then  was  void  and  of  no  value  whatever." 

From  this  time  to  the  12th,  they  were  waiting  the  gover- 
nor's answer ;  on  the  12th,  they  dined  at  Mr.  Overfees,  with 


292 
1659. 


Another  dis- 
cussion 
about 
claims.    A 
map  intro 
Juccd. 


Court  day. 
Governor  at- 
tending it. 
Audience 
day  ap- 
pointed. 
Horses  sent 
for  commis- 
sioners. 
Arrive  at  Po- 
tusk.     Meet 
governor,  &c. 
Courteous 
reception 
and  dinner. 


Negotiations 
commence 

after  dinner. 
Discussions 
and  expla- 
nation.'. 


J.  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

Secretary  Calvert ;  Minister  Donglity  accidentally  came  in ; 
Captain  Smith's  map  of  Virginia,  and  another  printed  about 
the  date  of  Lord  Baltimore's  patent,  were  introduced,  differ- 
ing with  each  other,  from  which  they  endeavoured  to  prove 
Lord  Baltimore's  claim,  <'  but  we  showed  that  the  Bay  of 
Chesapeake,  being  so  much  to  north-east,  would  come  on  our 
limits ;  how  can  that  be,  as  New  England  was  discovered 
first.  On  this  we  answered,  the  Dutch  had  been  nearly  three 
years,  differing  perhaps  as  early  in  their  own  quarters  as  they 
in  theirs ;  they  counted  from  Walter  Baleigh  ;  we  then  derive 
our  right  from  Spain.  He  answered,  we  were  then  not  a 
free  nation,  &c.  &c.  Waxing  warm,  they  took  up  other 
subjects. 

^  On  the  13th,  nothing  done ;  on  14th  was  court  day  at  Pa- 
tuxent ;  petitioned  for  an  audience,  and  a  place  to  be  fixed 
for  a  reception ;  on  15th,  near  sunset,  received  an  answer, 
and  an  invitation  from  Calvert,  in  name  of  governor  and 
council,  for  an  audience  at  house  of  Mr.  Bateman,  and  sent 
two  horses  for  them. 

On  16th,  they  started  for  Bateman's,  at  Potusk,  about 
eighteen  miles ;  at  about  3  or  4,  arrived  Governor  Fendall, 
Secretary  Calvert,  &c.,  who,  after  a  courteous  reception  and 
congratulations,  dinner  was  announced,  after  which  the  go- 
vernor promised  an  audience,  advancing  towards  the  table  ; 
Herman  was  placed  on  his  left,  the  secretary  on  the  right, 
then  followed  Waldron  and  the  members  of  council,  all  around 
the  table.     During  dinner  a  pleasant  conversation  ensued. 

When  the  cloth  was  removed,  their  letters  and  credentials 
were  opened  by  governor,  who  seeing  they  were  in  Dutch, 
called  Mr.  Overfee  to  interpret  them.  The  commissioners 
then  began  their  speech  in  English,  delivering  at  the  same 
time,  duplicates  of  their  papers,  the  secretary  comparing  as 
they  were  read ;  this  being  all  they  had  to  communicate  at 
this  time,  copies  were  exchanged  and  the  originals  left.  "AYe 
observed  an  astonishing  change.  As  it  appeared  council  had 
no  correct  knowledge  of  what  had  passed,  governor  asked  if 
his  letter  by  Utie  had  not  been  received  by  director-general 
and  council.  We  said,  no,  they  received  no  letter ;  we  were 
informed  on  South  River  that  Alricks  received  a  private  one 
in  answer  to  one  of  his,  without  date,  time,  or  place,  of  which 
he  could  take  no  notice."  Governor  said  he  had  no  intention 
to  meddle  with  the  government  at  Manhattan,  but  with  that  go- 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  293 

vernment  and  people  who  settled  on  Delaware  Bay  lately,  1659. 
within  their  limits,  and  that  he  once  did  send  Colonel  Utie  '  '  ' 
to  them,  and  that  he  should  have  delivered  his  instructions, 
though  only  given  to  regulate  his  conduct,  and  in  behalf  of 
his  responsibility,  though  we  were  not  obliged  to  deliver  to 
them  our  instructions ;  to  which  we  replied,  "  that  the  go- 
vernor and  inhabitants  on  South  River  made  no  separate 
government,  but  a  subaltern  and  subject,  being  only  vice- 
governors  and  members  of  New  Netherlands,"  &c.  They 
answered,  "they  knew  no  better,  and  had  always  understood 
that  the  general  director  on  South  River,  in  Delaware  Bay, 
did  hold  his  commission  from  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  and 
had  settled  there  with  his  people  as  in  a  separate  government. 
We  answered  "  No,  but  that  the  city  of  Amsterdam  was  in 
possession  of  that  place  as  a  colony  and  a  particular  member 
of  New  Netherland,  in  a  similar  manner  as  their  colonies  in 
Virginia  and  Maryland  were  subsisting,  and  we  had  many 
similar  colonies  in  New  Netherland,  so  that  any  injustice  or 
injury  committed  against  the  colony  of  New  Amstel,  was  per- 
petrated against  the  whole  state  of  New  Netherland."  Mean-  iii  humour 
while,  Colonel  Nathaniel  said,  with  great  vehemence,  "  that  ^"'i*!^''!;!*^ 

'  7  o  'of  Col.  Utie. 

they  might  take  notice  of  all  what  had  happened,  but  that  all  Reply  of  the 
which  was  done  against  people  which  had  dared  to  settle  ^ommiss'on- 
within  the  province  of  my  Lord  Baltimore,  and  if  governor 
and  council  would  be  pleased  to  renew  his  commission,  he 
would  do  once  more  what  he  had  done  before."  To  which  we 
replied,  "  If  you  returned  once  more,  and  acted  in  the  same 
manner  as  before,  you  would  lose  the  name  of  ambassador, 
and  be  considered  as  a  perturbator  of  the  public  peace,  be- 
cause it  is  not  lawful  in  an  ambassador  or  delegate  to  attempt 
any  other  thing  than  to  present,  in  a  courteous  manner,  his 
message  to  the  magistrates  or  supreme  chief  to  whom  he  was 
sent ;  but  that  it  was  the  language  of  open  hostility,  a  lan- 
guage of  war,  to  summon  a  place  to  surrender  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  by  fire  and  sword,"   To  this  he  answered,  "  that  he  had  Coi.  utie 

1  PI,-,..  .  ,  .      .  again  re- 

not  done  so,  lurther  than  his  instructions  and  commission  pues. 
justified."  We  again  answered,  "  that  they  would  only  pay 
regard  to  the  answer  which  they  received  in  return,  and 
therein  he  would  clearly  perceive  in  what  manner  he  made 
his."  To  this  he  further  said,  "that  he  too  had  understood 
that  they  had  threatened  to  transport  him  to  Holland,  which 
he  wished  they  had  executed."    We  replied,  "  that  if  he  once 


294 


J.  ALRICKS  AND  "W.  BEEKMAN. 


1659. 


Cd.  TJtie 
checked  by 
the  gOTer- 
nor. 


Remarks  of 
the  gover- 
nor, and  re- 
ply of  com- 
missioners. 


Col.  XJtie 
again 


Commission- 
ers retire, 
but  again  ra- 
turn. 


more  returned  there,  and  acted  again  in  that  manner,  perhaps 
nothing  better  might  be  his  lot."  He  answered,  "in  what 
manner  then  ought  he  to  have  conducted  himself;  he  had  de- 
spatched two  of  his  men  before  him,  to  notify  his  arrival, 
after  which  he  took  up  his  abode  in  the  city,  and  if  it  then 
was  not  permitted  to  take  a  walk  and  look  at  the  place,  and 
converse  with  its  inhabitants,  who  invited  him  to  enter  their 
lodgings."  We  answered,  "that  it  was  well  permitted  to  do 
this,  but  not  to  stir  up  revolt  and  rebellion  against  the  ma- 
gistrates, and  threaten  them,  if  they  would  not  voluntarily 
surrender,  that  they  were  to  be  plundered  and  expelled,  so 
that  those  altercations  caused  uneasiness  on  both  sides;"  and 
the  colonel  particularly  glowing  with  rage,  was  commanded 
by  the  governor  to  keep  himself  more  reasonable  ;  that  never- 
theless we  remained  at  full  liberty  to  explain  ourselves  with- 
out interrupting  each  other ;  on  which  we  appealed  to  what 
we  had  brought  with  us  in  answer  from  New  Netherland,  which 
we  had  declared  and  made  known,  and  which  we  solicited 
might  be  taken  into  serious  consideration,  so  that  we  might 
avoid  any  frivolous  discourses.  The  governor  hinted,  among 
other  points,  that  we  had  arrived  there  without  having  de- 
manded or  obtained,  as  ought  to  have  been  done,  a  license, 
and  which  they  ought  to  have  communicated ;  to  which  we 
answered,  "  that  we  were  yet  unacquainted  with  the  form  of 
the  government,  but  would  conduct  ourselves  in  future  in 
conformity  to  their  customs,  as  they  should  deem  proper  to 
establish  on  such  a  passage."  On  this  Colonel  Utie  exclaimed, 
"  that  we  ought  to  have  stopped  at  his  island  to  inquii'e  there, 
if  we  should  be  admitted  to  land ;  further,  in  so  many 
words,  that  if  he  had  met  us,  or  had  known  any  thing  about 
it,  he  would  in  such  case  have  kept  us  there,  and  not  permitted 
us  to  proceed  further,"  when  one  of  the  council  interrupting 
him,  said,  "that  then  we  should  have  been  accommodated 
there  with  a  better  vessel,  as  we  declared  we  arrived  in  a 
small  leaky  boat,  as  we  would  not  wait  to  procure  a  better 
vessel."  We,  however,  clearly  perceived,  that  if  we  had  not 
exerted  ourselves  to  the  utmost  on  the  road,  to  avoid  Colonel 
Utie,  he  would  have  left  nothing  untried  to  disappoint  us,  and 
frustrate  our  plan.  After  these  discussions,  we  were  requested 
to  retire.  After  discussing  among  themselves,  we  again  re- 
turned, and  were  informed  that  what  they  had  done  was  under 
special  commission  of  Lord  Baltimore  and  their  oath;  to- 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  295 

morrow  they  would  hear  Lord  Baltimore's  intentions,  and  we     1659. 
should  be  despatched  on  Saturday.  '    '    ' 

In  the  mean  time,  we  had  friendly  discussions  with  them 
individually,  on  various  points.     We  proposed  to  submit  mat-  various  in- 
ters to  a  committee  of  both  nations,  or  enter  into  a  friendly  ^°''™*'^  <=<"'■ 

'  ^    versations 

correspondence  for  trade,  &c.   While  they  seemed  to  consent,  with  mem- 
they  were  inclined  to  defend  their  rights  under  their  patent,  c^^j^q^*^"""' 
Had  also  a  private  interview  with  the  governor,  who  showed  vate  inter- 
Lord  Baltimore's  patent ;  we  asked  a  copy ;   permitted  to  go^^^j^o^^ 
make  an  extract.    Governor  and  council  go  to  hold  a  country 
court.     Commissioners  found  that  Lord  Baltimore  had  re- 
quested lands  not  yet  settled  and  cultivated,  and  only  inhabited 
by  savages.    Thus  we  concluded  that  our  South  River,  named 
anciently  Nassau  River,  was  ours,  in  virtue  of  our  commis- 
sion and  grant  of  their  High  Mightinesses  the  States-General, 
and  hath  long  been  settled  before  appropriated  and  purchased, 
&c.,  so  that  Lord  Baltimore's  pretensions,  as  far  as  related  to  the 
Delaware  Bay,  or  part  of  it,  was  invalid.    At  p.  m.  governor  written  an- 
and  council  returned ;  after  supper,  delivered  our  answer  in  ^^.'^'^°^ «"»" 

'  J.  1        '  missioners 

writing ;  read  it  to  them.     We  observed  a  new  change  in  delivered. 

them.     Governor  observed,  that  our  sayings  and  acts  to  the  fe^Irks!^ 

contrary  rendered  invalid  said  patent,  as  it  was  given  by  his  ^sks  for 

majesty  with  full  instructions  that  Delaware  Bay  remains  to  ^'^  '^" ' 

the  English.     They  required  our  patent  of  New  Netherland  commission- 
ers excuse 
themselves. 


and  Delaware  Bay ;  we  answered,  we  did  not  need  expose  it  ^'^^  ®^™'''® 


at  present,  as  we  did  not  come  for  the  purpose,  but  only  to 
prepare  a  day  for  a  future  meeting  between  both  parties. 
Governor  then  thouo-ht  he  ought  not  to  have  shown  his.  We 
replied,  we  intended  no  other  use  of  it  than  for  Delaware. 
Governor  said  Claiborne  had  before  made  the  same  objection 
regarding  island  of  Kent,  of  which  he  had  taken  possession 
before  the  patent,  but  did  not  avail,  as  he  had  to  implore 
Lord  Baltimore  to  save  his  life.  We  replied,  this  was  a  dif- 
ferent case ;  we  were  not  subjects  of  England,  but  of  the 
Dutch  nation,  and  had  as  much  right  to  settle  parts  of  Ame- 
rica as  any  others. 

Governor  again  (on  18th)  demanded  to  see  our  patent  of  Governor 
South  River ;  had  it  not  with  us,  but  would  show  it  at  a  fu-  ^^^f^^^^t 
ture  meeting.     Some  members  retired  to  frame  an  answer, 
which  was  read  to  us.     We  asked  if  this  was  all ;  said  they 
had  nothing  else.     Some  remarks  on  soldiers'  hostilities,  that 
each  must  pursue  his  own  course.     We  replied,  we  should 


296 


J.  ALRICKS  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


1659. 


Runaways  to 

be  settled  for 
by  courts. 


"  Dutch- 
Swedes"  ex- 
plained to 
goyernor. 


Answer 
handed  to 
commission- 
ers. 

Inquiries  oa 
trade  and 
commerce, 
and  other 
matters. 


Departure  of 
commission- 


NoT.  11. 


prepare  ourselves  for  defence,  as  before  declared  and  solemnly 
protested ;  well  knew  that  they  would  not  attack  us  in  a  clan- 
destine manner,  &c.  &c.  They  replied,  they  would  use  their 
own  pleasure ;  payment  for  runaways  might  be  settled  by 
courts,  but  we  could  not  compel  them  to  return,  because  they 
considered  Delaware  in  their  jurisdiction ;  the  meeting  con- 
cluded. 

Governor  asked  the  meaning  of  "Dutch  Swedes,"  which 
we  had  used  in  our  declaration  ;  the  greatest  number  being 
of  them ;  they  had  been  partners  and  associates  residing  for 
a  time  under  jurisdiction  of  the  company,  or  rather  connived 
at,  but  who  became  more  insolent,  so  as  at  length,  in  a  trai- 
torous manner,  they  surprised  Fort  New  Amstel,  before  called 
Fort  Casimir,  by  which  director-general  and  council  in  New 
Netherland  were  compelled  to  cleanse  that  neighboui'hood  of 
such  a  vile  gang. 

October  19,  handed  an  answer  to  our  decision  by  secretary, 
neatly  written,  and  bade  him  farewell,  as  we  could  not  find 
that  they  were  inclined  to  enter  into  an  amicable  agreement, 
without  authority  from  Lord  Baltimore,  or  wait  for  orders, 
which  he  might  perhaps  convey  during  summer.  Had  some 
conversation  on  trade  and  commerce  between  Delaware  and 
Maryland,  by  land,  which  might  be  done  without  reaching  the 
question  of  right ;  desired  him  to  communicate  with  his  bro- 
ther, Lord  Baltimore. 

Inquired  with  great  anxiety  about  a  mountain  we  had  men- 
tioned as  a  place  of  meeting,  from  which  the  Sassafras  River 
in  Virginia,  and  the  kill  which  empties  itself  into  South  River, 
behind  Reedy  Island,  seem  to  derive  their  origin.  We  had 
our  passage  over  this  mountain,  which  deserves  by  us  to  be 
examined  and  surveyed. 

On  the  20th  they  prepare  for  their  departure,  and  next  day 
despatched  Waldron  to  return  by  land,  with  relation  of  our 
transactions,  and  all  the  papers,  while  I  proceeded  to  Vir- 
ginia, to  inquire  of  governor  what  is  his  opinion  on  the  subject, 
to  create  a  division  between  them  both,  and  purge  ourselves 
of  the  slander  of  stirring  up  the  Indians  to  murder  English 
at  Accomac.  Signed,  A.  Heermans."^ 

Beekman  says,  "  one-third  of  the  seven  persons  who  make 
out  our  present  garrison,  reside  out  of  the  fort,  and  are  all 


1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xviii.  pp.  337 — 364. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  297 

married  persons."  A  court-martial  had  been  held  on  a  drunken    1659. 
sergeant.^  "■    "    ^ 

A  galliot  arrives  with  letters  from  Peter  Stuyvesant ;  Al- 
ricks  offers  her  to  the  director-general,  if  he  has  any  occasion  Dec.  3. 
for  her  services.     Hudde  is  going  to  Manhattan.     Beekman 
says  he  has  sold  his  mill  to  Hinoyossa.^ 

Much  uneasiness  was  created  by  the  following  circumstance,  Dec.  is. 
related  in  a  letter  from  Beekman  to  Stuyvesant  : 

"John  Schelten  and  John  Tenneson  discovered  some  pow-  Discovery  of 
der  concealed  in  the  desk ;  Hinoyossa  was  informed  of  it ;  ^°^'^'^^'' 

,  .  .  ,  ,  causes  some 

they  are  now  conversing  upon  this  point,  now  by  the  one,  alarm, 
then  by  Van  Ruyven ;  then  calling  for  an  advocate.  We  are 
called  their  masters,  and  yet  too  often  they  seem  to  follow 
their  pleasure,  but  we  shall  be  on  our  guard.  We  examined 
several,  and  inquired  if  they  had  not  been  commanded  by  Van 
Ruyven  and  Captain  Krygier  to  go  to  Manhattan,  and  if  they 
had  not  been  willing  to  go  thither  before  the  commissaries 
arrived  here.  The  same  question  was  proposed  to  Reyneer 
Van  Hayst,  but  we  made  no  discovery,  which  it  seems  not 
their  wish  we  should  do.  It  seems,  however,  that  some  per- 
son here  or  there  lays  concealed,  and  that  there  were  some 
clandestine  machinations  by  some  individuals  in  the  commu- 
nity, against  the  commissioners  of  your  honour,  during  their 
short  residence  here." 

"  I  consider  Mr.  Qarman  in  great  danger,  if  my  informa- 
tion is  correct ;  his  wife  conveyed  secretly  all  her  principal 
property  to  her  trusty  friends,  as  they  call  him  openly  a 
speculator ;  in  short,  they  cause  a  vast  deal  of  trouble  and 
anxiety." 

"  On  the  26th  of  last  month,  the  sheriff  and  commissioners  Proposal  to 
proposed,  in  their  ordinary  meeting,  that  I  should  charge  each  g^J^, 
family  of  the  Swedes  and  Finn  nations  with  a  tax  of  six  gl.,  rinns. 
or  with  so  much  as  annually  might  be  required  for  our  ordi- 
nary expenses,  which,  by  their  calculation,  would  amount  to 
about  400  guilders.     I  answered,  they  should  prepare  a  cor- 
rect list  of  all  the  families.     I    expect,  meanwhile,   to  be 
favoured  with  your  advice  in  what  manner  I  am  to  conduct 
myself." 

"  The  Rev.  Wellius  was  yesterday  buried.    He  died  on  the  Death  of  Rev. 
tenth  day  of  his  sickness.     I  too,  was  last  Monday  night  gyc"npggof 
attacked  by  an  ardent  fever;  my  breast  became  suddenly  Buekman. 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  18.  2  iijij_  p,  oQ. 

as 


298  J-  ALRICKS  AND  AY.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.  very  much  oppressed,  with  violent  pains  in  the  side,  so  that  I 
'  '  '  appeared  in  a  very  forlorn  situation.  I  discharged,  during 
three  days  and  nights,  nothing  but  bloody  flux,  by  a  copious 
discharge,  so  that  the  sight  of  it  created  a  great  alarm,  which 
debilitated  me  so  much  that  I  can  scarcely  go  alone  without 
great  difficulty.  I  hope  and  pray  that  it  may  please  God  to 
Spare  my  life  yet  a  little  while,  for  my  wife  and  little  chil- 
dren's sake.     I  write  this  with  great  difficulty." 

"  As  an  imperious  necessity  required  it,  and  your  honour 
Hinoyossa  might  be  informed  of  it  through  another  channel,  I  am  pleased 
going toHoi-  ^Q  inform  your  honour  that  the  honourable  Hinoyossa,  not 

land  with  a  •'  .... 

remon-         later  than  Monday  next,  goes  to  Holland  in  a  Virginia  ves- 
strance.        g^j^  carrying  with  him  a  remonstrance  to  the  burgomasters 
of  Amsterdam."^ 

The  director-general  announces,  in  a  letter  of  this  date,  to 
Dec.  21.  the  company  in  Holland,  the  appointment  of  Augustus  Heer- 
p.  stuyve-  mans  and  Kesolved  Waldron,  as  commissioners  to  the  governor 
west'indir^  of  Maryland,  and  sends  them  a  copy  of  their  "  letter  of  cre- 
Company  of  dcncc  and  instructions,"  as  well  as  the  journal  kept  by  them, 
ment^onvai-  including  a  letter  of  the  governor  of  Maryland,  "from 
dronand  which,"  they  say,  "your  honours  may  see,  that  notwithstand- 
commission-  i^g  our  remonstranco  and  that  of  the  commissioners,  with 
era  to  Mary-  regard  to  the  honourable  company's  indisputable  title,  risht, 

land.    Sends         °  •  n  n         i     ti-  i  f  ■J^T         i         i  i      ii 

copies  of  in-  and  actual  possession  oi  feouth  Kiver,  those  oi  Maryland  held 
structions,  ^^^^  ^^  their  frivolous  pretensions,  from  which  it  may  be  pre- 
advice  and  sumed  that  they  will  take  hold  of  the  first  opportunity  to 
assistance,  gxpel  our  pcoplc  fi'om  our  posscssions,  unless,  ere  long,  by 
your  honours  and  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam,  regard  is 
paid  to  the  population  and  defence  of  these  parts.  We  are 
already  informed,  with  some  certainty,  that  the  governor  of 
Maryland  had  already  caused  a  survey  to  be  made  of  these 
lands,  at  the  distance  of  about  one  or  two  miles  from  the 
fortress  of  New  Amstel,  and  made  a  distribution  of  these 
among  several  inhabitants  of  Maryland,  against  whom,  if  they 
take  actual  possession,  we  solicit  earnestly  your  honour's  or- 
ders, to  know  what  we  have  to  do,  and  how  to  conduct  our- 
selves against  such  usurpers,  if  they  left  for  a  while  the 
aforesaid  fortress  unmolested,  and  at  the  same  time  the  neces- 
sary and  efficacious  means  to  execute  your  honour's  orders 
with  reputation."^ 

The  directors  of  the  West  India  Company  again  allude,  in 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  22.  2  Ibid.  vol.  xviii. 


masters 
about  it. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  299 

their  letters  to  Peter  Stuyvesant,  to  the  increasing  difficulties    1659. 
on  the  South  River,  and  speak  of  negotiations  being  in  pro-     '    " — ' 
gress  with  the  burgomasters,  for  the  retransfer  of  the  colony 
of  the  city  to  the  company.     They  say,  "  we  see,  however,  Soidiers 
from  the  documents,  that  Collector  Beekman,  on  South  River,  ^^'^J'^  ^^ 

'       _  ^  '  '   Beetman, 

has  engaged  some  soldiers  without  your  honour's  knowledge,  without  the 
which  ought  not  to  have  been  done  without  communication  of^p'^gtu"". 
to,  and  special  orders  of  your  council,  to  whom  the  general  vesant. 
direction  is  intrusted."^  '''''"'"'*'*• 

"  We  observe,  with  regret,  the  unfavourable  situation  and 
decline  of  the  colony  of  the  city  on  South  River,  but  as  we 
have  already  discussed  this  point  at  large  in  our  last  letter, 
we  shall  now  pass  it  by." 

"  It  occasioned  us,  indeed,  deep  regret,  when  we  were  in-  Baa  condi- 
formed  of  the  difficulties  which  are  threatenino;  the  colony  of  "o^^of^^io- 

o  •'  ny  of  city. 

this  city  on  South  River,  as  unlawful  usurpers  seem  to  stand  Negotiations 
at  the  door.  We  are  pleased  with  the  measures  and  exertions  ^'^^^'^'^^ 

^  _  company 

by  which  your  honour  intended  to  avert  the  danger,  while  it  and  burgo- 
is  our  great  concern  that  this  settlement  should,  by  all  possi 
}jle  means,  be  preserved ;  not  only  because,  if  it  prospers  and 
remains  respected  by  its  neighbours,  it  is  a  bulwark  for  the 
settlements  of  the  company  against  any  enemy  on  that  quar- 
ter, but  because  it  may  be  presumed  the  said  colony  might 
ere  long  be  given  in  property  to  the  company,  as  we  are  ac- 
tually negotiating  on  this  point  with  the  burgomasters,  and 
will  inform  you  of  the  issue,  if  it  is  concluded."^ 

In  a  letter  to  the  West  India  Company,  Stuyvesant  alludes  Dec.  26. 
to  differences  between  Van  Ruyven  and  Krygier,  and  Alricks,  Difficulties 
in  which  the  latter  charges  the  company  and  commissaries  Ru^^^en  Ic^ 
"  with  all  the  troubles  which  have  been  raised  in  the  colony,  and  AWcks. 
as  its  depopulation  by  retreat  of  colonists,  and  of  the  colony's 
soldiers,  consequently  the  ruin  of  the  whole  colony,  if  this  or 
any  place  depending  on  it  was  lost."     Refers  to  "  his  frivo- 
lous and  abusive  protest,  charging  us  as  impudently  as  falsely, 
that  we  absolutely  commanded  to  recall  the  garrison  from  the 
Whorekill."3 

Jacob  Alricks,  the  vice-director  of  the  city's  colony  of  New  Dec.  so. 
Amstel,  died,  having  previously  nominated  Alexander  D'Hin-  Death  of 
oyossa  his  successor,  and  Gerit  Van  Gezel,  secretary.     His  iJrSi*''''*'' 
continuance  in  office  was  short,  and  his  administration  con- 

'   Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  317  2  Ibid.  p.  326. 

3  Ibid.  vol.  xviii.  p.  G6. 


300  A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1659.  sidered  rather  prejudicial  to  the  interests  of  the  colony ;  as 
"  '  '  we  have  seen  he  was  censured  for  his  conduct,  and  many  of 
the  evils  which  befell  the  colony  were  charged  to  him,  whether 
justly  or  not  it  is  difficult  to  determine,  as  so  much  jealousy 
existed  at  that  time,  in  those  who  were  perhaps  interested  in 
his  downfall.  Some  disgraceful  proceedings  at  the  time  of 
his  death  will  be  noticed  in  the  early  part  of  the  next  year. 
It  is  said  he  left  the  colony  considerably  in  debt,  but  probably 
much  allowance  must  be  made  for  the  peculiar  circumstances 
which  surrounded  him,  such  as  prevailing  sickness,  want  of 
provisions,  the  death  of  his  wife  this  same  year,  &c.  Many 
Dutch  families  had  removed  to  Maryland,  and  it  is  said  the 
inhabited  part  of  the  colony  did  not  at  this  time  extend  two 
Dutch  miles  from  the  fort.^  Only  ten  soldiers  remained  in 
the  fort  here,  and  five  at  Whorekill. 

1660. 
The  death  of  Jacob  Alricks,  which  has  already  been  men- 
january  14.   tioncd,  produccd  somc  trouble  in  the  city's  colony.  Mr.  Beek- 
conditionof  man,  in  a  letter  of  this  date,  says,  "since  my  last  by  the 
coMequence  g^Hiot,  wc  lost,   at  Ncw  Amstel,   the  honourable  director, 
of  Airicks's    Jacob  Alricks,  who  died  December  30.     His  death  causes  a 
ffinoyossa     great  alteration  in  the  colony,  and  principally  so  among  the 
hissuccessor.  council  and  the  heirs.      The  honourable  D'Hinoyossa  was,  by 
his  last  will,  designated  his  successor,  and  if  I  am  well  in- 
formed, said  Jacob  Alricks  conducted  himself  generally  in  a 
fierce  and  forcible  manner,  by  which  many  were  alienated 
from  him,  so  that  it  is  nothing  surprising  that  the  inhabitants 
generally  wish  that  you  could  make  it  convenient  to  arrive 
here  in  the   spring,  to    establish  good  order,   and  appoint 
another  director. 

"  While  I  was  dictating  this  letter,  there  arrived  here  a 
Convention    cousiu  of  Mr.  Alricks,  deceased,  with  a  package   of  letters 
Ic.^onTi-'^^'  f'^ODi  ^^r.  Van  Gezel,  who  informed  me  that  after  my  depar- 
ricks'saf-      turc  ycstcrday,  there  had  been  again  a  convocation  of  the 
schepens  and  vroedshap  of  the  cit}'^,  which  happens  nearly 
every  day  under  his  present  administration.     He  wished  to 
obtain  from  them  that  the  honourable  Alricks  had  very  un- 
happily directed  his  administration,  which  they  declined ;  nay, 
they  would  not  appear  again  upon  the  third  and  fourth  notice, 
whereupon  Elmerhuysen  and  Mr.  Willems  were  summoned, 

•  Acrelius,  422.     Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  25. 


PETER  STUTVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  301 

and  Mr.  Evert,  the  chorister,  was  conducted  to  the  foi-t  by  1660. 
the  sheriff,  the  sei'geant,  and  four  soldiers,  to  give  his  evidence  '  '  ' 
against  the  deceased  director,  and  at  the  same  time  Mr.  Van 
Gezel  had  been  put  under  arrest  in  the  fort,  as  he  fostered 
the  opinion  that  he  stirred  up  the  people  against  him ;  so  that 
it  has  a  great  deal  of  appearance  that  the  affairs  will  come 
there  in  great  confusion." 

"  Complaints  against  Jan  Juriansen  Becker,  for   selling  January  u. 
liquors  to  the  soldiers  for  cash  or  on  credit ;  yea  some,  prin-  intempe- 
cipally  young  lads,  drank  up  two  or  three  months'  wages  be-  ^^^^^  °They 
fore  they  stayed  here  six  or  seven  weeks.     They  delivered  ijum  a  ca- 
him  a  note  of  hand,  in  which  it  was  written  that  he  had  pro-  8°va°es.  "^ 
vided  them  toith  the  necessaries  of  life  to  the  amount.     I  am  Danger  in 
obliged  to  forbid  it,  but  he  continues  secretly.     This  credit  ''""^^i^®'^*'®- 
has  been  the  cause  that  two  soldiers,  being  intoxicated,  burnt 
a  small  canoe  of  the  savages,  on  which  the  savages  threatened 
to  set  fire  to  a  house,  or  shoot  our  cattle,  so  that  I  was  com- 
pelled to  satisfy  them.     Every  necessary  is  here  very  high." 

Beekman  asks  "  that  his  son  may  be  gratified  with  appoint- 
ment and  wages  of  an  adelborst.''^ 

Some  savages  report  that  two  corpses  of  savages  had  been  January  21. 
found  by  savages  in  the  underwood,  on  a  marsh,  supposed  to  Murder  of 
have  been  murdered  by  Christians,  at  which  the  savages  were  *^°  ^^"^=^se3. 
highly   dissatisfied,   and  threaten  those  of  New  Amstel.     I 
cannot,  however,  ascertain  the  fact,  but  communicate  it  to 
D'Hinoyossa."^ 

In  New  Amstel,  Cornelis  Van  Gezel  was  removed  from  January  25. 
office,  and  in  his  place  John  Prato  appointed  as  councillor.  vanOezei 
The  sheriff.  Van  Sweringen,  acts  as  secretary ;  "  so  that  the  pre-  Present  ad- 
sent  administration  now  consists  of  honourable  D'Hinoyossa,  n"i"stration. 
Van  Sweringen,  and  Prato,  while  they  assume  to  their  aid  in 
all  extraordinary  transactions,  Mr.  Williams,  the  surgeon,  and 
the  gunner,  John  Block.     D'Hinoyossa  has  again  engaged 
Peter  Alricks  in  his  service,  to  act  as  commander  on  the 
Whorekills,  in  the  spring."^ 

"  Some  farmers  arrived  here  in  the  ship  Golden  Mill,  and  Arrival  ana 
settled  opposite  to  our  fort ;  complain  of  want  of  subsistence,  ^'^uation'^of 
as  they  gathered  very  little  from  the  land,  and  received  their  lie^*^  settlers. 
plant-maize,  from    Alricks,  which   they  received   late,   and 
being  English   corn,  came  very  late  to  maturity,  and  was 

'  Beekman's  Letter  in  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  pp.  25 — 33. 
2  Ibid.  3  Acrelius,  p.  424. 

20 


302 


A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


1660. 


Distressed 
gituation  of 
some  new- 
settled  far- 
mers. 


Murderers  of 
the  three 


certained. 
Consulta- 
tions about 
it  with  the 
Indians. 


Meeting  in 
consequence 
of  the  mur- 
der. 


frozen  in  the  field,  so  that  they  have  scarce  any  victuals, 
neither  do  they  possess  the  means  of  obtaining  it  from  any- 
where else,  not  even  from  D'Hinoyossa,  notwithstanding  h^  in- 
vited them  to  New  Amstel,  with  promise  of  his  assistance. 
He  distributed  to  seven  or  eight  families  one  quarter  of  maize 
to  each,  and  told  them  he  did  so  only  in  his  individual  capa- 
city. It  is  true  these  farmers  had  a  considerable  quantity 
of  winter  corn,  but  several  persons  are  of  opinion,  if  they 
cannot  receive  aid,  they  will  be  obliged  to  abandon  the  soil 
before  the  new  harvest  of  corn,  as  they  already  sold  their 
clothes  last  winter  to  keep  themselves  alive." 

"  Since  two  days,  the  river  is  free  from  ice,  and  again  na- 
vigable. We  are  in  great  want  of  a  drum,  as  ours  is  too 
decayed  for  use."^ 

"  We  received  information  with  regard  to  the  murderers  of 
the  three  savages,  among  whom  is  one  Minqua.  The  deed 
was  perpetrated  on  the  farm  of  honourable  Alricks,  deceased, 
by  two  of  his  servants,  who,  on  26th  ultimo,  were  imprisoned 
by  honourable  D'Hinoyossa.  This  affair  will  cost  us  a  great 
deal  of  trouble,  as  it  is  reported  the  savages  are  resolved  to 
take  revenge  on  those  of  New  Amstel.  I  was  yesterday  there, 
and  observed  that  they  who  resided  at  some  distance  from 
that  place  fled  to  the  nearest  houses  under  the  fort.  I  heard 
many  complaints  against  D'Hinoyossa ;  among  various  others, 
that  he  should  have  said  that  he  would  contribute  not  a  far- 
thing in  this  case  of  murder,  but  that  it  must  be  borne  by  the 
community,  and  that  he  was  pretty  indifferent  whether  the 
savages  went  to  war  or  not.  This  is  only  report.  I  will  try 
to  induce  him  to  a  peaceable  course." 

"  This  instant  I  received  a  letter  from  Sheriff  Van  Dyck, 
whom  I  had  requested  to  come  to  New  Amstel  with  the  com- 
missaries, when  the  savages  intended  to  meet  there,  to  con- 
verse about  the  murder,  as  the  constitution  and  manners  of 
the  savages  were  better  known  to  them  than  to  us  new 
comers.  They  excused  themselves,  however,  as  they  did  not 
receive  a  special  and  written  message  from  the  director-general 
and  council  of  New  Amstel,  and  further,  they  informed  us 
that  the  savages  told  them  they  ought  not  to  interfere  or 
meddle  in  any  manner  with  this  business,  because  they  of 
SmitKs  Corner  of  New  Amstel  were  of  the  same  nation,  yet 
they  would,  if  in  any  manner  possible,  come  to-morrow,  to 

'  Beekmaii's  Letters,  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  pp.  33,  34. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  303 

act  then  together  in  concert ;  that  it  would  not  answer  to  re-  1G60. 
fuse  their  aid,  if  necessity  required,  if  solicited  to  bestow  it,  "  '  ' 
as  this  might  prevent  bloodshed."^ 

"  Cornelis  Van  Gezel  arrived  here  at  Altona  on  30th  ;  per-  conduct  of 
sists  in  avoiding  to  meet  the  honourable  D'Hinoyossa,  who  had  J^',f^rasT* 
commanded  him  that  he  should  declare  on  his  solemn  oath,  Oezei. 
upon  penalty  of  25  guilders,  what  property  the  honourable 
Alricks  left  behind.      He  said  that  he  was  daily  so  troubled 
and  insulted,  that  he  would  not  longer  be  induced  to  remain 
there,  when  D'Hinoyossa  carried  from  Gezel's  house  a  large 
mirror  and  j■;a^9^^m^,  apparently  on  the  fine  of  25  guilders, 
because  he  had  not  appeared  before  him." 

"  On  the  1st  instant,  I  received  from  D'Hinoyossa  a  sealed  Auctioneer 
letter,  without  address,  who  sent  with  it  an  apology,  that  he  hou£°^^^°" 
had  no  time  to  write  the  address,  ivitliout  breaking  in  upon 
Tiis  laziness.  He  inquires  if  Gezel  is  here,  and  if  he  in- 
tended to  go  to  Manhattan  by  land,  which  he  took  amiss,  as 
Van  Gezel  was  yet  holden  to  bring  in  his  accounts  as  auc- 
tioneer, and  those  of  the  07-phan-house.  When  I  communi- 
cated this  to  Gezel,  he  immediately  returned  thither. 

"  He  mentioned  too,  in  the  same  letter,  that  he  and  his  Montwy  fast 
council  had  commanded  that  a  fast  and  prayer  day  should  be  ^^^  ?"•»?«''- 
holden  on  the  first  Monday  of  each  month. 

"While  copying  this  in  a  hurry,  I  unexpectedly  received  a  vanCezei 
message  from  Van  Gezel,  soliciting  that  he  might  be  informed  "jouof'^Beek- 
if  I  could  protect  him  from  D'Hinoyossa's  violence,  as  D'Hino-  mauat  ai- 
yossa  presumed  to  say  that  if  he  retreated  to  Altona,  and 
should  not  be  delivered  up  at  his  summons,  that  he  would 
carry  him  off  with  force ;  to  which  I  answered,  that  I  would 
directly  communicate  the  affair  to  your  honour,  and  that 
meanwhile  I  would  protect  him  till  I  should  receive  your 
answer." 

"  Jan  Schoeten  arrived  here  from  Maryland,  as  I  was  ready  Return  of 
to  seal  this,  who  says,  that  many  there  would  return  here,  if  ,"^''^7^^**' 
I  would  assure  them  of  my  protection,  which  I  promised  till 
I  should  receive  your  orders  on  the  subject."^ 

The  following  case  shows  the  state  of  crime  and  the  mode  February  20. 
of  punishment;  the  sentence  was  signed  by  Beekman,  at  Case  of  crime 
Altona :  "  Gerrit  Hermans  and  Govert  Jansen  having  quar-  ^"q^"'"^^" 
relied  together,  the  former  was  wounded  on  the  left  hand  with 

'  Albany  Records,  Beekman's  Letter,  vol.  xvii.  p.  39. 
2  Ibid. 


30'4  A.  D'lIINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1660.  the  latter's  sword,  the  little  finger  being  cut  off,  and  other 
*  ■  '  severe  wounds  inflicted  on  the  palm  of  the  hand.  Govert 
Jansen,  with  the  full  consent  of  the  sergeant,  is  condemned 
to  pay  the  account  of  the  patient,  in  compensation  for  the 
loss  of  his  finger,  and  the  laming  of  the  second  also,  60 
guilders,  and  besides  to  defray  the  expense  while  under  the 
care  of  the  surgeon,  and  be  condemned  for  six  weeks  to  the 
spade  and  wheelbarrow  in  the  fort,"  which  sentence  was  ap- 
proved by  director-general  and  council  at  Fort  Amsterdam, 
in  form,  May  31.i 

D'Hinoyossa  and  Beekman  inform  Stuyvesant  of  a  horrible 
March  1.  murdcr  committed  on  a  savage  on  South  River,  near  the  co- 
Murder  of  lony  of  New  Amstel,  and  that  it  was  probably  done  by  two 
ttrchri^^  "so  named  Christians,"  for  which  they  were  apprehended. 
tians.  Dele-  Stuyvcsaut  cutcrs  iuto  a  long  argument  on  the  importance  of 
pointed'tom-  their  conviction  and  execution  at  South  River,  where  he  can- 
vestigate  it.    not  go,  and  concludcs  to  send  his  attorney-general,  Nicasius 

Tlioir  in- 

.structions.  1^6  Sillc,  with  William  Beekman,  on  behalf  of  the  company, 
Alexander  D'Hinoyossa,  on  part  of  burgomasters,  provisional 
director  in  the  colony,  Paulus  Lindert  Van  De  Graft,  old 
burgomaster  of  Amsterdam,  G.  Van  Sweringen,  as  provi- 
sional sheriff  and  commissary,  Jacobus  Backer,  acting  sche- 
pen,  and  John  Prato,  adopted  member  of  council,  as  delegates. 
They  were  qualified,  with  the  following  instructions  : 

1.  When  arrived  on  South  River  with  the  yacht  Sea-Bear, 
with  one  or  two  of  their  body  must  inquire  into  the  circum- 
stances relative  to  the  murder. 

2.  When  inquiry  is  made,  delinquents  discovered,  and  by 
sufiicient  proofs  and  voluntary  confession  convicted,  then  pro- 
secute them  before  the  delegated  judge,  to  make  up  his  con- 
clusion according  to  law,  demand  speedy  and  impartial  justice, 
execute  the  pronounced  judgment,  and  there  on  the  spot,  for 
others'  example. 

3.  Shall  invite  the  sachem  and  some  individuals  to  be  pre- 
sent, and  explain  it  as  an  object  of  friendship,  and  that  they 
may  be  made  to  do  so  too  when  Indians  kill  whites. 

4.  Inquire  about  Becker's  case  of  selling  rum. 

5.  In  case  of  Alricks's  executor  and  D'Hinoyossa,  exhort 
them  to  peace. 

6.  Advise  and  assist  Andreas  Laurens  in  the  military  ser- 

•  Albany  Records,  vol.  xxiv. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  305 

vice.^  He  is  authorized  to  enlist  Swedes  and  Finns  as  soldiers,     1660. 
at  eight  to  twelve  gl.  heavy  raoney.^  "    '    ' 

The  directors  in  Amsterdam,  after  speaking  of  the  conduct 
of  the  English,  encroaching  on  the  North  and  South  Rivers,  March  9. 
say  to  Stuyvesant,  "if  they  won't  be  persuaded,  they  must  Directors  in 
be  dislodged.     Your  honour  ought  to  oppose,  in  the  same  ^^°"^°j"?'" 
manner,  those  of  Maryland,  if  they  undertook  to  settle  on  off  Mary- 
South  River,  within  our  district,  first  warning  them,  in  a  civil  ^'*'^'^"^- 
manner,  not  to  usurp  our  territory,  but  if  they  despise  such 
kind  entreaties,  then  nothing  is  left  but  to  drive  them  from 
there,  as  our  claims  and  rights  on  the  lands  upon  South  River 
are  indisputable,  not  so  much  (which,  however,  is  the  case) 
as  first  occupants,  but  by  real  purchase  from  the  natives,  who 
were  the  only  real  progenitors  of  the.  soil."^ 

Beekman  writes  to  Stuyvesant  that  he  has  received  his  let-  March  is. 
ter  of  19th,  and  that  he  has  endeavoured  to  reconcile  D'Hino-  Agreement 
yossa  and  Van  Gezel;  that  he  had  directly  published  the  murder  of 
transmitted  placard  relative  to  the  farmers,  and  had  it  affixed  savages. 
at  the  same  time.     "  On  the  8th  of  February,  I  sent  with 
Sherifi"  Van  Dyck,  a  commission  at  New  Amstel,  at  request  of 
D'Hinoyossa,  to  enter  into  an  agreement  about  the  murdered 
savages,  and  succeeded  to  their  satisfaction;  on  the  18th,  at 
evening,  the  next  day,  the  payment  was  made,  the  agreement 
signed,  and  a  receipt  given  me." 

"  When  employed   in  concluding  an  agreement  with  the  Reported 
savages,  I  was  informed  that   Mr.  Hudde  was  robbed  and  ^bLry^of 
killed,  on  which  I  directly  despatched  the  sherifi"  to  inquire  nudae. 
about  it,  by  the  Swedes.    When  he  returned,  he  reported  him 
as  not  killed,  but  plundered,  which  we  then  communicated  to 
the  sachems,  who  engaged  that  every  thing  should  be  returned. 

"On  the  10th  February,  the  delinquents  were  sentenced  Trial  of  de- 
by  D'Hinoyossa,  for  which  he  solicited  my  presence,  which  I 
declined,  but  I  asked  him  if  he  supposed  he  was  sufficiently 
qualified  to  decide  su-ch  cases ;  he  answered.  Yes ;  then  he 
requested  that  I  would  consent  to  take  a  place  near  the  fire, 
with  Mr.  Elmerhuysen,  and  hear  the  debates  and  decision,  to 
which  I  consented." 

"  It  is  rumoured  that  Lord  Baltimore  had  arrived  in  Mary-  Report  of 
land,  and  Avould  come  to  us  within  three  or  four  days,  with  ^""^  ^^^*' 

'  J    '  more. 

500  men.    It  is  an  uncertain  rumour;  asks  for  governor's  in- 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xxiv.  pp.  108,  109.  2  ibid.  p.  115. 

3  Ibid.  vol.  iv.  p.  331. 

8d  2c2 


306 


A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


1660. 


No  balls  for 
guns  or 
muskets. 


March  15. 


Swedes  and 
Finns  pre- 
pare to  re- 
move.  Their 
military 
strength. 


Swedes  use 
the  horses 
ill.  No  in- 
crease to  be 
expected. 
Measures 
proposed. 


Hudde  and 
Becker. 


April  6. 

Swedes  and 
rinns  can- 
not under- 
stand each 
other. 


Proposed 
changes  of 
location. 


sti'uctions  in  such  a  case,  and  further,  if  it  is  not  necessary 
that  the  decayed  batteries  are  repaired,  either  "vrith  sods  or 
beams,  which  are  here  at  hand,  from  the  old  house  on  Quy- 
jjej-'s  Island,  of  which  a  part  was  ah*eady  used  to  barricade 
the  fort.  There  is  only  a  small  provision  of  musket  balls, 
and  none  whatever  for  our  large  guns. 

"On,  the  8th  instant,  arrived  the  attorney-general  and  a 
few  other  gentlemen, 

"  I  was  lately  informed  that  about  twenty  families  of  the 
Swedish  and  Finnish  nation  have  resolved  to  leave  this  neigh- 
bourhood, and  go  and  reside  in  the  colony,  which  the  sheriff 
and  commissaries  solicit  me  to  prevent.  I  answered,  I  would 
ask  your  advice.  The  Swedish  and  Finnish  nations  contain 
about  130  men  capable  to  bear  arms,  so  Van  Dyck  writes  me." 

Notifies  the  governor  "  that  the  horses  are  misused  by  the 
Swedes,  so  that  I  fear,  but  seldom,  if  any  increase  by  them, 
neither  is  there  any  prospect  in  this  respect  in  future,  as  the 
mares  are  spoiled  by  drawing  the  whole  morning  heavy  beams ; 
there  are  only  three  mares  and  two  stallions  alive  of  the  num- 
ber you  sent  here,  besides  two  young  colts  of  two  years.  It 
would,  in  my  opinion,  be  preferable  to  let  them  run  loose  in 
the  field,  to  obtain  the  increase,  or  otherwise  sell  them. 
Would  it  not  be  expedient  to  make  the  farmers  make  some 
compensation  for  the  horses  which  have  been  lost  or  died. 

He  asks  leave  to  visit  Manhattan,  "  to  bring  his  two  oldest 
boys  to  school,  and  put  his  affairs  in  order." 

Hudde  applies,  through  William  Beekman,  to  Peter  Stuy- 
vesant,  for  John  Becker's  place ;  "  did  not  know  he  was  dis- 
missed; he  is  a  very  worthy,  saving  man."^ 

"  I  was,  last  week,  for  a  few  days,  with  the  Swedes  and 
Finns ;  the  different  settlements  cannot  converse  with  each 
other,  for  want  of  a  knowledge  of  their  reciprocal  language. 
This  took  place  with  those  living  around  Keneses,  and  those 
about  Aroumerk,  where  are  now  two  or  three  families.  It  is 
said  from  the  other  side,  that  those  of  Keneses  did  oppose 
them,  and  desired  that  we  should  come  to  them,  which  is  sup- 
ported by  the  sheriff  and  commissaries." 

"  The  opposite  party  said,  it  is  indeed  so,  that  there  is  no 
defence  whatever,  neither  a  place  for  any  safe  retreat,  at 
Keneses,  as  considerable  underwood  and  many  streams  must 
be  passed  ;  on  the  contrary,  at  Arounderryk  there  is  a  pretty 

'  Albany  Records,  Beekman's  Letter,  vol.  xvii.  p.  45. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  307 

large  kill,  wliich  might  be  chosen  to  cover  a  retreat,  or  pre-     1660. 
pare  for   defence.     At   Arounderryk  they  might   cultivate     '    '    ^ 
their  fields,  at  the  other  side  of  the  kill,  on  the  Passayung 
road,  where  is  a  rich,  fruitful  soil,  and  last  harvest  a  consi-  April  e. 
derable  quantity  of  seed  was  sowed.     Some  of  the  commis- 
saries, who  actually  possess  good  farms,  pretend  that,  by  a 
similar  compromise  all  are  favoured,  if  the  proposals  are  ac- 
cepted, while  others  assert  exactly  the  contrary,  each  one 
maintaining  his  right,  and  will  keep  his  own  farm  and  lots." 

Miss^  Printz  complains  that  she  cannot  remove  her  resi-  jiiss  Prmtz 
dence,  the  heavy  buildings  not  permitting  her  to  change  it,  ^"^  *'^°'^^'^- 
and  the  church  where  she  usually  worships  being  upon  that 
spot.     She  offers  her  lands  without  any  compensation,  but 
can  nevertheless  induce  no  person  to  settle  in  her  neighbour- 
hood.    Seeing  at  last  that  they  cannot  agree  the  one  with 
the  other,  I  commanded  that  within  eight  or  ten  days  a  list 
should  be  delivered  to  me,  where  it  suits  best  every  individual 
to  fix  his  future  residence,  and  if  this  could  be  brought  in  with 
the  orders  and  placard  of  your  honour,  that  in  such  case  I  Beekman 
would  consent  to  it,  or  that  otherwise  I  should  be  compelled  direct  the  re- 
to  command  and  issue  my  orders  where  each  of  them  should  si-ience  of 
reside ;  upon  which  they  earnestly  urged,  that  as  they  had 
not  received  timely  information,  as  had  been  given  to  the 
farmers  on  the  Manhattan,  that  somewhat  lono-er  time  miajht 
be  allowed  them,  whereas,  if  the  orders  must  be  executed  this 
spring,  it  would  unavoidably  cause  them  great  losses,  and 
destroy  their  plantations ;    wherefore   they   deprecated  the 
rigorous  execution  of  the  placard.    I  therefore  granted  them, 
under  your  honour's  approbation,  four  or  six  weeks  longer. 
Miss  Printz,  and  others  too,  requested,  that  when  necessity 
required  it,  I  would  aid  them,  for  which  purpose  a  larger 
number  of  soldiers  would  be  required.    We  are  much  in  want 
of  a  drummer,  as  also  a  new  drum,  or  a  hide  and  cords,  as  want  a 
we  have  not  beat  a  drum  for  two  months ;  our  colours,  too,  ^eTand"^ 
are  nearly  torn  from  the  staff.     Sergeant  Andreas  Laurens  lo^rs. 

h..  1  T,  T  .,..,,      Enlistments 

as  some  time  been  engaged  to  persuade  some  mdividuals  attempted. 

either  to  enter  our  service  or  emigrate  to  Esopus,  to  which 
they  were  not  at  all  inclined.  It  seems  they  are  admonished 
and  encouraged  by  some  of  the  principal  leaders  among  the 
nation,  not  to  disperse,  but  remain  here,  as  closely  united  to- 
gether as  possible,  as  from  the  other  side  the  sheriff  and  com- 

1  Probably  Mrs.  Printz,  as  is  generally  so  understood. 


308  A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1660.    missaries  in  New  Amstel  opposed  themselves  to  prevent  the 
*""''    '     settling  of  any  of  them  in  that  colony." 

"  Gregory  Van  Dyck  says  he  received  your  honour's  order 
Permission    permitting  the  Swedes  and  Finns  now  residents  in  the  co- 
lld  FinM  to  ^o^y>  ^^  remain  there,  so  that  I  insinuated  that  they  might 
remain.        provisionally  remain  till  your  further  orders.     They  com- 
plained to  D'Hinoyossa,  who  sent  me  a  note  about  explaining 
that  it  must  have  been  done  without  my  knowledge,  by  the 
sheriff  and  commissaries.    I  answered,  I  had  written  for  your 
honour's  orders." 

"  On  the  2d  instant,  arrived  here  Mr.  Henry  Coursay,  a 
H.  Coursay    merchant  in  Maryland,  with  his  two  brothers  and  a  Swede 
Mal^lInTS  residing  in  that  neighbourhood.     The  aforesaid  Coursay  com- 
pursuitof     plained  that  the  honourable  D'Hinoyossa  declined  to  do  him 
serran  s.      justice  with  regard  to  three  servants  who,  three  weeks  ago, 
ran  away  from  him,  and  had  since  been  engaged  by  D'Hino- 
yossa, and  sent  to  Whorekill.     He  requested  I  would  write 
to  you.     He  was  at  an  assembly  at  Pottspen  when  he  heard 
his  servants  had  run  off. 

"  Mr.  Coursay  said  that  Mr.  Heermans  was  in  Maryland  ; 
A.  Hudde  he  Sent  to  obtain  a  safeguard  for  Mr.  Coursay.  At  his  de- 
Tvishes  to  go  parture,  Coursay  asked  if  Andreas  Hudde  laid  us  under  any 

to  Maryland.   '■  '  iiiti  -i  ttii 

Knows  how    obligations,  and  if  he  should  be  permitted  to  go  to  Maryland, 
to  make       ^^  Huddc  had  applied  to  him  and  others,  if  he  could  be  em- 
ployed by  him  or  them  as  a  hreiver,  and  that  he  knew  different 
ways  of  making  good  beer,  and  would  in  two  or  three  weeks 
return  to  inquire. 

"  Peter  Moyer  applies  for  a  patent  from  your  honour. 
A  surgeon  Peter  Tyneman  to  be  employed  as  a  surgeon  by  the  company. 
We  are  in  want  of  a  good  surgeon,  as  it  happened  already 
more  than  once ;  thereto  we  wanted  very  much  Mr.  Williams, 
the  barber,  (surgeon,)  in  this  city,  but  having  then  some  pa- 
tients there,  he  could  not  come  hither,  and  when  he  came  he 
often  had  not  by  him  such  medicaments  as  the  patients  re- 
quired, wherefore  the  sick  are  suffering. 

"  As  I  was  ready  to  seal  this  letter,  arrived  here  the  com- 

swcdesask    missarics  of  the  Swedish  nation,  to  solicit  me  to  ask  you  to 

tiii'"Iftethar-  ^^^°^^'  *^^™  *°  remain  in  their  present  possessions  till  they 

Test.  should  have  harvested  their  corn.     I  understood  that  they 

intended  to  unite  then  in  a  village  on  Perslajongh;^  that  they 

meanwhile  would  give  satisfaction  to  the  savages  for  the  land. 

'  Probably  Passayung. 


applies  for 
employment. 


adminis- 
tered. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  309 

I  answered,  it  was  not  permitted  to  purchase  land  from  savages    1660. 
except  with  consent  of  your  honour.     They  replied,  they     '    '~^ 
could  now  obtain  it  for  a  trifle.     I  told  them  I  must  await 
your  orders."^ 

Beekman,  in  a  long  letter  of  this  date,  gives  to  the  director-  April  2s. 
general  an  account  of  various  occurrences.     He  says,  after  swedes  ana 
mentioning  the  slaughter  of  eleven  of  the  menacing  savages  '^'""^  ^'^\ 
at  Esopus,  and  the  resolution  of  the  tribe  to  act  against  the  toEsopus." 
Dutch  :  "  I  commended  your  orders  to  several  of  the  Swedes  j*^^^'  "^^T- 
and  Finns,  but  could  not  persuade  them  to  go  to  Esopus ;  p>^nse  of 
they  would  not  be  unwilling,  provided  they  could  remain  there  great"" 
in  peace  with  the  savages,  so  that  your  honour  cannot  depend 
on  their  assistance.     They  prefer  making  a  settlement  in  the 
colony,  because  they  cannot  obtain,  in  another  district,  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  land  to  live  together ;  that  the  small 
spots  they  now  occupy  require  too  much  labour  and  expense 
in  fencing." 

"  I  delivered  D'Hinoyossa  your  honour's  orders  and  advice  oatii  to  be 
in  regard  to  individuals  who  desired  to  transport  themselves 
in  the  colony,  provided  they  were  willing  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance,  as  directed  by  your  honour.  He  says  in  answer, 
the  oath  is  contrary  to  the  capitulation  between  your  honour 
and  their  late  Governor  Rysingh ;  that  meanwhile  he  will 
take  an  oath  of  them  that  they  will  acknowledge  the  honour- 
able burgomasters  of  Amsterdam,  as  founders  and  patrons  of 
aforesaid  colony,  together  with  the  appointed  directors  and 
council  of  the  colony,  and  that  they  will  pay  them  all  reason- 
able obeisance." 

•'On  16th,  returned  Sergeant  Andreas  Laurens,  from  Deserters  to 
Maryland ;  he  met  only  a  few  of  the  runaways  who  were  yet  diLTve^l 
at  liberty,  except,  on  showing  your  letters  of  safeguard,  one 
John  Tennison,  wife  and  child,  whose  property  he  brought 
here  in  Carman's  yacht,  and  which  came  into  the  hands  of 
D'Hinoyossa,  who  valued  it,  but  declined  its  surrender  until 
a  receipt  in  your  honour's  name.  John  Tennison  refuses  to 
go  to  Manhattan,  unless  his  tools  and  property  are  delivered 
up,  but  would  rather  return  to  the  English,  as  he  there  had 
the  use  of  the  tools  of  John  Barnetson,  who  was  murdered 
by  savages,  and  whose  wife  died  at  Colonel  Utie's ;  whose 
child  liad  been  conducted  hither  by  the  sergeant ;  on  which, 
under  secrecy,  he  had  written,  at  her  request,  to  a  soldier's 

•  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  49, 


310 


A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


1660. 


Child  bom 
onboard 
ship  Prince 
Maurice  bap- 
tized. 


Soldiers 
without 
shirts. 

Forlorn  con- 
dition of  the 
soldiers,  for- 
tificationa, 


Quarrelsome 
man  and 
wife. 
DiTorce 
asked. 


Bev.  Mr. 
Laersen 
marries  a 
couple  con- 
trary to 
usage. 


wife,  one  Jacob  Claeson,  alias  my  friend,  which  child  had  there 
yet  to  receive  821  pounds  of  tobacco,  &c.  J.  Claeson  took 
•with  him  to  Holland  some  of  this  child's  property.  This 
child  was  born  on  the  departure  of  the  honourable  Alricks, 
in  the  ship  Prince  Maurice,  and  was,  at  the  request  of  the 
burgomasters,  baptized  by  the  name  of  ^AmsteVs  Hope.'' 
Please  order  if  it  is  to  be  delivered  to  the  overseers  of  the 
orphan-house,  or  anywhere  else. 

"  Some  of  your  soldiers  are  without  shirts ;  therefore  send 
some,  and  shoes  and  stockings. 

"  We  are  very  busy,  employed  in  repairing  fortifications, 
but  are  much  in  want  of  a  guard-house  about  ten  or  eleven 
feet  large.  The  guard  is  now  kept  where  they  are  now  quar- 
tered, who  come  from  duty  as  sentinels,  often  undress  and 
go  to  bed,  as  there  is  no  particular  appropriation  made  for 
this  purpose,  neither  could  it  be  performed,  as  the  house  is 
too  small ;  so  that  a  guard-house  is  highly  necessary.  The 
comrades,  too,  are  often  quarrelling  together. 

"We  have  a  sufficient  quantity  of  squared  timber  near  the 
ruins  of  the  decayed  house  on  the  island,  so  that  the  only 
expense  will  be  to  bring  it  under  cover,  and  make  a  chimney. 

"Among  the  Finns  is  a  married  couple  who  live  together 
in  a  constant  strife ;  the  wife  receives  daily  a  severe  drubbing, 
and  is  often  expelled  from  the  house  as  a  dog.  This  treat- 
ment she  suff"ered  a  number  of  years ;  not  a  word  is  said  in 
blame  of  the  wife,  whereas  he,  on  the  contrary,  is  an  adul- 
terer ;  on  all  which  the  priest,  the  neighbours,  the  sheriff, 
and  the  commissaries  appealed  to  me,  at  the  solicitation  of 
man  and  wife,  that  a  divorce  might  take  place,  and  the  small 
property  and  stock  be  divided  between  them."  Asks  for 
orders. 

"  Oeleff  Stille  opposed  himself  to  me  pretty  warmly  in 
court,  because  I  suspected  him  that  he,  without  being  autho- 
rized, had  arrogated  to  himself  to  qualify  the  priest  to  marry 
a  young  couple,  without  the  usual  proclamations,  and  against 
the  will  of  the  parents,  on  which  I  condemned  the  priest  in 
a  fine  of  50  guilders,  which  said  Stille  too  opposed,  saying 
that  it  was  not  our  province  to  meddle  with  this  affair;  it 
ought  to  be  done,  if  any  interference  was  desirable,  by  the 
Swedish  consistory,  and  that  we  had  nothing  to  do  with  the 
priest.  Mr.  Laei-sen  adopted  the  same  opinion,  as  our  court 
related  to  us,  last  November,  on  a  summons,  that  we  had  no 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  311 

rigbt  to  interfere  with  the  rights  of  Christina,  so  that  he  did  1660. 
not  appear  before  us.  The  case  was  this :  Mr.  Laerson  had  '  •  ' 
complained  of  assault  and  battei-y  by  Peter  Mayer ;  he  was 
severely  struck  and  wounded  in  his  face,  so  that  I  never  saw  Assault  ana 
a  worse,  on  which  both  were  summoned  to  appear  before  us ;  ^ll^^l^ 
but  before  the  court  could  meet,  the  affair  was  settled,  pre-  court  Law 
tending  the  incompetency  of  the  court.  On  the  19th  of 
August  the  court  met ;  there  were  twelve  of  the  Swedish  and 
Finn  nation  summoned,  and  a  default  by  the  Jager  and  other 
Dutchmen  in  the  colony,  when  an  order  was  issued  that  for 
each  default  which  was  voluntary  and  premeditated,  and  not 
brought  forward  by  any  extraneous  or  invincible  obstacles,  as 
through  sickness,  or  God's  wind  and  weather,  should  be  paid 
a  fine  of  10  guilders,  so  that  no  person  should  be  delayed  in 
his  just  pretensions,  as  there  were  annually  only  three  or  four 
courts,  as  circumstances  might  require.  On  the  7th  of  this 
month,  being  court,  the  priest  and  Mayer  were  again  sum- 
moned on  the  same  affair  by  Sheriff  Van  Dyck,  and  further, 
that  Peter  Mayer  treated  another  person  in  the  insolent 
manner,  and  Peter  Mayer  deliberately  occasioning  default, 
after  the  8th,  intimation  to  Jacob  Van  Vern,  in  whose  behalf 
the  assignment  was  made  by  sheriff  and  commissaries,  for 
liquor  received ;  on  which  Peter  Mayer,  coming  to  me,  re- 
quested a  receipt,  making  at  the  same  time  a  great  noise, 
that  in  this  manner  the  costs  were  excessive,  but  that  he  too 
would  not  be  at  rest  till  he  had  a  legal  security  for  his  land. 
He  told  me  further,  in  pretty  harsh  language,  that  every 
year  new  commissaries  ought  to  be  appointed,  as  entitled,  or 
that  he  and  other  freemen  were  always  to  be  treated  as  boys, 
so  that  constantly  we  are  to  be  ruled  by  mad-caps,  who  did 
not  understand  reading  or  writing,  and  were  to  be  preferred 
before  him,  who  was  acquainted  with  letters  and  penmanship, 
and  that  the  affairs  should  be  managed  in  a  quite  different 
manner,  if  he  should  remain  here ;  with  many  other  similar 
insolent  blubbering ;  to  all  which  I  listened  with  patience, 
refuted  him  with  solid  arguments,  and  advised  him  to  go  to 
your  honour,  and  lay  his  complaints  before  you.  A  few  days 
ago,  when  I  sent  him  a  warning  to  deliver  up  his  horse,  his 
wife  came  and  made  a  horrible  noise ;  they  could  not  spare 
the  horse,  they  were  not  accustomed  to  carry  their  wood  on 
their  necks  ;  that  they  had  a  share  in  the  property  of  the 
horse,  as  well  as  I,  and,  be  it  said  with  reverence,  she  did 


312  A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1660.  not  care  a  groat  about  my  orders,  as  they  intended  to  leave 
"""""^  '  soon  this  spot,  on  which  I  menaced  to  send  her  to  the  guard- 
house, but  having  no  wish  to  throw  her  in  consternation,  as 
April  28.  being  in  her  last  stage  of  pregnancy,  I  let  it  pass  by.  In 
short,  this  people  conduct  themselves  most  despicably.  Never- 
theless, if  they  are  resolved  to  move  from  here  and  reside  in 
the  colony,  or  any  other  part,  I  shall  remind  him  of  the  fine 
■which  he  yet  owes  for  selling  liquor  to  the  savages.  I  am 
informed  that  the  greater  part  of  those  now  living  separately, 
do  intend  going  to  reside  in  Maryland  with  a  few  of  the 
Finns. 

"  While  concluding  this,  I  am  informed  by  a  soldier  that  a 
Captain  Kry-  shallop  was  in  sight,  on  which  I  directly  went  thither,  as  it 
Kemwks^of  ^^^  afloat,  when  I  met  Captain  Krygier,  this  instant  arrived, 
D'mnoyossa  who  handed  me  your  letter.  I  copied  your  letter  to  the  ho- 
vesant's"iet-  nourablc  D'Hiuoyossa,  sealed  it,  and  then  directly  conveyed 
ter.  it  to  him.     He  was,  he  said,  much  surprised  at  such  a  vulgar 

colony  to  address,  covering  such  bitter  contents,  and  you  might  be 
company  assurcd  that  he  would  show  it  from  the  greatest  to  the  small- 
est, and  even  forward  it  to  the  states.  He  said  further,  ho 
would  not  do  any  thing  contrary  to  your  orders,  but  bear  all 
things  with  patience,  but  remonstrate  against  it  to  his  prin- 
cipals. He  wished  to  be  informed  by  me  if  the  colony  was 
again  transferred  to  the  company ;  he  understood,  at  least, 
by  your  letter,  that  a  change  was  in  contemplation."^ 

J.  J.  Becker,  for  habitually  selling  liquors  at  Altona,  was 
May  3.  Condemned  in  a  heavy  fine,  officially  as  clerk  degraded,  and 
J.  Becker  With  his  family  to  be  banished  from  South  River,  "but  his  fine 
dismissed.     ^^^  puuishmcnt  wcro  finally  remitted.^ 

"  There  is  a  rumour  afloat  that  the  colony  of  the  city  should 
May  12.  havc  been  transferred  again,  last  October,  to  the  West  India 
Humours  of  Company,  wherefore  says  honourable  D'Hinoyossa,  that  he 
thrcoiony  Prepares  himself  to  make  a  transfer  of  the  whole  to  your 
to  West  In-  honour,  so  that  he  may  return  to  Patria  with  the  first  sailing 
vessel,  to  recover  from  their  honours  at  Amsterdam  the  ex- 
penses which  he  made  in  building  and  improvements  in  land, 
and  menacing,  if  they  reject  his  demands,  that  he  would  ap- 
peal to  the  States-General ;  and  it  is  further  said  that  he 
endeavours  to  stir  the  colonists  to  demand  compensation  for 
the  expenses  incurred  in  making  this  settlement,  because  the 
contract  with  them  was  broken,  and  that  they  were  now  free 
•  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  pp.  51 — 58.  2  Ibid.  vol.  xxiv.  p.  181. 


4ia  Co. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  313 

to  leave  the  colony.     I  have  heard  further  from  himself,  that    1660. 
no  soldier  will  be  willing  to  remain  in  the  company's  service,     '    '    ' 
but  that  all  would  go  with  him  to  Patria,  no  doubt  on  his  in- 
duction. 

« I  understood  by  Captain  Krygier  that  your  honour  ex- Ministers  of 
pects  from  Patria  three  or  four  ministers  of  the  gospel.     I  ^^^^^^^^^ 
would  ardently  pray  your  honour  that  one  of  them  might  be 
sent  to  us  here  on  the  river,  to  promote  our  welfare,  and 
which  might  contribute  to  increase  the  population. 

"  I  communicated  last  week,  at  Tinnico,  your  discontent-  Dissatisfao- 
ment  with  the  sheriff  and  some  of  the  commissaries,  for  dis-  g^eria 
couraging   and  actually  preventing   some  individuals    from 
emigrating  to  Bsopus. 

"I  commanded  them  to  inquire  and  deliver  a  list  of  the  census  of 
number  of  families  -^'ho  intended  to  make  a  settlement  at  tendin<^to' 
PassayoncTc,  to  consider,  before  any  trouble  was  taken,  or  reside  at 
expense  made /or  its  purchase;  if  they  would  constitute  a    ^^^y"'*^" 
handsome  village,  especially  as  the  greater  part  are  very 
poor,  and  at  the  same  time  very  unsteady ;  and  further,  it 
is  thought,  many  of  them  would  prefer  going  to  Maryland 
rather  than  change  their  place  here,  but  recommends  waiting 
patiently  awhile. 

"  Miss  Printz  requests  permission,  in  lieu  of  her  recogni-  Miss  Printz 
tions,  to  make  payment  in  a  fat  ox,  fat  hogs,  and  bread  and  corn.  ^^^™" 
The  horses  are  mentioned  as  being  too  small  for  the  farmers. 

"  A  lad  arrived  here  who  had  been  taken  by  the  savages  Lads  taken 
while  strolling  in  the  woods  for  rabbits.     I  determined  to  de-  ^^  *'^®„ 

o  savages. 

tain  him,  notwithstanding  the  opposition  of  the  savages,  as  it 
is  said  lately  two  lads  were  sold  by  the  savages  to  the  Eng- 
lish, and  this  lad  was  ransomed  two  or  three  months  ago  by 
D'Hinoyossa,  for  a  frock  and  a  small  piece  of  frieze. 

"  We  can  only  make  two  distributions  more  of  pork  and 
beef  for  the  garrison,  therefore  send  some."^ 

"Yesterday  I  arrived  at  this  place.  Andreas  Hudde  arrived  May  13. 

at  New  Amstel  from  Altona,  to  go  to  Manhattan ;  in  about  nudde  ar- 

half  a  day  he  changed  his  mind,  and  raised  some  difficulty  by  Ashamed  of 

which  he  might  be  prevented.     He  further  complained  that  ws  clothes. 

his  clothes  had  such  a  mean  appearance,  and  further,  that  he 

Was  unprovided  with  the  means  to  defray  expenses  of  the 

journey,  so  that  he  was  really  too  much  ashamed  to  appear 

before  your  honour.      He  goes  with  Captain  Krygier.^ 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  62,  63.  2  jijij.  p.  05. 

40  21) 


314  A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN, 

1660.         "  Van  Dyck  says  the  community  wish  me  to  solicit  your 

'    '    '     honour  to  remain  in  their  present  residences,  which  petition 

was  delivered  by  Peter  Kock,  Peter  Andrieson,  and  Hans 

May  25.        Moenscn.     They  said  there  was  not  sufficient  land  obtained 

Swedes  not    at  Passayung  for  the  pasture  of  their  creatures,  and  ardently 

lide'af  p^''"  "dished  not  to  remove.     If  compelled  to  go,  <  then  we  will  go 

pyung.         or  depart  to  a  spot  where  we  may  live  in  peace.'     Sir,  their 

whole  plan  is  to  obtain  delay,  and  have  no  intention  to  obey 

their  orders,  unquestionably  a  great  proof  of  disrespect ;  on 

which  I  wrote  to  Van  Dyck  on  21st  instant,  and  received  his 

answer  next  day.     I  requested  him  to  write  to  your  honour 

that  he  would  delay  the  execution  of  that  point  a  little,  when 

he  might  converse  with  the  principal  individuals,  and  then 

inform  me  of  their  intentions,  which  on  their  part  I  knew 

were  mere  excuses. 

"  On  the  20th  instant  I  received,  by  a  Maqua  savage,  a 

Mr.  Courgay  letter  of  Mr.  Heermans,  dated  26th  April,  from  which  it  ap- 

vantsa-rin    P^arcd  that   the  strange   conduct  toward  Mr.   Coursay  by 

honourable  D'Hinoyossa,  caused  their  great  displeasure,  so 

that  it  was  actually  contemplated  to  retake  his  servants  by 

force.     He  said  he  might  have  sent  for  them  hither  three  or 

four  Dutch  runaways,  and  so  procure  an  exchange  with  their 

servants ;  also,  that  they  were  deliberating  on  a  division  of 

the  limits,  to  avoid  any  disputes  with  those  of  Delaware  Bay. 

"  The  greatest  chief  of  the  Minquas  was  here  on  the  23d; 

Presents  to  a  hc  showcd  me  his  poor  coat,  which  being  interpreted,  induced 

cMef."*        me  to  offer  him  a  coat  and  a  piece  of  frieze  in  your  honour's 

name,  which  was  thankfully  accepted.     I  am  informed  that 

Jacob   Swen  sent  for  him,  and  gave  him  a  fathom  of  cloth, 

four  blankets,  a  gun,  and  a  few  other  articles." 

He  complains  of  D'Hinoyossa  not  restricting  the  sale  of 
Sale  of  li-     liquors  to  the  Indians  in  day-light.     They  have  been  out- 

quors  to  In-  ■, 

dians.  rageous.i 

"  Being  at  Amstel  to-day,  to  inventory  the  effects  of  Al- 
Jimei7.  ricks,  I  was  informed  the  great  sachem  from  the  Minquas 
Indian  couutry  was  at  Altona,  and  wished  to  see  me.  On  arriving, 
I  found  that  he  appeared  there  with  sachem  of  Hackensack, 
and  three  or  four  savages,  among  whom,  it  was  said,  was  the 
brother  of  the  sachem  who  was  lately  killed  at  Esopus.  The 
great  chief  informed  me  that  he  intended  to  travel  next  night 
to  the  Manhattans,  to  try  if  he  could  dispose  your  honour  to 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  70. 


cliiefs  Tisit 
Altona. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  315 

make  peace  with  the  savages,  and  for  which  end  he  requested    1660. 
a  canoe  to  go  to  Mtigokossam,  which  was  granted.     He  in-     '    '    ' 
formed  me  further,  that  two  of  our  soldiers  were  at  his  house, 
and  requested,  on  their  arrival,  that  they  might  be  allowed  to 
reside  in  his  country,  and  cultivate  the  land.     These  soldiers 
deserted  on  the  10th  instant,  both  young  men. 

"  On  the  11th,  Mr.  Coursay  returned  home  with  his  ser-  Mr.  coursay 
vants,  whom  he,  with  consent  of  D'Hinoyossa,  carried  off  from  °er*^an'ts'''^ 
Whorekills  in  the  yacht  of  Carman,  and  they  rejoiced  indeed 
to  meet  their  master  again. 

« I  sent  the  governor  of  Maryland,  Colonel  Utie,  and  the  i^etter  to  go 
magistrates  on  the  Sassafrax  River,  a  complimentary  letter,  of  Maryland, 
in  which  I  requested  that  if  any  of  our  soldiers  who  deserted  respecting 

cl6S6rt6rs* 

arrived  there,  they  would  arrest  or  imprison  them,  and  inform 
us  of  it  by  express,  at  the  expense  of  the  company,  in  which 
case  I  would  despatch,  with  their  permission,  a  sergeant,  as- 
sisted with  soldiers,  to  conduct  them  home,  which  Mr.  Coursay 
had  not  a  shadow  of  doubt  would  be  complied  with.  Mr. 
Coursay  thanks  Governor  Stuyvesant  for  the  recovery  of  his 
servants. 

"Several  ambassadors  passed  through  here  towards  the  several  in. 
great  chief,  on  the  first  of  the  month.     Seven  canoes  full  of  '''*.°  ^^^^^ 

O  '  emigrate  fo 

savages,  with  their  wives  and  children,  came  down  the  river,  fear  of  aM* 
to  emigrate  to  the  Maquas  land.     It  is  said  they  lived  before 
near  3Ienesmg,  and  fled  from  fear  of  a  certain  Manito. 

<'  Hudde  has  returned,  and  I  will  employ  him  in  his  quality. 

"  Last  Saturday  we  distributed  our  last  meat.  I  have  about 
one  distribution  of  pork,  besides  200  pounds  of  stockfish. 
Send  by  first  opportunity."^ 

"  Andreas  Hudde  petitions  for  a  berth,  and  says,  '  during  June  5. 
the  terms  of  thirty-one  years  nearly,  (without  boasting,)  in  Hudde,  an 
all  faithfulness  he  has  served  the  company  in  this  country ;  ft^"^^, 

i-        >'  >>   ^    faithful 

that  living  on  South  River,  he  lately  had  the  misfortune  of  pubuc  ser- 
being  spoliated  by  the  savages,  of  all  which  he  possessed,  by  ^^°*'  '^^^'*" 
which  he,  with  his  wife  and  child,  are  reduced  to  poverty,  forempioy- 
not  having  any  means  which  he  can  take  in  hand,  at  his  ad-  "''"inJ^ 
vanced  age,  for  his  maintenance ;  he  therefore  solicits  the  cierk. 
director  and  company  to  employ  him  in  the  service  of  the 
company,  as  his  abilities  may  present,  on  a  moderate  salary, 
for  his  maintenance.'     From  his  statement  of  his  case,  and 
the  intercession  of  the  inhabitants  in  his  favour,  he  is  em- 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  pp.  72,  73. 


316 


A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


1660. 


June  25. 

Ee-transfer 
of  the  city's 
colony  to  the 
company 
suggested. 


June  26. 

How  ia  Beek- 
man  to  act 
in  case  of 
English? 

June  30. 
Sale  of  li- 
quor to  sa- 
vages. 


English 
from  Tirgi- 
nia,  &c. 
Alricks's  in- 
ventory. 
Charge  by 
lyHinoyossa. 


Election  of 
commis- 
saries. 


July  2. 
Order  re- 
specting Tes- 
sels. 


July  27. 

A  galliot  ar- 
rives. Re- 
turn cargo. 
Drum  bor- 
rowed. 
Beekman'a 
■wife. 

Ferry-boat. 
Col.  Utie. 


ployed  as  writer  and  clerk  in  Commissary  Beekman's  of- 
fice."i 

P.  Stuyvesant,  in  writing  to  the  company,  alludes  to  tlie 
probable  transfer  of  the  city's  interest  on  South  River  to  the 
company,  and  says,  "  If  this  colony  should  return  to  the  com- 
pany, other  measures  must  be  adopted,  at  least  a  good  and 
efficacious  superintendence,  to  control  the  officers  there  in 
power.  If  it  remains  as  now,  we  should  not  dare  to  conduct 
ourselves  in  issuing  useful  and  necessary  orders,  such  as  are 
required."^ 

Beekman  inquires  of  Peter  Stuyvesant  "  how  I  shall  con- 
duct myself  when  any  Englishmen,  either  from  abroad  or 
from  Virginia,  might  arrive  here,  and  decline  going  to  Man- 
hattan."^    His  answer  does  not  appear. 

Complaints  are  made  by  Beekman  against  D'Hinoyossa,  for 
allowing  drink  to  be  sold  to  the  savages ;  they  behave 
shamefully. 

Mr.  Revel  came  from  Virginia,  with  consent  of  the  gover- 
nor, to  know  if  we  wanted  victuals,  as  he  could  supply  them. 

The  inventory  of  Alricks's  effects  is  completed.  During 
the  progress,  D'Hinoyossa  goes  ofiF  for  several  days,  and  then 
charges  them  with  selling  the  city's  property.  Sheriff  Van 
Sweringen  arrived  on  29th. 

"  Yesterday  were  elected  by  D'Hinoyossa,  as  commissaries, 
Hendrick  Kip,  Jacob  Crabbe,  and  Baes  Joosten.  The  com- 
munity of  New  Amstel  resolved  to  send  a  remonstrance  to 
the  lords  patrons,  to  maintain  and  support  the  colony."'^ 

The  order  of  1648,  respecting  vessels  sailing  between  Man- 
hattan and  South  River  having  commissions  or  orders,  is 
renewed.^ 

A  galliot  arrives,  and  as  soon  as  unladed,  sails  up  the  river 
for  a  cargo  of  clapboards,  which  was  not  so  near  ready  as 
Van  Gezel  represented ;  some  being  more  than  one  quarter 
of  a  mile  farther,  were  to  be  carried  down  the  river  in  rafts. 

A  drum  is  borrowed  from  D'Hinoyossa,  as  that  at  Altona 
could  not  be  used.  Beekman's  wife  is  going  to  Manhattan 
for  provisions,  &c. 

The  ferry-boat  at  Whorekill  sunk.  Garrison  there  complain 
of  want  of  victuals.     Utie  says  he  will  inform  of  runaways.^ 


'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xxiv.  p.  286. 

3  Ibid.  vol.  xvii.  p.  76. 

6  Ibid.  vol.  xxiv.  p.  364,  365. 


2  Ibid.  vol.  xviii.  p.  114,  115. 
4  Ibid.  p.  80. 
6  Ibid. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  317 

C.  Van  Gezel,  executor,  represents  to  Peter  Stuyvesant    1660. 
that  Jacob  Alricks  in  his  ^vill  named  D'llinoyossa  his  succes-         '    ' 
sor  as  director,  and  Van  Gezel  and  Van  Sweringen  as  coun- 
cillors ;  "  but  alas,  as  soon   as  the  soul  had   left  his  body,  August  12. 
D'Hinoyossa  and  Van  Sweringen  remained  during  next  night  conduct  of 
in  the  room  where  the  body  was  deposited,  and  ransacked  all  ^^'J^'^°^°'°^'^ 
the  papers,  letters,  and  secrets  of  deeds,  read  them  through,  sweringen 
read  them  to  the  schepen,  and  accused  the  deceased  of  mal-  l^^r*!)?!!- 
administration."    The  governor  advises  an  expert  accountant  ricks. 
to  state  his  accounts,   and   recommended    D'Hinoyossa   to 
desist.^ 

It  appears  from  a  letter  of  Beekman  to  Peter  Stuyvesant,  Augustis. 
that  "on  the  11th,  a  small  vessel  arrived  at  New  Amstel,  vessel ar- 
laden  with  Campeachy  wood  from  the  West  Indies,  very  trM^i^den 
leaky,  wanting  water  and  provisions ;  they  are  considering  if  with  cam- 
they  will  have  repairs  here.     The  proprietors  are  sons  of  ^^Ta!^ 
Sheriff  Grotenhuysen,  of  Amsterdam  ;  their  wish  is  to  return 
as  soon  as  possible.      This  vessel  was  last  December  at  Cur- 
racoa,  so  that  it  is  sixteen  months  since  she  left  Holland,  and 
next  day  after  the  departure  of  the   galliot,   D'Hinoyossa  o'mnoyossa 
called  the  community  together,  to  read  to  them,  as  he  said,  H^^^^^. 
from  a  letter  of  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam,  that  the  ty,  said  to  be 
patrons  were  collecting   money  in  behalf  of  the  colony,  in  marterr^No 
order  to  promote  its  welfare  and  increase;  that  they  never  weaoftrans- 

/.  .,,.  i'i  f-      ferrlng  colo- 

tor  a  moment  considered  to  give  up  this  colony,  or  transier  it  ny. 
to  the  company,  and  that  now  they  intended  vigorous  exer- 
tions for  its  strength  and  support,  with  sundry  other  flour- 
ishes."    Beekman  sends  a  list  of  recusant  Swedes ;  says  ho 
is  in  want  of  match  coats.^  ^ 

Lord  Baltimore,  then  in  London,  (July  24,)  directs  Captain  ^^p*-  ^«*'' 
James  Neal,  in  Holland,  to  inquire  of  West  India  Company  Lord°Baiti- 
if  they  admit  his  right  on  Delaware  ;  if  not,  to  protest  against  moreiuHoi- 
them,  to  demand  the  surrender  of  the  lands,  &;c.  on  the  De- 
laware Bay,  respecting  which  the  commissioners  of  the  Dutch 
had  previously  been  sent  to  Maryland,  but  whose  conference 
there  came  to  an  unsatisfactory  conclusion.     Captain  Neal, 
attorney  of  Cecilius  Calvert,  baron  of  Baltimore,  on  the  1st  September. 
of  September,   had  an   interview    in   Amsterdam,   with  the 
representatives  of  the  College  of  XIX.     He  was  assisted  by 
Mr.  Cross,  notary,  and  much  to  their  surprise,  asks  the  direc- 
tors of  the  company  "  to  command  some  of  the  inhabitants 

•  Albany  Records,  vol.  xxiv.  pp.  364,  3G5.  2  jbij_  vol.  xvii.  p.  84. 

2d2 


818 


A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN, 


1660. 


Capt.  Neal, 
as  attorney 
of  Lord  Bal- 
timore, 
makes  a  de- 
mand of 
West  India 
Company. 


Sept.  30. 

Ship  sails  for 

Holland, 

■with  Van 

Sweringen 

and  other 

passengers. 

Cargo. 

Want  of  pro- 
visions at 
Altona. 


October  6. 

Transfer  of 
colony  to 
city.    Bad 
state  of 
things. 


of  South  River,  and  especially  the  colonists  of  the  city  of 
Amsterdam,  to  submit  to  the  'Baron'  of  Baltimore  or  his 
agents,  under  a  grant  from  Charles  L,  and  offers  to  agree 
upon  certain  conditions,  and  in  case  of  refusal,  indemnity  for 
all  costs,  damages,  and  interest  already  undergone,  or  to  be 
yet  incurred."  The  directors  reply,  asserting  "their  right 
by  possession,  under  the  grant  of  the  States-General  for  many 
years,  without  disturbance  from  Lord  Baltimore  or  any  other 
person."  They  are  "resolved  to  remain  in  possession,  and 
defend  their  rights.  If  Lord  Baltimore  perseveres  and  re- 
sorts to  violent  measures,  they  will  use  all  the  means  God  and 
nature  have  given,  to  protect  the  inhabitants,"  at  the  same 
time  declaring  themselves  innocent  of  any  blood  which  may 
be  shed.  The  notary  certifies  his  having  been  present  when 
the  demand  was  made  in  due  form  for  the  colony  of  New 
Amstel.^ 

The  ship  Green  Eagle  sailed.  D'Hinoyossa  permitted 
Gerrit  Van  Sweringen  and  wife  to  go  to  fatherland ;  also 
Joost  Arenson,  Peter  Crabbe,  the  blacksmith,  and  another 
colonist ;  the  sheriff,  Van  Sweringen,  21  beaver  hides,  4  his- 
pans,  and  6  prepared  deer  skins,  while  also  were  notified  by 
him  100  deer  skins  more,  for  which  were  paid  3  pieces  of 
eight,  to  satisfy  the  recognition. 

Beekman  further  says,  he  has  distributed  his  last  pork,  and 
has  only  50  pounds  meal  left.  Two  men  draw  swords  on  each 
other. - 

The  company  in  Amsterdam  say  they  have  negotiated  with 
the  magistrates  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam  to  receive  again 
the  colony  under  their  protection.  Since  the  death  of  Alricks, 
every  thing  has  been  in  great  confusion ;  affairs  go  more 
backward  than  forward,  as  we  are  informed  by  Commissary 
Beekman,  while  D'Hinoyossa,  substituted  by  Alricks's  will  as 
his  successor,  did  read  a  letter  to  the  few  remaining  colonists, 
assuring  them  of  promised  help  or  transfer  of  the  colony ;  as 
we  doubt  this,  we  are  backward  to  redress  some  evils ;  would 
prefer  seeing  the  city  continue  to  charge  herself  with  its  pro- 
tection, as  well  in  regard  to  the  vast  expenses  which  de  novo 
would  be  required,  and  continued  to  maintain  a  strong  garri- 
son, as  with  respect  to  the  bad  rumours  and  name  which  have 
not  only  been  attached  to  South  River,  but  even  the  whole 
country,  by  the  unhappy  management  of  its  affairs.     Speak , 

»  Albany  Records,  vol.  viii.  pp.  294,  296,  301.  2  Ibid.  vol.  xvii.  p.  89. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  319 

of  passes  being  granted  imprudently,  as  lately  by  a  new  ship,     1660. 
Green  Eagle,  which  arrived  from  New  Spain ;  on  this  ship     '    '^^ 
embarked  Van  Sweringen  and  Jacob  Crabbe,  both  largely  in 
debt.     The  first  has  a  suit,  and  leaves  his  bail  in  the  lurch.-'^ 

Matthias  Capito  mentions  absence  of  William  Beekman  to  October  8. 
Governor  Stuyvesant.  Says  D'Hinoyossa  holds  Alricks's 
books  and  property.  No  notary  here.  D'Hinoyossa  says 
"  he  will  not  be  commanded  by  your  honour,  as  he  does  not 
acknowledge  any  person  his  superior,  except  his  principals  in 
fatherland."^ 

The  States-General  were  requested  by  the  XIX  to  repre-  xovember  s. 
sent,  through  their  ambassadors  in  England,  the  situation  of  Ambassa- 
affairs  with  Maryland,  and  to  complain  of  Lord  Baltimore's  ^°"i°Eng- 

*'  '  _  ^  _        land  to  eom- 

encroachments  and  pretensions,  and  that  he  would  desist  piaia  against 
from  them  until  a  boundary  line  could  be  run  between  that  ^^^'^  ^'^^'^'" 

•^  more. 

province  and  the  Dutch.  All  necessary  papers  were  furnished 
to  the  ambassadors ;  were  instructed  to  direct  the  attention 
of  the  king  to  the  subject.^ 

D'Hinoyossa   is   mentioned   as    conducting   himself  in   a  December  9. 
haughty  and  imperious  manner,  defaming  and  slandering  the  compiaiuts 
deceased  director,  and  disregarding  mandamuses,  and  injuring  o^Hiuoyossa. 
the  property  of  the  deceased.^ 

Report  at  Whorekill  of  a  bark  being  stranded,  between  December  le. 
Cape  Henlopen  and  Virginia ;  three  Dutchmen  left  her,  and 
went  into  the  country.  A  three-masted  vessel  said  to  be 
stranded  near  Barnegat,  only  one  person  saved.  Have  sold 
horses  for  fat  oxen,  hogs,  and  corn  for  bread,  so  that  our 
magazine  is  now  well  supplied  with  beef  and  pork  for  more 
than  a  year,  for  the  seven  Swedish  horses,  &c.^ 

D'Hinoyossa  received  yesterday  advice  by  way  of  Mary-  December2i. 
land,  in  a  letter  of  Mr.  Bouk  and  John  Prato,  dated  August  Magistrates 
27th,  that  the  magistrates  of  Amsterdam  have  resolved  to  '1'^''"™'°^  *" 

°  _  keep  colony 

continue  the  support  of  this  colony,  appointing  him  as  direc-  Great  re- 
tor,  John  Prato  and  Van  Sweringen,  assistants.  D'Hinoyossa  ^°'"°2- 
says  the  burgomasters  approve  of  his  seizing  Alricks's  pro- 
perty ;  "in  short,  the  joy  is  here  great,  so  that  the  seal  of 
the  letter  was  scarce  broken  than  he  commanded  the  cannon 
to  be  three  times  fired." 

"  It  seems  as  if  troubles  have  arisen  in  Maryland,  as  the 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xviii.  p.  124.  2  K^jj  yoi.  xvii.  p.  92. 

'  HoU.  Doc.  vol.  ix.  p.  144,  &c.     O'Call.  vol.  ii.  p.  461. 

■•  Albany  Records,  vol.  xviii.  p.  141,  3  Ibid.  p.  94. 


320  A.  D'HINOYOSSA  ^VND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1660.    brother  of  Lord  Baltimore  has  obtained  the  commission  as 

"    '    '     governor  and  commander  there." 

Asks  for  a  barrel  of  salt  to  save  provisions ;  "  it  is  here 
High  price  of  exccssively  tough,  asking  three  to  four  gl.  for  a  single 
''"•  schepel."! 

1661. 

Beekman,  in  a  letter  to  Stuyvesant,  thus  describes  D'Hino- 

January  14.   jossa's  Carriage,  upon  his  late  appointment  as  director  of  the 

Conduct  of    colony  of  New  Amstel :  "  He  feels  himself  again  pretty  high, 

in hir^w*  ^^^  ^^  strutting  forward  in  full  pride.    He  is  boasting  that  he 

situation.      will  rocovcr  all  the  eflfects  of  the  deceased  Alricks,  and  sings 

already  another  tune.     He  removed  from  office  the  secretary, 

Van  Nas,  because  he  did  not  flatter  his  whims  in  writing  the 

records." 

"About  a  fortnight  since,  the  grave  in  which  was  buried 
Grave  of  an  Hoppcmcnick,  a  savage  chief,  was  violated.  The  place  was 
violated!  "^  oppositc  the  housc  of  Captain  Krygier.  They  stole  from  it 
some  seawant,  three  or  four  pieces  of  frieze,  and  what  else 
was  laid  by  him ;  at  this  the  savages  are  murmuring,  and 
some  mischief  may  be  apprehended  for  those  at  New  Amstel, 
as  I  am  informed  by  A.  Hudde  and  others." 

The  following  is  added  in  a  postscript :  "  Yesterday  the 
A  son  born    Lord  our  God  did  give  an  increase  to  oiu-  family,  by  a  boy. 

to  Beekman.  _  ii-ii  i  •  «....  ,. 

1  could  Wish  that  there  was  an  opportunity  ot  initiating  mm 

by  Christian  baptism."^ 

On  Beekman's  arrival  from  Altona,  on  the  18th,  he  "  ob- 
january  27.  servcd  much  fear  about  those  at  New  Amstel,  that  the  savages. 
Murder  of  who  did  not  appear  for  some  days,  and  were  skulking  here 
Simen°ajid  ^^^  thcrc,  would  surprisc  the  Dutch,  and  especially  as  the 
one  Dutch-  savagcs  on  the  river  murdered,  about  the  4th  instant,  four 
Mvage^  who  persous  comiug  from  New  Amstel ;  they  were  three  English- 
are  impri-  men  and  a  Dutchman,  the  brother  of  Doctor  Herck,  who  had 
released,  ^ecn  hcrc  Only  two  or  three  days  on  a  visit.  Two  or  three 
which  gives  (ja,ys  after  the  murder  was  committed,  several  savages,  though 
tion  to  go-  we  could  not  ascertain  if  they  were  the  murderers,  arrived  at 
vernor  of  ^  jq-g^  Amstcl,  and  had  with  them  some  clothes  of  the  Chris- 
w:ir  with  tians,  which  they  offered  for  sale.  Two  of  them  came  to  the 
English  and  j^Qugg  ^f  Foppo  Jorisou,  whcro  then  were  William  Holling- 

Indians  an-  .  .  .  % 

ticipated.      worth,  an  Englishman,  and  Gerrit  Ruster,  an  inhabitant  of 

•  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  96,  Letter  from  W.  Beekman  to  P.  Stuyvesant. 
2  Ibid.  p.  100. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  321 

New  Amstel,  who,  together  with  Foppo,  took  hold  of  these    1061. 
two  savages,  and  directly  informed  D'Hinoyossa  of  it,  when     "    '    ' 
they  were,  on  the  10th,  imprisoned  by  him,  on  which  the 
savages  uttered  violent  threatenings  against  those  of  Now 
Amstel.     The  savages  having  been  examined,  were  set  at 
liberty  the  next  day.     Yesterday,  the  honourable  D'Hino- 
yossa received  on  this  subject,  by  express,  some  further  in- 
structions of  the  governor  of  Maryland,  who  is  greatly  dis- 
satisfied with  our  conduct  in  setting  the  savages  at  liberty, 
which  D'Hinoyossa  excused  by  their  not  being  guilty."     "It  Predictionas 
is  my  humble  opinion,  that  if  the  English  enter  into  a  war  |;°  ^°"°'^y 

J  r  '  o  hereafter  oe- 

with  the  savages,  it  cannot  be  but  to  injure  the  public  welfare,  ing  settiea 
and  that  the  savages  will  again  claim,  and  take  possession  of  ^^  swe'des. 
all  the  lands,  or  that  these  will  he  eventually  settled  with  Eng- 
lish and  Sivedes.     The  English,  to  prosecute  their  enemy, 
might  violate  our  jurisdiction,  may  penetrate  our  limits  with- 
out notice ;  if  we  object  or  resist,  they  may  suspect  our  sin- 
cerity, and  search  for  a  pretext  to  quarrel  with  us.     I  come 
to  this  conclusion  from  appearances,  in  which  I  am  confirmed, 
as  Captain  Krygier  said  that  Augustus  Heermans  wrote  in 
private  to  D'Hinoyossa,  that  the  English  foster  the  opinion  English  be- 
that  the  inhabitants  of  New  Amstel  or  Whorekill  secretly  in-  ^^^-^  l^^_ 
stigate  the  river  savages  to  such  misdeeds,  which  is  certainly  tii^. 
an  odious  and  wrong  imagination."^ 

Beekman  probably  little  thought,  when  writing,  "  that  these 
lands  will  be  eventually  settled  with  English  and  Swedes," 
that  he  was  penning  a  prediction  so  shortly  to  be  fulfilled,  as 
subsequent  events  proved  it  to  be. 

Immediately  following  the  foregoing  is  a  letter  from  Augus-  a-  Heer- 
tus  Heermans  to  W.  Beekman,  without  date  or  name  of  place,  ^^^  vml^e^ 
but  alluding,  as  it  does,  to  the  murder  above  mentioned,  was  ^^  >»  ^'^ut 
probably   written    about    the   same   time :      "  I   visited    my  far  from' 
colony(?)  on  the  river,  and  discovered  at  the  same  time  the  NewAmstei. 
most  proper  place  between  this  situation  and  South  River.    I 
am  now  engaged  in  encouraging  settlers  to  unite  together  in 
a  village,  of  which  I  understood  that  a  beginning  will  be  made 
before  next  winter.     From  there  we  may  arrive  by  land  in 
one  day  at  Sand  Hoeck,  and  may  perhaps  effect  a  cart  road 
about  the  same  time.     The  Maquas  kill   and  the  Bohemia 
River^  are  there  only  one  mile  distant  from  each  other,  by 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  109. 

2  A  river  of  this  name,  in  Maryland,  appears  by  the  maps  to  take  its  rise  in 
Delaware,  not  far  from  the  source  of  a  branch  of  Apoquinimy. 
41 


A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


January  27. 

The  English 
require  sar 
tisfaction 
from  the 
murderers, 
and  are  dis- 
satisfied with 
their  re- 
lease. 


1661.  which  it  is  an  easy  correspondence  by  water,  which  must  be 
'  •  '  greatly  encouraging  to  the  inhabitants  of  New  Netherlands. 
I  hope  to  start  for  the  Manhattans  within  five  or  six  weeks. 
Had  not  the  misfortune  happened  that  the  English  had  been 
murdered  on  the  South  River,  I  should  have  come  towards 
you  by  land."^ 

Then  succeeds  the  following,  likewise  without  date,  but 
directed  to  W.  Beekman,  at  Altona :  "  Sir,  the  fear  with 
which  the  Finns  were  struck  last  winter,  was  without  founda- 
tion ;  they  dreaded  an  assault  without  a  cause.  It  is  much 
disliked,  and  had  given  oiFence,  that  the  apprehended  Indian 
murderers,  who  murdered  the  English,  and  carried  their 
clothes  to  Sand  Hoeck,  have  been  set  at  liberty.  The  English 
require  satisfaction  from  the  murderers,  or  war,  whichever  they 
choose ;  on  this  point  they  are  now  quarrelling  with  the  Sus- 
quehannocks.  It  was  desirable  that  D'Hinoyossa  would  write 
the  governor  in  a  manner  to  remove  the  broil,  and  conciliate 
his  good  will,  as  the  English  are  inclined  to  live  with  us  in 
harmony  and  friendship,  and  to  cultivate  and  promote  com- 
merce between  the  two  nations,  which  they  would  not  inter- 
rupt, unless  compelled  by  force  or  necessity.  I  hope 'for  a 
favourable  answer.  It  is  said  here  that  the  Susquehannock 
chiefs  have  been  summoned  to  Sand  Hoeck,  and  there  is  some 
suspicion  that  it  relates  to  the  aforesaid  business."^ 

"  Yesterday  arrived  at  New  Amstel  Captain  Wheeler  and 
Ulrick  Antony,  both  from  Maryland,  and  came  to  see  us  to- 
day. They  appeared  before  us ;  after  a  few  discussions,  they 
proposed  the  question,  '  if  any  resident  in  Maryland  came 
hither,  whether  we  would  give  him  up  when  demanded,  or  if 
it  was  presumptive  that  we  would  defend  them  ?'  We  pre- 
tended that  we  are  not  obliged  to  answer,  as  not  acquainted 
enough  or  deeply  versed  in  law,  even  if  the  questions  might 
be  brought  before  us,  being  a  question  too  critical  to  decide ; 
more  so,  as  the  city  of  Maryland  appeared  so  deeply  inte- 
rested in  it,  as  being  in  duty  bound  to  defend  the  privileges 
of  their  citizens.  Justly  as  we  were  desirous  to  avoid  making 
any  encroachments  upon  the  rights  of  our  neighbours,  it 
seems  to  me,  in  this  question,  with  regard  to  us,  every  regard 
due  to  an  independent  state  is  lost.  He  excused  himself,  both 
at  his  arrival  and  departure  from  our  house,  that  he  well 
knew  how  to  show  his  due  respect,  but  said  that  in  this  case 

»  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  111.  «  Ibid.  p.  112. 


February  5. 

Arrivals 
from  Mary- 
land.  Ques- 
tion ets  to 
protection. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  323 

his  conscience  would  not  permit  it,  to  which  I  answered,  that    1661. 
our  conscience  could  not  tolerate  such  a  sect.    If  he  remains     '    •    ' 
quiet,  and  no  others  of  the  same  breed  shall  arrive  hither,  I 
shall  tolerate  him,  till  I  shall  have  received  your  honour's  fur- 
ther orders ;  but  by  an  unexpected  increase,  I  shall  command 
them  to  depart,  in  conformity  to  the  orders  of  your  honour. 
Wheeler  said  that  the  advocates  of  the  governor  cause  great 
confusion,  and  a  war  may  be  the  final  result.     There  is  ac-  Fears  of  the 
tually  a  violent  animosity  against  the  Papists,  while  they  will  ^^^|^'^,^Jjj 
not  bear  a  Papist  governor.  He  said  further,  that  many  have  towards 
been  lately  beheaded  in  England,  and  imprisoned ;  that  more  *'*'^™' 
than  one  thousand  Reformed  ministers  are  imprisoned ;  that 
they  therefore  will  not  protect  a  Papist,  or  recommend  him 
to  the  community  ;  these  are  awful  prognostics  indeed.     God 
vouchsafe  us  peace  in  our  days." 

"  Olo-ff  Stille,  one  of  our  commissaries,  arrived  with  a  few  February  5. 
Finns  from  Maryland.  They  went  thither,  as  I  am  informed,  Finnsretum 
to  take  up  land,  and  to  emigrate  in  the  spring.     The  sheriff,  [™™  'othei-s 
Van  Dyck,  had  not  given  me  any  notice  of  their  departure  ;  expected. 
they  did  not  find  their  friends  on  the  Sassafras  River,  in  that  pog^/tTset- 
case,  as  they  had  imagined,  so  that  many  have  given  up  this  tie  them  at 
project,  as  Stille  said  that  probably  many  of  the  Finns,  if  avuL™^''° 
not  all,  who  are  there  now  residing,  will  return  hither.     In 
such  case,  in  my  opinion,  some  regulations  might  be  adopted ; 
they  might  unite  in  a  village  near  or  at  Perslajong,  (Pas- 
syung  ?)  and  not  be  permitted  to  settle  again  in  separate 
spots,  as  the  custom  is  of  that  sort  of  men,  and  further,  to 
make  all  of  age  take  the  oath  of  allegiance."^ 

The  progress  of  the  settlement  was  less  rapid  than  ex-  March  9. 
pected,  owing,  as  supposed,  to  the  want  of  prudence  in  the  Proposed 
late  vice-director,  and  many  consequently  leaving  the  place.  ^  ™°*^' 
Another  reason  was  the  dispute  between  the  director-general 
and  local  authorities   on   jurisdiction,    the    colonists    being 
obliged  to  appeal  to  the  director-general  in  suits  exceeding 
100  guilders,  which  affected  the  majority ;  another  was  being 
compelled  to  discharge  and  be  inspected  at  Ncav  Amsterdam, 
for  goods  destined  to  New  Amstel,  and  the  company's  servants 
on  South  River  demanding  anchorage-money  in  front  of  city's 
colony.     It  was  proposed  to  appoint  another  vice-director, 
and  to  forbid  the  company's  director  from  encroaching  on  the 
city's  rights,  &c.    As  a  remedy,  the  jurisdiction  in  civil  cases 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  pp.  104,  105. 


324  A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1661.    "was  extended  to  600  guilders,  and  appeal  abolished,  and  by 
'"'"' — '     allowing  the  city  colonies  to  send  its  own  vessels  directly  to 
their  colony.     The  subject  of  anchorage  was  to  be  remedied 
when  the  population  increased,  by  extending  the  territory  as 
far  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  as  on  the  west ;  the  soldiers 
*  to  be  discharged,  and  the  defence  left  to  the  inhabitants  ;  free 

grants  of  land  to  be  made  to  the  soldiers  then  in  the  country, 
they  promising  aid  in  case  of  need.  Twenty-five  or  thirty 
farm  servants  to  be  sent  from  Westphalia  to  South  River,  at 
public  expense,  the  produce  of  their  labour  to  belong  to  the 
colony.  The  public  service  to  consist  of  one  director,  a 
sheriff,  commissary,  surgeon,  cooper,  smith,  comforter  of  the 
sick,  to  act  also  as  schoolmaster.  $10,000  required  to  effect 
this  plan,  to  be  expended  in  merchandise  and  agriculture. 
The  plan  was  approved,  and  public  notice  to  be  given  of  the 
changes.  The  impolicy  of  having  two  distinct  jurisdictions 
became  daily  more  evident,  as  it  led  to  constant  collisions  be- 
tween the  governors  for  the  supremacy.^ 

G.  Van  Dyck  asks  payment  of  his  salary  due  as  schout  or 

March  21.      slicriff.     The  director-general  replies  there  was  but  little  to 

Beekman  re-  do  iu  thc  officc,  and  its  dutics  could  be  performed  by  the 

afJher^'^'  Commissary  Beekman,  who  is  accordingly  to  do  the  duties 

of  the  sheriffalty. 

Peter  Rambo  resigns  as  a  commissary.^ 

"Nothing  further  from  the  English  in  Maryland.     The 

May  31.        savages  here  are  highly  alarmed,  lest  the  English  shall  come 

inaians  anx-  here.     They  had  a  meeting  at  Passajon  a  few  days  past ;  they 

ioustobere-  ^^^  collecting;  a  laro;e  portion  of  seawant,  to  make  presents 

conciled  with  _  O  O       r  ^  '  i  ^ 

the  English,  of  it  to  the  Minquas  and  other  chiefs,  to  reconcile  them  again 
Offer  pre-      .^j|.j^  ^^^  English  for  this  murder.     The  Minquas  presented 

scnts  to  go-  D  X  iT 

Ternor  of  already  furs  to  the  governor  of  Maryland,  ten  or  eleven  days 
who^rHcts  P^st,  though  he  declined  to  accept  any  of  these,  but  requested 
them.  them  rather  to  unite  with  him  and  destroy  those  savages ; 

to  unite '^'^'^  which  they  rejected,  as  the  Minquas  chief,  who  was  with  your 
against  houour  last  year  at  Esopus,  told  Captain  Krygier,  28th  of 
this  month.     The  Minquas  and  Senecas  are  at  war." 


Jacob  Swens  informed  me  that  Hendrick  Huygen  advised 

Report  that   him  that  John  Rysingh  last  year,  in  September,  was  arrested 

was^impri-     ^^  Swcdcn,  and  that  after  long  entreaties,  it  was  at  length 

soned  in       consented  to  grant  him  an  armed  vessel  for  the  recovery  of 

South  River." 

'   O'Call.  vol.  ii.  p.  464.  2  Albany  Records,  vol.  xLx.  p.  78. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  325 

«  D'Hinoyossa  communicated  his  commission  to  the  people     1661. 
eight  days  ago,  having  called  them  together  with  the  ringing     "    '    ' 
of  the  bell,  and  assured  the  congregation,  with  full  confidence, 
that  ere  long  a  vessel  should  arrive  from  Patria  with  several  D-iiinoyossa 
farmers,  while  he  told  me  to  the  contrary,  when  he  received  ^^"sameet- 

'  •'  '  mg  at  New 

that  letter,  that  his  patrons  mentioned  not  a  word  of  any  ship  Amstei. 
or  colonists,  and  rather  complained  that  he  received  no  answer  ,^^^^1^°^' 
whatever  on  many  points,  as  he  had  expected,  and  that  the  h's  iusin- 
letter  was  written  in  September.  '^''"^' 

"  Captain  Krygier  informed  me  thafhe  understood  from  cmnoyossa 
D'Hinoyossa  that  Van  Vleck  had  warned  him  to  be  on  his  ^^p'^<='^ '*''^- 

•^  _  rest  by 

guard,  as  your  honour  had  commanded  me  to  arrest  him."       Beekman. 

G.  Van  Dyck  appears  to  have  been  removed,  and  inquires  van  Dyck 
the  reason.!  ''^'^°^«'^- 

The  subject  of  the  claim  between  the  Dutch  and  Maryland  May. 
"  was  again  brought  before  the  council  of  Maryland,  when  it  douMs  in 
was  resolved,  that  as  it  was  a  matter  of  doubt  whether  Ncav  to  xew  auT-' 
Amstei  lay  below  the  40th  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  as  stei  being  in 
the  West  India  Company  appeared  resolved  to  maintain  their  bounds. 
possessions  by  force,  and  there  was  no  prospect  of  any  aid 
from  the  other  colonies,  in  any  attempts  which  they  might 
make  to  reduce  them,  all  further  efi'orts  for  their  subjugation 
should  be  delayed  until  the  Avill  of  the  proprietary  could  be 
ascertained,  and  that  in  the  mean  time  some  efi'orts  should  be 
made  to  determine  whether  the  settlement  was  located  within 
the  limits  of  the  grant.     An  agent  was  now  despatched  to 
Holland  to  enforce  upon  the  West  India  Company  the  claims 
of  the  proprietary  to  the  territory  in  question,  and  to  repeat 
the  demand  that  it  should  be  abandoned.     Compliance  with 
this  demand  was  again  refused,    but  orders  were  given  by 
that  company  to  its  settlers,  to  withdraw  from  the  territory 
about  Cape  Henlopen,  which  they  had  purchased  from  the 
Indians;    this  was  accordingly  done,  but  New  Amstei,  or 
N.  C,  and  the  adjacent  country,  were  still  retained  in  pos- 
session."'^ 

Beekman  writes  that  the  savages  report  that  the  Senecas  Ju^  lo- 
destroyed  several  plantations  of  the  Swedes  and  Finns  who  Lextaiionis 
settled  among  the  English.     He  does  not  much  confide  in  it.  Z^'ZIZ 
« The  chiefs  of  the  savages  on  this  river  do  not  trust  the  towards  the 

l^nglisb. 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  114. 

2  McMahon,  p.  20,  who  quotes  Council  Proceedings,  Lib.  H.  H.  113.     Chal- 
mers, p.  631. 

211 


326  A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1661.  English,  and  decline  to  go  thither,  as  they  told  Hudde  and 
*""•  '  Swens,  saying  « the  English  killed  some  of  us,  and  we  again 
killed  some  of  them,  the  one  pays  for  the  other.'  They  in- 
formed Augustine  on  the  4th  of  their  intentions.  D'Hino- 
yossa  detained  the  galliot,  at  request  of  Heermans,  seven  or 
eight  days."^ 

"  On  the  east  side  of  this  river  are  residing  four  English 
July  10.  among  the  Manitos  savages;  they  arrived  in  a  small  boat  in 
FourEng-  the  neighbourhood  of  Cape  May,  about  three  months  past; 
^'^'t™hi'°'*  they  apparently  went  homeways  from  Virginia,  as  they  now 
TTithsavages.  Seem  inclined  to  remain  there,  if  the  report  of  the  savages  is 

correct, 
warbetweea      "The  Maquas  and  Senecas  are  at  war.     The  English  in 
Scas.^"'^  Maryland  assisted  the  Maquas  with  fifty  men,  in  their  fort."^ 
From  a  letter  of  Peter  Stuyvesant  to  the  company  in  Hol- 
juiy  21.        land,  it  appears  that  he  was  "  apprehensive  about  Lord  Bal- 
timore's intentions  respecting  the  southern  part  of   South 
River,  which  he  claims  as  included  in  his  patent,  and  con- 
firmed by  the  present  king.     Lord  Baltimore  protested  to  the 
company ;  speaks  of  Lord  Sterling's  pretended  claim  to  Long 
Island." 

In  allusion  to  a  censure  passed  by  the  company  on  the 
Censure  of  director-general  and  council  of  New  Amsterdam,  he  says, 
stuyyesant    <j  j£  g^||  ^^j,  letters,  siucc  the  death  of  Alricks,  written  to  his 

by  company  _        '  ... 

noticed.  succcssor,  D'Hiuoyossa,  and  one  or  two  to  his  principals,  had 
been  transmitted,  it  would  to  all  appearance  become  evident, 
that  we  instituted  no  process  whatever  against  the  city's 
ministers,  much  less  that  we  sowed  seeds  of  discord  amongst 
them;  to  the  contrary,  it  would  evidently  appear  that  we 
most  sincerely  recommended  them  peace  and  harmony,  with 
the  promotion  of  the  common  welfare.  What  regards  the 
cause  or  process  as  mentioned  by  your  honour,  relative  to 
estate  of  deceased  Alricks ;  our  opposition  against  a  judg- 
ment on  the  murderers  of  three  savages,  in  a  case  of  appeal, 
and  our  unwilHngness  that  judgment  against  Jan  Garretson, 
and  Van  Marcken,  it  was  our  duty  to  inform  you  of  both, 
and  all  the  circumstances  of  these  afi"airs,  and  our  own  honour 
and  character  compel  us  imperiously  to  express  our  minds  in 
both  cases,  with  all  possible  brevity."  Then  alludes  to  trans- 
actions connected  with  estate  of  Alricks,  the  petition  of  Van 
Gezel,  the  declared  heir  and  executor.     "  Never  was  there  an 

>  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  117.  2  Ibid.  p.  118. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  327 

infraction  upon  arrest  made  by  provisional  director,  D'Hino-  1661. 
yossa,  in  behalf  of  his  principals,  on  the  estate,  or  money  '  '  ' 
coming  from  it  or  contracted,  for  which  aforesaid  remains 
responsible."  Then  notices  a  case  of  murder  committed  on 
a  man,  woman,  and  boy,  under  circumstances  of  great  cruelty, 
not  in  passion  or  drunkenness,  or  revenge,  "  but  with  a  deli- 
berate mind,  only  from  detestable  avarice."  Speaks  of  Al- 
ricks  as  a  man  of  very  discreet  character. 

Ensign  Dirck  Smith  deceased  at  end  of  last  year ;  his  widow 
now  goes  to  Holland.^ 

He  also  alludes  to  advices  received  from  Maryland,  and  Report  of  pa- 
says,  "  But  more  probable  and  material  is  the  advice  from  g^itj^j^o^'^'* 
Maryland,  that  Lord  Baltimore's  patent,  which  contains  the  confirmed, 
south  part  of  South  River,  is  confirmed  by  the  king,  and  pub- 
lished in  print ;  that  Lord  Baltimore's  brother,  who  is  a  rigid 
Papist,  being  made  governor  there,  has  received  Lord  Balti- 
more's claim,  and  protest  to  your  honours  in  council,  (where- 
with he  seems  but  little  satisfied,)  and  has  now  more  hopes 
of  success.  We  have  advices  from  England  that  there  is  an 
invasion  intended  against  these  parts,  and  the  country  soli- 
cited of  the  king,  the  duke,  and  the  parliament,  is  to  be  an- 
nexed to  their  dominions,  and  for  that  purpose  they  desire 
three  or  four  frigates,  persuading  the  king  that  the  company 
possessed  and  held  this  country  under  an  unlawful  title,  having 
only  obtained  of  King  James  leave  for  a  watering-place  on 
Staten  Island,  in  1623."^ 

Beekman  alludes  to  a  list  of  houses  and  lots  in  the  colony,  August  7. 
which  does  not  appear  on  the  records;  also  to  a  probable  dif-  Probable  dif- 
ficulty between  the  director-general  and  England,  which  he  fhrEn^lsh 
says  "would  be  peculiarly  injurious  to  us,  who,  as  it  were,  are 
lying  with  open  doors  before  the  English." 

He  "  wants  two  ankers  of  brandy  or  distilled  liquors,  to  wants  u- 
plant  some  more  corn  for  the  garrison,  as  it  is  easier  to  obtain  ^""^^^n 
workmen  for  liquors  than  for  any  other  wares." 

"  Hears  that  a  vessel  with  farmers  from  Holland  is  coming  Expects  far- 
over,  and  wishes  they  could  be  induced  to  marry  with  Swedes  Hoi7and°'" 
and  Finns." 

Great  differences  exist  between  D'Hinoyossa  and  Van  Gezel,  September  5. 
because  he  asked  for  his  accounts  as  auctioneer.     Van  Gezel  twe(in"  ^ 
is  arrested,  an  inventory  of  his  effects  taken  in  presence  of  D'Umoyossa 
his  wife ;  soldiers  guard  the  property ;  the  wife  carries  some  ^"i. 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xviii.  p.  143,  &c.         »  Smith's  N.  Y.,  vol.  i.  p.  12. 


328  ^-  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1661.     of  it  away ;  yachts  and  houses  searched ;  Van  Gezel's  wife 
.* — '^     decamps,  leaving  behind  her  child,  four  months  old,  that  she 
might  not  be  discovered  by  its  crying.^ 

Beekman,  on  arriving  at  New  Amstel  to  converse  with 
September  6.  D'Hinoyossa,  is  met  at  the  door  by  Van  Sweringen,  who  was 
D'ffinoyossa  Ordered  to  prevent  his  entrance,  though  D'Hinoyossa  was 
refuses  to      notified  bv  Alricks  of  his  arrival.    A  small  boy  brought  word 

see  Beek-  ''  JO 

man.  from  his  master  that  he  could  not  speak  with  Beekman  with 

a  good  conscience ;  advised  him  to  go  home. 

The  subject  on  which  Beekman  wished  to  converse  was 

The  subject    partly  "  bccausc  some  time  since  he  had  molested  the  Ba7'- 

striking  ^     Jciers,  that  they  lower  their  colours  before  the  fort  before  they 

their  colours  cast  auchor,  and  they  would  make  use  of  the  opportunity  to 

sail  higher  up  ;  then  he  threatened  to  examine  the  lading,  as 

it  might  be  addressed  to  him,  expecting  every  hour  the  arrival 

of  a  ship  consigned  to  him  from  fatherland,  and  talk  of  other 

affairs,  of  which  a  long  detail  is  given. 

Beekman  despatched  D'Hinoyossa^  and  Peter  Alricks  with 
September  6.  two  chiefs  of  savagcs  residing  on  the  river,  to  the  governor 
Messenger  of  Maryland,  to  negotiate  peace.  He  wants  supplies  for  the 
sent  to  go-     cray-rigou   gait   seawant  to  purchase  bread-corn,  as  with  diflGi- 

Ternor  of         o  '  '  J^  ' 

Maryland,     culty  they  could  obtain  a  schepel  (three-fourths  of  a  bushel) 
neeoed!^       of  com  for  a  schepel  of  salt.^ 

"Yesterday  I  was  informed  by  Mr.   Laers,  the  Swedish 
Sept.  21.       priest,  that  his  wife  eloped  with  one  Jacob  Jongh,  and  de- 
Swedish        parted  that  night  in  a  canoe,  on  which  I  despatched  an  ex- 
eio^ir  ^^^  press  to  Maryland,  and  another  to  the  magistrates  residing  on 
Sassafras  River,  and  requested  them,  if  the  aforesaid  persons 
arrived  there,  to  take  them  in  custody,  and  give  us  a  direct 
notice  of  it.     This  day  I  was  informed  by  one  of  our  com- 
missaries, that  Jacob  Jongh  had,  during  two  or  three  days,  a 
savage  of  Meggekersing  with  him,  upon  which  we  presume 
he  tries  to  follow  the  track  of  Captain  Vuller,  and  so  may 
pass  to  Long  Island. 

"  Alricks  met  governor  and  council  of  Maryland  at  Colonel 

Aieetingfor    XJtic's.     Alricks,  the  secretary,  Henry  Coursay,  Mr.  Beek- 

nego  la  ion    ^^^^^^  ^^^^  -^j^j.  Q^YYit  Smith  arrived  here  yesterday  by  way  of 

sayages.       jsfg^  Amstel,  to  Open  a  negotiation  relative  to  the  affairs  of 

the  savages."^ 


'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  124.  *  Ibid. 

3  Ibid.  p.  135.  *  Ibid.  p.  137 


com- 
missioners. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  329 

The  trunk  of  Jongh,  with  various  of  Mr.  Laers's  property    1661. 
in  it,  is  found  at  Upland.  '    '    ' 

« It  is  said  that  Jacob  Jongh  went  to  New  England,  as  he 
did  not  consider  himself  safe  in  Maryland. 

"  We  understood  from  the  letters  which  were  received  in  October  26. 
answer  from  honourable  Philip  Calvert,  of  22d  and  23d,  in  Letters  from 
regard  to  English  commissioners  who  visited  Altona,   and  Pi^'''pCai- 
whom  we  considered  it  our  duty  to  treat  with  all  courtesy,  to  English 
soothe  his  jealousy,  because  the  governor  of  the  province  had 
not  been  treated  with  the  same  regards,  or  received  from  your 
honour  the  same  respect,  as  the  governors  of  other  provinces." 

His  honour  D'Hinoyossa  summoned,  as  soon  as  the  afore-  conference 
said  commissioners  arrived,  by  messenger,  the  chiefs  of  the  ^o^is'lion- 
savages,  but  one  only  appeared,  who  resides  at  the  east  end  ers  and  chief. 
of    the   river,    who    accompanied    the    commissioners,   with  ciuXa.*^""^ 
D'Hinoyossa,   to  Appoquinimy,  whereabouts  another  creek  Negroes 
empties  itself  in  the  English  River,  and  where  his  honour 
the  governor,  Calvert,  met  them,  when  he  concluded  a  peace 
with  the  aforesaid  sachem,  and  had  a  joyful  intercourse  with 
them  and  D'Hinoyossa.     The  English  made  an  offer  to  de- 
liver us  annually  two  to  three  thousand  hogsheads  of  tobacco 
by  this  creek,  or  at  Appoquinimy,  if  we  would  supply  them 
with  negroes  and  other  commodities. 

Many  of  the  Minquas  died  lately  by  the  small-pox.     They  smaii-pox 
are  nearly  besieged  by  the  Senecas,  which  caused  a  decline  ™°"^  *^"^' 

•'  o  ^  '  quas,  who 

in  our  trade  with  them.     I  am  informed  that  the  Senecas  are  besieged 
killed  another  savage  not  far  from  that  place,  but  a  little  ^houmT' 
above  it,  where  the  Swedish  concentration  is  made.     The  sayage. 
Swedes  are  full  of  apprehension  for  their  cattle. 

"  The  minister,  Laers,  solicited  on  the  15th  instant,  for  our  Laers  wishes 
consent  to  marry  again,  as  he  intended  to  have  the  first  pro- 
clamation on  the  16th  instant.     His  bride  is  17  or  18  years 
old.     I  delayed  to  give  a  decisive  answer  till  I  should  have 
obtained  your  honour's  approbation. 

"  Mr.  Williams  and  many  other  families  have  proposed  to 
move  to  Maryland  before  winter."^ 

The  reverend  Laers  again  solicits  the  approbation  of  his  November  s, 
honour  for  his  proposed  marriage,  "  as  the  situation  of  his  i^a*"  ^saia 

„        .,       .  .         ,  .  •.    ))9  wishes  to 

tamily  imperiously  requires  it.  ^  marry. 

The  directors  send  Stuyvesant  <'  resolutions  upon  a  pro- 
posal of  this  city,  from  which  his  honour  will  see  in  what  we  November  9, 

>  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  142.  2  Ibid.  p.  144. 

42  2£2 


to  marry 
again. 


330  ^-  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1661.     have  gratified  the  magistrates  of  this  city  with  regard  to  the 

'    '    '     colony  on  South  River,  with  a  view  that  your  honour  may 

conduct  himself  in  conformity  to  it ;  whereas  the  said  magis- 

Coionyof      tratcs  do  continue  for  the  present  to  charge  themselves  with 

South  RiTer   ^j^g  dircctors  of  said  colony.     Several  colonists  and  farmers 

to  be  con-  _  _     •'        ^ 

turned  under  have  again  embarked  thither,  in  the  hope  that  it  will  be  con- 
teat^^"^'     tinued  with  better  success.    A  magistrate's  vessel  sails  direct 

for  South  River. 

Cecilius  "  procured  a  grant  and  confirmation  of  the  patent 

passed  in  favour  of  his  father  in  1632."^ 

1662. 

Beekman  writes,  "  I  brought,  on  23d  December,  the  case 

February  1.    of  Jacob  Jongh  bcforc  the  council,  but  it  remains  to  this  day 

Further  pro-  undccidcd,  as  it  was  concluded  that  the  commissaries  should 

cccdings       institute  a  new  inquiry,  and  since  that  day  no  other  meeting 

against  Kev.  i       »» '  ./  ^         ^  o 

Mr.  Laers.  was  convencd.  I  have  some  apprehension  that  it  will  be  de- 
cided against  the  Reverend  Mr.  Laers,  as  it  is  partly  ascer- 
tained that  he  broke  open  the  door  with  an  axe,  and  examined 
the  trunk  and  goods  which  were  left  by  the  young  man,  and 
made  an  inventory  of  them,  in  the  absence  of  the  landlord." 
"  The  aforesaid  Finnish  priest  solicited  very  cii'cumstan- 
tially,  that  the  council  would  grant  him  a  divorce  for  this 
Asks  and  ob-  breach  of  marriage  contract  by  his  wife,  which  he  obtained 
tains  a  di-     ^^  ^-^^  15th  of  December,  under  youi*  approbation." 

"  Yesterday  I  was  informed  that  he  married  himself  again 
Marries  him-  on  Sunday,  a  transaction,  in  my  opinion,  under  correction, 
^®'^'  entirely  unlawful,  and  expect  your  honour's  orders  how  to 

conduct  myself  in  it." 
D'mnoyossa       « I  understood  that  D'Hinoyossa  hag  demanded  his  dis- 
B^OT^  "^Com-   mission ;  his  soldiers  are  continually  complaining  of  their  bad 
plaints         fare,  and  their  dress. 

against  .  ^^  j  ^^^  informed  by  Paulus  Scherrs,  who  lately  arrived 
Son  of  Lord  from  Maryland,  that  the  son  of  Lord  Baltimore  arrived  there, 
arriv^°in     ^^^  that  nothing  further  is  mentioned  there  of  any  intentions 

Maryland.       upOn  this  district."^ 

February  20.  "lam  informed  that  the  Whoi'ekill  is  to  be  abandoned, 
whorekiu  to  g^^^j  j^j^g  q[^j  militia  there  to  be  discharged.     The  city's  sur- 

be  aban-  •  t.  •         • 

doned,  &e.     vcyor,  William  Rosenlery,  is  discharged. 

"  The  Senecas  and  Minquas  are  still  at  war.     The  savages 
on  the  river,  too,  are  in,  as  they  did  not  go  this  winter  on 

»  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  377.  *  Ibid.  p.  146. 


vorce. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DmECTOR-GENERAL.  331 

hunting  as  usual,  which  causes  nearly  a  stagnation  in  trade.     1662. 
Rev.  ^gedius  has  just  arrived  from  Holland."^  "    '    ' 

"  On  Sunday,  the  12th,  A.  M.,  was  communicated  by  the 
clerk,  upon  order  of  director-general  and  council  in  New  March  is. 
Amstel,  that  a  fast  and  prayer  day  should  be  kept  quarterly,  Quarterly 
with  which  a  beginning  was  to  be  made  on  the  15th  instant,  ^^^^  '^""i 

'-'  .  °  '   prayer  day 

but  no  mention  whatever  was  made  of  your  honour's  ordi-  to  be  kept. 
nance.     The  same  command  was,  at  the  same  time,  after  the 
first  sermon,  published  in  the  fort,  (here  at  Altona,)  by  tolling 
of  the  bell."2 

"  It  is  rumoured  here  that  the  governor  of  Maryland  should  March  is. 
come  to  New  Amstel  on  15th  April,  to  establish  there  the  Trade  in  to- 
trade  in  tobacco,  but  it  cannot  be  ascertained  with  certainty.  ^^"^^  ^*^ 

...  .  .  ''      Maryland. 

It  would,  in  my  opinion,   be  necessary,  if  any  considerable  Magazine 
quantity  of  tobacco  was  to  be  shipped  here,  that  the  company  propo^ed!^*^* 
construct  a  magazine  and  balance  at  New  Amstel. 

<«  Nothing  yet  done  in  affair  of  Rev.  Mr.  Laers.  Rev.  Laers. 

"  I  solicit  most  seriously  that  it  may  please  your  honour  to  wants  ne- 
accommodate  me  with  a  company  of  negroes,  as  I  am  very  ^°*^' 
much  in  want  of  them  in  many  respects."^ 

Beekman  has  no  intercourse  with  D'Hinoyossa.  March  22. 

"  The  galliot  was  yesterday,  by  an  extraordinary  high  tide,  very  high 
driven  out  of  the  kill,  but  happily  saved  by  the  sailors  of  the  ^^'i*- 
ship,  and  brought  again  to  her  former  place.     On  the  18th, 
however,  she  was  again  cast  to  the  other  side  of  the  river,  so 
that  the  sailors  were  again  obliged  to  return  thither."^ 

The  following  are  the  proceedings  of  the  court  at  their  April  u. 
meeting  held  by  vice-director  and  commissaries  at  Altona, 
(Cock,  Harnsen,  and  Oloff  Stille,)  against  Rev.  Laers : 

"  Honourable  vice-director  as  sheriff,  plaintiff,  versus  Rev.  Proceedings 
Laers  Carels,  defendant — The  plaintiff  concludes,  as  it  is  of  RerMr'"^ 
notoriety,  and  acknowledged  by  defendant,  that  on  the  20th  Laers'scase. 
September,  1661,  he,  Minister  Laers  committed  the  violence, 
in  breaking  the  room  open,  and  opening  the  trunk   of  the 
fugitive  Jacob  Jongh,  when  said  Jongh  the  night  before  ab- 
sconded, and  made  an  inventory  of  his  property,  which  he 
left  behind,  as  is  evident  by  his  own  handwriting,  to  which 
the  defendant  was  not  qualified,  which  ought  to  have  been 
performed  by  the  vice-director  and  the  court,  and  that  he 
usurped  and  suspended  their  authority,  and  vilified  it,  where- 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  150.  2  ibid.  pp.  152,  153. 

3  Ibid.  p.  157.  4  Ibid. 


332  A.  D'HINOTOSSA  AND  W.  BEEOIAN. 

1662.  fore  he  remains  answerable  and  holden  to  make  compensation 
'  '  '  to  the  company  of  what  was  yet  due  the  company  by  said 
absconded  Jongh,  of  which  the  residue  amounts  to  200  gl. 
in  corn,  and  40  gl.  in  beaver,  which  is  to  be  delivered,  and 
besides  this,  an  amende  [fine]  of  40  gl.  for  having  vilified 
authority.  Defendant  said,  he  came  at  that  time  to  the  house 
of  Andreas  Hendriessen,  Finn,  and  asked  him  if  his  wife  was 
with  J.  Jongh  in  his  room,  when  the  wife  of  Andreas,  Finn, 
answered,  that  she  did  not  know  it,  that  her  master  might 
look  at  it,  on  which  he  took  an  axe  and  broke  the  door,  and 
made  an  inventory  of  the  goods.  The  commissioners  having 
considered  the  case,  command  that  Rev.  Laers  shall  satisfy 
the  demanded  200  gl.  and  pay  for  his  insolence. 

"  On  the  day  aforesaid,  is  communicated  to  aforesaid  Rev. 
Laers  Carels,  by  Vice-Director  Beekman,  that  his  marriage 
is  declared  null  and  void,  as  illegal,  as  he  married  himself, 
which  is  directly  contrary  to  the  orders  sanctioned  about 
marriage  connections ;  that  he  before  ought  to  have  demanded 
and  obtained  from  us  the  dissolution  of  his  former  marriage, 
by  letters  of  divorce,  agreeably  to  the  laws  of  our  fatherland, 
which  ought  to  have  been  granted  by  the  court  of  magistrates, 
and  that  by  a  further  delay  from  his  side,  he  shall  be 
prosecuted.  A.  Hudde,  Secretary." 

The  reverend  gentleman  makes  the  following  appeal : 
"  Sir,  my  humble  submissive  service  to  you,  and  which  I 
Appealer  always  hope  to  remain.  It  will  not  be  unknown  to  you,  sir. 
Rev.  Mr.  [^l  what  manner,  since  the  elopement  of  my  wife,  I  have 
fallen  from  one  misfortune  to  another,  because  all  my  deeds, 
performed  in  consequence  of  this  elopement,  have  been  mis- 
construed, so  that  I  have  been  condemned  in  heavy  amendes,. 
which,  in  my  poor  situation,  I  cannot  by  any  means  bring 
together,  as  besides  that,  I  paid  already  nearly  200  gl.  I 
now  am  again  condemned  in  a  fine  of  280  gl.  The  true  state 
of  the  case  was  this :  while  I  was  searching  for  my  wife,  I 
imagined  she  was  concealing  herself  in  that  place,  on  which 
I  broke  it  open,  but  found  nothing  but  a  few  pair  of  stock- 
ings, which  the  fugitive  raptor  of  ray  wife  left  behind,  of 
which  I  made  an  inventory ;  and  whereas  it  has  been  taken 
amiss,  as  if  I,  by  this  deed,  intended  to  vilify  the  court,  and 
therefore  am  condemned  to  pay  a  fine  of  280  gl.,  and  pay 
what  the  fugitive  was  owing,  whereas  I,  in  my  innocence,  and 
in  that  situation,  having  no  other  intention  whatever  but  to 


Laers. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIKECTOR-GENERAL.  333 

search  for  my  wife,  so  it  is  my  submissive  petition  that  it  may  1662. 
please  your  honour  to  make  a  favourable  and  merciful  inter-  '  '""' 
cession  on  my  behalf,  by  this  meeting,  and  pardon  graciously 
what  is  committed  through  ignorance,  and  to  save  my  repu- 
tation and  condition  as  a  minister,  not  to  inflict  any  further 
punishment.  What  regards  that  I  married  myself,  I  cannot 
discover  any  thing  illegal  in  it.  I  acted  just  in  the  same 
manner  as  I  had  done  before,  with  respect  to  others,  exactly 
so  as  others  do,  who  are  not  prosecuted  for  it,  and  I  can  con- 
scientiously assure  you  that  it  was  performed  without  any 
evil  intention.  Had  I  known  that  my  marrying  myself  in 
this  manner  should  have  been  so  unfavourably  interpreted,  I 
should  have  submitted  to  the  usage  of  the  Reformed  Church, 
but  I  did  not  know  it ;  wherefore  I  pray  once  more  the 
honourable  general  that  he  will  vouchsafe  me  his  aid,  and 
take  into  consideration  my  forlorn  situation,  so  that  I,  with- 
out becoming  a  burden  to  others,  may  supply  my  daily 
wants,  &c.  Laurentius  Carels,  Minister."^ 

"  D'Hinoyossa  interdicted,  on  the  29th  March,  by  a  pla- 
card, that  no  person  may  trade  between  Bompjes  Hoeck  and  Mayio. 
Cape  Henlopen,   with  any  individual,  on  forfeiture   of  the  luterdictioa 
goods  which  might  be  discovered  by  him,  granting  at  the  °f  t^^^''®- 
same  time  to  Peter  Alricks  the  exclusive  privilege  of  trading  jes  Hoeck 
in  that  district,  which  causes  discontent  amongst  the  Swedes  ^^ 
and  other  individuals,  saying,  'what  right  do  they  above  us  of  Exclusive 
New  Amstel  have  to  trade  in  our  district  at  the  east  side  of  p  AWcks. 
the  river,  as  we  on  their  side.'     I  went,  on  the  30th,  to  New  sweaesdis- 
Amstel,  to  take  a  full  view  of  the  placard,  and  examined  it 
thoroughly,  but  could  not  obtain  it,  as  only  one  had  been 
nailed  at  the  church  door,  which  it  was  said  was  taken  down 
during  the  night  by  Mr.  Kip,  who  was  to  be  prosecuted  for 
it  by  the  sheriif,  who  stood  in  the  door  of  his  house,  near  the 
church,  so  that  I  cannot  say  with  certainty  if  this  interdiction 
regards  only  the  inhabitants  of  New  Amstel,  or  that  it  is 
meant  as  a  general  interdiction." 

"  On   the  same    day,   another  interdiction  was   made  by  interdiction 
D'Hinoyossa,  relative  to  the  proposals  made  by  some  of  the  li^oagu- 
savages  at  Tinniconck,  by  which  any  contravener  convicted  qiors. 
shall  be  fined  300  gl,  authorizing  the  savages  to  rob  those  thoi'rzcdtr 
who  bring  them  strong  liquors."  rob. 

"  The  Swedish  priest,  the  Rev.  Laers  was,  on  the  12th  of 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  164. 


334 

1662. 


Rev.  Mr. 
Laers's  case. 
Is  advised  to 
ask  a  di- 
Torce.    His 
second  mar- 
riage illegal. 


Com-mill 
authorized 
on  Turtle 
Creek  Falls. 
Must  grind 
for  garrison 
gratis. 
Swedish 
miU.    Koss- 
null  at  New 
Amstul. 


Water  grist- 
mill on  Tur- 
tle Creek. 
Owners  ask 
for  land. 


May  15. 

Further  diflS- 
culties  be- 
tween 

D'Hinoyossa 
and  Beek- 
man. 


A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

April,  condemned  by  the  commissaries  to  pay  200  gl.,  which 
had  been  advanced  to  Jacob  Jongh  in  behalf  of  the  company, 
to  provide  us  with  corn ;  to  pay  further  the  40  beavers  due 
to  Mr.  Decker  and  myself  by  the  aforesaid  Jongh,  besides  an 
amende  of  40  gl.  for  having  usurped  the  authority  of  the 
court.  I  insinuated  to  him  in  the  said  meeting  that  he  ought 
to  address  himself  to  your  honour,  and  request  letters  of  di- 
vorce, and  that  meanwhile  his  new  marriage  was  illegal. 

« I  permitted  last  year,  under  your  approbation,  the  inha- 
bitants of  Turtle-kill  Falls,  situated  about  one  and  a  half 
miles  from  our  fortress,  (Altona,)  to  build  there  a  corn-mill, 
which  is  now  to  be  finished,  provided  they  can  now  obtain  the 
deed.  This  was  granted  on  condition  that  the  garrison  here 
should  not  pay  for  their  grist,  which  ought  to  be  inserted  in 
the  deed.  "\Ye  have  here  great  trouble  often  Avith  grinding, 
and  are  compelled,  when  we  cannot  be  served,  to  go  to  the 
old  Sioedish  mill,  at  the  distance  of  about  six  miles  from  here, 
or  bring  the  corn  to  New  Amstel,  to  the  Rosmolen,  at  great 
expense  to  the  company."^ 

John  Staelcop,  &c.,  petition  for  land.  Some  time  since, 
they  built  a  water  grist-mill  on  the  falls  of  Turtle  Creek, 
(Schildnaps-kil,)  for  the  benefit  of  the  community  and  others, 
and  because  it  is  very  necessary  for  some  person  to  reside 
there  to  tend  mill,  who  of  course  would  want  some  land  with 
it  to  cultivate,  by  which  the  mill  might  obtain  greater  safety. 
They  oblige  themselves  not  to  sell,  mortgage,  or  alienate  said 
mill  under  any  pretext,  except  with  consent  of  his  honour.^ 

The  dispute  about  jurisdiction  between  D'Hinoyossa  and 
Beekman  became  pretty  violent,  the  former  requiring  vessels 
to  lower  their  colours  when  passing  New  Amstel,  and  threat- 
ening to  examine  their  cargo,  the  latter  claiming  the  juris- 
diction over  the  whole  river,  denying  his  right  to  do  this. 
D'Hinoyossa  was  summoned  before  Beekman,  at  Altona, 
which  he  disregarded.  Beekman  further,  charges  him  with 
making,  in  a  tavern,  attacks  on  the  director-general,  &c.,  at 
New  Amsterdam,  charging  them  with  bringing  the  Swedes  to 
South  River,  by  their  ill-treatment  of  Minuit,  threatening,  if 
he  could,  to  drown  or  poison  the  Manhattans.^ 

Hudde,  in  a  letter  to  W.  Beekman,  speaks  of  applying  to 
Van  Ruyven  and  Krygier,  when  appointed  commissaries  and 


•  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  pp.  158,  159. 
3  Ibid.     O  Call.  vol.  ii.  p.  465. 


2  Ibid.  p.  161. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  835 

captain,  to  aid  him  in  procuring  payment  for  the  house  which  1662. 
Tvas  sold  to  honourable  J.  Alricks,  schepen  and  magistrate  of  "  •  ' 
the  city,  to  be  for  a  time  appropriated  for  the  benefit  of  the 
community,  "as  it  yet  has  continued  till  this  day."  They 
treated  it  with  kindness,  and  J.  Alricks  promised  to  pay,  as 
the  purchase  was  approved  by  his  lords  and  masters,  but  in 
vain  to  himself  or  his  successor,  D'Hinoyossa,  &c.,  who  re- 
ceived pay.  Everybody  complains  of  his  unjust  and  fraudu- 
lent proceedings.  D'Hinoyossa  sold  a  considerable  part  of 
the  city's  property  to  the  English  in  Maryland,  such  as  a  pair 
of  millstones,  &c. 

Beekman  finds  himself,  by  his  oath  of  oflBce  and  honour,  June  8. 
compelled  to  charge  D'Hinoyossa  with  taking  away  the  pali-  Serious 
sades  of  the  fort,  and  burning  them  in  his  brewery ;  also  with  B^e^^^n^ 
selling  to  the  savages  the  new  city  guns  which  arrived  in  the  against 
"Parmeland  Church;"  also  to  the  English  in  Maryland,  the        ^°y°^^^- 
city  millstones  brought  in  the  same  ship,  for  1000  pounds  of 
tobacco,  and  a  small  brewer's  kettle  for  700  or  800  pounds ; 
also    with    railing    against    the  Manhattans,   and    threaten- 
ing   vengeance.      Beekman    sustains    his   charges   by   affi- 
davits.^ 

About  this  time,  in  consequence  of  publications  in  Holland,  Mennonists 
many  were  induced  to  think  of  emigrating  to  South  River ;  ^"'^  °'^t" 

•^  .  propose  to 

among  others,  a  number  of  Mennonists,  to  the  Whorekill.  emigrate. 
The  association  was  to  consist  of  married  males  and  single  fion"f '^'^  "^"^ 
men  who  had  attained  24  years  of  age,  and  were  not  bound 
to  service  nor  indebted  to  the  association ;  equality  was  the 
basis  of  the  association ;  no  superiority  or  office  to  be  sought 
for ;  each  pledging  himself  to  obey  the  ordinances  of  the 
association,  "in  the  maintenance  of  peace  and  concord."  All 
clergymen,  without  distinction,  were  to  be  rigidly  excluded 
from  the  society.  As  it  was  to  be  composed  of  persons  of 
divers  opinions,  this  exclusion  was  unanimously  agreed  to,  for 
in  choosing  a  minister  of  one  sect,  it  would,  it  was  argued, 
be  impossible  to  harmonize  so  many  discordant  humours ;  to 
appoini;  one  for  each  would  be  not  only  impossible,  but  "  an 
inevitable  pest  to  all  peace  and  union."  It  was  moreover 
considered  "  difficult  to  comprehend  the  peculiar  benefit  such 
a  society  could  derive  in  any  way  from  a  preacher,"  &c.  "  The 
correspondence  on  the  subject  of  creating  this  singular  co- 
lony, finally  eventuated  in  a  grant  of  land  at  Whorekill,  free 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  1G8. 


336  A-  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1662.     from  tenths  and  all  other  imposts  for  twenty  years.      Pieter 

"    '    '     Cornells  Plockhoy  was  principal  leader  of  the  Mennonists."^ 

D'Hinoyossa  writes  to  W.  Beekman  to  arrest  the  property 

June  20.       of  Certain  soldiers  who  ran  off  on  the  19th  instant,  and  asks 

it  as  a  reciprocal  measure ;  (two  have  been  apprehended,  and 

a  third  badly  wounded ;)  which  Beekman  agrees  to  do. 

June  21.  ^^^  Sweringen  says  he  shot  the  man  unintentionally. 

The  director-general  and  council  allude  to  censures  by  the 
July  15.        Holland  company,  respecting  certain  supposed  proposals  of 
Director-ge-    dcfcncc  agaiust  tho  savages,  and  a  divisional  line  by  Mary- 
councurepiy  ^^nd,  which  they  say  were  never  passed.     As  to  what  passed 
to  directors    bctwecn  Maryland  and  D'Hinoyossa  remains  a  secret.    Beek- 
for  censwre    ^^^  "  g^^^,  it  is  truc,  somc  Communications,  that  in  conse- 
cast  upon      qucncc  of  the  murder  of  two  or  three  English  going  from 
New  Amstel  to  Maryland,  trouble  and  some  war  had  arisen 
between  them,   which   caused    certain    correspondence,   and 
some  embassies  sent,  vice  versa,  by  D'Hinoyossa  and  governor 
of  Maryland,  but  all  this  without  any  action  with  us  or  Beek- 
man, so  we  are  ignorant  about  it.     Daily  occurrences  prove 
D'Hinoyossa  is  either  too  ignorant,  or  too  great  in  his  own 
eyes,  to  consult  your  ministers  on  these  or  other  such  like 
affairs." 

They  speak  of  disbanding  soldiers,  twelve  or  fourteen  in 
D'ffinoyossa  Altona.  D'Hiuoyossa  refused  to  publish  a  proclamation  of 
refuses  to      ^^^  dircctor-general  and  council,  and  also  to  observe  a  day 

Keep  a  o  '  •' 

prayer-day     of  fasting  and  prayer,  but  objected  that  the  colony  was  not 
director-gl-    Specially  mentioned ;  and  about  the  same  time  issued  a  pro- 
neraiand      clamation  themsclves,  which  they  published  but  did  not  keep, 
^"Xntian-  ^^  ^^^  name  of  director  and  council  of  New  Amstel,  not  of 
guage,  &c     New  Netherland,  "  writing  to  us  of  New  Netherland  in  un- 
measured language,  that  they  expected  no  more  from  us  simi- 
lar orders  and  injunctions,  but  that  in  future  they  would  take 
care  of  it  for  themselves,  and  that  for  this  purpose  they  had 
established  a  quarterly  prayer  day."^ 

William  Beekman  sends  Peter  Stuyvesant  a  statement  of 

July  21.        Van  Sweringen's  conduct  in  arresting,  with  seven  njen,  dis- 

van  swerin-  charged  peisous  who  were  on  their  way  to  Meyzepen  or 

^en^arrests    McggakissoD.     I  met  sheriff  at  Verdietige  Hoeck,  (Doleful 

Corner,)  and  protested  against  his  usurping  authority,  tra- 

'  OCall.  vol.  ii.  p.  466,  where   see  a  further  account  of  their  strange   no- 
tions.    Holl.  Doc.  vol.  XV.  p.  128. 
2  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  195. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  337 

versing  our  district  with  armed  men.  Yan  Sweringen  threatens    1662. 
private  injury.  '"^'^ 

Sixteen  or  eighteen  families,  chiefly  Finns,  residing  in  our 
district,  have  been  induced  by  D'Hinoyossa  to  move  into  the  Families  of 
colony.     They  will  be  18  years  free  from  tax,  have  their  own  fj|°°^t™°^' 
judges  and  religion;  they  mean  to  retain  lands  in  our  dis-  lony. 
trict.     On  Sunday,  p.  M.,  five  persons  were  induced  to  go  to 
New  Amstel,  where  they  had  business ;  they  staid  till  next 
day ;  at  evening,  all  being  at  supper,  Elias  Kouls  assaulted  Attack  on 
Sheriff  Van  Sweringen  near  his  house,  thrusting  at  him  with 
sword,  &c.^ 

"If  your  honour  might  deem  it  proper  to  send  hither  the  Augusts, 
attorney-general,  I  solicit  with  submission,  in  that  case,  that  Asks  for  a 
he  may  be  accompanied  with  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  as  with  ^g°^JJJ_ 
us  in  Altona,  as  well  as  New  Amstel,  there  are  several  un-  Several  un- 
baptized  children.  The  Lord's  Supper  has  not  been  adminis-  p^jj^'^^gn  jr^ 
tered  here  during  two  and  a  half  years,  so  that  by  this  act  Lord's  sup- 
your  honour  will  show  us  a  great  kindness."  ami  a  half 

He  cannot  live  on  good  terms  with  D'Hinoyossa.^  y^f^i^s. 

William  Clayborne,  jun.,  writes  about  runaway  servants 
from  Maryland ;  asks  to  have  them  taken  up.^ 

The  directors  in  Amsterdam  say  to  Peter  Stuyvesant,  that  SepternVr  i. 
«  the  provisions  with  which  your  honour  has  supplied  eight  or  Expenses  in 
ten  licensed  ministers  of  this  city  on  South  River,  who  have  ^^ml  eight 
returned  home  in  the  vessel  <  Parmelaud  Church,'  shall  be  paid  °''  tenminis- 

.  '■  ters  to  be  re- 

hcre  by  the  city  to  the  company,  so  that  your  honour  may  paid. 
place  in  your  books  these  charges  as  liquidated.     What  now 
regards  your  apprehended  diflSculties,  that  through  the  privi-  Certain  pri- 
leges  which  have  been  bestowed  upon  the  colony  of  this  city,  ^u^fd  to,  and 
other  colonies  Avhich  have  been  established  there  with  the  apprehended 
consent  and  foreknowledge  of  the  company,  may  be  tempted  from  those 
to  claim  similar  privileges  and  immunities,  on  the  special  pre-  disposed  of. 
texts  of  their  letters-patent,  grants,  or  deeds,  we  shall  only 
observe,  that  when  similar  applications  shall  be  made,  then 
your  honour  ought  to  send  us  this  information,  in  which  case 
we  shall  resolve  upon  it,  as  circumstances  may  require,  and 
communicate  to  your  honour  the  result  of  our  deliberations."* 

All  the  books,  papers,  and  vouchers  relating  to  the  affairs  Airicks's  pa- 
of  the  deceased  Jacob  Alricks,  of  South  River,  to  be  sent  to  trsent'^to 
the  magistrates  of  Amsterdam.'^  HoUand. 

J  Albany  Records.  2  li^jd,  y^i  xvii.  p.  199.  3  Ibid.  p.  233. 

4  Ibid.  vol.  iv.  p.  199.  5  Ibid.  p.  400. 

43  2F 


338 


A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


1662. 


September  5. 

Sudden 
alarm  at 
New  Amstel. 
Fears  of  the 
Senecas. 
Man  mur- 
dered. 


September  7. 

Alarm  con- 
tinued. Mes- 
senger de- 
spatched to 
Mr.  La 
Grange.    A 
Swede  of 
Printz's. 


Bad  state  of 
defence  at 
Altona. 


Sept.  8. 
Beekman 
has  another 
son. 


Sept.  14. 


New  Amstel  is  suddenly  alarmed  by  the  following  circum- 
stances, as  related  by  Jean  Willems,  in  a  letter  of  this  date 
to  Beekman,  at  Altona :  <<  At  evening,  sitting  at  my  door,  a 
runner  arrived  suddenly  from  below  the  row  of  Hunters-land, 
a  savage  severely  wounded,  who,  as  he  could  not  be  under- 
stood, signified  by  signs  that  the  Senecas  did  it,  on  which  all 
the  citizens  were  directly  armed  and  collected  together,  with 
which  we  continue  every  evening.  We  have  heard  of  many 
severe  threatenings  made,  as  is  said  by  savages,  against  us, 
of  which  we  saw  yesterday  a  most  bloody  eifect,  at  Jans 
Flons,  an  aged  man  riding  in  the  woods,  with  his  wagon 
and  two  horses,  was  shot  from  his  horse  on  which  he  rode ;  it 
seems  presumptive  that  it  must  have  been  done  by  the  Senecas. 
Something  ought  to  be  done ;  if  you  would  not  despatch  a 
savage,  or  Swede,  or  Finn,  to  the  director-general." 

Beekman  writes  to  Peter  Stuyvesant :  "As  I  arrived  at 
New  Amstel,  I  saw  there  a  great  disturbance  and  commotion 
among  the  inhabitants,  who  fled  with  their  property  to  the 
fort.  Upon  the  burning  of  the  hovel  which  I  mentioned  in 
my  last,  D'Hinoyossa  sending  me  a  messenger,  and  soliciting, 
in  the  name  of  the  director  and  council  in  the  colony,  that  I 
would  come  up,  to  despatch  a  savage  to  Manhattans,  of  which 
I  excused  myself,  as  I  could  not  leave  home  at  this  time,  and 
that  he  could  much  better  spare  a  man  than  I,  but  at  last 
proposed,  as  here  was  a  Swede  of  Printz's,  that  we  both  to- 
gether should  send  our  letters  to  3Ir.  La  Grange,  requesting 
him  to  despatch,  at  joint  expense,  little  Hansen  or  his  brother- 
in-law  Carol,"  &c.,  which  was  done. 

"  If  the  apprehensions  are  realized,  I  should  be  compelled 
to  enlist  men  for  defence  of  the  place ;  but  small  provision 
of  powder  and  balls ;  it  is  not  difficult  to  procure  victuals. 
In  our  quarter  or  district,  neither  man  nor  beast  molested, 
neither  is  any  creature,  thus  far,  at  New  Amstel,  injured.^ 

"  Yesterday,  my  wife  was  delivered  of  a  son,  so  that  now 
two  of  my  sons  are  unbaptized.  We  are  expecting  daily  the 
shallop,  with  the  desirable  gospel  minister.  Six  or  seven  sol- 
diers sick.^ 

"  Alarm  has  subsided ;  they  cannot  yet  tell  who  did  it ; 
probably  the  Senecas." 

«'  I  inquired,  at  the  request  of  Hendrick  Huygen,  into  the 
situation  of  a  certain  lot  of  land,  situated  at  south-west  side 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  230.  ^  ibid.  p.  226. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENEIIAL.  339 

of  Upland-kill,  and  was  informed  by  the  Swedish  commis-     1662. 
saries  and  other  ancient  inhabitants  of  the  said  nation,  that     "    '    ' 
aforesaid  tract  is  called  Printzs  Village,  which  had  already 
been  in  possession  during  sixteen  years  of  the  Swedish  go-  History  of 
vernor,  Johan  Printz,  and  his  daughter,  ivhoowns  it.  I  can-  j"^/^^' 
not  hear  that  this  tract  has  ever  been  in  possession  of  one 
Hans  Ammonsen  or  his  heirs,  or  that  any  land  was  cultivated 
by  him  in  that  neighbourhood,  but  well  that  it  was  said  so  of 
one  Elias  Sullengreen,  after  the  arrival  of  Governor  Rysingh, 
that  his  wife's  father  had  a  donation  in  writing  from   Queen 
Christina,  of  a  certain  piece  of  land,  situated  between  Mary's 
Corner  (Marytjens  Hoeck)  and  LTpland-kill.     I  received  this 
information  on  this  day,  in  Fort  Altona.    "VV.  Beekman.''^       scpt.  20. 

<'  No  reason  to  fear  at  present.     Have  not  found  the  mur- 
derer of  Johan  FonS.  Dlllaoyossa 

"D'Hinoyossa  declared  publicly  in  the  fort  that  he  in-  f °nd°  ° 
tended  going  to  fatherland  via  Virginia,  in  six  or  eight  weeks, 
with  a  view  to  give  an  accurate  delineation  of  the  colony  to 
his  lords  and  patrons,  and  to  convince  them  of  the  necessity 
of  obtaining  possession  of  South  River,  adding,  in  case  he 
did  not  return,  each  person  ought  to  look  out  for  himself." 

"  Wants  provisions  and  men,  having  only  five  or  six  healthy  sickness  at 
persons  for  defence ;  the  others  are  lingering  with  intermit-  "^"°''''' 
ting  fevers."" 

Writes,  at  request  of  some  Englishmen  who  arrived  a  few  Sopt.  27. 
days  ago,  to  recover  runaway  servants.^  Runaways. 

P.  Stuyvesant  requests  Beekman  to  assist  D'Hinoyossa,  October  21. 
when  requested,  with  six  or  eight  men,  "  who  should  incline  sowisrs  to 
to  go  at  the  expense  and  wages  of  the  city."      In  reply,  he  Diliaoycssa 
says,  "  I  am  confident  no  person  will  be  willing  to  go  on  these  from  Aitona. 
terms,  wherefore  I  request   your  honour's    special    orders,  cunes"^'^ '^"" 
whether  I  shall,  when  requested,  command  such  a  number 
thither,  and  keep  the  fort  garrisoned  with  the  remainder." 

Peter  Stuyvesant  complained  of  high  accounts  made  out  Comriaint 
by  the  merchants,  &c.    "  Your  honour  ought  to  consider  that  gfuyvesLt 
the  place  is  unfavourably  situated,  wherefore  very  few  can  against  high 
canoe  any  thing  of  consequence,  and  they  cannot  Avell  subsist  min-dumk 
on  what  they  receive  for  their  daily  support,  so  they  often  ucokmanex- 

1  n         1     •      ^  1T-1  -ii-i     cast's  iheia. 

must  receive  advances  tor  their  bread,  Every  article  which 
comes  from  Manhattan  is  charged  with  great  expenses  and 
high  freight." 

1  Albany  Reconls,  vol.  xvii.  p.  238.         2  ibij.  p.  237.         3  Ibid.  p.  239. 


840 


A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


1662. 


The  galliot 

60l(l. 

An  English 

servant 

hung. 

Others 

wounded. 


Not.  24. 

New  Eng- 
land asks 
surrender  of 
Manhattan. 
Lord  Balti- 
more oh- 
tained  let- 
ters-patent 
from  king. 


Murder  of  a 
hoy  by  In- 
dians. 


Fort  in 
want. 


Matthew  Bengsen,  under-sheriff  and  city  messenger,  died 
September  9. 

D'Hinoyossa  sold  the  galliot  to  the  Englishman  before 
mentioned,  for  14  hogsheads  of  tobacco  and  40  head  of  cattle. 

"  On  the  19th  was  hung,  the  head  cut  off  and  placed  on  a 
stake  in  the  presence  of  'French,'  one  of  the  English  run- 
away servants,  and  bought  by  Peter  Alricks,  at  Whorekill, 
from  the  savages.  When  these  were  to  be  conducted  to  New 
Amstel  by  some  English,  '  French'  made  an  attack  upon 
them  when  on  South  River,  or  near  Bompjes  Hoeck,  wounded 
two  and  slightly  hurt  the  other,  when  they  fled  out  of  the 
boat,  but  were  again  overtaken  at  New  Amstel,  where  he 
was  apprehended  by  orders  of  D'Hinoyossa,  when,  on  the  3d, 
the  English  masters  departed,  but  D'Hinoyossa  refused  to 
deliver  French  to  them,  because  he  committed,  as  he  sus- 
tained, a  delict  in  the  distance  of  the  colony.  I  sustained 
that  the  case  belonged  to  your  honour's  jurisdiction,  as  the 
deed  was  committed  on  the  river,  and  not  in  the  colony.  Van 
Sweringen  was  sitting  as  judge  in  the  case.  The  whole 
transaction  took  place  without  the  knowledge  of  Mr.  La 
Grange."^ 

"D'Hinoyossa  returned  to  New  Amstel,  but  I  cannot  dis- 
cover what  he  performed.  I  understood,  only  the  other  day, 
that  he  received  information  of  General  Calvert,  that  those 
of  New  England  have  demanded  the  surrender  of  Manhat- 
tans." "  Mr.  Kip  was,  about  three  weeks  ago,  at  Colonel 
Utie's,  who  asked  if  your  honour  was  yet  angry  at  him,  that 
he  formerly  had  demanded  the  surrender  of  New  Amstel ; 
adding  that  Lord  Baltimore  had  obtained  more  letters-patent 
from  the  present  king,  in  which  the  colony  was  included,  and 
that  said  lord  intended  to  claim  the  whole  extent  of  them." 

"  The  savages  murdered,  on  the  17th  instant,  about  an  hour 
before  sunset,  nearly  400  rods  from  the  fort,  a  youth,  being 
the  servant  of  John  Staelcop,  whose  parents  reside  in  the 
colony ;  his  master  had  just  left  him  ;  cannot  discover  what 
nation  did  it ;  we  suppose  those  on  the  river  who  are  now 
hunting  in  this  neighbourhood;  they  lay  it  on  the  Minquas 
or  Senecas.  We  sent  for  the  chief  of  Passajongh,  to  whom 
those  hunting  here  are  subjected." 

<'  In  great  want  of  provisions  ;  our  magazine  empt3%  We 
shall  have  to  expect  our  bread-corn  from  Manhattan,  as  nearly 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  pp.  243,  244. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  341 

all  is  purchased  by  the  mercliants,  and  the  crop  not  half  the    1662. 
last."i  ^^-^ 

The  sudden  and  unexpected  departure  of  D'Hinoyossa  and 
Van  Sweringen  for  Maryland  created  much  surprise,  as  we  Noyember. 
find  by  the  following  letter  written  about  this  time,  (without  D'Hinoyossa 
date,)  by  J.  Willems  to  Beekman,  from  New  Amstel:  "I  do  '''"^^''^'^ 
not  know  if  you  are  informed  of  the  sudden  departure  of  his  depart  sud- 
honour,  D'Hinoyossa,  and  Van  Sweringen.     Last  Monday  ^!'°'^/°'^, 
the  governor  of  Maryland  despatched  a  man  to  him  with  a  which 
letter,  that  he  ought  to  come  directly  to  the  house  of  Angus-  ''^^^^J'"'^^ 
tin,  where  the  governor  was  waiting  to  converse  with  him, 
when  the  shallop  was  directly  made  ready,  and  they  sailed  at 
night.     I  do  not  know  what  it  means,  as  he  made  no  commu- 
nication to  any  one,  except  that  he  informed  me  of  his  de- 
parture by  a  messenger,  without  mention  of  place ;  all  this 
surprises  me  much,  as  does  his  departure  without  any  know- 
ledge of  his  council  given  him  to  assist  him ;  wherefore  I 
would  not  delay  in  communicating  it.     Who  knows  what  it 
means,  if  it  is  not  a  consequence  of  the  conversations  in  the 
valley,  which  have  been  witnessed  by  several  persons  that  they 
were  speaking  together,  lifted  their  eyes  up  towards  heaven, 
laid  their  hands  on  their  breasts,  with  other  strange  grimaces, 
wherefore  you  will  reflect,  and  consider  maturely,  and  exa- 
mine, if  perhaps  in  that  valley  may  not  be  a  basilisk  breeding. 
I  will  not  suspect  any  evil  intention,  but  it  certainly  can  do 
no  harm  to  be  on  one's  guard ;  this  even  I  must  approve,  and 
if  your  honour  might  see  or  observe  something,  then  I  trust 
you  will  communicate  it  directly  to  the  patron  at  Manhattans, 
and  remain  meanwhile  in  the  wish  to  converse  with  you  in 
person  on  the  subject." 

Beekman  writing  to  Stuyvesant,  says,  "  When  I  arrived  ^o"^-  27. 
this  day  at  New  Amstel,  to  assist  at  the  funeral  of  3Ir.  Wil-  '^':^^'^  °f 
le^ns."     This  is  probably  the  writer  of  the  preceding  letter.         ^^^' 

<<  I  have  been  compelled  to  request  Huygens  to  provide 
300  gl.  in  beavers,  to  pay  for  wages  and  cattle,  &c."^ 

On  the  3d,  arrived  at  Altona  three  Minqua  chiefs,  with  Deo.  23. 
their  suite.     Supposing  that  they  had  something  to  communi-  Arrival  of 
Gate  respecting  the  murder,  Beekman  requests  the  presence  ''^^^^  ''^^J;' 
of  the  Swedish  commissary,  with  Mr.  Huygens  and  Jacob  pose  going  to 
Swens  as  interpreter,  to  come  to  Altona.     The  chiefs,  on  the  l^^^Tal^ 
6th,  bitterly  complained,  that  on  our  information  and  com- 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  pp.  24.5,  24G.  2  Jbid.  p.  247. 

2  f2 


342  A.  D'HINOTOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1662.    plaints,  tliey  discovered  that  this  murder  was  committed  by  a 
"    •    '     young  savage  residing  among  their  tribe,  he  being  a  captive 
Seneca.     They  suggest,  that  as  long  as  Christians  resided 
Murderer      here,  it  Can  never  be  proved  that  they  have  in  any  manner, 
AsTImmu-   ^J  *^^*  nation,  been  injured  or  offended ;  on  the  contrary, 
niaon.         they  have  showed  them  every  mark  of  friendship,  and  were 
always  willingly  and  cheerfully  employed  in  reconciling  dif- 
ferences between  them  and  other  savages,  &c. 

They  said,  about  three  years  since,  one  of  their  nation  was 
murdered  by  Christians  at  New  Amstel,  which  they  did  not 
resent.     Presents  were  exchanged. 

"  The  chiefs  expected,  ere  long,  to  their  assistance,  about 
800  Swedish  Minquas,  of  whom  200  had  arrived,  so  that  next 
spring  they  were  resolved  to  make  war  with  the  Senecas,  and 
go  and  visit  the  forts,  wherefore  they  solicited  the  Christians 
to  provide  them  with  ammunition  of  war  whenever  they  paid 
for  it." 

"  A  protested  bill  of  exchange,  which  had  been  given  by 
Trotested  Mr.  La  Grange  to  3Iiss  Printz,  was  shown  to  William  Beek- 
chanVgiven  ^^^i  ^ud  a  meeting  requested ;  judgment  given  and  appeal 
Miss  Printz.   taken. ' ' 

"  I  went  on  the  21st,  to  Tinneconk,  at  request  of  Huygens, 
and  used  every  exertion  to  settle  differences  respecting  the 
protested  bill  of  exchange,  but  did  not  succeed."  The  above 
letter  is  dated  at  "  Tinneconck,  N.  Leyden."  This  bill  of 
exchange  was  for  a  part  of  the  purchase-money  of  that 
island,  and  given  to  Miss  Printz,  on  which  suit  is  afterwards 
instituted.^ 

1663. 

In  a  letter  of  this  date,  Beekman  says  to  Stuyvesant,  "  He 

Februarys,   has  related,  from  time  to  time,  what  happened  in  the  colony 

D'Hinoyossa  of  New  Amstcl,  principally  during  the  time  of  these  rigorous 

Bells  every     and  bloodthirstv  chicfs.     D'Hinoyossa  sells  every  article  for 

thing  he  can.  ''  »)  j 

which  he  can  find  a  purchaser,  even  powder  and  musket-balls 
from  the  magazine.  I  know  that  he  sold  a  considerable 
quantity  to  Augustin  Ileermans,  besides  nails  belonging  to 
the  city,  the  house  in  which  he  lives ;  offered  to  sell  house  in 
the  fort,  in  which  he  had  built  a  brewery ;  says  he  every  day 
expects  powerful  succour  from  fatherland,  &c.  Perfect  dark- 
ness about  occurrences  at  Heermans,  with  Governor  Calvert. 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii. 


PETEK  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  343 

Swerlngen  departed  about  Christmas  to  Maryland,  it  is  said    1663. 
to  receive  tobacco  for  the  millstones  and  galliot,  &c.  "    '    ' 

D'Hinoyossa  considers  us  as  his  mortal  enemies,  rejects  a 
surgeon  because  he  is  a  friend  of  Beekman ;  a  great  deal  of  February  6. 
such  reports  and  insinuations.  D-mnoyossa 

^  and  Beek- 

The  small-pox  appears  among  the  savages  on  the  river ;  man  enc- 
apprehends  it  may  visit  Altona.     "  I  earnestly  solicit  that  I  ™^'^'jj 
may  receive,  by  first  opportunity,  at  my  expense,  what  theria-  among  the 
cat,  mithridat  senna  leaves,  and  other  purgatives  and  cooling  Beg^man 
remedies  are  of  service  in  that  sickness,  as  we  have  actually  sends  for 
a  blessing  of  eight  children,  and  may  expect,  in  such  a  case,  NoLrat  ai- 
a  great  deal  of  trouble,  so  that  by  it  your  honour  will  oblige  t^^^*- 
us,  as  no  medicines  are  obtainable  here." 

"  Mr.  Huygens  is  fully  resolved  to  move  from  N.  Leyden,  Huygens  go- 
as  soon  as  the  river  is  navigable.     One  Picard,  a  Frenchman,  ^^o^l  '^a 
who  resided  with  his  family  here  three  or  four  weeks,  sold  his  Frenchman 
house  and  land  in  the  colony,  and  appointed  D'Hinoyossa  his 
attorney."^ 

Certain  propositions  were  made  to  the  West  India  Company  February  8. 
by  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam,  intended  to  promote  the  Propositions 
interests  of  the  colony.     They  were  presented  in  ten  distinct  ^^'^^  ^^ 

•    1  ^  rrn  1  1     n  i         •  i    •        burgomas- 

articles :  "  1st.  Ihat  they  shall  renounce  and  quit  every  claim  ters  to  west 
on  the  property  of  the  said  colony.     2d.  With  all  the  rights  ^^'^''^Com- 
of  high  and  low  jurisdiction  which  they  possess  on  the  South  the  answer 
River.     3d.  Provided  they  pay  to  the  aforesaid  company  the  "^  ti^^  latter, 

,,.,(,  ,,   .  iT        t/  respecting 

recognitions  which  are  actually  paid  from  all  imports  and  ex-  the  colony 
ports.  4th.  Without  being  obliged  to  bring  their  goods  into  ^"^^  '^"^^' 
the  company's  magazine.  5th.  Neither  to  be  visited  by  any 
of  the  company's  commissaries.  6th.  But  to  remain  satisfied 
with  the  declarations  of  the  commissary  or  director.  7th.  And 
to  pay  nothing  on  the  South  River,  neither  shall  the  company 
claim  any  authority  upon  it.  8th.  The  jurisdiction  and  pro- 
perty of  this  land  must  be  considered  as  extended  from  sea 
and  upwards  on  the  river,  so  far  as  the  river  stretches. 
9th.  And  towards  the  north  three  miles  from  the  border  of 
the  river,  to  interior  of  the  country.  10th.  And  to  the  south 
as  far  as  the  country  stretches  towards  the  English  colony." 

The  following  "  extract  from  resolutions  of  directors  of  the 
privileged  West  India  Company,"  shows  the  result : 

"  Thursday,   February  8.     The    commissaries    over   New  Resolution 
Netherland  having,  in  conformity  to  our  resolutions,  con-  '""^'^• 

'  Alljany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  2G0. 


344  A.  D'HINOTOSSA  AND  TV.  BEEKMAN. 

1663.     versed  witli  the  burgomasters  of  the  city,  were  unanimously 
'    '         resolved  to  answer  their  proposals  thus  :  Noble  and  respect- 
ful lords,  the  lords  burgomasters,  Boutemantel  and  Wilmer- 
Resoiutionof  doncx,  brought  the  report  to  our  meeting  that  your  honours 
company'hi   delivered  to  them  a  memorial  soliciting  some  further  exemp- 
repiy.  tions,  which  their  honours  are  of  opinion  ought  to  be  granted 

them  by  the  West  India  Company,  to  promote  the  success  of 
the  colony  on  South  River,  in  New  Netherland,  named  Am- 
stel,  with  recommendation  that  it  might  please  the  company 
to  take  a  resolution  upon  it,  as  soon  as  possible,  because  it  is 
their  ardent  wish  to  promote  the  success  of  that  colony  more 
than  it  was  thus  far  in  their  power,  on  which,  having  heard 
the  opinion  of  the  aforesaid  committee,  with  that  of  honour- 
able Huygens,  one  of  the  committee  intrusted  with  the  con- 
cerns of  New  Netherland,  considered  that  the  memorial  of 
their  honours  consisted  in  ten  articles,  on  which  they  resolved 
as  follows : 

"  The  company  could  make  a  concession  of  4th,  8th,  9th 
and  10th  articles,  with  regard  to  the  lands  and  limits  men- 
tioned in  contracts,  and  grant  of  these  the  full  property  to 
your  honour,  in  the  manner  that  they  already  possess  other 
lands.  Neither  has  the  company  any  objection  to  abandon 
the  Fort  Christina,  and  deliver  it  to  your  honour,  provided 
that  the  possessors  and  proprietors  of  land  situated  in  the 
neighbourhood  are  not  injured  in  their  rights  and  privileges, 
and  that  your  honour  will  send  thither,  without  delay,  a  good 
number  of  soldiers  to  the  discharge  of  the  soldiers  of  the 
company,  the  security  of  the  colony,  and  for  the  defence 
against  the  savages,  who  are  increasing  their  buildings  in  that 
neighbourhood  annually,  and  in  succession,  more  than  a  mile 
in  length,  so  that  400  colonists  would  be  therefore  desirable, 
at  least  the  farmers  should  be  increased  to  a  sufficient  num- 
ber to  protect  and  settle  the  whole,  while  their  honours  can- 
not be  permitted  to  sell  or  dispose  of  the  whole  of  said 
colony,  or  of  a  part  of  it,  by  sales  or  transfer,  or  barter,  or 
in  any  other  manner ;  all  this  on  the  forfeiture  of  the  privi- 
leges which  were  granted  by  this  agreement.  With  regard 
to  the  2d,  they  answer,  that  is  in  conformity  with  the  juris- 
diction already  granted,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  separate 
conditions  and  articles  2,  3  and  4.  In  reply  to  the  3d,  this 
article  is  according  to  the  list  published  with  the  conditions, 
by  your  honour.     On  the  4th,  5th,  6th  and  7th,  they  cannot 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  345 

be  granted  but  to  the  great  prejudice  of  the  company,  ■where-  1663. 
fore  your  honour  must  excuse  the  company  in  declining  '  '  ' 
these,  as  they  already  must  be  understood  to  have  done,  from 
the  resolution  of  the  aforesaid  company,  of  21st  March,  1661, 
art.  4,  which  we  had  the  pleasure  to  communicate  to  you. 
Articles  8,  9,  10  have  been  answered  at  articles  1  and  2, 
where  the  question  of  property  and  jurisdiction  was  dis- 
cussed."^ 

"  The  ground-rent  or  duties  of  4  stivers  on  each  beaver, 
which  thus  far  was  levied  on  the  South  River,  is  abandoned,  Feb.  le. 
and  left  in  future  for  the  benefit  of  the  city."^ 

All  goods  carried  from  New  Amsterdam  to  colony  of  city, 
and  from  there  hither,  (Amsterdam,)  as  now  is  the  usage,  are 
subject  to  visitation  of  a  commissary  of  the  company,  in 
future  to  be  by  commissary  of  city,  on  certain  conditions. 
Various  other  regulations. 

"  We  heard,  with  regret,  of  the  murder  of  a  Christian  by 
the  savages,  in  the  colony  of  New  Amstel,  and  as  this  event  March  26. 
might  be  followed  by  more  serious  consequences,  we  are  satis-  Murder  of  a 
fied  with  the  precautionary  measures  your  honour  has  taken,  c^"^*^^"^  ^y 

J-  ....  .  savages. 

while  we  have  not  been  deficient  in  providing  you  with  re-  surrender 
quired  powder,  or  to  communicate  this  testimony  to  the  com-  °^^"^^>^°- 
missaries  interested  here  with  the  administration  of  the  city, 
that  they  might  give  their  officers  such  orders  by  which  the 
security  may  be  maintained.  This  brought  to  stand  an  ami- 
cable interview  between  them  and  us,  to  the  effect  that  the 
whole  South  River  shall  be  left  to  the  city,  which  should  de- 
fend it  by  a  complete  garrison."^ 

Hendrick  Huygens  informs  Beekman  of  a  horrid  deed  at  March  29. 
Upland,  committed  by  a  Finn,  Jan  Hendrickson,  against  the  Murder; 
honest  Juriaen  Kuys  Sneart,  whom  they  have  cruelly  beaten.  P''°''^^^y 

t/  '  •J  1/  same  as 

He  was  tried,  and  the  case  referred  to  Peter  Stuyvesant."^        above. 

The  directors  of  the  West  India  Company  write  from  Am- 
sterdam to  Stuyvesant,  "  that  the  complaints  which  have  been  Apriii6. 
made  against  director  of  this  city,  Alexander  D'Hinoyossa,  Complaints 
and  the  sherifi*,  Gerrit  Van  Sweringen,  and  their  proceedings  o^Hinoyossa 
there  in  executing  and  hanging  a  runaway  servant  who  re-  to  directors, 
sided  before  in  New  Netherland,  is  strange."     It  had  before 
been  commanded  to  the  commissary  and  directors,  to  exert 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  viii.  p.  352 — 355. 

2  Ibid.  vol.  viii.  p.  356.     Ibid.  pp.  358  to  304. 

3  Ibid.  vol.  iv.  p.  415.  4  Ibid.  vol.  xvii.  p.  262. 

44 


346  -A^-  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1663.    themselves  to  restore  order.    "  D'Hinoyossa,  (although  at  his 
'    '    '     own  request,)  shall  be  summoned  here ;  summons  to  be  de- 
spatched by  a  vessel  to  sail  from  here  on  adventure  to  South 
River,  -with  a  large  number  of  labourers,  and  some  other 
families." 

They  allude  to  "  repeated  complaints  of  the  commissaries, 
Complaints  purporting  that  the  company's  government  in  New  Netherland 
that  farmers  ggg^g^j  ^^q  make  it  a  studv  to  oppress  the  colony  of  the  city, 

are  induced  j  i.  i  j  j  7 

to  leave  New  to  prevent  its  growth,  alleging,  among  other  examples,  that 
rmy  labour-  ^^^J  ^^^  protcct  the  colonists  who,  from  time  to  time,  escaped 
ers  and        from  the  colony,  and  hired,  by  sinister  means,  their  best  and 
coming  over,  ablcst  farmers  from  there,  as  they  complained,  which  hath 
actually  been  practised  with  one  Brer  Wolters.     Said  com- 
missaries entreated  us  most  seriously,  as  they  had  again  con- 
cluded to  send  there  50  labourers  and  12  girls,  for  the  service 
of  the  colony,  not  only  that  similar  measures  might  not  again 
be  put  in  practice,  but  further,  if  any  of  them  within  three 
years  might  escape  from  the  service  in  the  colony  to  the 
Manhattans,  they  might  be  sent  back  again." 

Another  order  is  given  to  send  over  Alricks's  papers.^ 
<'  Many  labourers  and  other  freemen  are,  on  account  of 
May  7.         this  city,  going  to  South  River  in  ship  Jacob,  from  Amster- 
More  coio-     dam   to   Manhattans ;    passage  and   board,   36   florins.     In 
'^'^'  fourteen  days  another  vessel  is  to  sail."^ 

At  Beekman's  request,  a  small  valley,  with  six  morgens  of 
May  17.  woodland,  bordering  on,  situated  on  west  side  of  Altona,  and 
land  to        containing  about  eight  morgens,  is  granted  to  him  by  Stuy- 

Beekman.        yCSaut.^ 

A.  Hudde  communicates,  in  a  letter  from  Altona  to  Stuy- 
May29.  vesant,  that  "information  was  received  by  one  Harman 
Large  bodies  Rcirdcrs,  residing  in  the  colony  of  New  Amstel,  of  the  Eng- 
of  Seneca  In-  jjg]^   which  he  roccivcd  with  request  to  communicate  to  us 

dians  are  on  '  _  ^  _ 

their  march  that  the  Scnccas  being  1600  strong,  with  wives  and  children, 

*uas^  At     ^®^®  ^^  their  march  to  the  Minquas ;  that  they  were  yet  a 

tack  feared    two-days'  joumcy  from  the  fort  of  the  Minquas.     The  Min- 

whkhishi    ^^^^  ^^^®  about  80  men,  who,  however,  were  not  yet  in, 

no  state  of    bcsidcs  100  of  the  savages  from  the  river,  who  are  already  in 

e  ence.        ^-^^  £^^^^     rj^^^  English  requested  something  of  the  Minquas, 

■which  they  declined,  and  now  the  English  seem  to  favour  the 

Senecas,  so  that  it  is  said  that  they  had  resolved  to  send  some 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  427.  2  Ibid.  p.  429.     Direct,  to  P.  S. 

3  Ibid.  vol.  xxi.  p.  108. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  347 

of  the  men  to  meet  the  Senecas,  and  conclude  with  them  a  1663. 
treaty  of  peace,  and  as  the  savages  on  the  river  will  not  "  '  ' 
always  remain  at  the  fort,  this  may  occasion  disturbances  on 
the  river  during  this  summer.  This  was  intended  for,  and 
despatched  to  his  honour,  William  Beekman,  to  communicate 
this  and  other  parts  to  him  chiefly  interesting.  I  conceived 
it  a  duty  to  present  a  similar  report  to  your  honour,  as  in  our 
destitute  situation  it  would  be  entirely  beyond  my  power  to 
make  any  defence,  in  case  of  a  sudden  attack.  We  may  flat- 
ter ourselves  that  this  event  will  not  happen,  but  we  have  no 
assurance.  A.  Hudde."^ 

"  When  I  arrived,  on  the  last  of  May,  at  New  Amstel,  I  June  6. 
perceived  there  a  great  change ;  all  were  jointly  engaged  to  Repairing 
repair  the  fort,  as  the  Minquas  were  blockaded  in  their  fort  f°^'-  ^'^^^ 

ir  '  1  between 

by  the  Senecas,  being  about  800  strong.  When  the  Senecas  Minguasand 
approached,  three  or  four  men  were  despatched  to  the  fort  ^'^''^'^^• 
with  the  oflfer  of  peace,  while  their  force  remained  at  a  dis- 
tance ;  but  a  Minqua  returning  from  hunting  discovered  the 
Senecas,  so  that  next  day  they  from  the  fort  concluded  to 
meet  them,  with  20  or  30  men,  when  the  Minquas  at  the  same 
time,  with  their  force,  made  an  attack,  drove  the  Senecas  to 
flight,  and  pursued  them  for  two  days,  retaking  10  persons, 
and  10  men  killed,  if  we  can  depend  on  two  Minquas  who 
arrived  at  New  Amstel  on  2d  instant. 

"  On  1st  instant,  at  New  Amstel,  by  the  sounding  of  the  Van  swerin. 
bell,  is  published  a  certain  letter  from  fatherland,  addressed  ^onedXr 
to  director-general  and  council  at  New  Amstel,  by  which  it  kiuing  a  soi- 
appears  Van  Sweringen,  the  sheriff,  was  pardoned  for  shoot- 
ing an  insolent  soldier,  and  that  director-general  and  council 
are  recommended  to  furnish  the  magazine  with  the  necessary 
supplies,  as  the  lords  patrons  resolved  to  equip  a  ship  with 
colonists,  besides  a  number  of  labourers.     At  its  date  it  was  iso  families 
reported  that  130  families  had  engaged  to  transport  them-  «^p'-''=*®*^ 
selves  hither  at  their  own  expense ;  further,  that  the  burgo- 
masters were  then  negotiating  with  the  company  to  give  the 
whole  river  to  this  colony ;  might  expect  the  result  in  next 
vessel. 

« If  the  lord  mayors  abdicated  South  River  to  join  to  the  w.  Beekman 
colony,  William  Beekman  wishes  to  be  employed  anywhere  ^"'^r  *°,  ^-^ 

"  ,  1      «/  ./  employed,  in 

in  the  service."^  caseoftrans- 

"  The  directors  of  the  colony  of  this  city,  (Amsterdam,)  say,  ^®''' 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  27G.  2  Ibid.  p.  280. 


348  A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1663.     A.  D'Hinoyossa,  arrived  here  three  or  four  days  ago,  by  way 
*"""^' — '    of  Virginia.    We  cannot  yet  discover  the  motives  of  this  un- 
expected arrival,  as  only  generally,  that  the  inhabitants  in. 
June  28.       the  colouy  of  the  city,  should,  as  it  were,  have  compelled  him 
Arriraiof     to  this  joumcy ;  time  will  teach  what  he  may  bring  with 
D'ffinoyossa  j^jj^   ^^^^  .^^j^g^l.  ^^jj  ^q  ^j^g  conseQuonce  of  his  visit. "^ 

at  Amstei^  .  , 

dam.  Beekman  says,  "  the  directors  and  council  of  New  Amstel 

July  3.  are  again  instructed  to  provide  magazines,  with  every  neces- 
Magazinesto  sary  article,  as  new  colonists  are  expected,  and  there  is  no 
p^oT^^^f  ^°^^^  *^®  ^^^y  "^^^^  unite,  with  the  whole  river,  to  the  colony, 
surrender  of  in  which  caso  WO  shall  be  compelled  to  leave  this  place ; 
riTcr  to  the  -^irlierefore  I  render  my  request  to  your  honours  that  I  may 
anywhere  else  be  continued  in  the  service  of  the  company."- 
Beekman  having  heard  of  the  massacre  at  Esopus,  learns 
July  23.  from  the  savages  that  they  at  Altona  belonging  to  the  people 
Fears  at  Ai-  of  director-gcncral  may  be  molested  by  the  runners.  He 
tona.  Desti-  g^^       ^^  thcrc  are  only  ten  or  twelve  musket-balls  in  the  ma- 

tute  condi-  *'    '  _      •'  _ 

tionof  the     gazinc,  and  no  flints,  which  are  so  much  more  required,  as 
'*''**  most  of  the  inhabitants  have  fowling-pieces ;   all  bread  and 

corn  nearly  gone.     I  might  engage  four  or  five  men  as  sol- 
diers, at  16  guilders  light  money  per  month." 
Hudde  going       "  Audrcas  Huddo  says  he  has  asked  you  for  his  discharge, 
to  s^'otT^^"'^  intending  to  reside  in  Maryland,  and  set  up  brewing,  assisted 
brewing.       by  Henry  Coursay." 

The  Senecas  are  suspected  of  having  murdered  two  Eng- 
lishmen in  their  house,  in  the  upper  part  of  Maryland."^ 
July  24.  Lord  Baltimore  is  expected  at  Altona,  and  Beekman  in- 

LordBaiti-    forms  Stuyvesaut  that   "here   on   the  river,  not  a  single 
pected!^  No   draught  of  French  wine  is  obtainable,  and  requests  him  to 
■winetotreat  ggnd  somo,  to  treat  the  nobleman  with,  and  charge  it  to  me." 
"  Abelius  Zetscoven,  (or  Schelshooven,)  received  an  invita- 
Rev.zetsco-   tlou  and  Calling  by  the  Swedish  congregation,  under  the  ap- 
r°swede's     probation  of  your  honour,  but  the  Rev.  Laers  opposed  him- 
Laersop-      self  agalust  bim  with  all  his  influence,  so  that  the  commis- 
^°^^      '     saries  were  compelled  to  threaten  him  with  a  protest,  before 
he  could  be  persuaded  to  permit  the  Rev.  Zetscoven  to  preach 
on  second  day  of  Whitsunday."'* 

He  mentions  the  debut  of  Sherifi"  Van  Sweringen,  court, 
July  28.       &c.  The  sheriff  continues  to  act,  and  wear  his  sword  in  public. 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  431 ;  Letter  from  Directors  in  Holland  to  Peter 
Stuyvesant.  2  Hjij, .  Letter  of  W.  Beekman  to  P.  Stuyvesant. 

3  Ibid.  vol.  xvii.  p.  290,  *  Ibid.  p.  286. 


PETER  STUrVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  349 

«  On  the  9th,  arrived  at  New  Amstel,  Lord  Baltimore,  with    1663. 
his  suite,  consisting  of  about  26  or  27  persons.     On  11th     "    ■    ' 
and  12th,  I  entertained  his  lordship  at  Altona,  and  the  go- 
vernor has  it  in  contemplation,  "when  he  visits  Boston  in  the  August  i5. 
spring,  to  take  his  passage  by  way  of  Manhattan.  He  desired  Lord  Baiti- 
me  to  thank  you  for  your  offer  of  convoy  and  horses."  morear- 

^  •'  •'  rives. 

«  On  12th,  at  request  of  Sheriff  Van  Sweringen,  appeared  Treaty  with 
several  chiefs  of  the  river  savages,  when  the  sheriff,  without  aboutumits 
notice  to  us,  renewed,  together  with  the  English  governor  and 
council,  a  treaty  of  peace  and  friendship,  which  had  been 
made  with  the  savages  about  two  years  before,  and  endea- 
voured, in  that  course,  to  define  the  limits,  in  conformity  to 
the   demands  of  his  masters,  when  the  answer  was,   they 
would  communicate  to  Lord  Baltimore.     On  the  9th,  I  re-  Fast  day. 
ceived  your  orders  for  a  general  fast  and  prayer-day,  which 
we  shall  observe  in  conformity."^ 

In  this  month  also,  arrived  a  ship  "  from  Holland,  with  ArriTai 
new  planters,  ammunition,  and  implements  of  husbandry."^    fan™^°'" 

"I  only  heard,  August  27,  that  the  Esopus  savages  were  September i. 
now  encamped  at  the  head  of  this  river,  near  the  Minnesinks,  Esopus. 
who,  it  is  reported,  united  with  them.  On  the  28th,  I  learned  ^nd  mn-  ^ 
at  Keneses,  that  on  the  24th  there  had  been  two  of  Esopus  i"as. 
savages  there  about  a  day.     25th  August,  three   Minquas  Governor  of 
passed  by  here,  and  say  they  returned  from  the  Maquas,  Maryland as- 
where  they  went  to  offer  their  presents ;  that  the  Maquas  quas  wuh 
killed  three  of  their  squaws  and  two  river  savages  who  were  guns,'5:c. 
all  in  camp.     The  Senecas  will  be  assisted  by  the  Maquas  cay. 
against  Minquas.     The  governor  of  Maryland  lately  assisted 
the  Minquas  with  powder  and  balls,  and  two  pieces  of  cannon, 
and  four  men  to  manage  them.      The  fort  wants  repair ;  also 
the  palisades,  and  the  whole  is  in  decay,  and  soldiers  will 
want  clothing  for  winter.     A.  Hudde  anxious  for  his  dis- 
charge.     Evert  Hendrickson  is  unruly."^ 

Peter  Kock  takes  the  oath  of  fidelity  as  collector  of  tolls  Sept.  9. 
on  imports  and  exports  from  colony  of  city. 

The  directors  of  the  company  having  resolved  to  cede  the  Sept.  ii. 
river  to  the  city,  thus  give  to  Stuyvesant  their  views  and 
motives : 

"  Since  the  peace  concluded  between  this  government  and 
that  of  England  did  effectually  forbid  the  English  to  execute, 

»  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  298.  2  Smith's  N.  Y.  vol.  i.  p.  13. 

»  Ibid. 

2Q 


350  A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

1663.     bj  force  of  arms,  their  hostile  intentions  against  the  conquest 

*    '    '     of  New  Netherlands,  which  they  had  revealed  long  ago,  -we 

could  discover,  without  a  great  effort,  that  they  meditated 

Beasons  for    other  expeditions  in  lieu  of  those  which  have  been  taken  from 

the  surren-      .i-iii  -i  i-  /» 

der  of  South  their  hauds  by  said  peace,  encroaching  upon  us  irom  every 
River  to  gi^e,  by  dint  of  colonies,  even  within  these  boundaries,  which 
Fort  Chris-  could  ou  uo  accouut  be  contemplated,  as  not  belonging  to  the 
tina.  conquests  of   the   company.     This   daring   enterprise,   with 

other  motives  besides,  made  us  resolve  to  make  a  cession  of 
the  South  River  to  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  on  such  terms  as 
are  known  to  your  honour,  in  the  firm  persuasion  that  said 
city  should,  by  a  numerous  population,  in  such  manner  have 
overawed  the  English,  that  the  interests  of  the  company  in 
New  Netherland  should  have  been  placed  in  a  state  of  perfect 
security.  But  when  experience  had  revealed  what  was  before 
concealed  by  ignorance,  in  the  day-spring  of  similar  import- 
ant concerns,  so  have  we  agreed  with  the  city  of  Amsterdam, 
after  we  had  examined  together  on  what  time  had  instructed 
us,  what  was  unavoidably  required  to  promote  the  population 
on  the  South  River,  that  we,  besides  the  stipulations  on  which 
Instructions  WO  entered  before  with  said  city,  should  transfer  to  it  all  our 
Itnt'^to  sur-  I'iglit  and  title,  as  your  honour  may  see  from  the  enclosed 
render  the  extract  of  our  rcsolutious  of  8th  and  16th  February,  and 
30th  July,  and  3d  and  9th  of  August,  for  conformity  with 
them,  we  recommend  your  honour  expressly,  and  command 
you,  to  transfer  to  such  one  or  them  whom  the  city  of  Am- 
sterdam shall  have  authorized,  all  the  lands  and  places  men- 
tioned in  the  1st,  8th,  9th  and  10th  articles,  in  such  manner 
and  on  such  terms  as  the  cession  has  been  made,  and  aban- 
doning Fort  Christina,  all  the  ammunition  of  war,  the  guns, 
and  all  which  belong  to  those,  with  other  property  of  the 
company,  with  the  garrison,  must  be  removed  from  there." 
"  Your  honour  will  deliver  to  him  or  them  all  the  letters, 
Order  to  de-  chartcrs,  and  papers  which  are  in  the  secretary's  oflBce,  with 
hver  papers,  ^^^^  moucy,  and  all  that  which  may  bear  any  relation  to  the 
colony  on  the  South  River,  giving  all  which  belongs  to  them, 
and  keeping  only  what  remains  our  property.  In  this  man- 
ner your  honour  shall  execute  our  intentions,  which  the  ser- 
vice of  the  company  have  induced  us  to  adopt." 

After  speaking  of  debts  and  persons,  to  avoid  their  moving 
Not  to  admit  from  ouc  colony  to  the  other,  they  say,  "  "We,  in  conformity 
Ma°Xttan.°  with  our  rcsolutious  of  the  3d  and  9th  August,  require  from 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  351 

your  honour,  and  by  this  letter  command,  to  admit  in  future,     16G3. 
not  one  of  the  colonists  of  the  city,  or  of  its  labourers,  ex-     '    '    ' 
cept  they  can  show  their  pass,  and  prove  by  a  certificate  that 
the  city  has  received  payment  of  her  advance  money."     He 
must  consider  private  debts  as  personal  matters ;  begs  him  to 
settle,  as  soon  as  possible,  the  account  between  the  colony 
and  the  city.     Speaks  of  a  brewery  sold  by  city's  director,  D'ffinoyossa 
Alexander  D'Hinoyossa,  without  any  process,   for  half  its  ^^"^^''«^- 
value,  on  behalf  of  one  Meyndert  Jansen  Hoorn,  to  cover  by 
it  a  certain  bond  of  late  deceased  J.  Alricks  and  A.  D'Hino- 
yossa, which  this  city  has  declined  receiving ;  asks  for  infor- 
mation about  it.  Encloses  copy  of  oath  to  be  taken  by  custom- 
house oflficers.^ 

The  directors  in  Amsterdam  inform  Stuyvesant  of  the  sept.  21. 
surrender  of  the  river  to  the  city.     They  refer  to  a  letter  of  contract  en- 
the  14th,  informing  "that  we  have  entered  into  a  contract  *'^^'''['°**' 

'  O  for  tho  sur- 

with  this  city,  about  our  possessions  on  South  Kiver,  adding  renderofthe 
the  reasons  and  motives  which  induced  us  to  this  step,  viz.  to  ^^pany.  ^ 
secure,  in  this  manner,  without  any  expense  of  the  company,  Reasons  for 
the  South  River  from  the  encroachments  of  our  English 
neighbours  from  the  south,  of  whom  nothing  more  favourable 
can  be  expected  than  from  those  of  the  north,  who,  notwith- 
standing the  alliance  between  the  crown  of  England  and  this 
republic,  are  continuing  in  their  usurpations,  as  your  honour, 
in  such  significant  terms,  related  in  your  last  letter  of  May, 
soliciting,  with  eagerness,  that  we  might  procure  a  finale  of 
the  mutual  boundaries,  so  that  we,  in  answer  to  this,  may 
well  say,  that  it  has  been  highly  serviceable  that  we  made 
this  cession  of  the  whole  river  to  the  city,  and  recommend 
to  her  its  protection  and  preservation,  as  able  to  effect,  with 
more  force  and  authority,  to  which  she  is  obliged  by  the 
stipulations  of  the  contract.  It  appears,  too,  that  this  city 
is  willing  to  fulfil  her  engagements,  while  she,  since  that  event, 
not  only  with  more  zeal,  but  with  more  vigour,  exerts  herself 
in  watching  her  own  interests  in  that  distance,  having  resolved 
to  transport  to  that  country  annually,  400  colonists,  and  other 
useful  husbandmen,  if  a  larger  number  is  not  obtained,  which 
of  course  must  contribute  to  our  security  against  the  English 
north.  We  may  expect,  besides  this,  a  more  powerful  inter- 
cession of  this  city  by  our  government,  to  obtain  from  the 
crown  of  England  the  final  settlement  of  the  long-desired 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  pp.  433 — 436. 


352 


A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 


1663.  boundaries,  for  whicli  we  shall  leave  nothing  unexplored,  and 
^""''•^  communicate  the  result.  While  we  renew  our  recommenda- 
tion to  maintain  yourself  in  possession  of  territory  which 
has  been  allotted  to  us  by  the  provisional  treaty,  and  to  resist 
all  new  encroachments  of  our  English  neighbours,  as  in  our 
power." 

"We  must  inform  your  honour  that  this  cession  of  our 
Views  on  the  posscssions  on  South  Rivcr  made  some  merchants  who  are 
therirer.  trading  to  Ncw  Netherlands  very  uneasy,  while  they  are  ap- 
prehending that  the  commerce  of  the  Manhattans  might  be 
more  diverted  to  another  channel,  because  the  city  had  re- 
served to  her  alone  the  exclusive  commerce  of  that  river, 
which  in  our  opinion  has  been  principally  intended  that  the 
vessels  which  she  hired  for  the  transport  of  the  labourers  and 
free  colonists  might  not  return  with  their  cargoes,  as  she 
could  not  succeed  in  engaging  any  ships  to  undertake  the 
voyage,  except  they  were  previously  secured  that  they  would 
obtain  again  their  freight  hither.  Thus  at  least  has  been 
the  case  of  the  'Parmeland  Church,'  which  lately  sailed  to 
that  colony,  by  which  this  city  sends  them  a  cargo  of  goods, 
to  traffic  for  tobacco  and  fur."     *     *     * 

"We  recommend  your  honour  to  obtain  information  about 
the  government  and  success  of  said  colony,  expecting  from 
Gerrit  Kock,  who  had  been  appointed,  by  city  and  company, 
custom-house  officer  on  South  River."^ 

By  a  postscript  to  this  letter,  it  appears  a  communication 
for  D'Hinoyossa  accompanied  it,  "of  importance;"  so  it  is 
probable  he  was  returned  from  Holland, 

The  directors  in  Holland  say  to  Peter  Stuyvesant,  "We 
October  16.  havc  been  advised,  some  time  ago,  from  Sweden,  that  Admiral 
Swedish  res-  Hcndrick  Gcrritson  Leeselin  was  equipping  there  two  vessels, 
the  one  the  frigate  Falcon,  of  32  guns,  the  other  a  yacht  of 
8  or  10  guns,  of  whose  destination  various  rumours  were 
there  afloat.  *  *  *  Others  guessed  that  their  aim  was 
in  America  or  Nova  Scotia,  and  so  on  the  South  River  or 
New  Netherland,  to  take  it  in  their  possession  and  cultivation 
again ;  and  although  the  latter  has  very  little  plausibility  in 
it,  however,  while  we  are  now  informed  from  there  that  the 
said  vessels  have  actually  sailed,  and  it  remains  possible  that 
they  might  have  contemplated  to  venture  an  enterprise  on 
the  South  River,  after  they  have  accomplished  their  plan  of 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  437 


selfl  of  war 
expected. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DmECTOR-GENERAL.  353 

commerce  with  Guiana,  so  we  have  deemed  it  expedient  to  1668. 
give  your  honour  timely  warning,  without  the  ministers  of  the     '"  '  "' 
city  and  colony  on  said  river,  may  at  an  early  period  be  ad- 
monished to  be  on  their  guard. "^ 

"  Since  our  letter  of  16th,  we  were  informed  that  the  two  October  so. 
Swedish  vessels  should,  when  arrived  in  the  Sound,  embark  Swedish  ex- 
there  200  or  more  soldiers,  with  the  renewed  report  that  their  p^'^'*'""- 

'  r  Directions 

destination  was  towards  South  River,  wherefore  we  command  respecting 
and  recommend  you,  at  the  solicitations  of  the  commissioners  ^^'°"''" 
and  directors  of  the  colony  of  this  city  in  New  Netherland, 
that  all  the  guns  which  the  company  has  in  Fort  Christina, 
otherwise  called  Altona,  when  that  fort  was  surrendered, 
shall,  for  the  present,  and  till  you  receive  further  orders,  un- 
der a  formal  handwriting  and  signed  obligation  to  return 
them  to  the  company  whenever  it  is  required,  be  delivered  to 
the  director  of  the  city's  colony  there,  so  that  the  said  colony 
be  in  a  better  state  of  defence,  on  an  arrival  of  said  Swedish 
vessels."^ 

"  Abelius  Zetscoven  is,  as  I  before  informed  your  honour,  Nov.  is; 
called  as  a  minister  by  those  of  the  Augsburg  Confession  who  Rev.  Mr. 
reside  in  the  colony  of  New  Amstel,  with  consent  of  the  di-  p^eaXrat 
rector  and  council  of  that  colony,  under  the  approbation  of  Tmnekonk, 
the  high  and  respectful  lords  the  burgomasters.     He  has,  ^^Zl, 
during  his  residence  there,  been  but  once,  the  last  Monday  wanted  as 
of  Pentecost,  in  the  district  of  the  company,  when  he  preached  ter.  won-t 
at  Tinnekonk,  at  the  request  of  the  Swedish  commissaries,  dismiss  him 

^  •iii-r»  from  New 

when  they  offered  such  a  salary  as  was  received  by  the  Kev.  Amstei. 
Laers.     Their  chief  object  was  to   en^a^^e  him   as  school-  ^°^'^  ^^^ 

tize. 

master,  but  those  of  New  Amstel  would  not  dismiss  him. 
AVhat  your  honours  have  been  informed  that  he  too  adminis- 
ters baptism,  is  not  true,^  so  that  in  this  I  shall  wait  upon 
your  honour's  further  orders." 

"I  found  myself  obliged  to  dismiss  Andreas  Hudde,  on  Removaiand 
his  continued  entreaties  and  lamentations  to  move  to  Mary-  ^"^^t^o^  a- 

"^      Hudde. 

land,  on  last  of  October.  He  started  from  here  with  his 
family,  on  the  1st  of  November,  for  Appoquinimy,  and  died 
there  on  the  4th,  of  an  ardent  fever."  Thus  ended  the  life 
of  this  long-tried  and  faithful  servant  of  the  Dutch.     He 

1  Albany  Records,  vol.  iv.  p.  444.  2  ibid  p  447 

3  Acrelius.  p.  425,  says,  "A  student,  J.  Sehkoorn,  came  to  the  country,  and 
some  time  performed  divine  worship  at  Sand-hook,  went  to  New  Amsterdam, 
and  got  a  call  from  Stnyvesant;  he  never  had  charge  of  any  congregation  on 
South  River,  as  a  regularly  ordained  clergyman." 
45  20  2 


354 
1663. 


Garrison. 

Savage  chief 
friendly  to 
the  Dutch. 


December  5. 

Return  of 
D'Hinoyossa 
with  150 
Eouls. 


Instructions 
to  W.  Beek- 
man,  till  he 
receives  fur- 
ther orders 
from  direc- 
tor-general. 


A.  D'HINOYOSSA  AND  W.  BEEKMAN. 

•was,  as  early  as  1642,  appointed  surveyor  at  Manhattan,  from 
■which  station  he  "was  removed  to  South  River,  in  1645,  as 
commissary  at  Fort  Nassau,  since  "which  time  he  has  been 
identified  with  the  Dutch  interests  on  this  river,  having  con- 
ducted almost  all  their  negotiations,  especially  those  with  the 
Swedes  under  Governor  Printz,  of  which  we  have  already 
given  a  full  report,  made  purchases  of  land,  and  been  com- 
mander at  Altona  ;  in  short,  throughout  the  whole  course  of 
the  Dutch,  excepting  a  few  of  the  later  years,  he  has  been 
one  of  the  most  prominent,  useful  men  5  notwithstanding,  he 
appears,  in  his  old  age,  to  have  laid  up  little  for  himself,  and 
becoming  weary  of  his  position,  determines  to  remove  to 
Maryland,  and  while  on  the  road,  is  arrested  by  death,  but  a 
few  months  before  the  Dutch  power  itself  on  the  river  ceases 
to  exist. 

The  garrison  at  Altona  yet  consists  of  ten  persons. 

The  savage  chief,  Erwehong,  says  he  will  undertake  no- 
thing against  the  Dutch. ^ 

"  D'Hinoyossa  arrived  from  Holland,  on  3d  instant,  in  the 
ship  '  Parmeland  Church,'  towards  evening,  with  Peter  Alricks 
and  Israel,  who  departed  with  Miss  Printz,  and  about  150 
souls.  The  member  of  the  high  council  came  to  inform  me 
that  I  need  not  send  any  soldiers  on  board ;  that  he  would 
show  me  something  from  the  lords  directors ;  of  which  letter 
I  now  send  you  a  copy.  It  is  said  here  that  the  whole  South 
River  is  actually  annexed  to  the  colony." 

The  following  is  the  letter  referred  to  from  the  directors 
of  the  West  India  Company  to  William  Beekman : 

"  Honourable,  devoted,  beloved,  faithful — Whereas  we  have 
resolved  to  grant  certain  points  to  the  commissaries  and  di- 
rector of  the  city's  colony,  which  points  will  in  due  time  be 
communicated  to  you  by  the  director-general  and  council  in 
New  Netherland,  and  the  aforesaid  commissaries  carried  with 
them  our  orders  relative  to  those  points,  in  the  ship  '  Parme- 
land Church,'  so  we  concluded  further,  and  resolved,  that 
the  aforesaid  commissaries  might  directly  enjoy  the  benefits 
of  the  newly  obtained  conditions,  to  command  you  to  remain 
quiet,  and  not  to  interfere  in  any  manner  in  any  concerns  be- 
fore intrusted  to  your  superintendence,  which  have  any  rela- 
tion to  the  city's  colony,  till  you  shall  have  received  your 
orders  from  the  director-general  and  council,  in  conformity 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  p.  309. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  355' 

with  whicli  orders  you  will  have  to  regulate  your  conduct,  and     1663. 
this  we  deem  expedient  for  the  service  of  the  company.  "    '     ' 

"  Signed  by  directors  of  the  privileged  West  India  Com-  . 
pany,  department  of  Amsterdam.         Jacobus  Reynst, 

"  CORNELIS  ClOECK."! 

William  Beekman  writes  to  Peter  Stuyvesant  pitifully  for  December  6. 
an  office,  as  he  cannot  live  here  as  a  freeman  and  support  his 
family,  and  don't  wish  to  go  to  Maryland ;  "  take  care  of  me 
as  fathers."^ 

Agreeably  to  his  instructions,  Stuyvesant  made  the  follow-  Dec.  22, 
ing  formal  transfer   of  the   South   River   to   the   city   of 
Amsterdam : 

"Peter  Stuyvesant,  in  behalf  of  their  high  and  mighty  Transferor 
lords  States-General  of  United  Netherlands,  and  the  lords  s°"*^  ^'^""^ 

.  ^y  Stuyve- 

directors  of  the  privileged  West  India  Company,  department  santto 
of  Amsterdam,  director-general  of  New  Netherland,  &c.,  with  ^'uinoyossa, 

'  .  '        .   '  for  the  bur- 

the  honourable  council,  attest  and  declare  how  we  this  day,  gomasters  of 
in  conformity  to  the  orders  and  letters  of  aforesaid  lords  ^'m^''"'^^'^- 
directors,  of  11th  September,  1663,  transported,  surrendered 
and  transferred  to  the  honourable  Alexander  D'Hinoyossa,  in 
behalf  of  the  noble,  great,  and  respectful  lords  burgomasters 
of  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  director  in  their  colony  on  the 
South  River,  from  the  sea  upwards,  so  far  as  that  river  ex- 
tends itself,  towards  the  country  to  the  east  side,  three  miles 
from  the  borders  of  the  river,  and  towards  the  west  side,  so 
far  as  the  country  is  extending,  till  it  reaches  the  English 
colonies,  with  all  the  streams,  kills,  creeks,  harbours,  bays, 
and  parts  relative  to  it,  of  all  which  land,  with  all  its  depen- 
dencies, especially  so  of  the  fortress  of  Altona,  we,  in  the 
name  and  in  behalf  of  the  aforesaid  lords  directors,  make  at 
this  time  a  full  cession  and  transfer  to  the  aforesaid  Alexan- 
der D'Hinoyossa,  on  behalf  of  the  noble,  great,  and  respect- 
ful burgomasters  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam  aforesaid,  making 
to  him  a  cession  of  all  actual  and  real  possession,  property, 
and  privileges,  and  all  this  upon  such  conditions  as  have  been 
agreed  upon  between  the  noble  lords  directors,  and  other 
noble,  great,  and  respectful  burgomasters  of  the  city  of  Am- 
sterdam, without  reserving  any  actual  or  real  pretensions, 
promising  therefore  to  consider  and  keep  this  transfer  invio- 
late in  truth ;  wherefore  we  signed  it,  and  confirmed  it  with 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xvii.  pp.  300,  311. 

2  Letter  from  William  Beekman  to  Peter  Stuyvesant. 


356 


A.  D'HINOYOSSA. 


1663. 


Dec.  28. 

D'Hino- 

yossa's  offer 
to  W.  Beek- 
man. 

Tobacco  and 
fur  trade  re- 
served to 
city. 

Labourers 
hired  out. 


D'Hino- 

yossa's  resi- 
dence at  Ap- 
poguinimy. 
Capital ; 
trade;  dykes. 


Alricks  and 
fur  trade  at 
New  Amstel. 
Israel  at 
Passyunk. 

Distilling 
and  brewing 
prohibited. 
Tobacco  and 
furs  to  pay 
recognition. 


our  seal  in  red  wax  imprinted,  in  the  Fort  Amsterdam,  in 
New  Netlierland,  22d  December,  1663."i 

Not  signed  on  the  record. 
Beekman  writes  again  to  Peter  Stuyvesant,  that  D'Hino- 
yossa  proposed,  if  he  would  stay  at  Altona,  and  take  posses- 
sion of  some  agricultural  land,  he  would  provide  five  or  six 
men  servants,  which  Beekman  declines,  as  he  can  see  no  good 
from  it,  as  in  future  no  freeman  would  be  permitted  to  trade 
either  with  the  English  or  savages,  and  the  tobacco  and  fur 
trade  was  entirely  reserved  for  the  city.  It  is  said  D'Hino- 
yossa  takes  half  profits  of  both  trade  and  agriculture ;  thinks 
the  valleys  not  so  profitable  as  the  woodland.  Labourers  who 
arrived  in  July,  per  ship  "Jacob,"  are  hired  to  farmers,  and 
engaged  as  soldiers  at  110  gl.,  for  rations,  6  gl. ;  some  also 
to  cook  and  wash  for  them.  D'Hinoyossa  will  take  his  future 
residence  on  Appoquinimy,  where  he  intends  to  build  a  capi- 
tal, to  promote  his  trade  with  the  English ;  he  resolved  to 
construct  dykes  around  several  valleys  in  that  vicinity ; 
Beekman  foresees  that  the  savages  will  be  much  opposed  to 
it.  Peter  Alricks  is  to  superintend  the  fur  trade,  who  brought 
with  him  for  this  purpose  200  pieces  frieze,  blankets,  &c. 
Alricks  to  trade  at  New  Amstel,  and  with  other  members  of 
council ;  Israel  at  upper  end  of  Pass-ajongh,  and  another  at 
Whorekill.  D'Hinoyossa  had  engaged  to  load  this  vessel  with 
tobacco  or  wheat,  of  which  there  is  no  prospect,  owing  to 
dryness  in  Maryland.  He,  shortly  after  arrival,  prohibits 
distilling  and  brewing  in  the  colony,  even  for  domestic  use ; 
he  means  to  extend  it  to  the  Swedes.  All  goods  imported, 
and  tobacco  and  furs  exported,  to  pay  recognition.  Beekman 
has  not  seen  or  spoken  to  D'Hinoyossa,  and  wishes  to  live 
elsewhere.^ 


1664. 

King  Charles  II.  determined,  though  not  yet  at  war  with 

3Jarcb22.     the  Dutch,  to  dispossess  them  of  the  settlements  they  had 

KingCharies  made  On  what  the  English  claimed  as  their  territories,  and 

thus  put  an  end  to  the  continual  disputes  which,  as  we  have 

seen,  were  occurring  between  them.     As  a  first  step  towards 

it,  the  king,  on  the  12th  March,  1664,  granted  to  his  brother 

James,  duke  of  York  and  Albany,  a  patent,  embracing  '-all 

that  part  of  the  main  land  of  New  England,  beginning  at  a 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xxi.  p.  445.  2  Ibid.  vol.  xvii.  pp.  317,  318.' 


determines 
to  dispossess 
Dutch. 
Grant  to  the 
Duke  of 
York. 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  357 

certain  place  called  or  known  by  the  name  of  St.  Croix,  next    1664. 

adjoining  to  New  Scotland,  in  America,  and  from  thence  ex-     '    '    ' 

tending  along   the   sea-coast   unto    a    certain   place    called 

Pemaquie,  or  Pemoquid,  and  so  up  the  river  thereof,  to  the  Grant  to  the 

furthest  head  of  the  same,  as  it  tendeth  northward,  and  ex-  ^"'^'^  "^ 

'  ,  ,        '  \  ork  con- 

tending from  thence  to  the  river  of  Kimbequin,  and  so  up-  tinned. 

wards  by  the  shortest  course,  to  the  River  Canada,  northwards ; 
and  also,  all  that  island  or  islands  commonly  called  by  the 
several  name  or  names  of  Meetewacks,  or  Long  Island, 
situate  and  being  towards  the  west  of  Cape  Cod  and  the  nar- 
row Higansetts,  abutting  upon  the  main  land  between  the  two 
rivers,  there  called  or  known  by  the  several  names  of  Con- 
necticut and  Hudson's  River;  together  also  with  the  said 
river  called  Hudson's  River,  and  all  the  land  from  the  west 
side  of  Connecticut  to  the  east  side  of  Delaware  Bay ;  and 
also,  all  those  several  islands  called  or  known  by  the  names 
of  Martin's  Vineyard,  or  Nantukes,  otherwise  Nantucket ; 
together  with  all  the  lands,  islands,  soils,  rivers,  harbours, 
mines,  minerals,  quarries,  woods,  marshes,  waters,  lakes,  fish- 
ings, hawking,  hunting,  and  fowling,  and  all  other  royalties, 
&c.  to  the  said  islands,  lands,  and  premises  belonging  and 
appertaining,  with  their  and  every  of  their  appurtenances ; 
and  all  our  estate,  right,  title,  interest,  benefit,  advantage, 
claim,  and  demand,  &c.,  to  have  and  hold  all  and  singular 
the  said  lands,  &c.  hereby  given  or  granted,  or  hereinbefore 
mentioned  to  be  given  or  granted,  unto  our  dearest  brother, 
James,  duke  of  York,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  for  ever,  &c.  to 
be  holden  of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  as  of  our  manor  of 
East  Greenwich,  in  our  county  of  Kent,  in  free  and  common 
socage,  and  not  in  capita,  nor  by  knight-service,  yielding  and 
rendering;"  duke  consenting  to  pay,  when  demanded,  forty 
beaver  skins.  "And  we  do  further,  of  our  special  grace, 
certain  knowledge,  &c.,  for  us,  our  heirs,  &c.  give  and  grant 
unto  our  said  dearest  brother,  James,  duke  of  York,  his  heirs, 
deputies,  agents,  commissioners,  and  assigns,  by  these  pre- 
sents, full  and  absolute  power  and  authority  to  correct,  punish, 
pardon,  govern,  and  rule  all  such  the  subjects  of  us,  our 
heirs  and  successors,  &c."^ 

A  commission  was  issued  by  King  Charles  II.,  (he  having  May  5. 
been  informed,  by  representations  from  New  England,  of 
various  evils  requiring  regulation,)  to  Col.  Richard  Nicholls, 

'  Smith's  New  York,  vol.  i.  pp.  14,  15, 


358  A.  D'HINOYOSSA. 

1664.  Sir  Robert  Carre,  knight,  George  Cartwriglit,  Esq.,  and  Sa- 
*~"'^  '  muel  Maverick,  Esq.,  with  extensive  powers  to  visit  the  several 
colonies,  "  hear  and  receive,  examine  and  determine  all  com- 
Commission  plaints  and  appeals,  in  all  matters,  military,  civil,  and  crimi- 
tions  tf Ni-"'  ^^^'  ^^^  proceed  in  all  things  for  the  providing  for  and  settling 
chous,  Carre,  the  peacc  and  security  of  the  country,  according  to  their  dis- 
duce°Man-  cretion  and  instructions."  The  2d  article  of  their  instructions 
hattan.  jg^  a  after  all  the  ceremonies  are  performed,  (with  New  Eng- 
landers,)  and  in  the  first  place,  of  all  business,  and  before  you 
enter  upon  any  other  particular,  discourse  at  large,  and  with 
confidence,  to  them,  all  that  we  ourself  have  discoursed  with 
you  of  reducing  the  Dutch  in  or  near  Long  Island,  or  any- 
where within  the  limits  of  our  dominions,  to  an  entire  obe- 
dience to  our  government.  They  will  be  easily  informed  of 
the  consequence  of  such  neighbourhood,  if  they  be  long 
sufiered  to  raise  a  government  of  their  own ;  that  besides 
their  being  a  receptacle  and  sanctuary  for  all  mutinous,  sedi- 
tious, and  discontented  persons  who  fly  from  our  justice  as 
malefactors,  or  who  run  away  from  their  masters,  or  avoid 
paying  their  debts,  or  who  have  any  other  wicked  design,  as 
soon  as  they  shall  grow  to  any  strength  or  power,  their  busi- 
ness is  to  oppress  their  neighbours,  and  engross  the  whole 
trade  to  themselves,  by  how  indirect,  unlawful,  or  foul  means 
soever ;  witness  their  inhuman  proceedings  at  Amboyna,  in 
a  time  of  full  peace,  and  all  professions  of  particular  love 
and  friendship,  and  therefore  it  is  high  time  to  put  them  out 
of  a  capacity  of  doing  the  same  mischief  there,  and  reducing 
them  to  the  same  rules  and  obedience  with  our  own  subjects 
there,  which  you  are  to  let  them  know  is  all  we  aim  at,  with- 
out using  any  other  violence  upon  or  towards  them  than  is 
necessary  to  these  ends,  and  that  no  man  shall  be  disturbed 
or  removed  from  what  he  possesseth,  who  will  yield  obedience 
to  us,  and  live  in  the  same  subjection,  and  upon  enjoying  the 
same  privileges  with  our  other  subjects ;  and  in  order  to  this 
good  end,  of  so  great  and  immediate  concernment  to  them, 
you  shall  desire  their  advice  and  concurrence,  and  that  they 
will  assist  you  with  such  a  number  of  men,  and  all  other 
things  necessary  thereunto  ;  and  you  shall  thereupon  proceed 
in  such  a  manner  as  you  shall  think  it  fit,  either  by  building 
forts  above  them,  or  by  using  such  force  as  cannot  be  avoided, 
for  their  reduction,  they  having  no  kind  of  right  to  hold  what 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  359 

they  are  in  possession  of  in  our  unquestionable  territories,     1664. 
than  that  they  are  possessed  of  it  by  an  invasion  of  us."^  "    '    ' 

A  patent  was  issued  by  the  Dutch  governor  at  Delaware, 
D'Hinoyossa,  to  Swen  (or  Sven)  Gondersen,  Swen  Swensen,  May  is. 
Oele  Swensen,  and  Andries  Swensen,  for  a  certain  piece  of  Grant  of 
land  "  lying  up  above  in  the  river,  then  beginning  at  Moya-  g^g^gg^g, 
mensing's  kill,  and  so  stretching  upwards,  in  breadth  400 
rods,  and  in  length  into  the  woods,  600  rods,  amounting  in 
all  to  about  800  acres,  or  400  morgens."  This  grant  is  after- 
wards confirmed  by  the  English  governor,  in  1671.^ 

"On  the  5th  ultimo,  the  Swedes  and  Finns  were  summoned  July  2. 
to  appear  here  at  Altona,  and  appeared  here,  when  we  re-  Beekman, 
signed  our  office,  and  were  then,  by  the  council  of  New  Am-  goj^^r's^"' 
stel,  as   commissioners,   informed,   that,  by  your   honour's  gwe  up  their 
intercession,  I  might  keep  possession  of  my  present  dwelling  '^"^'^ ""' 
till  spring ;  and  arrangements  were  made  that  within  fourteen 
days  the  soldiers  should  give  up  their  quarters,  which  shall 
be  executed. 

"  On  the  9th,  appeared  here  the  Swedish  deputies,  and  a  swedes  and 
great  part  of  that  and  the  Finnish  nation.  After  they  were  foi^^^f^^ 
absolved,  at  their  request  and  proposal,  from  the  oath  they  former  oaths 
had  taken,  to  take  a  new  oath,  they  were,  on  the  10th,  at  ^ takenew 
New  Amstel,  where  they  say  we  are  now  sold,  so  deliver  us.  ones  or  de- 
On  the  8th,  the  oath  was  proposed  to  them  in  my  presence,  refuse;  ai^-^ 
by  the  directors  and  council,  which  they  unanimously  refused;  'o^*"*  «'s^* 

,  .       ,  .         ,         .  .   .  ,,  ,  .    .,  -,    days  to  con- 

or  they  reqmred  previously,  m  writing,  all  such  privileges  01  gider;  prefer 
free  trade  and  others,  as  they  before  were  favoured  with,  un-  Manhattan. 
der  the  company's  administration,  and  without  these  they 
would  be  compelled  to  depart.  Then  eight  days  are  allowed 
them  to  consult  with  the  remainder,  but  then  they  must  either 
take  the  oath  or  depart  from  here.  I  have  been  informed 
they  prefer  to  reside  under  your  government  at  Newesing,  or 
the  neighbourhood.  D'Hinoyossa  offered  me  my  present  re- 
sidence, if  I  would  cultivate  the  great  farm  in  my  vicinity."^ 

About  this  time  Beekman  took  his  departure  from  South  Beekman 
River  for  Esopus,  where  he  was  appointed  sheriff.     His  cor- 
respondence, of  which  we  have  made  such  a  liberal  use,  has 
come  to  a  close.     It  has  enabled  us  thus  to  supply  a  portion 

1  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  ii.  pp.  G39,  C40,  where  see  the  Commission  and 
Instructions  at  length. 

2  Recorded  in  Patent-Book  A.,  vol.  ix.  p.  303,  and  Exemplification  Record, 
vol.  ii.  pp.  548,  549. 

3  Albany  Records ;  copied  from  J.  W.  B."s  book  at  New  York. 


leaves  South 
Kiyer. 


360 


A.  D'HIKOYOSSA. 


1664. 


Close  of  his 

correspon- 

Uence. 


July  3  &  4. 

Grant  of  N. 
Jersey  by 
the  Duke  of 
York  to 
Berkley  and 
Carteret. 


of  our  history  for  wBIcIi  we  should  have  looked  in  vain  else- 
where. Beekman  appears  to  have  communicated  to  Stuyve- 
sant,  very  freely  and  minutely,  every  circumstance  as  it 
occurred,  and  thus  furnishes  us  with  many  details,  which 
better  illustrate  the  character  of  the  men  and  the  times  than 
would  have  been  exhibited  in  more  formal  oflBcial  despatches. 
Some  allowance  must  perhaps  be  made  for  excited  feelings, 
arising  from  his  connection  with,  and  position  in  regard  to 
D'Hinoyossa,  with  whom  there  appears  to  have  been  no  very 
friendly  intercourse,  but  of  the  merits  of  their  controversy 
we  are  not  prepared  to  form  a  fair  judgment,  as  we  have  but 
one  side  of  the  story.  Acrelius  indeed  says,  "  While  the  two 
colonies  were  kept  up,  Beekman  had  a  share  in  the  adminis- 
tration, but  he  was  little  considered.  This  made  him  envious 
of  D'Hinoyossa,  whom  he  aspersed  in  frequent  letters  to 
Stuyvesant."  It  is  certain,  however,  he  supported  some  of 
his  charges  by  evidence,  and  on  leaving  the  river,  was  re- 
warded at  Manhattan  by  an  office,  in  which  he  continued 
several  years  under  the  English  government,  and  afterwards 
was  alderman  at  New  York.  He  died  in  New  York,  in  1707, 
aged  85,  leaving  numerous  and  highly  respected  descendants, 
many  of  whom  are  to  be  found  at  the  present  day ;  a  daugh- 
ter of  his  married  a  son  of  Stuyvesant.^ 

Not  long  after  the  grant  to  the  Duke  of  York,  and  before 
he  had  actually  received  possession  of  the  territory  given 
him,  he,  by  deeds  of  lease  and  release,  conveyed  a  portion  of 
it  to  Lord  Berkley  and  Sir  George  Carteret,  viz.  "  all  that 
tract  of  land  adjacent  to  New  England,  and  lying  and  being 
to  the  west  of  Long  Island,  bounded  on  the  east  part  by  the 
main  sea,  and  part  by  Hudson's  River,  and  hath  on  the  west 
Delaware  Bay  or  River,  and  extendeth  southward  to  the  main 
ocean,  as  far  as  Cape  May,  at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay, 
and  to  northward  as  far  as  the  northernmost  branch  of  said  bay 
or  river  of  Delaware,  which  is  in  41°  40'  of  latitude,  and 
worketh  over  thence  in  a  straight  line  to  Hudson's  River; 
which  said  tract  of  land  is  hereafter  to  be  called  by  the  name 
or  names  of  Nova  Csesarea,  or  New  Jersey."  Thus  New 
Netherlands  became  divided  into  New  York  and  New  Jersey.^ 

About  this  time  a  memorial,  presented  by  the  Swedish  re- 
sident to  their  High  Mightinesses,  in  support  of  the  right  of 
the  Swedish  crown  to  New  Sweden,  in  which  a  short  review 

1  OCall.  vol  ii.  p.  473.  2  Smithes  N.  J.     Proud. 


PETEE  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR-GENERAL.  361 

of  tte  facts  is  taken,  and  claiming  satisfaction  from  the  West  1664. 
India  Company.  The  question  was  not  finally  settled  for  "^  ' 
several  years.^ 

Under  their  instructions,  Colonel  Nicholls  and  the  other 
commissioners  set  sail  from  Portsmouth,  England,  with  the 
frigate  Guinea  and  three  other  vessels,  having  on  board  300 
soldiers,  and  a  large  number  of  men.  After  having  been 
separated  at  sea,  one  frigate  arrived  first,  and  in  three  days 
the  others  made  their  appearance,  in  the  latter  end  of  August, 
much  to  the  surprise  of  the  Dutch,  although  they  had,  through 
an  Englishman,  some  intimations  of  their  intended  departure. 

On  their  arrival,  the  English  issued  a  proclamation,^  offer- 
ing protection  to  those  who  would  submit  to  his  majesty's 
government.     On  the  19th  August,   Governor    Stuyvesant  August  i9. 
wrote  to  the  commanders,  by  the  hands  of  several  distin- 
guished citizens,  inquiring  the  object  of   their  arrival  and 
continuance  in  the  harbour,  without  giving  notice  of  their  de- 
sign, as  he  ought  to  have  done,  which  was  fully  communicated 
the  next  day  in  a  letter  to  the  Dutch  governor,  by  Colonel 
Nicholls,  (but  this  being  unsigned,  for  which  he  apologized,^) 
requiring  a  surrender  of  the  forts,  &c.,  and  expecting  an 
answer  by  the  bearers.  Colonel  Carteret,  &c.     The  governor, 
in  a  short  note,  promised  an  answer  next  morning.     Accord-  August  so. 
ingly,  the  governor,  after  convening  and  consulting  the  coun- 
cil and  burgomasters,  without  exhibiting  the  summons,  and  a 
letter  from  Governor  Winthrop,  advising  the  surrender,  which 
he  tore  in  pieces,  determined  to  make  a  defence,  and  wrote  a 
long  letter  to  Nicholls,  giving  an  historical  account  of  the 
Butch  claim,  which  he  concludes  thus:  "As  touching  the  September^ 
threats  in  your  conclusion,  we  have  nothing  to  answer,  only 
that  we  fear  nothing,  but  what  God,  (who  is  as  just  as  mer- 
ciful,) shall  lay  upon  us,  all  things  being  in  His  gracious 
disposal,  and  we  may  as  well  be  preserved  by  him  with  small 
forces  as  by  a  great  army,  which  makes  us  to  wish  you  all 
happiness  and  prosperity,  and  recommend  you  to  His  pro- 
tection."* 

Finding  from  the  letter  of  Stuyvesant,  that  he  was  resolved  September  3. 
to  "  maintain  his  right  and  title  to  the  fort,"  Colonel  Nicholls 

1  Aitzema  in  O'Call.  vol.  ii.  p.  573. 

2  See  it  in  Smitli's  N.  J.  p.  36.     Smith's  N.  Y.  vol.  i.  p.  25. 

3  See  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  31. 

4  See  these  various  Letters  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  pp.  3],  41.     Smith  s  N.  Y. 
vol.  i.  p]),  1 8 — 24. 

48  2K 


362  A.  D'HINOTOSSA. 

1664.    issues  liis  order  to  Captain  Hyde,  of  the  "  Guinea,"  "  to  pro- 
'    '    '     secute  his  majesty's  claim  by  all  ways  and  means  he  may 
think  expedient,  for  a  speedy  reduction  of  the  Dutch  to  obe- 
Septembers.  dienco."^     Tliis,  and  the  pressure  of  an  English  ship  into  the 
Negotiations  scrvice,  iuducod  the  governor  to  think  more  seriously  of  the 
NichoHsana  ^^-ttor,  and  to  write  to  the  colonel,  saying,  that  finding  by 
stuyvesant.   his  deputies,  "you  persist  on  the  summons,  though  by  his 
orders  he  is  obliged  to  defend  the  place,  however,  that  he 
makes  no  doubt,  that  upon  said  assault,  and  our  defence,  there 
will  be  a  great  deal  of  blood  spilled,  and  greater  diflBculty 
may  arise."     He  sends  several  persons,  "to  the  end  of  pro- 
viding some  means  to  hinder  and  prevent  the  spilling  of  inno- 
cent blood ;"  asks  him  to  appoint  a  time  and  place  "  to  treat, 
and  seek  out  the  means  of  a  good  accommodation."    Nicholls 
thinking  it  more  agreeable  to  his  king's  wishes  "  to  avoid  the 
effusion  of  Christian  blood,"  but  insisting  upon  his  first  sum- 
mons for  surrender,  and  supposing  that  the  governor  intends 
to  do  so,  wishes  health  and  prosperity  to  every  inhabitant. 
Nicholls,  "to  prevent  the  efi'usion  of  blood,"  appoints  com- 
Septembers.  missionors  to  meet  those  of  the  Dutch,  on  the  next  day, 
August  27,  when  articles  were  drawn  up  and  signed  by  com- 
missioners of  both  sides,  and  on  the  8th,  were  ratified  by 
Stuyvesant ;  the  limits  of  both  parties  to  be  fixed  by  the 
crown  and  States-General.^ 

New  Amsterdam  was  thenceforward  named  New  York. 
Afi'airs  being  arranged  at  New  Amsterdam,    (now  New 
Sept.  13.       York,)  the  commissioners  next  turned  their  attention  to  the 
Delaware,  and  a  commission  was  issued  by  the  other  three 
commissioners,  to  Sir  Robert  Carre,  as  follows : 

"Whereas  we  are  informed  that  the  Dutch  have  seated 
Commission  thcmselvcs  at  Delaware  Bay,  on  his  majesty  of  Great  Britain's 
cafreto'pr^  territories,  without  his  knowledge  and  consent,  and  that  they 
eeed  to,  and  havo  fortified  thcmsclves  there,  and  drawn  a  great  trade 
thither,  and  being  assured  that  if  they  be  permitted  to  go  on, 
the  gaining  of  this  place  will  be  of  small  advantage  to  his 
majesty,  we  his  majesty's  commissioners,  by  virtue  of  his  ma- 
jesty's commission  and  instructions  to  us  given,  have  advised 
and  determined  to  bring  that  place,  and  all  strangers  there- 
about, in  obedience  to  his  majesty,  and  by  these  do  order  and 
appoint  that  his  majesty's  frigates,  the  '  Guinea,'  and  the 
<■  "William  and  Nicholas,'  and  all  the  soldiery  which  are  not  in 

'  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  43.  2  Smith's  N.  Y.  vol.  i.  p.  25. 


ware. 


DEPUTY-GOVERNOR  RICHARD  NICHOLLS.  363 

the  fort,  shall,  -with  what  speed  they  conveniently  can,  go  1664. 
thither  under  the  command  of  Sh'  Robert  Carre,  to  reduce  '  '  ' 
the  same,  willing  and  commanding  all  officers,  at  sea  and  land, 
and  all  soldiers,  to  obey  the  said  Robert  Carre  during  this 
expedition.  Given  under  our  hands  and  seals,  at  the  fort  in 
New  York,  upon  the  island  of  Manhattans,  3d  day  of  Sep- 
tember, 1664.  Signed,  R.  Nicholls, 

"  G.  Cartwright, 
"  S.  Maverick."! 

Sir  Robert  was  instructed,  when  he  comes  near  the  Dutch  iiisinstruc- 
fort,  to  send  his  boat  on  shore,  to  summon  the  governor  and  ^'°''^" 
inhabitants  to  yield  obedience  to  his  majesty,  as  the  rightful 
sovereign  of  that  tract  of  land,  and  let  them  know  "  that  all 
the  planters  shall  enjoy  their  farms,  houses,  lands,  goods,  and 
chattels,  with  the  same  privileges,  and  on  the  same  terms  upon 
which  they  do  now  possess  them,  only  that  they  change  their 
masters,  whether  they  be  the  West  India  Company  or  the 
city  of  Amsterdam.  To  the  Swedes  you  shall  remonstrate 
their  happy  return  under  a  monarchical  government,  and  his 
majesty's  good  inclination  to  that  nation,  and  to  all  men  who 
shall  comply  with  his  majesty's  rights  and  title  in  Delaware, 
without  force  of  arms." 

That  all  cannon,  arms,  and  ammunition  belonging  to  the 
government  shall  remain  to  his  majesty. 

Future  trading  to  be  regulated  by  rules  of  parliament ; 
right  of  conscience  to  be  guarantied ;  for  six  months,  all  the 
present  magistrates  to  continue  in  office,  taking  oath  of  alle- 
giance, and  their  acts  to  be  in  his  majesty's  name. 

If  Sir  Robert  finds  he  cannot  reduce  the  place  by  force, 
nor  upon  these  conditions,  he  may  add  such  as  he  finds  neces- 
sary, but  if  both  fail,  he  is,  by  a  messenger  to  the  governor 
of  Maryland,  to  ask  aid.  After  reducing  the  place,  his  first 
care  is  "to  protect  the  inhabitants  from  injuries  as  well  as 
violence,  from  the  soldiers,  which  may  be  easily  effected,  if 
you  settle  a  course  for  weekly  or  daily  provisions,  by  agree- 
ment with  the  inhabitants,  to  be  satisfied  to  them  either  out 
of  the  profits,  customs,  or  rents  belonging  to  their  present 
master,  or,  in  case  of  necessity,  from  hence." 

The  laws  for  the  present  to  remain,  as  to  administration  of 
right  and  justice. 

He  is  to  declare  to  Lord  Baltimore's  son,  and  all  the  Eng- 

•  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  3G,  from  A.  P.  S.  MSS.  and  N.  Y.  Records. 


36i 


CHARLES  n.— JAMES,  DTJKE  OF  YORK. 


to  Sir  Robert 
Carre. 


October  11. 


1664.  lisli  concerned  in  Maryland,  that  this  great  expense  to  his 
'  '  '  majesty,  in  ships  and  soldiers,  has  been  incurred  solely  for 
the  purpose  of  reducing  foreigners  in  these  parts  to  his  ma- 
instructions  jcsty's  obcdience,  but  that  being  reduced  at  his  majesty's 
expense,  he  is  commanded  to  hold  "  possession  for  his  ma- 
jesty's own  behoof  and  right,  and  that  he  is  willing  to  unite 
with  the  governor  of  Maryland  on  his  majesty's  interests,  on 
all  occasions,  and  if  my  Lord  Baltimore  doth  pretend  right 
thereto  by  his  patent,  (which  is  a  doubtful  case,)  you  are  to 
say  that  you  only  keep  possession  till  his  majesty  is  informed 
and  otherwise  satisfied."  In  other  things.  Sir  Robert  is  left 
to  his  discretion,  and  the  best  advice  he  can  get  in  the  place.-*^ 

In  compliance  with  his  orders.  Sir  Robert  proceeded  to  the 
Delaware,  and  commenced  his  operations,  which  are  related 
by  himself  to  Colonel  Nicholls,  in  detail,  a  few  days  after. 
The  result  was  a  capitulation,  when  the  following  "  Articles 
of  Agreement"  were  entered  into  "between  the  honourable 
Sir  R.  Carre,  knight,  on  behalf  of  his  majesty  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, and  the  burgomasters,  in  behalf  of  themselves  and  all 
the  Dutch  and  Swedes  inhabiting  on  Delaware  Bay  and  River. 

"  1.  That  all  the  burghers  and  planters  will  submit  them- 
selves to  his  majesty's  authority,  without  making  any  resist- 
ance. 

"  2.  That  whoever,  of  what  nation  soever,  doth  submit  to 
his  majesty's  authority,  shall  be  protected  in  their  estates, 
real  and  personal,  whatsoever,  by  his  majesty's  laws  and 
justice. 

"  3.  That  the  present  magistrates  shall  "be  continued  in 
their  offices  and  jurisdictions,  to  exercise  their  civil  powers  as 
formerly. 

"  4.  That  if  any  Dutchman  or  other  person  shall  desire  to 
depart  from  this  river,  that  it  is  lawful  for  him  so  to  do  within 
six  months  after  the  date  of  these  articles. 

"  5.  That  the  magistrates  and  all  the  inhabitants,  (who  are 
included  in  these  articles,)  shall  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  his  majesty,  and  of  fidelity  to  the  present  governor. 

« 6.  That  all  the  people  shall  enjoy  the  liberty  of  their 
conscience  in  church  discipline,  as  formerly. 

"  7.  That  whoever  shall  take  the  oath,  is  from  that  time  a 
free  denizen,  and  shall  enjoy  all  the  privileges  of  trading  into 


Articles  of 
capitulation. 


»  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  37,  from  A.  P.  S.  MSS.  and  N.  Y.  Records ;  see  them 
at  length. 


DEPU,TY-GOVERNOR  RICHARD  NICHOLLS.  365 

any  of  his  majesty's  dominions,  as  freely  as  any  Englishman,     16G4. 
and  may  require  a  certificate  for  so  doing.  "    •    ' 

«  8.  That  the  schout,  the  burgomaster,  sheriff,  and  other 
inferior  magistrates,  shall  use  and  exercise  their  customary  Articles  of 
power  in  administration  of  iustice  within  their  precincts,  for  '^'''p'*"'<''''°°» 

^_  ...  .  continuea. 

six  months,  or  until  his  majesty's  pleasure  is  further  known." 

The  Oath. — "  I  do  swear  by  the  Almighty  God,  that  I  will 
bear  faith  and  allegiance  to  his  majesty  of  Great  Britain,  and 
that  I  will  obey  all  such  commands  as  I  shall  receive  from 
the  governor,  deputy  governor,  or  other  officers  appointed  by 
his  majesty's  authority,  so  long  as  I  live  within  these  or  any 
other  of  his  majesty's  territories. 

"  Given  under  my  hand  and  seal,  this  first  day  of  October, 
in  the  year  of  our  Lord  God,  1664.  Robert  Carre. 

"  Given  under  our  hands  and  seals,  in  behalf  of  ourselves 
and  the  rest  of  the  inhabitants,  the  first  day  of  October,  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord  God,  1664. 

"Fob  Out  Hout,  Hans  Block, 

«  Henry  Johnson",  Lucas  Peterson, 

<'  Gerrit  S.  Van  Tiell,     Henry  Casturier." 

Thus  terminated  the  Dutch  power  on  the  Delaware,  except 
for  a  short  period  in  1672,  and  thus  was  more  speedily  ac- 
complished than  was  anticipated  when  it  was  made,  the  pre- 
diction that  "  this  river  will  be  settled  by  the  English  and 
Swedes." 

Thus  terminated  the  Dutch  government  over  all  New 
Netherlands,  they  becoming  subject  to  the  English  crown, 
thereby  fulfilling  the  prediction  made  by  the  Dutch  a  few 
years  previously.  From  this  date  to  the  present  time,  with 
the  exception  of  a  short  period,  the  country  was  entirely  lost 
to  the  Dutch.  In  all  the  quarrels  between  the  Dutch  and 
Swedes,  whose  history,  jointly  and  separately,  we  have  traced, 
during  a  period  of  about  forty  years,  no  blood  was  shed ;  it 
remained  for  the  English  to  stain  the  soil  with  it.-  But  little 
progress  had  thus  far  been  made  towards  the  settlement  of 
the  country,  which  it  remained  for  the  English  also  to  ac- 
complish.^ 

Sir  Robert  Carre  communicates,  in  a  letter  of  this  date  to  October  23. 
Colonel  NichoUs,  an  account  of  his  proceeding  at  New  Castle, 
in  its  capture  from  the  Dutch,  (October  13 :) 

"  Honourable  sir — After  a  long  and  troublesome  passage, 

»  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  37,  from  A.  P.  S.  MSS.  of  N.  Y.  Records. 
2a2 


366  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1664.     prolonged  by  the  ignorance  of  the  pilots  and  the  shoalness 
'    '    '     of  the  water,  ^ye  arrived  the  last  day  of  September,  at  Dela- 
ware, passing  by  the  fort  without  notice  each  of  the  others, 
Col.  Carre's    the  better  to  satisfy  the   Swedes,  who,  notwithstanding  the 
cri°Nichoiis  I^^tch  persuasions  to  the  contrary,  were  soon  our  friends, 
of  his  at-      Afterwards  I  had  a  parley  with  the  Dutch  burghers  and  go- 
fort'atNew    vcmor  J  the  burghers  and  townsmen,  after  almost  three  days' 
Castle.         parley,  consented  to  my  demands,  but  the  governor  and  sol- 
kiiied;  piun-  dicry  altogether  refused  my  propositions  ;  whereupon  I  landed 
der.  Condi-  mj  soldicrs,  on  Sunday  morning  following,  and  commanded 
The  Indians  the  ships  to  fall  dowu  bcfore  the  fort,  within  musket  shot,  with 
hostue.         directions  to  fire  two  broadsides  apiece  upon  the  fort ;  then 
my  soldiers  to  fall  on ;  which  done,  the  soldiers  never  stop- 
ping until  they  stormed  the  fort,  and  so,  consequently,  to 
plundering ;  the  seamen,  no  less  given  to  that  sport,  were 
quickly  within,  and  have  gotten  good  store  of  booty,  so  that 
in  such  a  ywise  a7id  confusion,  no  word  of  command  could  be 
heard  for  some  time ;  but  for  as  many  goods  as  I  could  pre- 
serve, I  still  keep  entii-e.     The  loss  on  our  part  was  none ; 
the  Dutch  had  ten  wounded  and  three  killed.    The  fort  is  not 
tenable,  although  14  guns,  and  Avithout  a  great  charge,  which 
inevitably  must  be  expended,  there  will  be  no  staying,  we  not 
being  able  to  keep  it ;  therefore  what  I  have  or  can  get,  shall 
be  laid  out  upon  the  strengthening  of  the  fort.    Within  these 
two  days.  Ensign  Stock  fell  sick,  so  that  I  could  not  send  him 
to  you,  to  particularize  all  things,  but  on  his  recovery  I  will 
send  him  to  you.    If  Providence  had  not  so  ruled  that  we  had 
not  come  in  as  we  did,  we  had  been  necessitated  to  quit  the 
place  in  less  than  a  month,  there  being  nothing  to  be  had  but 
what  must  be  purchased  from  other  places,  with  trade  of  good 
account,  of  which,  for  the  present,  we  have  to  satisfy  our 
wants.     I  have  already  sent  into  Maryland  some  negroes 
which  did  belong  to  the  late  governor,  at  his  plantation  above, 
for  beef,  pork,  corn,  and  salt,  and  for  some  other  small  con- 
veniences, which  this  place  affordeth  not.     The  cause  of  my 
not  sending  all  this  time  to  give  notice  of  our  success,  was 
the  falling  of  the  Indians  from  their  former  civility,  they 
abusing  messengers  that  travel  by  land,  since  our  arrival  here, 
though  no  ways  incensed  by  us,  but  exasperated  by  some 
Dutch  and  their  own  inclinations,  that  eighty  of  them  came 
from  the  other  side,  where  they  inhabit,  and  so  strong  they 
are  there,  that  no  Christian  yet  dare  venture  to  plant  on  that 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  RICHARD  NICHOLLS.  367 

side,  which  belongs  to  the  Duke  of  York.  They  stayed  here  16G4. 
three  nights ;  we  used  them  civilly,  they  pretending  they  '  ^"^ 
came  to  settle,  but  since  are  returned  without  doing  any  hurt. 
We  beg  your  endeavours  to  assist  us  in  the  reconciliation  of 
the  Indians  called  Synelcers  (Senecas)  at  the  Fort  Ferrania, 
and  the  TuscTieroras  (Tuscororas)  here,  they  coming  and 
doing  violence  both  to  heathen  and  Christians,  and  leave 
these  Indians  to  be  blamed  for  it,  insomuch  that  within  less 
than  six  weeks  several  murders  have  been  committed  and 
done  by  their  people  upon  the  Dutch  and  Swedes  here.  Let 
me  beg  the  favour  of  you  to  send  Mr.  Allinson  and 
Thompson,  the  one  for  the  edifying  of  the  fort,  the  other  to 
fix  our  arms,  there  being  not  any  but  was  broke  or  unfixed. 
Your  honour  shall  have  a  further  account  by  the  next,  until 
•which  time,  and  ever  after,  I  remain  your  faithful  and  obliged 
servant,  Robekt  Carre. 

"Delaware  Fort,  October  13,  1664."i 

Complaint  is  made  by  the  West  India  Company  to  the  October  25. 
States-General,    "  of    the    intolerable    violences    committed  complaint  of 
against  said  company  by  the  English  nation  in  New  Nether-  ^"^^^^^  ^n  - 
land  and  other  parts,  viz.  that  the  ships  and  armed  force  sent  lish,  for  cap- 
by  the  Duke  of  York  from  Old  England  had  taken  the  town  NeTneliSZ 
of  New  Amsterdam,  tranquilly  and  quietly  possessed  by  this 
republic  since  fifty  years,  which  event  took  place  27th  August 
last ;  that  they  had  conquered  the  whole  province  of  New 
Netherland,  and  subjected  it  to  the  English  dominion,  giving 
it  the  name  of  New  York,"  and  pray  "that  these  violences 
should  be  considered  according  to  their  importance,"    &c. 
The  memorial  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  English  afi"airs.^ 

After  the  reduction  of  the  country  by  Sir  Robert  Carre,  NoYembers. 
Colonel  Nicholls  himself  was  commissioned  by  the  two  other 
commissioners  to  proceed  to  the  Delaware,  "to  take  special 
care  for  the  good  government  of  the  said  place,  and  to  depute 
such  ofiicer  or  ofiicers  therein  as  he  shall  think  fit,  for  the 
management  of  his  majesty's  affairs,  both  civil  and  military, 
until  his  majesty's  pleasure  be  further  known. "^ 

The  name  of  New  Castle  is  now  given  to  what  was  before  Jg^^mstei 
called  New  Amstel.  changed  to 

New  Caetle. 

1  London  Doc.  vol.  i.  p.  204. 

2  Miller  MSS.  in  possession  of  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc. 

3  See  Commission,  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  37,  from  N.  Y.  Records  and 
MSS.  A.  P.  S. 


368 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1664.  Thus  -were  the  English  placed  completely  in  possession  of 
'  ^~~'  all  that  the  Dutch  formerly  held  on  the  Delaware.  We  have 
minutely  traced  the  Dutch  and  Swedes  in  their  various  move- 
ments, from  their  first  settlement  here  to  their  extermination 
for  ever,  (except  for  a  short  period,)  from  the  river,  and  have 
seen  that  owing  to  petty  feuds  and  jealousies  between  the 
two  nations,  hut  slow  progress  had  been  made  towards  the 
settlement  and  improvement  of  the  country,  yet  all  tending 
to  prepare  the  way  to  effect  the  great  revolution  which  has 
produced  a  uniformity  of  language,  and  customs,  and  institu- 
tions, and  rendered  these  shores  the  happy  abode  of  so  many 
millions.  The  principal  actors  in  the  past  events  probably 
withdrew ;  D'Hinoyossa,  it  is  said,  applied  to  the  English  for 
an  office,  in  which  expectation  being  unsuccessful,  he  event- 
ually returned  to  Holland,  and  entered  the  Dutch  army, 
where  he  served  in  the  war  between  Louis  XIY.  and  the  Re- 
public, and  was  one  of  the  gai'rison  of  a  fortress  which  sur- 
rendered to  the  French  ;■  after  which,  it  is  said,  he  ended  his 
days  in  Holland,^  as  did  probably  many  of  the  early  Dutch 
settlers.  The  Swedes,  as  we  know,  more  generally  remained 
behind ;  the  remnants  of  both  nations  becoming  so  blended 
as  to  constitute  one  people,  with  their  successors  scarcely  at 
the  present  day  to  be  traceable.  Henceforth  the  country  is 
governed  by  governors  under  the  Duke  of  York. 

Governor  Nicholls  grants  a  license  to  Elizabeth  Cousterier, 
Novembers,  to  transport  hcrsclf  and  goods  to  Delaware  Bay,  there  to 
trade.^ 

Colonel  Nicholls  certifies  that  Captain  Carre  has  received 
Powder  and   from  his  majesty's  ship,  the  "  Guinea,"  a  flag  and  sea  com- 
^^nded^'ar'  P^^'"^'  ^^  Delaware  Bay,  and  that   Captain  Thomas  Morley 
Delaware,      being  employed  by  him   at  Delaware   Bay,   with   his    ship 
"William  and  Nicholas,"  had  received  from  Captain  Hyde, 
of  the   "  Guinea,"  two  barrels  of  powder,  and  twenty  iron 
shot,  which  were  spent  at  the  reduction  of  the  fort  at  Dela- 
ware, and  asks  credit  Jo  be  given  in  the  gunner's  account. 

The  commissioners  also  order  the  "  Guinea,"  Captain  Hyde, 
to  sail  directly  for  Portsmouth,  England,  with  despatches. 

1  London  Docs.  vol.  i.  p.  232.     O'Call.  vol.  ii.  p.  554. 

2  N.  Y.  Records,  Breviat. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  RICHARD  NICHOLLS.  369 

:  1G65. 

In  consideration  of   the  good  services  of   Captain  John 
Carre,  in  storming  and  reducing  the  fort  at  Delaware,  Go-  juneso. 
vernor  Nicholls  grants  him  "  all  the  lands,  houses,  and  estate,  confiscation 
real  or  personal,  which  is  or  shall  be  found  to  have  been  of ''states, 

nil-  •  f  ■    •  r\         •      'in'l  grants 

really  and  truly  in  possession  oi,  or  appertaining  to  Uerrit  tocarreand 
Van  Sweringen,  at  the  time  when  said  fort  was  reduced  by  '^°'"- 
force  to  his  majesty's  obedience,  it  being  sufficiently  known 
that  he  was  then  schout,  in  hostility  against  his  majesty,  for 
•which  reason  all  his  estate  stands  confiscated."^ 

The  estate  of  Peter  Alricks  was  at  the  same  time  confis- 
cated, for  his  hostility  to  his  majesty,  and  granted  to  William 
Tom,  for  his  good  services  at  Delaware.- 

Governor  Nicholls  grants  license  of  alienation  to  Jacob  jniyis. 
Vis,  to  sell  his  estate,  consisting  of  house  and  garden,  at  or  Licenses  to 
near  New  Castle,  to  any  person  living  within  this  government.^  ^'^^^  ^^^"^  ^^' 

Philip  Carteret  having  been  commissioned  governor  of  New  August. 
Jersey,  arrives  with  a  number  of  planters.  Governor 

''  '  _  _         _       ^  Carteret  ar- 

Governor  Nicholls,  by  his  license,  grants  leave  to  Peter  rives. 
Alricks  to  trade  or  traffic  with  the  Indians  in  and  about  Nov.  21. 
Whorekill,  for  skins,  peltry,  &c.,  the  said  Alricks  making  due  special  pri- 
entry  with  the  officers  at  Delaware,  of  the  quantity  or  quality 
of  such  commodities  as  he  shall  trade  for.     Also,  with  his 
servant  and  six  horses,  to  pass  from  New  York  to  Delaware, 
and  from  thence  into  Maryland,  and  so  to  return,  "  about 
his  occasion."* 

1666. 

A  certain  piece  of  land  on  Christina  kill,  heretofore  in  March  .3. 
tenurn  of  Joost  Rugger,  the  miller,  deceased,  was,  by  the  Grantor 
officers  at  Delaware,  who  were  empowered  by  Nicholls's  com-  ^'*°*^' 
mission  to  dispose  of  implanted  land  there  for  the  best  advan- 
tage of  the  inhabitants,  granted  unto  Hans  Bones ;  the  same 
is  confirmed  to  him  in  1668,  he  paying  to  his  majesty  two 
bushels  of  wheat  as  a  quit-rent.^     (February  21.) 

Governor  Nicholls  issues  orders  to  collectors  and  receivers  March  ao. 
of  customs,  and  notices  the  necessity  of  granting  some  tem-  order  re 
porary  privileges  for  encouragement  of  trade  between  New 


vileges  to  P. 
Alricks. 


spoeting  du- 
ties oc  Dela-^ 
ware. 


'  Delaware  Records,  in  Del.  Reg.  vol.  i.  p.  170.  2  Jbij. 

3  N.  Y.  Records,  Breviat,  p.  38.  4  Breviat,  p.  38. 

6  MSS.  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  75. 
47 


Order  re- 
specting pa- 
tents. 


July  11. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

York  and  Delaware,  and  that  the  tenths  of  all  sorts  of  goods, 
liquors,  or  peltry,  &c.,  by  former  practice  and  order,  had  been 
collected  and  paid  in  or  at  the  aforesaid  port,  or  in  Delaware 
River ;  now  he  orders  that  (until  further  orders)  no  sort  of 
liquors,  goods,  or  peltry,  shall  be  liable  to  pay  any  custom, 
either  in  New  York  or  Delaware  River,  provided  that  due 
entry  and  certificate  be  made  and  given  of  all  such  goods 
transported  to  or  from  those  places. 

A  general  order  was  issued  at  New  York,  by  the  Court  of 
Assizes,  that  all  persons  who  held  old  patents  should  bring 
them  in  to  be  renewed^  and  those  who  had  none  should  be 
supplied,  by  a  certain  time ;  and  more  especially  those  vrho 
had  been  under  the  Dutch,  and  are  now  under  his  majesty, 
the  inhabitants  in  and  about  Delaware  being  under  this  go- 
vernment are  therein  concerned.  This  was  renewed  in 
1669,  under  penalty.^ 

1667. 

Nicholls,  "  in  consideration  of  the  good  services  of  Captain 
January  11.  John  Carre,  in  storming  and  reducing  Fort  Delaware,  grants 
to  him  a  piece  or  parcel  of  meadow,  valley,  or  marsh  ground, 
on  the  Delaware,  near  the  fort,  about  150  acres,"  having 
lately  been  in  tenure  of  A.  D'Hinoyossa,  then  governor,  it 
being  sufficiently  well  known  that  he  was  in  hostility  against 
his  majesty,  for  which  reason  all  his  estate  stands  confiscated. 
Quit-rent  to  his  majesty,  \\  bushels  wheat. 

A  certain  island  in  the  Delaware,  called  Swarton  Natton, 
containing  about  300  acres,  bounded  on  north  by  Christina 
kill,  and  on  the  west  by  a  little  creek,  is  granted  to  Thomas 
Woolaston,  James  Crawford,  Herman  Otto,  and  Gerard  Otto ; 
quit-rent,  3  bushels  wheat.  This  island  "  having  been  here- 
tofore granted  by  A.  D'Hinoyossa,  late  governor  there,  to 
some  persons  who  have  since  appeared  in  hostility,  whereby 
it  is  forfeited,  and  remained  in  his  majesty's  disposal."^ 

Governor  Nicholls  is  succeeded  by  Colonel  Francis  Love- 
lace, whose  administration  now  commences. 

The  war  between  the  English  and  Dutch  was  concluded  by 
the  treaty  of  Breda,  by  which  either  party  was  to  retain  all 
property  in  their  possession  prior  to  10th  May  last,  but  any 
thing  taken  after  the  10th  May  shall  be  restored,  in  the  same 


Grant  to 
Capt.  Carre, 


Several 
granta. 


May. 

Gov.  Love' 
lace. 

July  31. 


»  Breviat,  p.  39. 


2  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  74. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  371 

condition  as  tliey  are  wlien  the   knowledge   of   the   peace    1667. 
reaches  the  places.  ''"' 

This  year  was  erected  the  Swedish  church  at  Crane  Hook, 
about  one  and  a  half  miles  from  Fort  Christina,  on  the  south  church  at 
side  of  the  creek,  in  which  both  the  Dutch  and  Swedes  assem-  ^^^^ 
bled  for  worship.  The  church  early  built  in  the  fort  had 
served  them  for  about  twelve  years.  The  church  now  erected 
was  a  wooden  one ;  no  vestige  of  it  or  the  grave-yard  at 
present  remains ;  an  orchard  now  occupies  their  place.  For 
several  years,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Lock  officiated  as  minister  of  this 
and  the  church  at  Tinnicum.^ 

1668. 

The  governor  and  council  gave  the  following  directions  for  Jiayi. 
the  better  government  of  Delaware  : 

"  It  is  necessary,  to  hold  up  the  name  and  countenance,  of  Garrison. 
a  garrison,  with  20  men  and  one  commissioned  officer, 

"  That  the  commissioned  officers  shall  provide  all  sorts  of  Provisions, 
provisions  for  the  whole  garrison,  at  the  rate  of  5d.  per  day, 
viz.  wholesome  bread,  beer,  pork,  peas,  or  beef,  that  no  just 
complaint  be  made  of  either.  That  the  soldiers,  (so  far  as 
conveniently  may  be,)  be  lodged  in  the  fort,  and  keep  the 
stockades  up  in  defence.  That  the  civil  government  in  the 
respective  plantations  be  continued  till  further  orders. 

<'  That  to  prevent  all  abuses  or  oppositions  in  civil  matters,  a  court  for 
so  often  as  complaint  is  made,  the  commissioned  officer.  Cap-  "^''  ^'^*'"' 
tain  Carre,  shall  call  the  schout,  with  Hans  Block,  Israel 
Helm,  Peter  Rambo,  Peter  Cock,  Peter  Alricks,  or  any  two 
of  them,  as  counsellors,  to  advise,  hear,  and  determine,  by 
the  major  vote,  what  is  just,  equitable,  and  necessary  in  the 
case  and  cases  in  question. 

"  That  the  same  persons  also,  or  any  two  or  more  of  them, 
be  called  to  advise  and  direct  what  is  best  to  be  done  in  all 
cases  of  difficulty  which  may  arise  from  the  Indians,  who 
must  obey  and  attend  their  summons  upon  such  occasion. 

"  That  two-thirds  at  least  of  the  soldiers  remain  in  and  SoWierstobo 
about  New  Castle  at  all  hours.  fj^"^;  'I 

New  Castle. 

"  That  the  fines  or  premunires  and  light  oifences  be  executed  rincs,  &c.  to 
with  moderation,  though  it  is  also  necessary  that  ill  men  be  ^'^  '"°^"*<^«- 
punished  in  an  exemplary  manner. 

"That  the  commissioned  officer.  Captain  Carre,  in  the  de-  casting  rote. 

'  Ferris,  p.  145—147.     Clay. 


372 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  TOEK. 


1668. 


Oaths. 


English  laws 
to  goTera. 
To  be  read. 


Treatment  of 
Indians. 


Appeal  to 
New  York. 


Jane  18. 

Indians  de- 
sire prohibi- 
tion of  sale 
of  rum. 


July  17. 

Confiscation 
of  property. 


Jcly  IS. 

Grants  of 
laud. 


termination  of  the  chief  civil  affairs,  Avhereunto  the  temporary 
before-mentioned  counsellors  are  ordained,  shall  have  a  cast- 
ing voice,  "where  votes  are  equal. 

"  That  the  new  appointed  counsellors  are  to  take  the  oaths 
to  his  royal  highness. 

"  That  the  laws  of  the  government  established  by  his  royal 
highness,  be  showed  and  frequently  communicated  to  the 
said  counsellors,  and  all  others,  to  the  end  that  being  there- 
Avith  acquainted,  the  practice  of  them  also  in  convenient  time 
be  established,  which  conduceth  to  the  public  welfare  and 
common  justice. 

"  That  no  offensive  war  be  made  against  any  Indians,  be- 
fore you  receive  directions  from  the  governor  for  your  so 
doing. 

"  That  in  all  matters  of  difficulty  and  importance,  you 
must  have  recourse,  by  way  of  appeal,  to  the  governor  and 
council  at  New  York."^     (April  21.) 

An  official  letter  to  Carre  alludes  to  a  former  one  relating 
to  the  Indians  who  murdered  the  servants  of  Mr.  Tom  and 
Peter  Alricks.  They  are  informed  by  one  Rambo,  that  the 
Indians  in  those  parts  desire  there  should  be  an  absolute  pro- 
hibition on  the  whole  river,  of  selling  strong  liquors  to  the 
Indians  ;  Carre  is  therefore  to  unite  with  those  in  the  manage- 
ment of  civil  affairs,  and  with  their  advice  give  the  neces- 
sary orders  for  the  good  government  of  Christians  and 
Indians,  and  what  they  do  shall  be  confirmed.- 

A  certificate  states,  that  at  the  taking  of  fort  and  town  of 
Delaware  from  the  Dutch,  and  reducing  it  to  his  majesty,  all 
the  goods  and  servants  taken  or  seized  in  said  town  and  fort, 
belonging  to  city  of  Amsterdam,  or  their  officers,  were  con- 
fiscated and  made  free  plunder^  and  so  disposed  of  accord- 
ingly ;  and  there  being  several  negroes  taken  away  from 
Peter  Alricks,  who  fell  into  the  hands  of  Ensign  Arthur 
Stock,  he  afterwards  freely  restored  and  bestowed  11  negroes 
on  said  Alricks  as  a  gift,  which  was  allowed  and  approved  of." 

Grants  of  land  made  to  John  Hendricks,  Niels  Nielson, 
jun.,  Hendrick  Nielson,  Mathys  Nielson,  and  Niels  Nielson, 
March  5, 1663,  and  15th  June,  1664,  are  confirmed  to  them 
at  New  Castle,  by  Governor  Lovelace ;  each  to  have  a  plan- 
tation, situate  in  the  Yerdrietige  Hoeck,  extending  to  Stone 


1  Smith's  N  J.  p.  52.     Reg.  Penns 

2  Breviat,  N.  Y.  Records,  p.  38. 


vol.  i.  p.  37.  38, 


3  Ibid. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  373 

kill,  acknowledgment,  5  bushels  of  -wlieat.^  Also  a  confir-  1668. 
mation  of  a  grant  to  Captain  John  Carre,  of  50  and  100  "  •  ' 
acres,  "land  and  bowery,"  on  first  corner  above  the  fort. 

A  certificate  that  William  Tom  came  over  with  the  certi-  August  27. 
fier  in  his  majesty's   service,  and  had  ever  since  been  in  wm.  Tom 
oflSce,  and  for  two  years  last  past  commissary  at  Delaware ;  ^^^^  '^f^^' 
and  having  behaved  well,  asks  for  a  discharge,  which  was 
granted. 

An  order  to  Captain  John  Carre,  "  reciting  that  an  agree-  Dee.  15. 
ment  had  been  made  with  Peter  Ali-icks  about  Mattiuicum,  can-'s  or 
alias  Carr's  Island,  in  Delaware,  and  all  the  stock,   goods,  wattinicum 
and  other  materials  thereon,  heretofore  in  your  care  and  cus- 
tody, therefore  requiring  immediately  to  make  a  surrender  of 
said  island  to  Alricks  or  his  assigns,  and  return  a  true  inven- 
tory of  all  goods,  &c.  which  were  delivered  you  there  by  Sir 
Robert  Carre."^ 

1669. 

Governor  Lovelace  having  last  year  granted  to  the  Lu-  March  2. 
therans,  in  New  York,  liberty  to  send  to  Europe  for  a  minis-  Lutherans 
ter,  they  accordingly  sent,    and  on  20th  February,   1669,  ^""^"ffo^^ 
Rev.   Mr.  Jacobus  Fabricius  arrived  there.     The  governor  minister. 
issued  his  proclamation,  declaring  that  said  Fabricius  has  ^^""''6063' 
leave  to  exercise  the  oflSce  of  pastor,  and  that  he  be  protected  to  Albany; 
in  it  as  long  as  he  and  the  people  behave  orderly,  and  as  long  J.uTended 
as  his  royal  highness  shall  not  order  otherwise.    In  April,  he 
had  a  pass  to  go  to  Albany ;  while  there  he  behaves  ill,  op-  April. 
poses  the  magistrates,  and  imposes  a  fine  of  1000  rix-dollars 
on  the  person  of  Helmar  Otten,  for  complying  with  the  ma- 
gistrates in  the  consummation  of  a  marriage  with  Adriantze 
Arentz,  his  wife,  according  to  the  law  of  the  land.     On  this 
offence.  Governor  Lovelace  orders  him  to  be  suspended  from 
his  functions  in  Albany,  until  his  friends  intercede,  and  the 
magistrates  there  are  willing  he  should  be  restored ;  but  he 
was  allowed  to  preach  in  New  York.^ 

Governor  Lovelace  confirms  a  license  of  alienation  granted  April  2. 
by  the  late  Governor  Nicholls  unto  William  Beekman,  to  sell 
a  house  and  lot  at  Delaware. 

Another  to  Jurien  Jans,  for  land  on  a  neck  above  New  Apruis. 

1  N.  Y.  Records,  in  Breviat,  p.  38. 

2  Breviat.     This  island  is  near  Burlington,  and  not  Tinnicum,  before  men- 
tioned.  3  Albany  Records.     Miller's  MSS.  in  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Library, 

21 


374 


1669. 


April  14. 


May  31. 

Lovelace's 
order  about 
lands  xmder 
Dutch  te- 
nure. 


August  12. 

"Wm.  Tom 
appointed 
collector  of 
quit-rents. 


rinns  and 
others  have 
grant  of 
lands  on  Ap- 
oquinimy. 


Families 
from  Mary- 
land wish  to 
settle  below 
Apoquini- 
my. 


August  12. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

Castle,  containing  46  acres;  quit-rent,  one  bushel  of 
wheat. 

Also,  several  others,  beyond  Christina  kill,  near  Horse 
Neck,  called  Paerd  Hook,  or  Haymakers'  Hook,  in  New  Cas- 
tle, near  Upland ;  to  Bernard  Eken,  a  house  and  lot  in  New 
Castle,  bounded  west  with  church-yard,  and  north  with  the 
mart,  Crane  Hook.^ 

Governor  Lovelace  issues  an  order  to  those  on  Delaware, 
as  well  as  elsewhere,  who  held  the  lands  by  patent  or  ground- 
brief  of  Dutch  tenure,  and  those  who  have  none,  with  all 
convenient  speed,  to  apply  with  or  for  them,  or  be  liable  to 
penalty  by  law.  There  was  an  order  to  this  effect  made  by 
the  court  of  general  assizes  in  1666.^ 

William  Tom  is  appointed  collector  of  quit-rents,  which 
were  imposed  on  all  persons  on  Delaware  who  have  taken  out 
patents,  and  hold  the  lands  under  his  majesty's  ordinance, 
but  who,  neglecting  the  duty,  suppose  they  are  exempt,  which 
would  be  very  unjust  and  unreasonable ;  and  from  all  others 
who  have  no  patents,  and  hold  lands  there,  so  much  as  will  at 
least  be  proportionable  with  the  rest,  for  taking  out  of  whose 
patents  there  is  notice  given  in  another  ordinance.^ 

Governor  Lovelace,  at  the  request  of  William  Tom,  grants 
that  the  Finns  or  others  removing  at  or  about  Delaware,  may 
have  an  enlargement  of  their  bounds,  for  which  they  desire 
to  take  up  some  lands  at  Apoquinimy,  lying  and  being  within 
the  government,  for  the  good  and  welfare  of  the  inhabitants, 
and  encouragement  to  them,  on  condition  that  in  some  con- 
venient time,  a  draft  be  taken  of  said  land,  and  a  return  be 
made  to  him,  together  with  its  extent,  whereon  those  who 
settle  shall  have  patents  for  their  confirmation.* 

Permission  was  also,  on  request  of  William  Tom,  granted 
to  "  some  families  from  Maryland,  to  come  and  settle  upon 
the  kill  below  Apoquinimy,  within  the  government,  to  the 
end  the  said  place  may  be  inhabited  and  manured,  it  tending 
likewise  to  the  increase  of  the  inhabitants."^ 

An  order  is  issued,  permitting  William  Tom  to  take  up, 
kill,  or  mark  wild  hogs,  in  the  woods  near  his  land.*" 

The  following  order  was  directed  by  the  governor  to  the 


1  Breviat,  p.  39. 

2  Albany  Records;  Orders,  &c.,  Minutes  of  Council,  vol.  ii.  p.  234. 

3  Ibid.  p.  268,  209.  ■»  Ibid.  p.  267. 
6  Breviat,  p.  39. 


5  Ibid. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  375 

officers  on  Delaware,  for  the  appreliension  of  a  rebellious    1669. 
Swede,  who  created  much  excitement :  ""^ — ^""^ 

"  Whereas  I  am  given  to  understand  that  there  is  a  certain 
Swede  at  Delaware,  who  gives  himself  out  to  be  son  of  Con-  order  of  go- 
in^smark,  heretofore  one  of  the  king  of  Sweden's  grenerals,  ^"n°'^t°ar- 

°  '  °  o  '    rest  Henry 

and  goes  up  and  down  from  one  place  to  another,  frequently  Coioman, 
raising  speeches,  very  seditious  and  false,  tending  to  the  dis-  ^"th'-'^Lon" 
turbance  of  his  majesty's  peace  and  the  laws  of  the  govern-  Finn,"  or 
ment  in  such  cases  provided,  to  whom  is  associated  one  Henry  property'^ 
Coleman,  one  of  the  Finns,  and  an  inhabitant  at  Delaware, 
"who  hath  left  his  habitation,  cattle,  and  corn,  without  any 
care  taken  for  them,  to  run  after  the  other  person ;  and  it 
being  suspected  that  said  Coleman,  being  well  versed  in  the 
Indian  languages,  amongst  whom  both  he  and  the  other  keep, 
may  watch  some  opportunity  to  do  mischief  to  his  neighbours, 
by  killing  their  cattle,  if  not  worse ;    whereupon  we  have 
already,  according  to  your  duty,  set  forth  your  warrant  to 
apprehend  him,  but  he  cannot  yet  be  met  withal.    These  pre- ' 
sents  are  to  order,  empower,  and  appoint  you  to  set  forth  a 
proclamation  in  my  name,  that  if  the  said  Henry  Coleman 
do  not  come  in  to  you,  and  surrender  himself  up  to  answer 
to  what  shall  be  objected  against  him,  within  the  space  of 
fifteen  days  after  divulging  the  same,  that  then  you  cause  all 
the  estate  belonging  to  him  within  this  government,  to  be 
seized  upon  and  secured  to  his  majesty's  use,  of  which  you 
are  to  send  me  an  account  with  the  first  opportunity.     Given 
under  my  hand  and  seal,  at  Fort  James,  in  New  York,  2d 
August,  1669.1 

One  Outhouse's  goods  were  attached  in  New  York,  but  Aug.  is  &  is. 
permitted  to  be  transported  to  Delaware,  to  be  deposited  till 
debt  be  paid;  the  court,  contrary  to  governor's  orders,  release 
them,  and  give  longer  time  for  payment.  Governor  requires 
court  to  secure  all  charges,  &c.  out  of  debtor's  estate ;  if  they 
cannot,  the  court  themselves  are  to  make  it  good? 

Letters  were  received  from  Captain  Carre  by  the  council,  Sept.  24. 
informing  "  that  an  insurrection  was  very  much  feared  on 
Delaware ;  that  the  chief  was  in  hold,  and  that  several  depo- 
sitions had  been  taken :"  the  following  order  was  passed  by 
the  council : 

"  That  a  letter  of  thanks  be  sent  to  the  officers  there  for  insurrection 
their  great  care.    That  the  "  Long  Finn,"  in  hold  and  in  irons,  ^'^^"'^' 

'  Albany  Records ;  Orders,  &c.  vol.  ii.  p.  2C6.  »  Breviat,  p.  59. 


Finn,  &c 


376  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1669.     be  kept  still  in  safe  custody,  in  like  manner  as  he  is,  until  the 

'    •    '     governor,  or  some  person  commissioned  from  him,  shall  go 

over  to  examine  into,  and  try  the  matter  of  fact,  which  is  of 

Chief  taken,  SO  heinous  and  high  a  nature. 

£°n.  Thanks       "That  all  pcrsons  who  have  had  a  hand  in  the  plot  be 

totheoffi-  bound  over  and  enjoined  to  give  security  to  answer  their 
misdemeanours,  and  account  be  taken  of  their  estates  in  the 
mean  time."^ 

Sept.  25.  The  next  day,  Governor  Lovelace  writes  to  Captain  Carre, 

the  schout,  and  the  commissaries  at  New  Castle : 

<'  That  he  had  received  their  letters  and  packets  of  8th  Sep- 

LetterofGo-  tcmbcr,  in  which  were  enclosed  three  other  copies,  two  of  them 

iTcTrefp^ert-  subscribcd  by  Coningsmark,  the  other  by  Armgart  Printz ; 

ingLong  as  also  affidavits  of  several  persons  about  the  late  insurrection 
occasioned  by  the  long  Swede,  their  prime  incendiary,  on 
which  the  governor  and  council  determine,  first,  to  applaud 
"  their  prudence  and  careful  management,  in  circumventing 
and  securing  the  prime  instigator  of  this  commotion,  to- 
gether with  the  chiefest  of  his  accomplices ;  likewise,  for  your 
future  animation,  that  so  good  and  seasonable  service  both  to 
his  royal  highness  and  the  security  and  tranquillity  of  the 
country  may  not  be  buried  in  oblivion,  I  cannot  but  take  no- 
tice of  it,  and  do  return  thanks,  withal  assuring  you  to  repre- 
sent this  action  to  his  royal  highness  with  such  characteristics 
as  are  justly  due  to  so  worthy  an  undertaking. 

"Next,  I  heartily  wish  myself,  with  you,  to  bring  that 
grand  impostor,  together  with  the  chiefs  of  his  pack,  to  con- 
dign punishment,  but  the  hourly  expectation  I  am  in  of  the 
arrival  of  some  ships  from  England,  by  which  I  look  for 
sevei^al  instructions,  which  will  require  present  despatch,  the 
whole  frame  of  government  standing  at  this  time  still ; 
neither  mayor  nor  aldermen  elected ;  the  grand  assizes  likely 
to  be  prorogued.  *  *  *  So  that  what  I  do  recommend 
to  you  now  must  rather  be  with  respect  to  stopping  of  the 
contagion,  that  it  grow  not  further,  than  by  any  way  of  am- 
putating or  cutting  oflF  any  member,  to  make  the  cure  more 
perfect.  I  would  therefore  have  you  to  continue  the  long 
Swede  in  custody  and  irons,  until  he  can  have  his  trial,  which 
shall  be  as  speedily  as  my  affairs  can  permit,  with  my  pre- 
sence, or  some  of  the  council  sufficiently  authorized  to  hear 
and  determine  that  affair.     For  those  of  the  first  magnitude 

1  Albany  Records;  Council  Minutes,  vol.  iii.  p.  15. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  377 

concerned  with  him,  you  may  either  secure  them  by  imprison-  1669. 
ment,  or  by  taking  such  caution  for  them  to  answer  what  """"^  ' 
shall  be  alleged  and  proved  against  them.  For  the  rest  of 
the  poor  deluded  sort,  I  think  the  advice  of  their  own  coun- 
trymen is  not  to  be  despised,  who,  knowing  their  temper, 
could  prescribe  a  method  for  keeping  them  in  order,  which  is 
severity,  and  laying  such  taxes  on  them  as  may  not  give  them 
liberty  to  entertain  any  other  thoughts  but  how  to  discharge 
them. 

"  I  thought  that  Jeuffro  Papegay,  Armgart  Printz  had 
been  so  discreet  as  not  to  have  meddled  in  so  unworthy  a  de- 
sign ;  for  though  what  she  hath  committed  was  not  of  any 
dangerous  consequence,  yet  it  was  a  demonstration  of  her 
inclination  and  temper  to  advance  a  strange  power,  and  a 
manifestation  of  her  high  ingratitude  for  all  those  indul- 
gences and  favours  she  hath  received  from  those  in  authority 
over  her. 

"  I  perceive  the  little  domine^  hath  played  the  trumpeter 
to  this  disorder.  I  refer  the  quality  of  his  punishment  to 
your  discretion. 

"  I  have  received  a  petition  from  divers  inhabitants  of  De-  Petition  in 
laware,  in  behalf  of  those  that  joined  with  the  Long  Finn ;  loT^fws 
it  came  enclosed  in  Mr.  Peter  Cousturier's  letter,  but  I  shall  associates; 
take  little  notice  of  it,  since  it  came  not  by  your  hands ;  etiquet'te^r 
however,  if  they  shall  make  any  further  publication  to  you  sake. 
about  it,  and  you  send  it  to  me,  with  your  advice  thereupon, 
I  shall  do  therein  what  shall  be  thought  most  fitting  and 
convenient.     I  have  no  more,  but  to  recommend  the  con- 
tinuance of  your  care  of  this  and  the  rest  of  your  public 
affairs  in  your  parts,  to  your  prudence  and  discretion,  which 
is  very  much  relied  upon  by  government.     Your  affectionate 
and  loving  friend."^ 

Governor  Lovelace  confirms  a  patent  granted  by  Stuyve-  October  n. 
sant  to  Peter  Cock,  for  an  island  in  the  Delaware,  lying  and 
,  being  in  a  kill  which  runs  into  the  Schuylkill,  and  by  tides 
into  the  main  river,  containing,  by  estimate,  about  25  mor- 
gens,  or  50  acres  of  improved  land.  John  Penn  and  Thomas 
Penn  grant  a  deed  for  this  in  1734,  the  original  of  which  is 
in  secretary's  ofiice  at  Harrisburg. 

In  council,  the  subject  of  the  insurrection  on  Delaware  by  October  28. 

'  Probably  Fabricius. 

*  Albany  Records,  Orders,  &c.  vol.  ii.  p.  271. 
48  2l2 


378  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1669.     the  Long  Finn,  and  a  rape  committed  by  an  Indian,  were 
'    '    '     taken  up.     The  following  is  their  minute  : 

"  Upon  serious  and  due  consideration  had  of  the  insurrec- 
sentonceand  tiou  beguu  bj  the  Long  Finn  at  Delaware,  who  gave  himself 
of  theToTg   ^^^  *^  ^®  ^^®  son  of  Coningsmark,  a  Swedish  general,  and 
Finn,  for  re-  the  dangcrous  consequences  thereof,  it  is  adjudged  that  the 
said  Long  Finn  deserves  to  die  for  the  same ;  yet  in  regard 
that  many  others  being  concerned  with  him  in  the  insurrec- 
tion, might  be  involved  in  the  same  premunire,  if  the  rigour 
of  the  law  should  be  extended,  and  amongst  these  divers  sim- 
ple and  ignorant  people,  it  is  thought  fit  and  ordered,  that 
the  said  Long  Finn  be  publicly  and  severely  whipped,  and 
stigmatized  or  branded  on  the  face  with  the  letter  R,  with  an 
inscription  written  in  great  letters,  and  put  upon  bis  breast, 
that  he  received  this  punishment  for  attempting  rebellion ; 
after  which,  that  he  be  secured  until  he  can  be  sent  and  sold 
to  the  Barbadoes,  or  some  other  of  those  remote  plantations. 
That  the  chiefest  of  his  accomplices,  and  those   concerned 
with  him,  must  do  and  forfeit  to  his  majesty  half  of  their 
goods  and  chattels,  and  that  a  small  mulct  or  fine  be  imposed 
on  the  rest  that  were  drawn  in  and  followed  him,  the  which 
shall  be  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  commissioners,  who  shall 
be  appointed  to  make  inquiry  into  and  examine  the  same. 
"  That  the  Indian  who  committed  the  rape  on  the  body  of 
Punisiiment  the  Christian  woman,  be  put  to  death,  (if  he  can  be  found,) 
of  Indian      ^^^  ^-^^  £^^j  ^^^^^   accordin(]i;  to  the  sentence  already  passed 

for  rape.  '  o  ^     j. 

upon  him,  and  that  the  sachems  under  whom  he  is,  be  sent 
to,  that  they  deliver  him  up,  that  justice  may  be  executed 
upon  him  accordingly."^ 

Governor  Lovelace  being  unable  to  proceed  to  Delaware 
December  2.  to  try  the  persons  engaged  in  the  rebellion,  issues  his  com- 
mission to  certain  persons  there,  to  attend  to  the  trial,  as 
follows : 

"  Whereas  there  has  lately  happened  an  insurrection  at 
Commission  Delaware,  by  some  evil-minded  persons,  enemies  to  his  majesty 
toOTrtair'  and  the  peace  of  this  government,  which  might  have  proved 
persons,  to     Qf  daufferous  consequence,  had  not  the  ringleaders  been  sur- 

try  and  exe-  .  .  .  .  .    . 

cute  sen-       priscd,  and  so  prevented  of  their  wicked  designs,  by  the  vigi- 
tences  on      jaucc  and  carc  of  the  officers  there ;  all  which  having  been 

those  con-  •iii-  c  M 

cernedinthe  represented  to  me,  I  have,  with  the  advice  of  my  council, 
insurrection,  j^j^^c  somo  rcsolutions  thercou,  which  are  speedily  to  be  put 

'  Albany  Records,  Council  Minutes,  vol.  iii.  p.  15. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  379 

in  execution.  I  have  thouglit  fit,  &c.,  to  nominate  and  ap-  1669. 
point  *  *  *  to  be  commissioners,  to  give  order  and  take  '""''  ' 
care  that  the  act  of  council  be  put  in  execution,  according  as 
you,  or  any  five  of  you,  of  which  Matthias  Nicholls  to  be 
one  and  president,  power  to  call  for  any  such  person  or  persons 
as  are  now  in  hold  on  this  account,  and  to  pronounce  sentence 
against  them,  according  to  directions  herewith,  and  also  to 
summon  all  others  suspected  to  appear  before  you,  and  lay 
such  fines  as  you  may  think  fit  for  the  use  of  his  majesty. 
You  may  administer  oaths,  commit  the  refractory  to  prison, 
or  release  as  you  see  cause,  &c."-^ 

This  year,  it  is  believed,  or  not  long  after,  a  building  was  First  swed- 
erected,  which  was  afterwards  fitted  up  as  the  first  Swedish  '^^J^g*^' 
church,  at  Wiccaco,  on  the  spot  or  near  where  the  present  buut. 
one  now  stands.     It  had  loop-holes,  that  it  might  be  used  as 
a  place  of  defence  against  Indians  or  other  enemies.     The 
precise  time,  however,  does  not  appear  to  be  ascertained. 
See  1677.2 

1670. 

The  council  return  thanks  to  the  magistrates  on  Delaware  Fetruary4 
for  their  conduct  in  the  case  of  William  Douglass,  and  con- 
sider the  order  of  the  special  court  at  New  Castle,  that  there 
be  an  officer  appointed  among  them  to  keep  the  peace,  &;c. 

Ordered,  in  regard  to  Douglass,  who  hath  behaved  himself  Douglass  to 
so  ill  at  Whorekill,  he  shall  be  continued  in  prison  until  fur-  pr^^^^^be 
ther  orders,  but  that  his  irons  be  taken  off;  however,  if  he  transported. 
can  give  security  not  to  return  to  Whorekill,  &c.,  he  may  be 
discharged.^ 

Two  orders  issued  respecting  the  Long  Finn  f  one  to  Mr.  orders  re- 
Cousseau,  to  receive  him,  and  the  other  to  Captain  Manning,  ^ong  f^uuj, 
the  sherifi",  to  deliver  him,  according  to  sentence. 

The  Long  Finn  was  put  on  board  Mr.  Cousseau's  ship,  to  February  5. 
be  transported  to,  and  sold  at  Barbadoes,  according  to  the  Long  Finn 
sentence  of  the  court  at  Delaware,  and  a  warrant  issued  to  Barbadoes. 
the  captain  of  the  ship,  dated  at  Fort  James,  to  carry  him  to  , 

Barbadoes,  and  sell  him  there  as  servants  are  sold,  and  to  re- 
turn the  proceeds  to  New  York. 

The  governor  informs  Captain  Carre  that  Douglass,  who  March  8. 
has  been  so  troublesome  on  Delaware,  has  been  sent  ofi"  to 

'  Albany  Rcrords;  Court  of  Assizes,  vol.  ii.  p.  93.  ^  Clay,  p.  G4. 

3  Council  Minutes,  Albany,  vol.  iii.  p.  17.  4  Ibid.  p.  10. 


380 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1670. 


March  10. 

Schout  and 
commis- 
saries. 


March  25. 

Duty  of  10 
per  cent,  re- 
newed. 


April  21, 


New  England,  with  orders  not  to  return  to  New  York,  or 
amongst  those  on  Delaware ;  and  also  sends  Carre  a  commis- 
sion to  suppress  any  trouble  he  may  cause.^ 

Schout  and  commissaries  commissioned  for  Whorekill,  to 
keep  good  order,  try  all  differences  under  <£10,  among  them- 
selves, viz.  Hermans  Fredrickson,  schout,  and  Sanders  Wat- 
son, Oele  Walgast,  and  William  Claeson,  commissaries.- 

The  governor  renews  the  custom  and  duty  of  10  per  cent. 
on  all  European  goods  imported  into  Whorekill,  on  all  furs 
and  peltry  exported,  and  appoints  Martin  Krieger  collector  of 
it.  Goods  not  paying  to  be  confiscated ;  returns  to  be  made 
to  governor.^ 

The  following  is  the  order  : 

"  Whereas  I  am  given  to  understand  that  all  European 
goods  imported  at  the  Whorekill,  in  Delaware  Bay,  did  here- 
tofore pay  custom  at  the  rate  of  <£10  per  cent.,  and  all  furs 
and  peltry  exported  from  thence  at  the  same  rate,  which 
turned  to  some  advantage  towards  the  support  of  government, 
upon  mature  advice  and  consideration  had  thereof,  I  have 
thought  fit  to  renew  the  former  custom,  and  do  therefore 
hereby  order  and  appoint  Captain  Martin  Krieger,  who  is  a  per- 
son well  versed  in  the  trade  of  those  parts,  and  very  well 
known  there  both  to  the  Christians  and  Indians,  to  be  receiver 
and  collector  of  the  customs  at  the  Whorekill,  where,  by  him- 
self or  his  deputy,  he  is  to  receive  10  per  cent,  of  all  Euro- 
pean goods  imported  there,  whether  coming  from  this  place, 
New  Castle  in  Delaware,  or  any  other  part,  and  10  per  cent, 
also  for  all  furs  or  peltry  exported  from  thence,  according  to 
former  custom  and  usage  on  that  behalf;  and  all  persons 
whatsoever  trading  thither,  or  from  thence  to  any  other  place, 
are  to  take  notice  thereof,  and  to  obey  this  my  commission, 
under  the  penalty  of  confiscation  of  their  goods,  if  they  shall 
presume  to  do  otherwise,  the  said  Captain  Krieger  standing 
obliged  to  be  answerable  here,  for  all  such  customs  as  shall 
be  received  by  himself  or  deputy  there,  of  which  he  is  to 
render  unto  me  a  due  and  exact  account."^ 

The  governor  makes  the  following  decision  respecting 
Fabricius : 

In  consequence  of  several  complaints  last  year  made  to  the 
governor,  "  by  the  magistrates  of  Albany,  against  Magister 

'  Albany  Records ;  Court  of  Assizes,  vol.  ii.  p.  125.  2  Ibid.  vol.  xvii. 

3  Breviat,  p.  39.         *  Smith's  Hist.  N.  J.  p.  55.   Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  76. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  381 

Jacobus  Fabricius,  pastor  of  tbe  Augustan   Confession,  in     1670. 
that  he  intrenched  upon  the  civil  authority  there,  I   then     *    '    ' 
thought  good  to  suspend  his  ministerial  functions  at  Albany, 
until,  either  by  letters,  or  mediation  of  friends,  he  should  be  rct.  Fatri- 
reconciled  to  the  magistrates  there,  and  I  from  them  should  ""'''' *7°"' 
receive  a  testimony  of  his  reconciliation,  the  which  he  hath  bany.  is 
in  no  measure  performed,  and  there  being  now  a  difference  ^"''P'^"'^^'*  "» 

'^  '  °  his  functions 

depending  before  me  between  the  said  magister  and  burghers  there,  but  at 
of  this  city,  for  the  reasons  aforesaid,  and  for  some  other  ^ew  York  to 
considerations,  I  have  thought  for  the  present  to  continue  the  exercise 
suspension  of  said  magister's  ministerial  functions  at  Albany;     '^™' 
and  think  it  not  convenient,  therefore  to  order  that  he  go 
up  thither  until  I  go  myself,  which  I  intend  this  summer, 
when  all  differences  between  said  magister  and  the  magistrates 
or  others  there,  may  better  be  composed,  or  the  occasion  re- 
moved, by  my  presence.  In  the  mean  time,  the  said  magister, 
Jacobus  Fabricius,  hath  liberty  to  exercise  his  functions  here 
in  these  parts  as  heretofore,  without  any  disturbance,  pro- 
vided he  likewise  give  no  trouble  or  molestation  to  others 
differing  in  judgment  fi'om  him."^ 

Governor  writes  to  Carre,  "that  he  grants  to  Jacobus  Fab-  April 23. 
ricius,  pastor  of  the  Lutheran  Confession,  commonly  called  ne  and  his 
the  Augustan,  who  by  the  duke's  license  hath  a  congregation  pass  to  go  to 
here,  a  pass  to  him  and  his  wife  to  go  to  New  Castle,  or  any  ^^''^aware. 
place  on  Delaware,  and  requests  him  to  show  him  all  civil 
respect  when  he  comes  there,  and  take  care  that  he  receive 
no  affront ;  and  presumes  he  will  so  comport  himself  with  that 
civility  and  moderation  as  to  give  no  just  occasion  of  offence 
to  others."     He  also  recommends  to  Carre  a  suit  which  the 
magister  will  have  there  in  behalf  of  his  wife,  who  was  a 
widow  of  Sneaf  Dircks  Van  Bergh,   of  New  York,   for  a 
house  and  lot  at  New  Castle.- 

"  There  are  very  few  inhabitants,  and  they  mostly  Swedes, 
Dutch,  and  Finns ;  the  people  are  settled  all  along  the  west  Present  state 
side  of  the  Delaware,  sixty  miles  above  New  Castle,  which  ll^^^ '^°"^' 
is  the  principal  town.    The  land  is  good  for  all  sorts  of  Eng- 
lish grain,  and  wants  nothing  but  people  to  populate  it,  being 
capable  of  entertaining  many  hundred  families."^ 

Niel  Nielsen  and  others   complain  to   the  governor  that 

1  Albany  Records;  Court  of  Assize,  vol.  ii.  p.  ,153. 

2  Ibid.  p.  150.     See  I'aj)er-Book,  p.  39. 

3  Hubbard,  in  Mass.  Hist.  Soo.  Coll.  vol.  vi.  p.  675,  2d  series. 


382 
1670. 


May  26. 

Governor  de- 
cides against 
the  court. 


Septemlwr  3. 

Governor 
censures  ma- 
gistrates in 
case  of  mur- 
ders. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

William  Tom,  through  misrepresentation,  obtained  a  patent 
on  Trinity  Hook,  previously  patented  to  them,  and  has,  by 
order  of  the  court,  forbidden  them  to  cut  hay  or  feed  the 
marsh.  The  governor  decides'  they  "  shall  enjoy  -svhat  is 
granted  on  their  patent,  any  patent,  grant,  or  order  of  court 
to  William  Tom  notwithstanding."^ 

Governor  Lovelace,  in  a  letter  to  Captain  Carre,  says,  "  I 
cannot  but  express  my  sadness  for  the  misfortune  these  poor 
people  have  suifered  under,  (alluding  to  a  '  new'  murder  com- 
mitted,) so  I  cannot  acquit  the  magistrates  of  New  Castle,  of 
too  much  remissness  and  security  in  relation  to  the  Indians, 
particularly  in  not  avenging  the  last  murder,  committed  on 
3Ir.  Tom's  servant,  the  commission  of  which  may  be  a  great 
inducement  to  the  Indians  to  perpetrate  this  villany,  which 
they  have  lately  acted.  Make  discovery  of  the  guilty; 
strengthen  the  garrison  by  repairs  of  decayed  works,  and 
likewise  men ;  secure  from  surprise  by  watches  ;  summon  your 
command,  and  consult  with  them  the  best  mode  of  discover- 
ing the  murderers,  and  demand  or  force  the  Indians  to  deliver 
up  and  punish.- 

Governor  and  council  abolish  customs  lately  laid  at  Whore- 
kill,  at  request  of  inhabitants,  "  provided  they  do  not  sell  too 
large  quantities  of  liquors  to  the  Indians,  nor  prejudice  their 
neighbours  at  New  Castle,  upon  which  they  are  to  have  their 
dependence."^ 

Peter  Gronendike  is  allowed  to  trade  with  Indians  at 
Whorekill. 

The  governor  recommends  to  Captain  Carre,  as  it  is 
winter,  to  disband  some  of  his  men,  as  there  is  no  danger  at 
this  season  from  the  Indians ;  diminish  expenses,  and  enlist 
again  in  the  spring.  To  let  governor  know  if  he  requires  any 
force  from  New  York.'^ 

1671. 

James  Mills  is  commissioned  by  Governor  Lovelace,   "  as 
surveyor  of  land  at  Whorekill  and  parts  adjacent,  he  behav- 
7anuaryi9.   ing  according  to  the  custom  and  practice  of  surveyors  in 
these  his  royal  highness's  territories."^ 


November  1. 

Customs 
abolished, 


Nov.  26. 

Soldiers  dis- 
banded dur- 
ing winter. 


'  Albany  Records  ;  Breviat,  p.  39. 

2  Albany  Records ;  Council  Minutes,  p.  232.     New  Castle  Records,  lib.  A. 
p.  63.     Breviat. 

3  N.  Y.  Records;  Breviat,  p.  39.  *  Breviat,  p.  40. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  383 

Governor  grants  "a  license  to  William  Mills,  to  purchase     1671. 
land  south  of  the  town,  at  the  Whorekill."^  "    •    ' 

The  governor  informs  the  inhabitants  of  Delaware  that 
the  affair  with  the   Indians   is  respited  till  Captain  Carr's  March  e. 
arrival.'^ 

The  governor  instructs  Martin  Krjgier  on  various  matters,  March  27. 
as  follows : 

"  Instructions  from  the  governor  to  Martin  Krygier,  being  jj  Krygior-a 
bound  to  Whorekill :  instructions. 

"  1st.  To  bring  him  an  account  of  the  increase  or  decrease 
of  the  inhabitants  there,  and  whether  any  new  families  are  re- 
solved to  settle  there  under  protection  of  his  royal  highness. 

"  2d.  To  give  him  an  account  of  the  civil  officers,  and 
whether  the  schout  is  to  be  altered  this  next  ensuing  year, 
and  that  the  person  to  succeed  be  recommended  to  me,  whom 
I  will  authorize  for  two  years. 

"  3d.  To  inquire  concerning  those  Indians  that  murdered 
John  De  Caper's  people,  and  to  let  me  know  under  what 
jurisdiction  they  live. 

"  4th.  To  bring  the  mill-stones,  with  the  appurtenances, 
with  you,  unless  the  inhabitants  have  need  of  them,  and 
agree  with  you  for  them  in  present  pay ;  this  to  be  proffered 
to  Mr.  Mills  first. 

"  5th.  To  remove  the  customs,  and  restore  them  to  their 
ancient  liberty."^ 

A  pass  is  granted  by  Governor  Lovelace,  at  New  York,  for  j^p^-nn^ 
the  ketch  "Prudence,"  to  and  from  New  Castle."^  a  pass. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  council  in  New  York,  the  murders  April  25. 
committed  by  Indians,  and  the  selling  of  strong  drinks  to  Murders. 
them,  are  considered.     They  say,  "  the  murderers  are  known,  seiiingu- 
but  for  the  present  it  is  not  thought  convenient  to  prosecute 
to  the  utmost." 

Captain   Carr   "relates    the  desire  of   many  families  to  Manyiami- 
come  and    settle   below   New  Castle,  at   iVpoquinimy   and  [„  g^ui^ir 
Bombay  Hook  ;    to  be  considered  of.     The  most  eminent  Apoquimmy. 
amongst  them  are  Mr.  Jones,  Mr.  Wharton,  Mr.  Whale.     A 
letter  is  to  be  written  to  some  of  them  about  the  settlement."^ 

The  officers  on  Delaware  are  ordered  to  bring  a  man  from  May  5. 
New  Castle  to  New  York,  for  a  debt  to  one  Peter  Jego.^ 

•  Brcviat,  p.  40.  2  j^id,  3  Court  of  Assizes,  vol.  ii.  p.  135,  325. 

*  Albany  Records ;  Court  of  Assizes,  vol.  ii.  p.  332. 

6  Council  Minutes,  vol.  iii.  p.  57.  6  Court  of  Assizes,  vol.  ii.  p.  335. 


384  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1671.         Governor  Lovelace  confirms  to  Swen  Gonderson,  Swen 

"    '    '     Swenson,    Oele   Swenson,   and  Andrew   Swenson,   a  patent 

granted  by  the  Dutch  governor,  dated  May  5,  1664,  for  "  a 

May  13.        Certain  piece  of  land  lying  above  Moyamensing  kill,  and  so 

Grants  con-    Stretching  upwards  in  breadth  400  rods,  and  in  length  into 

Snsous!'''  *^e  woods,  600  rods,  amounting  in  all  to  800  acres,  or  400 

morgen  ;  quit-rent  to  his  majesty,  8  bushels  wheat. "^     (--lay 

3,  1669.) 

These  dimensions  are  about  two  miles  by  one  and  a  half. 
It  is  not,  we  believe,  precisely  known,  which  was  Moyamen- 
sing kill ;  some  suppose  it  the  present  Hay  Creek.  Penn 
made  an  exchange  with  these  proprietors,  by  lands  on  Schuyl- 
kill, finding  the  above  to  interfere  with  his  plans  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  city. 

The  council  have  before  them  "  Captain  Ivrygier's  business 
May28.  about  the  Whorekill,"  and  direct  that  the  "purchase  of  the 
Purchase  of  Whorckill  by  the  Dutch  be  recorded,"  (where?)  and  various 
^^'^t'^ul     other  matters  ;  among  which  is  the  shipwreck'  of  Captain  Jan 

l)y  Dutch  to  '  «3  IX 

be  recorded,   dc  Capcr's  sloop,  and  the  loss  of  her  crew,  who  were  at  first 

Caper's "'^'^  supposcd  to  havc  bccn  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  which  seems 

Bioop.  Go-    to  have  excited  much  sympathy,  as  an  examination  had  been 

Maryland  to  Hiadc  by  Captain  Krygier,  and  three  papers  received  from 

be  written  to  Captain  Carr  in  relation   to  it,  from  which  they  say,  "in 

regard  of  the  uncertainty  of  the  manner  of  that  disaster, 

and  where   certainly  it  fell,  whether  in  his  royal  highness's 

dominions  or  in  Maryland,  it  is  ordered,  that  a  letter  be  sent 

to  the  governor  of  Maryland,  to  know  what  their  opinion  is 

hereupon,  but  for  some  time  to  suspend  the  sending  it,  some 

persons  being  expected  from  thence  suddenly,  who  may  give 

further  light  therein.     The  matters  from  Whorekill  are  well 

approved  of."^ 

The  following  is  the  letter  written  to  governor  of  Mary- 
june  1.        land : 

Letter  to  go-  The  govcmor  first  congratulates  him  on  his  safe  arrival  in 
Ternor  of  Maryland  ;  then  asks  his  interposition  to  endeavour  to  hear 
An  affecting  of  and  rccovcr  the  children  of  Mrs.  Courtree  and  John  De 
ws^Itdfn  Caper,  the  first  having  one,  and  the  latter  three  sons,  who 
discovering  havc  been  in  vain  sought  for  from  Delaware.  "  All  the  light 
lostfrom'the  ^'®  ^^^  discovcr  as  yet  is,  that  in  January,  (on  information,) 
sloop.  one  Henry  De  Baker,  alias  Trowstat,  repaired  to  Ferquakeri, 

1  Recorded  August  31,  1741,  at  Upland.     Also,  Phil.  Book  A.  vol.  ix.  p.  363. 

2  Albany  Records;  Council  Minutes,  vol.  iii,  p.  60,  61. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  385 

an  island  on  the  sea-coast,  on  the  confines,  but  could  find  1671. 
little.  In  February,  on  fresh  intelligence,  he  made  another  '  ■  ' 
journey  thither,  accompanied  with  two  others,  viz.  John 
Bowyer  and  OlofF  Swans,  a  Swede,  where,  (after  great  diffi- 
culty,) they  arriving  at  the  same  place,  found  at  last  the  boat 
belonging  to  the  sloop,  with  two  oars  in  it,  and  a  chest,  but 
saw  no  human  creatures,  either  civil  or  savage,  and  returned 
■with  this  relation ;  since  which  a  fresh  report  is  arrived,  that 
some  of  the  company  was  murdered,  and  some  of  the  youths 
preserved  alive,  it  being  customary  to  those  natives  to  treat 
youth  with  more  tenderness.  Thus  far,  we  have  traced  the 
sad  catastrophe  of  the  sloop ;  it  now  remains  for  you  to  pro- 
ceed to  a  full  discovery  what  has  become  of  the  surviving 
children,  whose  parents  not  only  with  tears  supplicate  your 
generous  assistance,  but  will  likewise,  with  all  demonstrations 
of  gratitude,  compensate  expenses."^ 

The  council  order  that  the  persons  of  the  Lutheran  pro-  June  s. 
fession,  who  consented  or  subscribed  to  the  payment  of  the  Lutherans  to 
church  house,  (at  New  York  ?)  pay  their  proportion  accord-  ^^^  '^*''"" 
ing  to  agreement,  and  likewise  pay  to  the  pastor,  Fabricius, 
the  portion  of  his  salary  to  the  time  of  the  late  public  dis- 
agreement.^ 

Certain  propositions  are  made  by  Delaware  to  the  gover-  June  24. 
nor.     They  say,  "  that  the  town  of  New  Castle,  being  the  Propositions 
strength   of   the   river,   and    only   capable  to  defend  itself  ti'^  to'^^over^ 
against  the  sudden  violence  and  incursion  of  the  Indians,"  nor. 
they  think  they  ought  to  be  encouraged,  and  therefore  ask, 

"  1st.  For  a  block-house,  to  be  erected  in  some  convenient  Blockhouse 
place  of  the  town,  where  constant  watch  may  be  kept,  (now  yortj^nde-  ' 
the  fort  is  fallen  to  ruin  and  decay,)  for  common  defence,  cay. 
which  will  not  cost  much,  and  may  be  at  the  expense  of  the 
inhabitants  of   town  and  county."       To  this  the  governor 
assents. 

"2d.  That  no  sloop  or  vessel  from  New  Castle,  or  any  No  vessel  to 
other  place,  go  up  the  river  above  the  town,  to  trade,  as  totradT" 
it  will  ruin  New  Castle." 

3d.  They  assign  as  a  reason  for  the  2d,  that  "  those  that  go  Reason  for  it 
up  receive  ready  payment  in  peltry  or  corn  for  the  liquor  "^■^'^"'^  ' 
which  they  sell  by  retail,  and  the  inhabitants  cannot  collect 
their  debts."     The  governor  requires  a  former  order  to  be 
enforced. 

'  Albany  Records ;   Court  of  Assizes,  vol.  ii.  p.  355.  2  Ibid. 

49  2K 


386 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1671. 


Number  of 
tappers  of 
liquor  to  be 
fixed. 

Constables 
to  be  ap- 
pointed. 
King's  arms 
to  be  set  up 
in  courts. 


Old  grants 
confirmed. 
Terms  of 
new  ones. 


Sundry 

charges  to  be 
reimbursed 
by  governor. 


Koad  be- 
tween Dela- 
ware and 
Maryland  to 
be  opened. 

Corn  mea- 
surer.   In- 
spector of 
beef  and 
pork. 

Mill  on  Car- 
coon's  Hook. 


"  4th.  To  prohibit  distillation  from  corn,  which  consumes  an 
immense  quantity  of  grain,  &c."  Governor  orders  that  no 
person  shall  distil  "without  license,  and  pay  one  guilder  per 
can,  -which  is  to  go  to  repairing  the  new  block-house,  fort,  or 
other  public  works. 

"  5th.  To  ascertain  the  number  of  victuallers  or  tappers  of 
strong  drink ;  i.  e.  three  only  for  the  town,  and  some  few  up 
the  river. 

"  6th.  That  constables  be  appointed  to  keep  the  peace ;  have 
staves  with  king's  arms  upon  them. 

"  7th.  King's  arms  to  be  set  up  in  courts  of  judicature, 
which,  and  the  staves,  they  will  pay  the  expenses  of. 

To  these  last  three  the  governor  assents. 

"8th.  That  grants  of  plantations  made  by  officers  be  con- 
firmed." The  governor  allows  all  grants  heretofore  made  by 
officers  at  Delaware ;  those  now  presented  by  Carr  and 
Wharton  to  have  patents  on  same  terms  as  the  rest  of  Dela- 
ware ;  each  planter  obliged  to  settle  in  convenient  time,  and 
maintain  also  a  house  and  lot  in  town  or  towns  to  be  erected 
for  mutual  defence.  He  who  hereafter  desires  to  take  up 
land,  to  make  it  known  to  the  governor,  who,  if  he  see  cause, 
will  grant  order  for  survey ;  officers  to  encoui'age  applications. 

"  9th.  That  several  orders  passed  at  and  about  the  time 
of  trial  of  the  Long  Finn,  as  well  about  public  charges  as  the 
Whorekills  having  officers  subordinate  to  those  of  New  Castle ; 
as  also  for  clearing  highways,  maintaining  fences,  &c.,  for 
well  government  of  that  place  be  reimbursed  by  your  honour's 
approbation."  The  governor  decides  that  these  orders,  «S:c. 
shall  stand  good,  and  duplicates  returned. 

"  10th.  As  neighbours  of  Maryland  have  offered  to  clear 
half  the  way  between  Mr.  Augustan  Heermans's  plantation 
and  town  of  New  Castle,  order  those  of  Delaware  to  clear 
the  other  half,  as  it  will  be  a  great  benefit  to  travelling  and 
commerce. 

"  11th.  They  ask  for  appointment  of  a  corn  measurer,  and 
inspector  also  of  beef  and  pork."  To  both  of  these  the 
governor  agrees. 

»<  12th.  That  there  being  a  mill,  or  most,  if  not  all  the  ap- 
purtenances thereto  belonging,  upon  Delaware  River,  at  the 
Carcoon's  Hook,  which  heretofore  appertained  to  the  public, 
and  now  is  endeavoured  to  be  engrossed  by  some  particular 
persons  for  private  uses,  may  be  taken  into  his  royal  high- 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  887 

ness's  hands,  by  which  some  benefit  will  accrue,  and  being    1671. 
kept  in  good  repair,  will  be  of  public  benefit."     On  this  the     *^    ' 
governor  orders  for  the  mill-stones  in  the  mud  not  used,  the 
mill  to  be  let  out  to  best  advantage,  profit  to  go  to  the  pub- 
lic ;  the  mill-stones  to  be  taken  up  and  preserved. 

The  governor  further  leaves  to  the  discretion  of  the  officers  seiimg  li- 
the selling  of  liquor  to  the  Indians ;  orders  the  materials  in  ^^^"^ '°  ^* 
the  fort  to  be  taken  care  of,  or  disposed  of  towards  erecting  Materials  in 
the  new  fort  or  block-house;  and  lastly,  that  the  tenure  of  JJ"/""' '^ '"' 
land  at  Delaware  be  held  in  free  and  common  soccage,  as  his  Tenure  of 
majesty's  patent  holds  them,  according  to  manor  of  East  1™^^°"°'^" 
Greenwich,  only  this  province  to  pay  quit-rent,  as  acknow- 
ledged to  his  royal  highness.^ 

A  general  order  against  distilling  without  license,  on  the  June  24. 
Delaware,  distillers  giving  their  names  to  the  officers  at  New  Distilling 
Castle,  and  paying  one  guilder  per  can  in  seawan.  liquors. 

Grants  of  land  at  Whorekill  to  be  confirmed,  as  for  other  Grants  at 
lands,  upon  proviso  of  settling  the  land  and  a  house,  in  an  ^on^r^ed. 
appointed  town  near  them,^ 

Walter  Wharton  is  appointed  by  Governor  Lovelace  sur-  June  27. 
veyor-general  on  the  west  side  of  Delaware ;  any  previous  w.  whartoa 
appointments  are  revoked.^  ^enlrir 

In  council,  the  business  of  granting  patents  on  Delaware 
was  taken  up.     Captain  Carr  declares  that  Governor  Nicholls  J^iy  i- 
gave  the  officers  orders  to  make  grants  of  land  to  those  who  Grants  and 
would  plant  there,  which  being  transmitted  to  the  governor,  ^^^^ 
he  was  pleased  to  give  patents  to  them.     An  order  also  made 
relating  to  the  grant  to  Mr.  Mills,  which  is  to  extend  only  to 
Whorekill  lands,  though  parts  adjacent,  on  south  side  of  the 
Whorekills,  are  mentioned.* 

The  difierence  between  Jacobus  Fabricius,  pastor,  and  the  ^^^y  6- 
Lutheran  Confession,   appears  to  be  irremediable,  as  they  J-  Fabricius 
desire  '<  that  they  may  have  nothing  further  to  do  with  him,  ^°^"^' 
nor  that  he  may  any  more  molest  them,  and  that  a  person  be 
appointed  to  settle  accounts."     A  commission  is  appointed.^ 

Complaints  are  again  made  to  the  governor  by  divers  of  juiy  9. 
the  Lutheran  and  Aujjrustan  church,  (in  New  York.)  against  further 

°  ,    .  .  '/      O  complaints 

Magister  Jacobus  1  abncius,  the  pastor,  wherein  they  charge  a-ainst 

Fabricius. 
'  Albany  Records;  Court  of  Assizes,  vol.  ii.  p.  381 ;  vol.  iii.  p.  G3. 

2  Council  Minutes,  vol.  iii.  p.  03. 

3  Albany  Records;  Court  of  Assizes,  vol.  ii.  p.  378. 
*  General  Entries,  vol.  iii.  p.  G4. 

i  Albany  Records  ;  Court  of  Assizes,  vol.  ii.  p.  378, 


388 
1671. 


July  21. 


A  pass  for 
a  vessel  from 
New  York  to 
Delaware. 


August  21. 

J.  Fabricius 
prepares  to 
preach  his 
Taledictory 
sermon. 


Sept.  30. 

Murderers 
in  Jersey  ju- 
risdiction. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

"him  with  several  matters  unbefitting  one  of  his  profession, 
and  having  advised  with  council,  and  hereupon  called  to  me 
some  of  the  court  of  aldermen,  and  other  grave  and  sober 
persons  for  the  hearing,  &c.  &c.,  neither  party  being  ready, 
it  is  postponed."  On  the  5th,  an  alderman  and  two  others  had 
been  appointed  to  examine  and  settle  the  differences  in  that 
church.^ 

A  pass  is  granted  to  Mr.  James  Stavely,  to  sail  from  New- 
York  to  Delaware,  in  the  following  words,  and  shows  the 
form  of  such  passes  : 

"  Permit  and  suffer  Mr.  James  Stavely,  merchant,  to  pass 
from  this  port  with  the  ketch  Elizabeth,  whereof  Samuel 
Ambrose  is  master,  to  New  Castle,  in  Delaware  River,  and 
to  return  again  with  her  loading,  without  any  manner  of  let, 
hinderance,  or  molestation  whatsoever.  Given  under  my  hand, 
at  Fort  James,  in  New  York,  this  11th  day  of  July,  23d  of 
his  majesty's  reign,  1671.  Francis  Lovelace. 

"  To  the  officers  of  the  customs,  or  whom  else  it  may 
concern."^ 

It  appears  that  the  Rev.  Mr.  Fabricius,  becoming  at  length 
tired  of  his  situation,  petitions  the  governor  "  for  liberty  to 
give  his  congregation  a  valedictory  sermon,  and  to  instal  the 
new-come  minister,  according  to  the  custom  used  by  those 
of  their  religion,"  which  is  approved  of. 

It  is  not  stated,  excepting  in  the  afiair  at  Albany,  what 
the  particular  cause  of  offence  against  the  "magister"  was; 
it  does  not  appear  that  any  immorality  was  urged  against 
him  ;  but  from  the  fact  being  stated  about  this  time,  <<  of 
several  charges"  being  made  "against  a  minister,"  (not 
named,)  "for  not  baptizing  several  children  on  application," 
which  is  used  as  a  reason  for  withholding  payment  of  his 
salary,  and  for  which  their  goods  were  seized,"  and  supposing 
that  he  may  be  the  minister  alluded  to,  it  is  probable  he  was 
very  rigid,  and  perhaps  tyrannical.  We  shall  hereafter  find 
him  in  another  character,  in  Pennsylvania.^ 

Governor  Lovelace  writes  to  governor  of  New  Jersey,  tell- 
ing him  that  the  murder  of  the  two  Christians,  (Dutchmen,) 
was  by  two  Indians,  confessedly  known,  residing  at  Suscunk, 
four  miles  east  of  Matiniconck  Island,  and  appertaining  to 
his  jurisdiction.     Refers  to  particulars  by  the  bearer.'* 


'  General  Entries,  vol.  iv.  pp.  15 — 17. 

3  Albany  Records;  General  Entries,  vol.  iv.  p.  19. 


2  Ibid.  p.  17. 
*  Ibid.  p.  35. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  889 

The  council  at  New  York  resolve  that  Thomas  Lewis,  now    1671. 
bound  for  New  Castle  in  his  sloop,  be  delayed  three  or  four     "    ^    ' 
days,  that  Peter  Alricks  and  Henry  Cousturier  may  go  with 
him.     That  general  instructions  be  drawn  up  for  them,  suit-  October  5. 
able  to  the  present  state  of  affairs.     That  Governor  Carteret  sioop  de- 
be  ordered  to  call  a  general  assembly  of  New  Jersey,  to  as-  *"'°^'^  *"'' 

*-"  •'        .  .  commission- 

certain  the  strength,  and  how  far  they  will  contribute  towards  ers  to  Deia- 

a  war.     That  constant  correspondence  be  kept  up  between  ^^j^of  jer. 

the  two  governments,  and  a  mutual  understanding,  &c.^  seyassem- 

In  a  letter  of  this  date,  to  William  Tom,  the  governor  ex-  ^^^' 
presses  his  great  surprise  at  what  he  learns  from  Mr.  Tom,  October  c. 
of  the  particulars  of  the  murder  of  the  two  Christians  by  the  Letter  from 
Indians,  as  Captain  Carr  had  so  lately  assured  him  "  that  all  LovIh^Tto 
things  between  you  and  the  Indians  were  so  firmly  settled  Mm. Tom. 
that  there  was  hardly  any  room  left  for  any  jealousy  or  dis-  ^iTsurprte 
trust  of  them  between  you  and  them,  much  less  that  they  atthemur- 
should  so  suddenly  break  out  into  those  unheard  of  cruelties  J^mes  iiim 
and  villanous  murders,  which,  as  their  crimes  have  no  parallel,  ^°^  °o*  ^°^- 
so  I  am  assured  the  vengeance  of  God  will  never  forsake  us,  former  di- 
till  we  avenge  the  blood  of  the  innocent  on  the  contrivers'  rections. 
heads.     Had  my  directions  been  bravely  and  vigorously  pur- 
sued by  you  in  the  last  sad  accident,  I  doubt  not  it  would 
have  prevented  this,  and  I  pray  God  this  sin  be  not  laid  to 
your  charge." 

He  recommends  that  "all  the  frontier  scattering  planta-  course  to  be 
tions  be  ordered  immediately  to  thresh  out  or  remove  all  their  p^^'^"^*^ 
corn,  as  likewise  cattle,  that  so  they  may  receive  the  less 
damage  by  the  effects  of  the  war  that  will  ensue."  Next, 
"  that  none,  on  pain  of  death,  presume  to  sell  any  powder, 
shot,  or  strong  waters  to  the  Indians,  and  that,  in  the  mean 
time,  you  carry,  (if  practicable,)  a  seeming  complacency  with 
that  nation,  by  either  treaty  or  traffic,  that  so  they  may  have 
less  mistrust  of  our  intended  designs ;  but  if  it  can  be  so 
contrived  that  that  nation  will  either  deliver  up  the  murderers 
to  you,  or  their  heads,  you  have  then  liberty  to  assure  that 
nation  of  no  disturbance,  till  I  am  acquainted  therewith." 
The  governor  of  New  Jersey  and  Captain  J.  Carteret  are 
acquainted  with  all  this,  and  will  use  their  endeavours  to 
bring  the  murderers  to  justice."  He  recommends  "a  good 
work  about  the  INIatiniconck  house,  strengthened  with  a  con- 
siderable guard,  it  would  make  an  admirable  frontier."^ 

1  Albany  Records ;  General  Entries,  vol.  iv.  p.  45.         2  Ibid.  vol.  ii.  p.  42. 

2  k2 


390 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1671. 


October  8. 

Indians  not 
to  be 
trusted. 


October  9. 


October  17. 


Resolutions 
and  orders 
of  council,  in 
anticipation 
of  Indian 
war  on  Dela- 
ware, in  con- 
sequence of 
murder  of 
two  Chris- 
tians. 


Governor  Lovelace  submits  the  management  "  connected 
with  the  present  state  of  things"  to  Carr's  "  discretion. 
People  need  not  flatter  themselves  with  accommodation  ;  the 
Indians  have  proved  that  they  are  not  to  be  trusted.  The 
assembly  of  New  Jersey  is  called.  Some  Indians  there  say 
the  nation  are  in  great  fear."^ 

Pass  for  sloop  "  Royal  Oak,"  Thomas  Lewis,  master,  to 
pass  from  New  York  to  Delaware,  and  at  this  particular 
juncture  to  go  up  the  river,  and  trade  and  traffic  as  the  mas- 
ter shall  see  fit. 

The  council  determine,  "  upon  serious  and  mature  consider- 
ation of  what  has  been  returned  by  the  officers  on  Delaware, 
in  answer  to  the  late  orders  sent  thither  concerning  the  bar- 
barous murder  committed  by  some  Indians  on  the  east  side 
of  that  river,  upon  two  Christians  at  Matiniconck  Island, 
it  is  resolved  and  concluded  as  follows : 

"  1st.  That  this  present  season  of  the  year  is  not  a  fit  time 
to  commence  a  war  with  the  Indians  who  shall  take  part  with 
the  murderers,  as  well  for  the  reasons  given  in  writing  from 
the  officers  at  Delaware,  as  for  other  causes  debated  in  coun- 
cil, so  that  the  present  intended  expedition  thither  is  deferred 
until  a  more  convenient  opportunity. 

«  2d.  That,  in  the  mean  time,  all  endeavours  be  used  by 
persons  in  authority  on  Delaware,  to  have  the  murderers 
brought,  either  dead  or  alive ;  for  accomplishing  whereof,  if 
any  reward  shall  be  proposed  or  promised  by  said  officers  for 
the  bringing  them  in,  the  same  shall  be  punctually  made 
good ;  and  for  that  it  may  so  happen  that  the  malefactors,  by 
some  stratagem  or  otherwise,  may  be  taken  alive,  commission 
shall  be  forthwith  granted  by  his  royal  highness's  governor, 
and  herewith  sent,  empowering  and  authorizing  the  officers 
and  magistrates  who  shall  therein  be  named,  to  bring  them  to 
condign  punishment,  by  putting  the  said  murderers  to  death 
in  the  most  public  and  shameful  manner  that  may  be,  so  as 
to  strike  terror  and  consternation  into  the  rest  of  the  Indians 
who  shall  hear  or  see  the  same. 

"  3d.  Whereas  some  resolutions  and  orders  have  been  lately 
made  at  Delaware,  of  their  intention  to  retire  into  towns  for 
their  better  security  against  the  Indians,  in  case  of  a  war, 
that  the  resolutions  are  very  well  approved  of,  and  ordered, 


'  Albany  Records  ;  General  Entries,  vol.  ii.  p.  50. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  391 

that  at  their  best  and  soonest  convenience,  thej  be  put  in     1671. 
execution  accordingly.  ' 

"4th.   The   like  resolution  proposed  as  to  Matiniconck; 
it  being  a  frontier  place,  it  is  also  allowed  and  approved  of,  Resolutions, 
and  shall  be  done  at  first  convenient  season. 

"  5th.  It  is  also  ordered,  that  the  inhabitants  at  New  Castle 
and  parts  adjacent,  upon  Delaware  River,  be  digested  into 
several  companies,  as  the  towns  and  number  of  men  will  per- 
mit, and  upon  return  of  the  names  of  the  officers  that  shall 
be  chosen  amongst  them  to  have  the  command  of  such  com- 
panies, they  shall  have  commissions  for  their  respective  em-  - 
ployments  under  his  majesty's  obedience.  In  meantime, 
those  officers  that  shall  be  chosen  are  to  act  and  proceed  with 
allowance,  till  they  be  confirmed. 

"  6th.  That  every  person  that  can  bear  arms,  from  16  to  60 
years  of  age,  be  always  provided  with  a  convenient  propor- 
tion of  powder  and  bullets,  fit  for  service  and  their  mutual 
defence,  upon  penalty  for  their  neglect  herein,  to  be  imposed 
by  the  commissioned  officers  in  command,  according  to  law. 

"  7th.  That  the  quantity  or  proportion  of  powder  and  shot 
to  be  adjudged  competent  for  each  person,  be  at  least  one 
pound  of  powder  and  two  pounds  of  bullets ;  and  if  the  in- 
habitants on  the  river  shall  not  be  found  sufficiently  provided 
with  arms,  his  royal  highness's  governor  is  willing  to  furnish 
them  out  of  the  magazine  or  stores,  they  being  accomplished 
and  paying  for  what  they  shall  receive,  to  the  governor  or  his 
order. 

"  8th.  That  the  places  where  the  townships  upon  the  ri- 
ver shall  be  kept,  be  appointed  and  agreed  upon  by  the 
schout,  commissaries,  and  the  rest  of  the  officers  there,  ac- 
cording to  the  proposals  sent,  as  also  where  the  block-houses 
and  places  of  defence  shall  be  erected,  as  well  in  the  town  as 
on  the  river. 

"  9th.  That  all  former  prohibitions  of  selling  powder  and 
ammunition  to  the  Indians,  under  what  penalty  soever,  be 
suspended,  or  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  officers,  as  they 
shall  see  occasion,  until  further  orders. 

"  10th.  That  no  corn  or  provision  be  transported  out  of 
Delaware,  unless  that  wliich  is  already  on  board  or  intended 
to  be  shipped  on  the  sloop  of  Thomas  Lewis,  (now  on  that 
river,)  for  which  he  shall  have  a  special  license  or  permit, 
until  further  orders. 


392  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1671.  "  11th.  That  the  ofiBcers  and  magistrates  at  Delaware  be 
" — •  '  hereby  empowered  and  authorized  to  treat  Avith  neighbour 
Indians  of  the  Susquehanna,  or  others,  to  join  together 
against  the  murderers,  and  such  as  shall  harbour  them,  or 
take  their  part,  if  occasion  shall  require,  and  to  promise  such 
reward  as  they  shall  think  fit,  provided  it  be  done  with  great 
privacy  and  caution,  so  that  no  sudden  jealousies  be  given  to 
the  persons  intended  to  be  presented,  or  their  confederates. 

"  12th,  and  lastly.  That  the  afore-recited  officers  and  ma- 
gistrates, upon  all  emergent  occasions,  do  take  care  by  all 
means  that  shall  present,  (as  well  as  by  expresses,)  to  give  an 
account  hither  of  what,  from  time  to  time,  shall  happen  there 
in  relation  to  this  matter,  which  said  expresses  and  messen- 
gers shall  be  well  and  duly  satisfied  for  their  pains  and 
trouble."^ 

Governor  Lovelace,  in  a  letter  to  Captain  Carr,  upbraids 
Nov.  19.  him  for  not  discharging  his  duty,  and  says,  "The  backward- 
Governor  ness  of  the  inhabitants  on  Delaware  has  put  a  stop  to  the 
^hargef  forwarducss  of  those  in  New  Jersey,  who  were  ready  with  a 
Capt.  Carr  handsomc  party  to  have  stepped  into  the  work,  to  bring  the 
Tf  d^ury^^'''^*  murderers  to  condign  punishment ;  and  truly  I  was  much 
while  he  re-  ashamcd  to  see  such  an  infant  plantation  to  outstrip  us,  who 
from'thr  should  havc  been  rather  an  example  to  others  than  to  follow 
duke.  them,  especially  having  the  countenance  of  a  garrison  to  boot, 

and  you  the  principal  officer.  What  account  I  shall  give  to 
his  royal  highness  of  this  remissness,  I  know  not,  other  than 
to  lay  the  blame  where  it  is  justly  due.  For  you  to  receive 
the  duke's  pay  constantly,  and  the  appearance  of  soldiers, 
and  to  let  the  fort  run  so  miserably  to  decay,  and  not  em- 
ploying them  in  the  reparation,  when  they  did  no  duty,  is  but 
just  a  perfect  rent-charge  to  the  duke,  for  it  is  not  reasonable 
that  his  royal  highness  should  be  at  that  charge  only  to  allow 
you  a  salary."^ 

The  governor  not  deeming  it  prudent  to  keep  the  murderer 
Appoints  of  the  Christians  so  long  as  to  communicate  with  New  York, 
special  court  appoj^tg  the  officcrs  and  mao-istrates  in  New  Castle  and  De- 

to  try  mur-        ^^  n  ^    ^  i  •    i  C 

derers.  If    lawaro  Rivcr,  or  any  four  of  them,  to  be  a  special  court  oi 
guilty,  to  he  ^     j.  ^^^  terminer,  to  call  said  malefactors  before  them,  (if 

executed  •'  \  t     •  r>  c  c        •  i  ini,PJ 

forthwith,     taken,)  and  if,  by  proof  or  confession,  they  shall  be  lound 
guilty,  that  death  be  forthwith  executed  upon  them.^ 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  iii.  p.  81. 

2  Albany  Records;  General  Entries,  vol.  iv.  p.  67.  3  Ibid,  vol.  ii.  p.  C3. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  393 

Thomas  Lewis,  who,  with  his  sloop,  was  detained  on  account    1671. 
of  the  Indians,  is  released.  '    •    ^ 

William  Tom  writes  to  Governor  Lovelace,  "  that  about 
eleven  days  since,  Mr.  P.  Alricks  came  from  New  York ;  the  Dec.  25. 
Indians  desired  to  speak  with  us  once  more  concerning  the  Murderer 
murderers,  whereupon  they  sent  for  me  to  Mr.  Peter  Rambo's,  **'^^°  ^'^ 
where  coming,  they  faithfully  promised  within  six  days  to  ceedingswith 
bring  the  murderers,  dead  or  alive ;  whereupon  they  sent  out  ^^^  ^•^*^'^'i»- 
two  Indians  to  the  stoutest,  to  bring  him  in,  not  doubting 
easily  to  take  the  other,  he  being  an  Indian  of  little  courage  ; 
but  the  least  Indian  getting  knowledge  of  the  design  of  the 
sachems,  ran  to  advise  his  fellow,  and  advised  him  to  run,  or 
else  they  would  both  be  killed,  who  answered  he  was  not 
ready,  but  in  the  morning  would  go  with  him  to  the  Maquas, 
and  advised  him  to  go  to  the  next  house,  for  fear  of  suspicion, 
which  he  did,  and  the  two  Indians  coming  to  his  house  at 
night,  the  one  being  his  great  friend,  he  asked  him  if  he  would 
kill  him,  who  answered  "  No,  but  the  sachems  have  ordered 
you  to  die;"  whereupon  he  demanded  "what  his  brothers 
said ;"  who  answered,  "  they  say  the  like."  Then  he,  holding 
his  hands  before  his  eyes,  said,  "Kill  me;"  whereupon  this 
Indian  that  comes  with  Cocker  shot  him  with  two  bullets  in 
the  breast,  and  gave  him  two  or  three  cuts  with  a  bill  on  the 
head,  and  brought  him  down  to  Wicacco,  from  whence  we 
shall  carry  him  to-morrow  to  New  Castle,  there  to  hang  him 
in  chains  ;  for  which  we  gave  to  the  sachems  five  match  coats, 
which  Mr.  Alricks  paid  them.  When  the  other  Indian  heard 
the  shot  in  the  night,  naked  as  he  was,  he  ran  into  the 
woods ;  but  this  sachem  promised  to  bring  the  other  alive, 
for  which  we  have  promised  them  three  match  coats.  The 
sachems  brought  a  good  many  of  their  young  men  with  them, 
and  there  before  us,  they  openly  told  them,  "  Now  they  saw 
a  beginning,  and  all  that  did  the  like  should  be  served  in  the 
same  manner."  They  promised  before  them  and  us,  that  "if 
any  other  murders  were  committed  by  the  Indians  upon  the 
Christians,  that  they  would  bring  the  murderers  to  us."  How 
to  believe  them  we  know  not,  but  the  sachems  seem  to  desire 
no  war.^ 

Various  grants  of  land  are  this  year  made  by  Governor  various 
Lovelace,  south  of  New  Castle,  viz.  300  acres  of  upland,  ^^^^' 
called  "High  Hook,"   to  Jan  Siereks;   400  acres,  called 

'  Albany  Records;  General  Entries,  vol.  iv.  p.  74. 
50 


January  L 

Governor 
approves  of 
hanging  in 
chains. 

License  to  a 
woman  to 
trade  on  De- 
laware. 


January  26. 

License  for 
an  agent  of 
theLutheran 
church  in 
New  York 
to  go  to  De- 
laware to  so- 
licit aid  to 
build  a 
church. 


January  23. 

Prohibition 
on  corn  re- 
moved. 


January  26. 

Patent  to  M. 
Nicholls. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

"Mountain  Neck,"  to  Abraham  Coffin.  From  this  date,  in 
subsequent  years,  others  were  made,  and  the  settlement  was 
rapid,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Apoquinimy.^ 

1672. 

Governor  Lovelace  replies  to  information  received,  that  he 
is  pleased  to  learn  of  the  capture  of  the  murderer,  and  ap- 
proves of  hanging  his  body  in  chains ;  also  of  the  mild  course 
adopted  by  the  commissaries,  and  hopes  it  may  have  an  efiFect 
on  the  murderers  at  Parder  Hook.^ 

A  license  is  granted  to  Mrs.  Susanna  Gardner,  to  trade  to 
Delaware.^ 

Whereas  the  minister  and  officers  of  the  church  of  Augus- 
tan Confession,  or  Lutheran  congregation  in  this  city,  (New 
York,)  under  protection  of  his  royal  highness,  Duke  of  York, 
have  requested  my  license  to  build  and  erect  a  house  for 
their  church  to  meet  in,  toward  which  they  do  suppose  all  or 
most  of  the  profession  will  in  some  measure  contribute,  and 
there  being  divers  of  them  on  the  South  River,  at  Delaware, 
to  which  place  a  sloop  being  now  bound,  a  conveniency  pre- 
sents, so  that  they  have  pitched  upon  Martin  Hoopman,  to 
negotiate  there  for  them.  [Here  follows  the  usual  pass.] 
The  officers  there  are  likewise  required  no  way  to  hinder  or 
molest  said  Martin  Hoopman  in  his  endeavours  of  collecting 
the  benevolence  of  such  of  the  Lutheran  profession  in  those 
parts  towards  the  hitents  aforesaid,  provided  it  does  no  way 
hinder  or  tend  to  make  division  or  disturbance  amongst  the 
people,  nor  occasion  the  breach  of  the  peace,  the  which  his 
majesty's  subjects  are  obliged  to  keep."'* 

The  prohibition  on  exporting  corn,  laid  in  prospect  of  In- 
dian war,  is  now  removed,  and  Martin  Krygier  has  permission 
to  go  with  his  sloop  to  Delaware,  and  return  with  corn  or 
other  produce.^ 

A  patent  granted  by  Richard  Nicholls  to  Matthias  Nicholls, 
for  land  on  south  side  of  Delaware  River,  near  the  falls 
known  by  the  Indian  name  of  Qhiepiessing ,  and  by  Matthias 
Nicholls  is  conveyed  to  John  Berry  and  Company,  though  no 
time  was  specially  fixed  for  settlement,  and  owing  to  distance 


'  Foote's  Address,  which  traces  these  settlements  to  tlie  present  occupants ; 
p.  13,  &c.  2  Albany  Records;  General  Entries,  vol.  iv.  p.  78. 

3  Ibid.  vol.  iii.  p.  89.  4  Ibid.  p.  86  j  vol.  ii.  p.  137. 

5  Ibid.  vol.  iii.  p.  86. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  395 

of  the  place  from  other  plantations,  longer  than  usual,  has  1672. 
expired,  this  is  passed  over,  and  three  years  from  date  allowed  "^ — ' 
for  settlement.^ 

Governor  Lovelace  issues  proclamation  forbidding  to  carry  February  i. 
out  of  the  country  debtors  or  servants,  without  permit.  Debtors  and 

Prohibition  to  sloops  and  vessels  going  up  river  above  New  ^"^^'^^^  ^°' 
Castle  is  taken  off;  henceforth  it  is  lawful  for  any  sloop  or  moved, 
vessel  to  go  up  said  river,  bringing  a  certificate  from  the  go- 
vernor of  his  coming  from  hence,  (Fort  James,)  but  only  such  February  e. 
as  sail  from  Fort  James  to  have  the  privilege.     The  prohibi-  "^^s^^is  ai- 

.  .  11  1  lowed  to  sail 

tion  was  found  inconvenient  and  unequal,  as  vessels  were  up  above 
permitted  to  go  up  to  Albany.^  ^'<^^  Castie. 

A  pass  is  given  to  the  wife  of  Laurs  Hoist,  to  go  in  the  February  le. 
sloop  of  M.  Krygier  to  Delaware,  and  thence  up  the  river  in  Pass  for  a 
some  boat  or  canoe,  to  the  Sivedes'  plantations,  with  shoes,  ^ade^uDe- 
and  such  other  of  her  husband's  trade,  and  return  without  laware. 
hinderance.^ 

A  grant  by  Lovelace  to  Reloff  Anderson,  for  200  acres  on  February  20. 
north-west  side  of  Apoquinimy  Creek,  bounded  by  Drawyer's 
Creek,  confirmed,  with  various  others ;  quit-rent,  one  to  two 
bushels  of  wheat.* 

The  governor  being  about  to  visit  Delaware,  issues  the  fol-  March  is. 
lowing  order  to  Captain  Nicholls,  for  his  troops,  as  a  body- 
guard : 

"  Whereas  there  is  occasion  of  my  going  in  person  to  De-  Governor, 
laware   overland,   as  well  to   conclude  a  peace  among  the  faware*°c^*ij 
mutinous  Indians  in  those  parts,  as  to  settle  affairs  on  that  for  troops 
river,  under  his  majesty's  obedience,  for  the  which,  both  for  '"E^ny*^^ 
the  reputation  of  his  royal  highness,  whose  person  I  represent 
here  as  his  governor,  and  the  safety  of  myself  and  retinue,  it 
will  be  requisite  that  I  have  a  party  of  horse  out  of  the 
troops  (of  Long  Island  and  this  city)     *     *     *     Summon  so 
many  persons  in  each  town,  besides  officers,  as  will  make  up 
the  number  twenty,  to  be  ready  with  horses  and  arms.    *    * 
Those  that  stay  behind  shall  be  obliged  to  bear  their  equal 
share  and  part  of  trouble  and  charge,  as  their  fellow-soldiers 
shall  be  put  to  that  go,"  &c.  &c.^ 

Captain  Nicholls  summons  his  soldiers  to  be  at  the  ferry  March  19. 
on  Tuesday,  19th  instant,  where  boats  will  be  ready  for  their  choUs'Tor-' 

ders. 
'  General  Entries,  vol.  iii.  p.  97.  2  Ibid. 

3  Ibid.  vol.  iv.  p.  99.  4  Breviat. 

s  Albany  Records;  General  Entries,  vol.  iv.  p.  110. 


S9e 


1672. 


March  22. 

Governor's 
instructions 
for  prepara- 
tions for  him 
by  the  way. 


May  16. 


May  27. 

Incorpora- 
tion of  New 
Castle. 
Terms. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

transportation  to  tlie  Nevesinh,  at  the  general  rendezvous, 
"which  is  appointed  for  the  22d. 

Out  of  this  number  three  persons  to  be  pitched  upon  "  to 
go  with  Captain  John  Garland,  who  is  appointed  to  lead  the 
way,  and  make  preparations  for  the  governor  and  his  retinue ; 
to  set  out  on  the  12th  or  13th  instant,  at  farthest." 

The  governor  gives  instructions  to  Captain  Garland,  about 
making  the  preparations  for  him.  "  Go  with  the  horse  allotted 
bj  the  captain,  as  speedily  as  you  can,  to  Neversinks,  thence 
to  the  house  of  Mr.  Jegoe,  right  against  Mattiniconck  Island, 
on  Delaware  River,  where  there  are  some  persons  ready  to 
receive  you.  Being  arrived  at  the  river  side,  you  are  to  go 
to  Wiccaco,  or  where  you  shall  be  directed,  where  Captain 
Carr  and  the  commissaries  are,  to  whom  deliver  the  letter, 
and  then  follow  their  instructions.  You  are  to  see  that  all 
conveniences  for  me  and  my  party  be  made  ready  for  our 
accommodation,  as  provisions,  boats,  &c.,  and  likewise  a  con- 
siderable guard  of  men  at  Mattiniconck  Island.  After  all 
these  things  are  in  order,  you  are  to  meet  me  with  your  party, 
and  such  other  volunteers  as  are  disposed  to  accompany  you, 
and  meet  me  one  day's  journey,  which  is  at  the  great  Indian 
plantation,  where  I  intend  to  lodge  that  night,  and  purpose 
to  be  there,  by  God's  help,  on  the  24th  instant,  and  perhaps 
on  the  23d.  When  we  are  there  at  the  general  rendezvous, 
I  shall  set  things  into  further  order.  You  are  to  treat  the 
Indians  and  others  with  all  civility,  and  to  contrive  it  so  that 
the  Sussink  Indians  may  be  there  when  I  pass  by.  You  are 
to  assure  all  the  Indians  that  the  intention  of  my  coming 
amongst  them  is  out  of  love  and  friendship  to  them." 

During  his  absence,  he  intrusted  the  management  of  his 
affairs  to  two  members  of  council.^ 

Hostilities  are  renewed  between  the  English  and  the  Dutch. 

The  inhabitants  of  Whorekill  authorized  to  elect  schout 
and  commissaries,  in  place  of  those  whose  terms  are  now  ex- 
piring. On  Mr.  Krygier's  notifying  the  governor  of  the 
names  of  the  new  ones,  they  will  be  confirmed.^ 

The  following  minute  of  council,  respecting  the  incorpora- 
tion of  New  Castle,  shows  the  rights  and  privileges  of  that 
town : 

"  1st.  New  Castle,  being  a  corporation,  is  allowed  of,  and 
that  it  be  a  bailiwick,  and  governed  by  a  bailiff  and  si.x 

'   Albany  Records;  General  Entries,  vol.  iv.  p.  114.  2  Ibid.  p.  130. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  397 

assistants ;  after  the  first  year,  four  old  ones  to  go  out,  and     1672. 
four  others  to  be  chosen  in  their  places.     The  bailiff  to  be     '     •     ' 
president,  and  have  a  double  vote.     A  constable  to  be  chosen 
by  the  bench,  to  try  causes  as  far  as  £10  without  appeal. 

«  2d.  English  laws  to  be  established  in  the  town  and  river. 
The  office  of  schout  to  be  converted  into  sheriff  for  the  cor- 
poration and  river ;  to  be  chosen  annually. 

"  It  is  further  to  be  considered  of,  when  Captain  Cantwell 
comes,  if  it  be  before  Captain  Carr's  going  away. 

"  3d.  To  have  free  trade,  in  their  being  obliged  to  make 
entry  here  at  New  Amsterdam,  that  the  determination  hereof 
be  suspended  until  advice  be  sent  about  it  out  of  England, 
or  other  considerations  had  thereon." 

"  Concerning  the  certificate  about  the  Whorekill,  that 
Captain  Carr  shall  have  instructions  upon  at  his  return. 

"  The  Delaware  expedition  to  be  borne  by  the  public.  Mr. 
Nicholls  charges  the  first  voyage  to  Delaware  to  be  borne 
out  of  the  fines  of  the  Long  Finn."^ 

"  Upon  consideration  had  of  a  certificate  brought  by  Cap-  May  27. 
tain  John   Carr  from  New  Castle,  in  Delaware,  about  the  ciaim  of 
pretences  from  Maryland  to  Whorekill,  and  their  sending  ^^^.^.^"u*' 
surveyors  to  lay  out  land,  without  the  consent  or  approbation  opposed, 
of  the  officers  there  under  the  protection  of  his  royal  high- 
ness, who  withstood  their  proceedings  therein.     It  is  ordered 
that  the  magistrates  there  be  vindicated  in  what  they  have 
done,  to  whom  a  letter  of  thanks  is  to  be  sent ;  and  it  is  like- 
wise expected  that  they  continue  in  their  observance  of  such 
ordinances  and  directions  as  they  shall  receive  from  his  royal 
highness's  governor,  and  none  others,  until  his  majesty's  or 
his  royal  highness's  pleasure  be  signified  to  the  contrary."^ 

Daniel  Brown,  a  planter  from  Whorekill,  is  committed  and  J^y  "• 
sent  a  prisoner  to  New  York,  by  the  magistrates  at  Whorekill,  a  planter 
for  contemning  the  authority  of  the  court,  with  several  other  fOT'c"ntempt 
abuses  and  misdemeanours.     On  his  great  sorrow,  he  is  re-  of  court. 
leased,  on  bond  of  X20  to  keep  the  peace,  Avith  promise,  in 
case  of  second  offence,  of  exemplary  punishment. 

Whorekill  is  authorized  to  lay  an  impost  on  strong  liquors  i>uty  on  li- 
sold  there,  to  repair  losses  sustained  by  the  privateers  last  ^yhoretiii. 
winter ;  on   each  anker  of  strong  liquors,  four  guilders  in 
wampum,  for  one  year  only,  to  test  its  expediency.^ 

'  Albany  Records;  Minutes  of  Council,  vol.  iii.  pp.  92,  93.         2  Ibid. p.  94. 
3  Ibid.  p.  110. 

2Ii 


398 
1672. 


August  12. 


August  18. 

Land  on 
island  oppo- 
site Calcone 
Hook. 


August  22. 


Particulars 
of  outrage 
by  Jonep,  at 
Whorekill, 
in  letter 
from  Love- 
lace to  go- 
vernor of 
Maryland. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

Hermanus  Fred.  Wiltbank,  schout,  and  Otho  Wolgart, 
William  Claesson,  and  Isaac  Savey,  commissaries,  are  con- 
firmed by  the  governor,  for  Whorekill,  for  one  year.^ 

Edward  Cantwell  appointed  high  sheriff,  (schout ;)  also  to 
collect  certain  quit-rents  on  Delaware  River ;  William  Tom, 
"who  was  appointed  August  10,  1669,  having  resigned.- 

An  order  issues  in  favour  of  Jan  Cornells  Mathys  and 
Martin  Martinson,  inhabitants  at  Amesland,  on  Delaware,  for 
a  parcel  of  valley  or  meadow  land,  upon  the  island  over 
against  Calcone  Hook,  near  the  plantation  for  which  Israel 
Helm,  through  misinformation,  obtained  a  patent,  after  being 
in  quiet  possession  of  the  above.  The  court  of  Upland  is 
authorized  to  examine  into  the  matter,  and  report.^ 

In  consequence  of  disturbances  at  AYhorekill  by  one  Jones, 
from  Maryland,  Governor  Lovelace  wrote  to  governor  of 
Maryland,  thus : 

<'  Sir — I  thought  it  had  been  impossible  now,  in  these  por- 
tending troublous  times,  wherein  all  true-hearted  Englishmen 
are  buckling  on  their  armour,  to  vindicate  their  honours,  and 
assert  the  imperial  interests  of  his  sacred  majesty's  rights 
and  dominions,  (that  now,  without  any  just  ground,  either 
given  or  pretended,)  such  horrid  outrages  should  be  com- 
mitted on  his  majesty's  liege  subjects,  under  protection  of  his 
royal  highness's  authority,  as  was  exercised  by  one  Jones, 
who,  with  a  party  as  dissolute  as  himself,  took  the  pains  to 
ride  to  the  Whorekill,  where,  in  derision  and  contempt  of  the 
duke's  authority,  he  bound  the  magistrates  and  inhabitants, 
despitefully  treated  them,  rifled  and  plundered  them  of  their 
goods,  and  when  it  was  demanded  by  what  authority  he  acted, 
answered  in  no  other  language  but  a  cocked  pistol  to  his 
breast,  which,  if  it  had  spoke,  had  for  ever  silenced  him.  I 
do  not  remember  to  have  heard  of  a  greater  outrage  and  riot 
committed  on  his  majesty's  subjects  in  America,  but  once  be- 
fore, in  Maryland.  Sir,  you  cannot  but  imagine  his  royal 
highness  will  not  be  satisfied  with  those  violent  proceedings, 
in  which  the  indignity  rebounds  on  him ;  neither  can  you  but 
believe  it  is  as  easy  an  undertaking  for  me  to  retaliate  the 
same  affront  on  Jones's  head  and  accomplices  as  he  did  to 
those  indefensible  inhabitants.  But  I  rather  choose  to  have 
first  a  more  calm  redress  from  you,  (to  whom  I  now  appeal,) 
and  from  whom  I  may  in  justice  expect  that  right,  in  the 

>  General  Entries,  vol.  iv.  p.  180.  «  IbicL  »  Ibid.  p.  184. 


DJIPUIl  GOTEBS02  FEASOS  I0VELACE1.  S99 

castigatioii  of  Jones,  cum  meiit,  tkaX  the  nalme  and  tlbe  law    1^^ 
1ms  proTided,  otthenrise  I  nn^  spplj  mjs^  to  smek  odier 
lanedies  as  tlie  eadgence  of  this  indignil^  dull  posnade  ne 
tou  Tims  k^TiDg  It  to  joor  eonadeiatigii,  I  still  remamn  joar 
T07  bumble  fiieiid, 

««Fo(rt  Jame&r  ^ew"  Yoik,  Angnst  12, 1672."^ 

GoTernor  Lordaee  osdeis  Edmund  Cantwell  "■  to  eanse  to  jta^i^az. 
be  seated  and  cleared  bj  some  tenant,  far  tsj  best  advantage,  intfirSis- 
a  tract  of  land  patented  to  Sidiazd  G<RSodli,  <m  west  ade  rf  ^l^^*"^ 
Ddawaie  Birer,  bounded  on  die  nordk  hj  a  credk  ealkd  b j 
Ibe  Indians  Qniadkitcimk,  at  liieambanack  Otedk^and  soatk 
hj  north  side  of  PemecadLa.  Cred^,^  passing  orer  Fiiffiaqaes- 
sing  Cred^'  and  hath  anee  aadgped  the  same  to  me^'"^ 

GoTenKS-  Brintz's  dao^bto-,  Mts.  Pappegoja,  ptesenia  a  in^^^si, 
petition  to  GoTonm-  Lordaee,  to  whaA.  tihe  fiaHowing  is  bis 


"  Whezeas  Jen£: :  Ar7i:::ir:  ztii":  :  ^z^'Ms^aj',*  firing  »k.Bibbh- 

in  Delaware  Bir^'j 'i: '.  :_,£7  -i::    zii,  that  in  re- ^^'^^^ 

gard  she  lired  alone,  SiLli  ^  5  rrrant^  psmcs.  ses^ 

hating  only  one  man^:  jttjme,  ^^^ 

or  other  seasons  of  the  vr  1:  ^.     „ ;  1   - 1  r  "was  amfiaffHHm- 

eiMistrained  to  hire  otliT  -  ;  -   -    ^"""^"."^ 

ment  in  part,  an-i  Tt    f:  _  r  ~ 

small  qoantitifis  : :  -  :     __  " 

nsed  in  that  ---  „     ■ 

seirant  froni  .  :     l  ^ 

in  which  he  :      1  _     7     7:         _—  : 

her  own  dist :,  _ 

h»  own  Bse.  1 

asbe^nteme:  .  : 

quest  of  sai  -  "  _     . 

serrant's be:.  _         _ -, 

sion  of  an  ei  7xcsg^«£^^  &&>i.li;^'f~ 

hare  lieense  7  iisfiilfing-lellle.        ~ 

provided  it  ^  :?iation  that  1  _- 

plaint  do  ar  7  Teau-/""' 

Captain  ±.    __  .     -  _  _  r  _  v :iM ©f  2^e~   . :.  - :  7  :z. :  s^ts. 

DeUvare,  is  appQintc-i  ::  _ i.if  sfianre  of  strajhor- 

»  ASbmmf  BasoEi^;  Gec-r        ~         -.  -rci  iv.  ft  ISa.  2  Pt.: 

S  III  tbB  iiiiMwniii  ir  i:    r  ^ 


1672. 


Sept.  16. 

Pay  for 

boating  of 
soldiers. 


October  1. 


Trial  be- 
tween Mrs. 
Pappegoya 
and  Captain 
Carr,  attor- 
ney. 


400  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

cattle,  and  swine,  unmarked  and  running  at  large,  and  dis- 
pose of  them  for  his  royal  highness's  benefit.^ 

Governor  orders  Bedlow  to  pay  boatmen  for  his  boat  hire, 
and  carrying  and  bringing  back  the  troops  to  and  from 
Neversink,  in  the  expedition  to  Delaware,  either  by  discount- 
ing with,  or  giving  credit  for  the  amount  of  the  bills  allowed, 
and  make  the  Delaware  voyage  debtor  for  the  same.^ 

Permission  is  granted  to  H.  Hendrickson  to  proceed  from 
New  York  to  Delaware,  and  up  the  river,  to  collect  his  debts. 

The  following  proceedings  in  the  court  of  assizes  at  New 
York,  (to  which  it  appears  an  appeal  was  made  from  Dela- 
ware,) between  Mrs.  Pappegoya  and  Captain  Carr,  relate  to 
the  recovery  of  Tinnicum  Island  for  Mrs.  Pappegoya : 

"  Afternoon — Armgart  Printz,  plaintiff;  Captain  Carr,  as 
attorney  for  Andrew  Carr,  defendant. 

"  Upon  motion  of  Mr.  S.  Edsall,  assistant  to  the  attorney 
John  Sharp,  that  in  regard  some  of  the  papers  are  in  High 
Dutch,  and  others  in  Low,  desiring  time  till  to-morrow  after- 
noon to  be  heard,  it  is  granted,  and  that  the  Lutheran  domine 
be  advised  with  about  the  translation  from  High  into  Low 
Dutch,  of  the  procuration  by  Hans  Block,  and  the  Dutch 
papers  put  into  English  by  a  good  interpreter. 

"  Mr.  Ryder,  attorney  for  the  defendants,  denies  Captain 
Carr's  letter  of  attorney,  as  to  trial  for  lands  or  title." 

It  appears  Peter  Alricks,  bailiff  of  New  Castle  for  Dela- 
ware, was  present  at  the  court. 

"  Thursday,  p.  m. — The  same  parties :  Jacob  Milborn,  by 
October  13.  powcr  from  John  Sharp,  attorney  for  plaintiff,  is  admitted  to 
plead,  and  puts  in  a  declaration. 

"Mr.  Ryder  refuses  to  go  to  trial  further  than  Captain 
Carr's  letter  of  attorney  from  Andrew  Carr  directs ;  however, 
the  court  thinks  fit  to  proceed  to  trial,  in  regard  it  was  so 
ordered  at  the  high  court  at  Delaware,  the  governor  being 
present. 

"  The  first  bill  of  sale,  in  Dutch,  upon  record,  with  Mr. 
Van  Ruyven,  is  produced. 

"  A  power  from  Governor  Printz,  under  his  hand  and  seal, 
was  produced,  which  being  not  judged  suflScient,  in  regard 
the  state  seal  was  not  aflBxed  to  it,  another  was  procured, 
with  the  seal,  and  likewise  put  into  court.  The  writings  being 
in  High  Dutch,  the  translation  of  it  into  Low  Dutch  by  the 

'  Albany  Records ;  General  Entries,  vol.  iv.  p.  200.  ^  Ibid.  p.  1S4. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  401 

Lutheran  domine   were,  according  to    order,  brought   into    1672. 
court.  '    ' 

«  Besides  this,   Governor  Printz  dying,  the  plaintiff  was 
forced  to  procure  from  Sweden  new  power  from  her  sisters  Tnaiof  Pap- 
or  other  relations,  which,  in  three  papers,  was  delivered  in  ^^^^^^^ 

also.  Carr,  con- 

"  The  original  letter  of  attorney,  or  power,  with  the  states 
seal,  was  translated  into  English  by  Nicholas  Bayard,  out  of 
the  Low  Dutch. 

"  The  bill  of  sale  was  read  from  Dutch  into  English,  by 
Mr.  Daniel. 

"  Peter  Nys  declares,  that  when  he  was  in  Holland,  he  saw 
and  had  in  his  hand,  the  power  and  consent  of  Jeuffro  Pappe- 
gay,  from  her  sisters,  and  their  husbands'  approbation. 

"Mr.  Ryder  pleads  his  client  Captain  Carr  had  not  suffi- 
cient authority  in  his  letter  of  attorney,  which  was  read,  but 
withal  produces  several  authentic  papers,  with  seals  to  them, 
from  out  of  Holland,  against  the  plaintiff's  right. 

"  He  desires  time  for  other  witnesses  out  of  Holland,  but 
it  is  thought  fit  to  delay  the  case  no  longer ;  so  the  court  re- 
commend it  to  the  jury." 

"Friday,  before  noon — In  the  case  of  Jeuffro  Pappegay,  October i4. 
plaintiff,  and  Andrew  Carr,  &c.,  defendant,  the  jury  find  for 
the  plaintiff,  as  by  their  following  verdict,  viz.  <  In  the  case 
depending  between  Armigart  Printz,  alias  Mrs.  Pappegay, 
plaintiff,  and  Mrs.  La  Grange,  defendant,  the  jury  having 
seriously  considered  the  matter,  do  find  for  the  plaintiff,  and 
award  the  defendant  to  pay  the  principal,  with  costs  of  suit, 
and  all  just  damages.' 

"  Afternoon — Order  and  judgment  of  the  court : 

"  The  same  parties. — This  case  having  been  ordered  to  be 
heard  at  this  court,  after  a  full  debate,  being  referred  to  a 
jury,  who  brought  in  their  verdict  for  the  plaintiff;  the  court 
having  taken  the  same  into  consideration,  do  unanimously 
agree  with  the  verdict  of  the  jury,  in  manner  and  form  as 
delivered  in  court,  and  do  give  judgment  accordingly,  and 
that  the  defendants  pay  costs  and  charges  of  suit.  By  order 
of  the  governor  and  court  of  assizes."^ 

In  relation  to  the  attack  from  Maryland  on  Whorekill,  October  17. 
Governor  Lovelace  instructs  Captain  Carr  as  follows : 

"  Sir — The  letters  you  sent  me,  by  the  express  over-land, 

'  Albany  Records ;  Court  of  Assizes,  vol.  ij.  pp.  293 — 300. 
61  2l2 


402  CHARtES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1672.  came  safe  to  my  hands,  -with  the  enclosed  relation  and  papers, 
'  '  '  concerning  the  Whorekill,  and  the  Marylanders  forcibly  pos- 
sessing themselves  of  the  place,  as  also  of  the  goods  and 
Instructions  cstatcs  of  somc  of  the  inhabitants,  of  which  we  had  some 
CsiTT^  ^^^  rumours  before,  but  did  not  give  much  credit  to  it,  supposing 
what  was  done  before  to  be  the  rash  action  of  some  private 
person,  not  thinking  the  authority  of  Maryland  would  invade 
his  royal  highness's  territories,  which  he  hath  been  possessed 
of  for  near  eight  years,  without  giving  the  least  overture  of 
it  to  me,  who  am  his  royal  highness's  deputy.  Their  former 
violent  action  and  force  upon  those  poor  unarmed  people,  to- 
gether with  the  particulars  of  their  plunders,  I  had  imme- 
diate opportunity  of  transmitting  to  his  royal  highness,  by  a 
ship  then  bound  away  for  London,  the  which  I  made  use  of, 
and  recommended  their  case,  and  I  hope  it  hath,  long  ere 
this,  arrived  at  his  hands,  so  that  some  directions  about  it 
may  be  expected  in  a  short  time ;  till  when,  I  think  it  best 
for  the  present  to  leave  matters  there  as  they  are,  but  as  to 
the  cloud  which  hangs  over  your  heads  at  Delaware,  which, 
it  is  said,  they  are  making  preparations  to  invade,  my  in- 
structions and  orders  to  you,  and  the  officers  in  general,  are, 
that  you  put  yourselves  in  the  best  posture  of  defence  possibly 
you  can,  by  fitting  up  the  fort  in  the  town,  keeping  your  com- 
panies in  arms,  both  there  and  up  the  river,  who  are  to  pro- 
vide themselves  with  fitting  ammunition  ;  and  that  all  soldiers 
be  at  an  hour's  warning,  upon  any  alarm  or  order  given ;  and 
that,  at  the  town  especially,  you  make  your  guards  as  strong 
as  you  can,  and  keep  a  strict  watch,  and  if  any  enemy  come 
to  demand  the  place,  that  you  first  desire  to  know  their 
authority  and  commission,  and  how  it  comes  to  pass  those  of 
Maryland  should  now  make  such  an  invasion,  after  so  long 
quiet  possession  of  those  parts  by  his  royal  highness's  deputies, 
under  his  majesty's  obedience,  and  by  other  nations  before 
that,  several  years  before  the  date  of  the  Lord  Baltimore's 
patent,  whom  they  never  disturbed  by  arms,  and  whose  right 
is  now  devolved  upon  the  duke.  Stand  well  upon  your  guard, 
and  do  not  begin  with  them,  but  if  they  first  break  the  peace, 
by  firing  upon  your  guards,  or  any  such  hostile  action,  then 
use  all  possible  means  to  defend  yourselves  and  the  place ; 
and  command  all  his  majesty's  good  subjects  to  be  aiding 
and  assisting  to  you,  who,  I  hope,  will  not  be  wanting  to  their 


visits  New 
Castle. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  FRANCIS  LOVELACE.  403 

abilities.     In  all  matters  of  concern,  you  are  to  take  advice    16Y2. 
of  the  chief  officers  there.  "    '    ' 

"  This  will  come  to  you  by  your  bailiff,  Mr.  Peter  Alricks, 
who  is  hastening  overland,  to  secure  his  affairs  there,  in  this 
portending  invasion,  and  to  give  his  best  help  for  the  safe- 
guard of  the  place,  and  his  royal  highness's  interest,  upon  all 
occasions.     Fail  not  to  send  an  express  to  me,  by  whom  I 
shall  give  you  such  further  directions  and  assistance  as  will 
be  requisite,  and  if  occasion  should  be,  will  come  over  myself 
in  person,  though  the  spring  would  be  more  suitable  for  me 
than  a  winter  voyage.     So  recommending  all  things  to  your 
care  and  vigilance,  of  which  I  expect  a  good  account,  I  con- 
clude, being  your  very  loving  friend,     Francis  Lovelace. 
"  Fort  James,  in  New  York,  this  7th  of  October,  1672."^ 
William  Douglass  is  taken  by  sloop  from  New  Castle,  a  Dec.  26. 
prisoner  to  New  York,  he  having  returned  after  banishment  wiuiam 
from  the  government.     Is  to  be  imprisoned  and  kept  till  fur-  P°"siass 

o  i  J.  imprisoned 

ther  orders.^  again. 

This  year  the  celebrated  Friend,  George  Fox,  visited  this  George  fox 
part  of  the  country.  He  arrived  from  Jamaica,  in  Mary- 
land, and,  accompanied  by  John  Burnyeat,  Robert  Withers, 
and  George  Pattison,  on  their  way  to  New  England,  by 
land,  they  touched  at  New  Castle,  and  from  thence,  with 
much  difficulty,  crossed  the  Delaware.  On  their  return,  they 
again  visit  New  Castle,  swimming  their  horses  by  the  sides 
of  canoes,  and  underwent  many  difficulties.  At  New  Castle, 
they  met  with  a  handsome  reception  from  Governor  Carr,  and 
had  a  pretty  large  meeting  there,  it  being  the  first  ever  held 
in  that  place ;  thence  they  returned  to  Maryland.^ 

1673. 

William  Douglass,  for  the  trouble  he  has  given,  is  to  be  Februarys, 
sent  by  Captain  S.  for  Barbadoes,  there  to  be  sold.^ 

Governor  Lovelace  appoints  Peter  Alricks,  Captain  Edmund  March  2. 
Cantwell,  William  Tom,  and  Captain  Walter  Wharton,  com- 
missioners to  appraise  and  set  a  value  upon  the  island  of 
Tinnicum,  in  Delaware  River,  (not  long  since  in  tenure  or 
possession  of  defendant,  Andrew  Carr  and  wife  Priscilla,) 

'  Albany  Records;  Gniieral  Entries,  vol.  iv.  p.  213.  2  Ibid.  p.  244. 

^  Smith's  History  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  vi.  p.  ISl,  which  see 
for  some  curious  incidents. 

*  Albany  Recordsj  Minutes  of  Council,  vol.  iii.  p.  131. 


404 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1673. 


Mrs.  Pappe- 
goya  to  be 
put  in  pos- 
session of 
Tinnicum 
Island,  for 
amount  of 
judgment 
against  Carr. 


Licenses 
granted. 


March  18. 

Lord  Berk- 
ley sells  to 
John  Fen- 
wick. 

Wm.  Penn 
arbitrator 
between 
Byllinge  and 
Fenwick. 


and  other  goods.  The  commission  sets  forth,  that  "  Whereas 
Jeuffro  Armgardt  Printz,  alias  Pappegay,  did  obtain  a  judg- 
ment upon  the  verdict  of  a  jury,  at  the  last  general  court  of 
assizes,  against  Andrew  Carr  and  Priscilla  his  wife,  for  the 
sum  of  3000  guilders,  Holland  money,  or  <£300  sterling,  to- 
gether with  all  due  charges  and  costs  of  suit,  the  determina- 
tion whereof  being  referred  to  the  major  part  of  the  bench, 
they  did  make  report  that  X50  shall  be  allowed  for  interest 
and  forbearance  of  principal  debt,  leaving  the  other  charges 
and  costs  to  the  determination  of  the  law."  Governor  con- 
firms decision  of  ^300  and  £50,  and  £5  more,  charges  ap- 
parent and  usual  costs  to  be  levied  on  estate,  goods,  and 
chattels  of  defendants,  on  Delaware  River  or  elsewhere, 
within  the  government;  if  there  be  not  sufficient" — [Then 
follows  an  execution  to  be  served  on  Carr's  estate,  for  use  of 
Jeuffro  Armgardt  Printz,  alias  Pappegay,  directed  to  Cant- 
well,  high  sheriff,  to  levy,  after  appraisement  made.]  <' And 
for  that  it  is  thought  the  most  considerable  part  of  Carr's 
estate  is  upon  island  of  Tinnicum,  you  are  hereby  empowered 
to  put  the  said  Jeuffro  Printz  into  possession  of  said  island, 
and  the  stock  thereon,  which,  if  not  sufficient,  levy  on  other 
•property  of  Carr."^ 

A  pass  for  John  Schouten  to  go  with  his  sloop  to  New 
Castle,  or  parts  adjacent,  and  return  to  New  York  with  his 
loading.  Also  a  license  for  John  Garland,  to  trade  or  traffic 
with  the  Indians  or  others  at  Whorekill,  in  any  goods  not 
prohibited,  and  likewise  to  go  up  the  river  above  New  Castle, 
in  any  vessel  belonging  to  New  York,  according  to  toleration 
granted  by  governor  in  council,  27th  January  last.  The 
magistrates  are  required  not  to  hinder  him,  any  former  orders 
notwithstanding.^ 

Lord  Berkley  parted  with  the  whole  of  his  right  and  title  in 
New  Jersey,  to  John  Fenwick,  in  trust  for  Edward  Byllinge, 
for  £1000,  thus  dissolving  the  joint  tenancy  with  Carteret.^ 

Some  difficulty  afterwards  occurring  between  Fenwick  and 
Byllinge,  as  to  their  respective  interests,  William  Penn  was 
appointed  arbitrator,  who  gave  Fenwick  one-tenth  of  the 
province,  with  a  considerable  sum  of  money ;  the  remaining 
nine-tenths  to  Byllinge.'* 


'  Albany  Records;  General  Entries,  vol.  iv.  p.  260 — 262. 

2  Breviat,  p.  42.  3  Mulford,  p.  105.    Mickle,  p.  29.    Johnson,  p.  13. 

4  Mulford,  p.  106. 


STATES-GENERAL,  UNDER  ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR.  405 

The  affair  of  Whorekill  considered  by  governor  and  coun-     1673. 
cil;  letters  from  Carr,  Cantwell,  and  Wharton  read,  propos-     '    •    ' 
ing  plans  for  reducing  it ;  ordered  to  send  a  commission  to 
the  officers  and  magistrates  at  Delaware,  "to  go  to  Whore-  April 24. 
kill,  there  to  keep  a  court  in  the  king's  name,  and  inquire  of  commission 
all  irregular  proceedings,  and  settle  the  governor  and  officers  tog^to 
there  as  formerly,  under  his  majesty's  obedience,  and  accord- 
ing to  particular  instructions  to  be  sent."     This  shows  that 
the  Marylanders  did  not  keep  possession  of  the  Whorekills.^ 

Several  grants  of  land  at  New  Castle,  and  between  "Dog  Grants  of 
and  Namon's"  Creek,  reserving  tathe  duke  quit-rent  of  one  ^'^'^'^' 
bushel  of  wheat.^ 

Proclamation  of  governor,  reciting  the  great  scarcity  of  June2i. 
wampum  throughout  the  duke's  territories,  which  was  received  Prociama- 
and  paid  currently  there  in  all  transactions  between  man  and  inTJam-^*^ 
man,  therefore,  in  order  to  bring  in  wampum,  increasing  and  pum. 
raising  the  value  of  it  to  one-third  more  than  it  was  before.^ 
Six  beads  were  formerly  valued  at  a  stiver,  of  which  twenty 
made  a  guilder,  or  about  fourpence  sterling.'^ 

War  between  the  Dutch  and  English  having  commenced  July  so. 
last  year,  a  few  Dutch  ships,  under  command  of  Evertse  and  Dutch  re- 
Benkes,  now  arrive  under  Staten  Island,  a  few  miles  from  yorV&I 
New  York.     The  commander  of  the  fort,   John   Manning, 
treacherously  made  peace  with  the  enemy,  and  delivered  up 
the  fort  without  giving  or  receiving  a  shot,  and  the  major 
part  of  the  magistrates  and  constables  swore  allegiance  to  the 
States-General  and  the  Prince  of  Orange.     Thus  New  York, 
as  well  as  New  Jersey,  became  once  more  under  the  Dutch 
government.     Deputies  were  likewise  sent  by  the  people  in- 
habiting the  country  as  far  west  as  Delaware,  who,  in  the 
name  of  their  principals,  made  a  declaration  of  their  submis- 
sion, and  Delaware  again  reverted  to  the  Dutch.^ 

Anthony  Colve  was  appointed  governor,  and  various  pri-  August  12. 
vileges  were  confei-red  on  the  people. 

The  following  is  Governor  Colve's  commission,  which  shows 
the  extent  of  the  Dutch  claim : 

"Whereas  it  is  necessary  that  a  good  and  expert  person  Governor 
should  be  chosen  to  act  as  governor  and  chief  magistrate  in 
this  conquest  of  New  Netherland,  with  all  its  dependencies, 
beginning  at  Cape  Henlopen,  on  south  side  of  Delaware  Bay, 

1  Breviat,  p.  42.  2  Ibid.  3  Ibid.  4  Proud,  vol.  i.  p.  134. 

i  Sraitlra  N.  Y.,  vol.  i.  pp.  39,  40.     Mulford's  N.  J.  p.  157. 


Colve's  com- 
mission. 


406  STATES-GENERAL,  UNDER  ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR. 

1673.  and  the  Soutli  River  included,  in  sucli  a  manner  as  it  was  in 
'  ^  '  former  days  possessed  bj  the  directors  of  the  city  of  Amster- 
dam, and  afterwards  by  the  English  government,  in  the  name 
Governor  and  in  behalf  of  the  Duke  of  York,  and  further  of  aforesaid 
nalsion'^on-  ^^P®  Hcnlopen,  all  along  to  the  great  ocean,  to  the  east  of 
tinued.  Long  Island  and  Shelter  Island,  and  from  there  westward  to 
the  middle  of  the  channel  named  the  Sound,  to  the  village 
Groenangen,  on  the  continent,  and  so  to  proceed  landward  in 
upon  a  northerly  line,  so  that  it  shall  proceed  to  ten  miles 
from  the  North  River,  in  conformity  to  the  provisional  divi- 
sion of  the  limits,  as  agreed  upon  in  the  year  1650,  which 
afterwards  was  confirmed  and  ratified  by  their  high  and 
mighty  lords  the  States-General  of  New  Netherland,  on  22d 
February,  1656,  and  23d  January,  1664,  with  all  the  lands, 
islands,  rivers,  lakes,  kills,  creeks,  fresh  and  salt  water,  fort- 
resses, cities,  villages,  and  plantations  comprehended  within 
it,  so  is  it  that  we,  suflSciently  convinced  of  the  experience  of 
Anthony  Colve,  captain  of  a  company  of  Netherland  infan- 
try, in  the  service  of  the  high  and  mighty,  &c.,  in  virtue  of 
our  commission  granted  to  us  by  aforesaid  high  and  mighty, 
&c.,  commissioned  and  qualified,  so  as  we  by  this  do  commission 
and  qualify  the  aforesaid  Anthony  Colve  to  govern  as  gover- 
nor-general, this  country  and  fortresses,  with  all  their  appur- 
tenances and  dependencies,  and  to  protect  these  against  all 
invasions  of  enemies,  so  as  he,  to  the  best  of  his  abilities, 
shall  deem  most  salutary  for  the  service  of  this  country, 
commanding  therefore  all  high  and  low  officers,  justices  and 
magistrates,  and  other  commanders,  soldiers,  citizens,  and  all 
inhabitants  of  this  country,  to  acknowledge,  honour,  respect 
and  obey  the  aforesaid  Anthony  Colve  as  the  governor- 
general,  as  we  have  deemed  this  necessary  for  the  service  of 
the  country.  All  this  under  approbation  or  rejection  of  lords 
principals.    Done,  &c.  August  12,  1673. 

«  C.  EVERTSE,  jun. 

"J.  Benkes."^ 
Governor  Lovelace  was  ordered  to  depart  the  province,  but 
Departure  of  aftcrwards  obtained  leave  to  return  to  England  with  Com- 
loTeiace.      mander  Benkes.^ 

The  Delaware  having  again  reverted  to  the  Dutch,  before 

Sept.  12.       a  council  of  lords,  in  the  military  tribunal  at  Fort  William 

Henderick,  (New  York)  present,  Benkes,  Evertse,  jun.,  and 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xxiii.  pp.  332,  333.      «  Smith's  N.  Y.  vol.  i.  p.  39. 


DUTCH  GOVERNOR,  ANTHONY  COLVE.  407 

Captain  A.  Colve,  appeared  deputies  of  South  River,  who    1073. 
deliver  their  credentials,  and  further  declared  their  submission     '    ■    ' 
under  obedience  to  the  honourable  lords  States-General  of 
New  Netherland,  and  his  serene  highness.  Prince  of  Orange,  Conditions 
and  asked  for  certain  privileges.     They  were  answered  thus :  bj  the  Dutch 
"1st.  Till  further  orders  from  Holland,  they  may  enjoy  after  return 
free  trade  and  commerce  with   Christians  and  savages,  as  trytothTir' 

others  enjoy.  government 

"  2d.  A  commander  shall  be  appointed  on  South  River, 
authorized  to  enlist  ten  or  twelve  soldiers,  and  further,  to 
summon  and  command  every  sixth  man  of  all  the  inhabitants 
to  build  a  fort  in  the  most  convenient  place. 

"  3d.  A  person  to  be  authorized  by  the  commander  to  in- 
vestigate what  debts  are  yet  to  be  paid  to  the  English  govern- 
ment, and  what  debts  of  that  government  are  yet  unpaid, 
which,  when  reported  to  the  governor,  further  order  will  be 
issued. 

"4th.  Freedom  of  conscience  is  granted  to  petitioners. 

"5th.  The  valley  near  the  place  to  be  disposed  of  at  a 
convenient  time,  and  as  the  governor  shall  direct. 

"  6th.  Swedish  and  Finnish  residents  on  South  River  to 
enjoy  same  privileges  as  other  subjects. 

"  7th.  Inhabitants  of  South  River,  in  consequence  of  ex- 
penses in  constructing  the  fort,  to  be  free  from  taxes  on  land, 
and  from  excise  on  wines  and  distilled  liquors  consumed  there, 
till  May,  1676. 

"  8th.  The  English  to  be  entitled  to  the  same,  provided 
they  take  oath  of  loyalty. 

"  9th.  All  inhabitants  on  South  River  to  keep  undisturbed 
possession  of  houses,  lands,  and  property.  When  persons 
now  residing  in  Maryland  possess  any  lands  on  South  River, 
and  obtain  lawful  deeds,  they  shall  be  permitted,  within 
three  months  from  this  day,  to  apply  to,  and  have  deeds  con- 
firmed by  the  governor,  but  must  in  that  time  settle  under 
this  government,  and  take  oath  of  allegiance,  or  forfeit  their 
lands.  Done  at  Fort  William  Hendricks,  September  12, 1672. 
"  Signed,  Jacob  Benkes, 

"  Cornel.  Evertse,  jun." 

"A  majority  of  inhabitants   to  name,  by   a  majority  of  Three 
votes,  eight  persons  for  each  court  of  justice,  whose  jurisdic-  risdUions.' 
tions  provisionally  shall  be  :  Judges,  how 


"  1st.  For  JS^ew  Amstel,  for  inhabitants  of  east  and  west 


elected. 


408  DEPUTT,  PETEB  ALBICKB. 

1673.  shore  of  Chnstina  kill  to  Bompjej;  Hook,  inclading  inhabit- 
antj  of  Apoquinimy. 

«  2<L  For  Upland,  for  east  and  west  wall  of  Christina,  np- 
ward  to  mouth  of  river. 

"  3d.  For  WhorekiU,  east  and  west  wall  of  Cape  Henlopen, 
to  Bompjes  Hook. 

"  Said  nomination£  to  be  delivered  to  commander  and 
sheriff,  P.  Alricks,  to  be  convejed  to  governor,  to  select  from 
it,  and  commission  to  be  sent  to  sach."     Signed  as  above.^ 

Peter  Alricks  was  appointed  by  Governor  Colve,  schoator 
eeftij*.  eherifi^  and  commander  on  South  River,  latelj  named  Dela- 
r  AiiMu  ware,  beginning  at  Cape  Henlopen,  and  so  much  further  south 
^J^^^*^  AS  it  was  pos^esE^  during  the  former  Dutch  government.  He 
edkfMt«B4  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Xew  Netherland,  and  b  re- 
**■"'*■**'  quired  to  take  it  from  all  who  submitte'L 

Walter   Wharton  is  appointed  surveyor-general. 

Commander  Alricks  was  authorized  to  enlbt  ten  or  twelve 
Bottwe.  soldiers  at  the  expense  of  the  government,  among  whom  to 
be  two  corporals,  at  48  st.  Holland,  and  for  soldiers,  35  st. 
per  week ;  rations,  6  pounds  beef,  6  pounds  rje  bread,  half 
pound  butter,  half  vat  small  beer,  for  7  men  per  week ;  one 
echepel  peas  per  month.  He  received  the  following  instruc- 
tions: 

« 1st.  Sincere,  true  Christian  religion,  in  conformity  with 
*»t«r.  Synod  of  Dordrecht,  shall  be  preached,  and  by  all  means 
maintaineid,  without  permitting  that,  by  any  other  sect,  any 
thing  contrary  to  it  is  attempted. 

«  2d.  He  is  seriously  recommended  to  keep  his  people  in 
good  order,  and  to  be  every  night  precisely  in  the  fort. 

"  3d.  He  shall,  as  far  as  in  his  power,  keep  good  corre- 
spondence with  the  commissaries  on  South  River. 

*'  4th.  Keep  the  natives  or  Indians  devoted  to  him  as  far 
as  possible,  and  endeavour  to  render  the  Dutch  government 
palatable  to  them. 

««oth,  He  shall,  in  distributing  rations,  regulate  himself 
as  follows :  for  each  man,  per  week,  6  pounds  beef,  or  3^ 
pork,  6  pounds  brea^l,  half  pound  butter,  or  2  st.  Holland  in 
lieu  of  it,  one  half  vat  of  small  beer  for  7  men  ;  each  month,  a 
•chepel  (3;^  bushels)  peas  each  man. 

«  6th.  As  regards  sheriffalty,  he  shall  conduct  agreeably  to 
instructions  from  time  to  time. 

'  KVhaoy  Beoar<U,  roL  xxiiL  p.  323. 


DUTCH  GOVERNOR,  ANTHONY  COLVE.  409 

"  7th.    Further,  he   shall  regulate   himself  agreeably   to     1673. 
orders  sent.  "    ''~~' 

«  8th.  Shall  not  neglect  to  inform  us,  by  every  opportunity, 
of  any  transactions  there,  and,  if  required,  despatch  an  ex- 
press for  the  purpose. 

"  9th.  Shall  endeavour,  as  far  as  possible,  to  obtain  infor- 
mation of  transactions  of  the  English  in  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia, and  make  them  known  to  us. 

"  10th.  The  commander  is  authorized,  under  my  approba- 
tion, to  distribute  lands  among  the  inhabitants  on  South 
River,  to  promote  agriculture,  after  having  measured  them 
by  a  sworn  surveyor,  and  requested  a  deed  and  confirmation."^ 

A  general  act  of  confiscation  was  passed  by  the  Dutch,  on  sept.  20. 
recovering  possession,  of  all  the  houses,  lands,  goods  and  Act  of  con- 
effects,  without  exception,  in  this  country,  belonging  to  the 
kings  of  England  and  France,  and  their  subjects,  and  also 
of  those  of  the  Duke  of  York,  his  late  governor  and  auditor- 
general,  and  all  other  military  officers  in  this  country,  on 
behalf  of  the  high  and  mighty  lords,  &c.  of  New  Netherland, 
"with  the  only  exception  of  the  neighbouring  colonies  of  New 
England,  Virginia,  and  Maryland,  who,  for  sufficient  reasons, 
remain  as  yet  excluded  from  this  general  confiscation  ;  com- 
manding, yet  once  more,  each  of  our  good  inhabitants,  that 
they,  in  conformity  to  the  placard,  shall  discover  and  faith- 
fully communicate  what  may  be  known  to  them  upon  the 
amende  mentioned;  each  one  is  once  more  warned  at  his 
peril.^ 

Commander  Alricks,  on  South  River,  is  ordered  by  letter,  \oTember? 
in  case  Captain  John  Carr  did  not,  as  he  requested,  submit  Captain 
himself  and  reside  within  the  government,  to  take  possession  ^^'"^p"^ 

'^  '  '^  perty  to  be 

of  his  estate,  in  virtue  of  the  decreed  confiscation,  and  trans-  confiscated. 
mit  by  first  opportunity  an  inventory.^ 

Hermanns  Wilbank,  Sander  Molestyn,  Dr.  John  Rootes,  xot.  28. 
and  William  Claessen,  are  approved  by  the  governor  out  of  Magistrates 
the  nominations  by  the  inhabitants  of  Whorekill,  as  magis-  ^^"^""^^ 
tratcs  for  one  year. 

Two  millstones  lying  useless  at  Whorekill,  formerly  be-  Muistoneg. 
longing  to  the  city's  colony,  are  wanted  at  New  Amstel.    The 
magistrates  ordered  to  send  them  to  Alricks.'* 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xxiii.  pp.  11,  12.  2  ibid.  p.  337. 

3  Ibid.  p.  96.  ■»  Ibid.  pp.  96,  301. 

52  2M 


410 


DEPUTY,  PETER  ALRICKS. 


January  24. 

Mary  landers 
burn  houses 
and  drive  off 
inhabitants, 
to  •whom 
Colve  offers 
provision. 


February  19. 

Treaty  of 
Westminster 
restores  the 
Dutch  con- 
quest to  the 
English. 


February  20. 

Fen  wick  con- 
veys to  Wil- 
liam Penn, 
&c.  as  trus- 
tees. 


Proceeding 
in  court 
against  Fab- 
licius. 


1674. 

Several  Englishmen  from  Maryland  drove  the  subjects  of 
this  government,  in  a  barbarous  and  cruel  manner,  from  their 
dwellings,  and  ruined  them,  by  burning  their  houses,  thereby 
no  doubt  bereaving  them  of  means  of  subsistence.  Governor 
Colve  publishes  that  he  will  provide  for  all  such  exiles,  Dutch 
or  English,  who  go  to  him  with  certificates  of  the  fact  from 
Alricks.  The  inhabitants  at  Whorekill,  on  appearance  of 
any  enemy,  are  to  obey  orders  of  the  commander,  or  be 
prosecuted  as  perjured.^ 

The  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Westminster,  between 
England  and  the  States-General,  the  6th  article  of  which 
says,  "  That  whatsoever  countries,  islands,  towns,  ports,  cas- 
tles, or  forts,  have  or  shall  be  taken  on  both  sides,  since  the 
time  the  late  unhappy  war  broke  out,  either  in  Europe  or 
elsewhere,  shall  be  restored  to  the'  former  lord  or  proprietor, 
in  the  same  condition  they  shall  be  in  when  the  peace  itself 
shall  be  proclaimed."  Under  this  treaty  the  English  again 
acquire  possession  of  New  York  and  the  Delaware,  the  Dutch 
having  held  them  but  for  a  short  time.^     (February  9.) 

Fenwick  and  his  cestui  que  trust,  Edward  Byllinge,  (the 
latter  having  become  unfortunate,)  conveyed,  for  the  benefit 
of  his  creditors,  to  William  Penn,  Gawn  LaAvrie,  and  Nicholas 
Lucas,  nine  undivided  tenth  parts  of  the  province,  the  re- 
maining tenth  part  continuing  in  the  hands  of  Fenwick. 
This  remainder  was  soon  after  leased  for  one  thousand  years, 
to  Eldridge  and  Warner,  from  whom  Fenwick,  before  leaving 
England,  had  procured  money,  who  were  allowed  to  dispose 
of  as  much  land  as  would  reimburse  them,  thus  placing  the 
control  of  the  whole  in  the  hands  of  the  lessees,  subject  to 
a  contingent  claim  remaining  with  Fenwick.^  Thus  William 
Penn  became  one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  settling  West 
New  Jersey.*     (February  10.) 

Rev.  Mr.  Fabricius  appears  to  be  again  in  trouble.  The 
following  proceedings  in  court  appear  in  the  case : 

«  Attorney-general,  plaintifi",  against  J.  Fabricius,  before  a 
Lutheran  minister,  defendant — The  plaintifi",  ratione  officiiy 
said,  the  defendant,  last  Monday  a  fortnight,  married  a  cer- 
tain R.  Doxe,  now  a  prisoner,  to  one  Mary  Ann  Harris, 


•  Albany  Records,  vol.  xxii.  p.  137. 
3  Mulford,  p.  167.     Mickle,  p.  29. 


2  Smith's  N.  Y.  vol.  i.  p.  41. 
*  Proud,  vol.  i.  p.  137. 


DUTCH  GOVERNOR,  ANTHONY  COLVE.  411 

■without  consent  of  the  governor,  or  of  magistrates,  without  1674. 
inquiry  if  any  legal  objections  were  against  it,  which  is  a  case  "  '""' 
against  all  good  laws,  to  the  prejudice  of  your  inhabitants, 
and  in  contempt  of  the  good  laws  of  this  country,  who  there- 
fore ought  to  be  punished  as  he  deserved ;  therefore  plaintiff 
concludes  that  the  defendant  shall  be  brought  to  the  place 
where  public  justice  is  administered,  there  to  be  severely 
flogged,  and  banished  for  ever  out  of  the  province." 

"Attorney-general,  plaintiff,  against  J.  Fabricius,  defend-  Another  suit 
ant — Plaintiff,  nomine  oMciL  says  the  defendant  on  23d  last,  against  Fab- 

'•*''•'  '   ncius  for  an 

P.  M.,  came  to  the  house  of  Mary  Jurianen,  made  an  assault  assault  upon 
on  her  in  her  own  house,  and  committing  violence  in  taking  *  ^°'^'*'^- 
her  goods  away,  as  is  evident  by  the  affidavits  annexed,  be- 
sides complaint  of  many  aforesaid,  which  certainly  in  any 
place  of  good  police  ought  not  to  be  tolerated,  but  punished, 
for  an  example  for  others.  Asks  that  he  shall  be  punished 
with  arbitrary  correction,  for  the  violence,  and  for  striking, 
five  beavers,  cum  expensis." 

R.  Doxe  is  also  sued  for  coming  to  Fabricius  with  counter- 
feited certificate  of  T.  Wendall,  &c.^ 

Jacobus  Fabricius,  minister,   (severely   indisposed,)    peti-  Petition  of  j. 
tions  Governor  Colve,  and   "  shows,  with   all  humility  and  ^^^"""sf°r 

'   .  ^        '  •'  absolution. 

submission,  the  great  mistake  which  I  (he)  committed  in  mar-  ms  reasons, 
rying  a  couple  on  the  6th  of  February  last,  and  prays  his 
honour  to  absolve  me  (him)  this  time  in  your  discretion,  con- 
sidering I  was  ignorant  of  the  present  customs,  nor  of  the 
fraud  of  the  witnesses,  besides  the  conduct  of  Thomas  Wen- 
dall, and  her  importunate  entreaties,  which  I  more  than  once 
declined ;  and  lastly,  that  in  my  enfeebling  sickness,  I  had 
not  my  mind  sufficiently  at  command.  I  shall  not  only  ac- 
knowledge this  mercy  v/ith  thankfulness  and  praise,  as  good 
before  men,  but  be  more  on  my  guard  in  future,  on  similar 
occurrences,  as  it  would  cause  my  ruin,  which  your  honour 
might  possibly  effect,  but  your  honour  would  not  be  benefited 
by  it,  and  mercy  ought  always  obtain  a  place  before  justice, 
more  so  yet,  as  it  is  the  first  time.  I  expect  then,  a  consoling 
absolution,  by  which  they  would  console  my  poor  distressed, 
sick  soul.  M.  J.  Fabricius."^ 

"The  defendant,  Jacobus  Fabricius,  remaining  in  default,  Marchs. 
is  required  to  appear  at  next  session  of  court.  "^ 

'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xxiii.  pp.  44S,  449.  2  Ibid.  p.  446. 

3  Ibid.  p.  161. 


412 


CHARLES  11.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1674. 


March  21. 

Fabricius  is 
Buspendecl 
for  one  year, 
and  fined  for 
striking  a 


Doxe's  mar- 
riage de- 
clared ille- 
gal. 


April  18. 

J.  Fabricius 
asks  to  be 
permitted  to 
baptize. 


July  9. 

New  letters- 
patent  to 
the  Duke  of 
York. 


July  11. 


August  8. 


October  31. 


The  governor  and  council,  hearing  the  submission  and  con- 
fession of  J.  Fabricius,  and  "informed  too  of  his  previous 
bad  conduct,  nevertheless,  from  respect  of  his  old  age,  and 
the  office  in  which  he  for  some  time  acted,  unwilling  to  pro- 
ceed against  him  with  severity  and  rigour,  condemn  and  de- 
clare him  unable,  during  a  whole  year,  to  act  as  a  gospel 
minister,  or  in  any  way  whatever  dependent  on  that  office. 
Then  he  shall  be  obliged  to  solicit  a  special  consent,  before 
he  can  be  admitted  again  to  the  ministry." 

Doxe's  (whom  he  married)  marriage  was  declared  illegal, 
because  Fabricius  was  not  duly  qualified,  and  three  proclama- 
tions had  not  been  made  :  the  charge  of  bigamy  not  substan- 
tiated, therefore  he  is  permitted  to  have  his  marriage 
confirmed,  according  to  laws  of  the  government. 

In  the  case  of  violence  in  striking  Mary  Jansen,  J.  Fabri- 
cius confesses  it,  but  says  she  "  provoked  him  to  it  by  scold- 
ing."    He  is  fined  two  beavers,  cum  expensis.^ 

J.  Fabricius  prays  that  his  sentence  may  be  so  far  mitigated, 
that  if  he  is  not  permitted  to  preach,  at  least  he  might  be  to 
baptize.  "  The  suppliant's  petition  is  excused.'' {^.)  The  in- 
dex, in  referring  to  this,  says,  "he  is  permitted  to  baptize."- 

Some  doubts  arose  whether  the  changes  in  government 
from  English  to  Dutch,  and  back  again  to  the  English,  had 
not  impaired  the  Duke  of  York's  title,  and  grants  made  by 
him  under  it.  To  prevent  any  difficulty  which  might  occur 
with  regard  to  this  question,  letters-patent  were  issued  by  his 
majesty  to  the  duke,  in  nearly  the  same  words  with  the  former 
grant,  conveying  again  to  him  the  same  portion  of  territory.^ 
(June  29.) 

Two  days  after  receiving  the  patent,  the  duke  commissioned 
Sir  Edmund  Andross  governor  over  the  whole  country,  from 
the  west  side  of  Connecticut  River  to  the  east  side  of  Dela- 
ware, embracing  what  of  New  Jersey  had  been  previously 
granted  to  Berkley  and  Carteret.^ 

The  duke  executes  a  new  conveyance  to  Sir  George  Car- 
teret, in  severalty,  for  only  the  eastern  part  of  New  Jersey^ 
Lord  Berkley  having  previously,  (March  18,  1673,)  disposed 
of  his  own  undivided  portion  of  the  province. 

About  this  time  Major,  afterwards  Sir  Edmund  Andross, 
arrived  as  the  governor  under  the  Duke  of  York,  and  soon 


'  Albany  Records,  vol.  xxiii.  p.  169. 
3  Mulford,  p.  159. 


2  Ibid. 

*  Ibid.  p.  161. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  413 

after  issued  a  proclamation,  confirming  all  grants  for  land     1G74. 
heretofore  made,  as  well  as  judicial  proceedings,  to  his  arrival.     ""^"^    ' 
He  established  former  laws,  together  with  the  manner  and 
time  of  holding  courts,  &c.^ 

(Saturday.)  The  Fort  Amsterdam,  New  York,  was  this  xot.  lo. 
day  surrendered  to  Governor  Andross,  and  Matthias  Nicholls  rort  de- 
sworn  in  as  one  of  the  council.     All  magistrates  in  place  at  '^^"^03^*° 

the  time  of  the  Dutch  coming  here,  to  be  re-established  for  Magistrates 

•  •  t 

Delaware  River,  except  Peter  Alricks,  the  bailiff,  he  having  ^^J^^^^  g^. 

proffered  himself  to  the  Dutch  at  their  first  coming,  of  his  cept  Airicks. 

own  motion,  and  acted  very  violently  as  their  chief  officer 

ever  since. ^     (October  31.) 

Andross  informs,  by  letter,  the  governor  of  Maryland,  that  Nov.  13. 
he  has  received  from  the  Dutch,  New  York  and  its  depen-  Andross 
dencies,  in  behalf  of  his  majesty,  to  continue  as  formerly  Pernor  of  ^"^ 
under  his  royal  highness ;  that  he  has  given  orders  to  magis-  Maryland, 
trates  and  officers  at  Delaware,  "  to  prevent  or  redress  any 
kind  of  injury  to  the  neighbouring  colonies,   and  will  not 
doubt  the  like  on  the  governor  of  Maryland's  part."^ 

Andross  reappoints  all  commissaries  who  were  in  office  not.  u. 
when  the  Dutch  took  possession  in  July,  1673.* 

Captain  Cantwell,  formerly  sheriff  of  Delaware,  to  be  sheriff, 
and  William  Tom  secretary  or  dark  for  the  town  of  New 
Castle.  Captain  Cantwell  and  J.  De  Haas  are  authorized  to 
receive  quit-rents  and  all  other  duties,  whether  customs  or 
excise,  as  formerly  was  established  before  the  coming  of  the 
Dutch,  and  for  customs  as  they  now  are,  since  established  by 
his  royal  highness,  and  to  return  a  true  account  of  the  state 
of  all  matters  relating  to  the  revenue,  by  first  opportunity. 

Governor  Andross  commissions  Captain  Cantwell  and  Wil-  Andross  ap- 
liam  Tom  to  take  possession  of  the  fort  at  New  Castle ;  also  p°"^t»  °®; 

^  '  cers  at  Dela- 

the  cannons  and  all  other  stores  of  war  there,  or  in  any  other  ware  to  re- 
part  of  the  river,  for  his  majesty's  use,  pursuant  to  articles  ^^^®'°'*' 
of  peace  with  the  Dutch ;  "  and  you  are,  upon  occasion,  to 
send  to  any  other  part  of  the  country  for  the  repossession 
and  settling  any  of  his  majesty's  subjects  in  their  just  rights, 
and  particularly  at  the  Whorekills ;  likewise  to  comport  your- 

•  Smith's  N.  J.  pp.  77,  78.     Proud,  vol.  i.  p.  136. 

2  Albany  Records;  Minutes  of  Council,  vol.  iii.  p.  1. 

3  N.  Y.  Records;  in  Breviat,  p.  42. 

*  Albany  Records ;  Minutes  of  Council,  vol.  iii.  p.  1,  66.  See  Reg.  Penns. 
vol.  iv.  p.  56. 

2h2 


414 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1674. 


Magistrates 
of  Dela- 
ware. 


Nov.  21. 

Nov.  22. 

Tarious  com- 
missions to 
Capt.  Carr. 


Ifov.  19. 

Proclama- 
tion of  Gov. 
Andross,  on 
assuming 
the  govern- 
ment, con- 
firming aU 
grants  and 
judicial  pro- 
ceedings be- 
fore the 
Dutch  took 
possession. 


selves  ^ith  neighbouring  colonies  in  a  friendly  and  amicable 
manner."^ 

The  names  of  the  justices  for  New  Castle  are  Hans  Block, 
John  Moll,  Fop  Outhout,  Joseph  Chew,  Dirck  Alberts.  For 
the  river,  Peter  Cock,  Peter  Rambo,  Israel  Helme,  Laers 
Andriesson,  Wolle  Swain.^ 

Captain  Cantwell  is  authorized  to  administer  the  oath  of 
office  to  the  commissaries  and  others  at  New  Castle  and 
Whorekill.  He  is  also  to  inquire  for  the  king's  colours,  which 
were  in  the  custody  of  Captain  John  Carr,  late  deputy  go- 
vernor, before  the  Dutch  came,  in  1673,  who  having  gone  out 
of  the  government,  is  supposed  to  have  taken  them  with  him, 
or  left  them  with  some  private  person.  If  found,  to  use  them 
in  the  fort,  and  for  the  company  in  New  Castle  of  which  he 
is  captain. 

Andross  issues  the  following  proclamation  : 

"  Whereas  it  hath  pleased  his  majesty  and  royal  highness 
to  send  me  with  authority  to  receive  this  place  and  govern- 
ment from  the  Dutch,  and  to  continue  in  the  command  thereof 
under  his  royal  highness,  who  hath  not  only  taken  care  for 
our  future  safety  and  defence,  but  also  given  me  his  command 
for  securing  the  rights  and  property  of  the  inhabitants,  and 
that  I  should  endeavour,  by  all  fitting  means,  the  good  and 
welfare  of  this  province,  and  dependencies  under  his  govern- 
ment, that  I  may  not  be  wanting  in  any  thing  that  may  con- 
duce thereunto,  and  for  the  saving  of  the  trouble  and  charge 
of  any  coming  hither  for  the  satisfying  themselves  in  such 
doubts  as  might  arise  concerning  their  rights  and  property, 
upon  this  change  of  government,  and  wholly  to  settle  the 
minds  of  all  in  general,  I  have  thought  fit  to  publish  and 
declare,  that  all  former  grants,  privileges,  or  concessions 
heretofore  granted,  and  all  estates  legally  possessed  by  any 
under  his  royal  highness,  before  the  late  Dutch  government, 
as  also  all  legal  and  judicial  proceedings  during  that  govern- 
ment, to  my  arrival  in  these  parts,  are  hereby  confirmed,  and 
the  possessors,  by  virtue  thereof,  to  remain  in  quiet  possession 
of  their  rights."  It  is  also  "  declared,  that  the  known  book 
of  laws  formerly  established,  and  now  in  force,  under  his 
royal  highness's  government,  is  now  again  confirmed  by  his 
royal  highness,  which  are  to  be  observed  and  practised,  to- 

>  Albany  Records;  Minutes  of  Council,  vol.  iii.  pp.  1,  66.     See  Reg.  Penns. 
vol.  iv.  p.  56.  2  Ibid. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  415 

getter  with  the  manner  and  time  of  holding  court  therein    1674. 
mentioned,  as  heretofore,  and  all  magistrates  and  civil  officers     '    '    ' 
belonging  thereunto  to  be  chosen  and  established  accord- 
ingly."'    (November  9.) 

1675. 

E.  Andross,  in  a  letter  to  Cantwell,  acknowledges  receipt  January  19. 
of  his  (Cantwell's)  letters  of  30th  November  and  9th  Decem-  Letter  from 
ber,  informing  "of  his  having  taken  possession  of  the  fort,  crntwei/" 
and  of  the  magistrates  being  settled  at  New  Castle,  as  also  Fort;iand9 
up  the  river  and  at  the  Whorekill."     Andross  "  is  glad  to  j^jj^t; J"' 
hear  that  people   are  generally  so  well  satisfied  with   the  Murder  of 
change,  and  of  the  likelihood  of  new  comers  to  settle  in  these  by  inaians. 
parts ;"  thanks  him  for  his  care  in  executing  his  orders,  and 
allows  of  his  "  entertaining  a  man  for  the  fort,  and  taking 
up  a  barrel  of  powder  and  shot,"  as  he  mentions,  and  pro- 
mises all  encouragement  and  protection,  in  order  to  which,  he 
expects  to  visit  them  in  the  spring.     "  In  the  mean  time, 
you  may  give  such  new  comers  as  desire  to  continue  there 
any  reasonable  quantity  of  lands  not  disposed  of  or  settled 
in  time,  according  to  their  capacity  and  number  of  hands 
they  shall  bring  for  clearing,  due  regard  to  be  had  to  the  late 
war,  and  former  undertakers  to  be  preferred.     The  quantity 
of  lands  to  be  disposed  of  I  must  leave  to  your  discretion, 
referring  you  to  the  custom  of  the  place  and  neighbourhood, 
but  suppose  forty  or  fifty  acres  may  be  sufficient  for  a  head 
of  age  to  improve  it,  lest  we  run  into  former  errors,  of  giving 
greater  tracts  of  land  than  improved,  to  the  hinderance  of 
others."     Empowers  him  to  be  surveyor  for  the  whole  river 
and  bay  till  he  comes.     "  As  to  your  apprehension  of  some 
people's  removing  to  the  east  side,  I  suppose  none  of  any 
note  will  be  hasty  therein,  the  proprietors  not  being  agreed, 
and  though  some  have  obtained,  others  have  no  grants  yet 
from  his  royal  highness,  so  that  it  is  not  like  to  come  in  our 
hands."     Refers  to  execution  upon  Carr's  estate,  and  to  his 
proclamation  confirming  all  legal  proceedings,  '<  as  sufficient 
authority  for  all  officers  and  magistrates."    As  to  the  militia, 
he  thinks  of  making  no  alteration  till  he  comes.     "  Your 
lieutenant,  in  your  absence,  having  power  to  command,  and 
the  ensign  being  absent,  the  oldest  sergeant  may  do  that 
duty,  or  be  made  ensign  on  occasion ;  and  for  the  Whorekill, 

'  Albany  Records ;  A.  P.  S.  MSS.  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  57. 


416 


1675. 


Quit-rents 
remitted  for 
tliroo  years. 


February  23. 

Order  re- 

Epecting 

Carr's 

estate. 


April  3. 

Early  court 
at  New  Cas- 
tle. 


April  6. 

Murders. 
Distilling  of 
corn  prohi- 
bited. 


April  18. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

the  number  is  as  yet  too  little  for  a  company,  but  if  neces- 
sary, you  may  nominate  a  lieutenant,  who  may  choose  a  ser- 
geant, and  command  there  till  further  orders.  You  have  done 
well  in  summoning  the  Indians,  to  demand  justice  upon  the 
murderer  of  Dr.  Rhodes,  which  I  pray  prosecute  in  the  best 
means  you  can,  that  it  may  be  effected  (if  possible)  without 
wars ;  if  not,  let  me  hear  from  you  very  early  in  the  spring, 
that  I  may  take  order  in  it,  and  supply  you  accordingly."^ 

Among  other  regulations  then  made  for  encouragement  to 
settlers,  he  remitted  the  quit-rents  for  the  first  years  on  all  new 
lands  to  be  taken  up  and  seated  in  Delaware  precincts.  (See 
1678.) 

Expecting  to  be  at  Delaware  by  April,  Andross  orders 
Cantwell  "  not  to  suffer  Carr,  or  any  from  him,  to  dispose  of 
or  make  away  with  his  estate,  upon  which,  (if  you  judge 
necessary,)  you  may  lay  an  attachment  in  his  majesty's  be- 
half." Requires  him  to  make  up  his  accounts  of  customs  to 
25th  March.i 

It  appears,  from  a  reference  on  the  New  Castle  Court 
Records,  to  ^^proceedings  of  a  court  held  in  New  Castle^ 
March  24,  1674,"  (1675,)  that  courts  were  established  here  as 
early,  or  perhaps  prior  to  this  date.  The  records  are  at  pre- 
sent not  among  those  at  New  Castle,^  where  the  earliest  that 
we  have  seen  are  October,  1676.  We  have  seen  no  evidence 
of  courts  in  the  time  of  Lovelace,  though  there  must,  no 
doubt,  have  been  some  legal  proceedings.  Courts  were  held 
"  at  a  place  now  called  Troy  or  Jones's  Creek,  near  Dover, 
for  Jones's,  now  Kent,  and  at  Whorekill,  now  Lewistown,  for 
county  of  Deal,  now  Sussex  county.""* 

Andross  again  writes  to  Cantwell,  about  an  Indian  found 
dead,  and  those  who  murdered  Dr.  Rhodes ;  also  respecting 
an  Indian  killed  by  an  inhabitant  on  the  river,  and  orders  the 
magistrates  to  inquire  into  it,  and  do  justice  immediately  in 
it,  although  it  should  not  be  demanded  by  the  Indians.  The 
governor  hopes  Cantwell  has  prohibited  all  manner  of  dis- 
tilling corn,  as  well  as  its  transportation ;  if  not,  directs  it 
immediately.^ 

Two  Christians  were  murdered  by  the  Indians  on  Millstone. 


>  N.  Y.  MSS.  A.  P.  S.  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  93.     New  Castle  Records, 
lib.  A.  p.  320.  2  MSS.  A.  P.  S.  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  93. 

3  New  Castle  Records,  lib.  A.  p.  59.  ■»  Del.  Register,  vol.  i.  p.  177. 

6  N.  Y.  Records,  in  Breviat,  p.  43. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  417 

Andross  directs  Governor  Cartei-et  to  inquire,  by  express,     1675. 
into  the  murder,  and  to  give  orders  for  thirty  horses  for  his     "    •    ' 
journey  to  Delaware,  to  be  ready  by  29th,  or  at  furthest  by 
the  last  of  the  month.     He  will  come  by  way  of  the  Falls,  preparations 
where  Cantwell  may  meet  him  on  the  4th  of  May,  or  proceed  *°  ^  ^^"^^ 

''  ,  ^  ^  i  for  gover- 

to  Millstone.     "In  the  mean  time,  look  well  to  yourselves,  nor's  visit  to 
and  give  no  offence  or  suspicion  to  the  Indians."    He  speaks  ^^i^^^"^^- 
of  James  Sandyland,  and  says,   "he  ought  to  be  tried  by 
court,  and  detain,  punish,  or  release  him.     As  to  his  being 
out  on  bail,  if  he  be  not  criminal,  it  cannot  be  denied  him." 
The  charge  against  him  is  not  mentioned.^ 

Cantwell  sent  an  express  to  the  governor,  expressing  his  Mayio. 
fears  of  the  Indians,  which  Andross  says  are  unfounded.  Fears  of  in- 
Expects  to  set  out  on  his  journey  on  the  3d  of  May,  and  be  vlrnM  about 
at  the  Falls  next  day.     Thanks  him  for  his  care  for  the  pre-  to  start  on 
servation  of  the  inhabitants,  and  promises  to  supply  all  things      •'°'^™''y- 
necessary. 

Arrived  at  Salem  the  ship  "Joseph  and  Mary,"  Captain  Mayis. 
Matthew  Payne,   bringing  passengers,    among  whom    were  ArriTaiof 
Hypolitus  Lefevre,  John  Pledger,  Richard  Johnson,  &c.  This  ^'^  '^'^ 

,     ''  '^   ^  '  .  .  .  from  Eng- 

is  believed  to  be  the  first  vessel  which  arrived  in  West  Jersey,  land. 
though  Smith,  in  his  "New  Jersey,"  says  the  first  arrived 
next  month.^ 

It  is  probable  there  were  at  this  time  but  three  churches  in  May  23  &  24. 
the  present  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania. 

At  a  special  court  held  by  governor,  at  New  Castle,  or-  Orders  of 
dered,  "  That  the  church  or  place  of  meeting  for  divine  wor-  "^o"''  ^bout 

^  .  .  churches. 

ship  in  this  town,  and  the  affairs  thereunto  belonging,  be  Newcastle. 
regulated  by  the  court  here,  in  as  orderly  and  decent  a  mari- 
ner as  may  be.^     That  the  place  for  meeting  at  Crainehoeck'* 
do  continue  as  heretofore.     That  the  church  at  Tinnicum  Tinnicum 
Island  do  continue  as  heretofore  ;  that  it  serve  for  Upland  ^""^  upia°d, 
and  parts  adjacent. 

"  And  whereas  there  is  no  church  or  place  of  meeting  No  church 
higher  up  the  river  than  said  island,  for  the  greater  ease  and  ^'^^u^j."ifi.^ 
convenience  of  the  inhabitants  there,  it  is  ordered,  that  the  be  buiit  at 
magistrates  of  Upland  do  cause  a  church  or  place  of  meeting  ^^^'^^''skoo. 
for  that  purpose,  to  be  built  at  Wickegkoo,  the  which  to  be 

'  Albany  Records;  Minutes  of  Council,  vol.  iii.  p.  35.  *  MSS.  at  Salem. 

^  Penn  speaks  of  this  as  a  Dutch  church. — Foote. 

*  Tranhook,  on  the  low   lands  opposite  the  old  stone  church,  wliich  was 
buiit  at  Wilmington  about  1680. — Foote. 
53 


kept  at  the 
Fails. 


418  CHARLES  II JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1675.     for  the  inhabitants  of  Passyunk,  and  so  upwards,  the  said 

'    •    '     court  being  empowered  to  raise  a  tax  for  its  building,  and  to 

agree  upon  a  competent  maintenance  for  their  minister,  of 

all  which  they  are  to  give  an  account  to  the  next  general 

court,  and  they  to  the  governor,  for  his  approbation. 

«  Signed,  E;  Andross." 

"  Some  convenient  way  to  be  made  passable  between  town 
Koads  from    and  towu  on  this  river ;  the  manner  of  doing  it  to  be  ordered 
town  to  be    ^J  *^^  respcctivc  courts,  and  likewise  the  charges, 
laid  out.  "  That  a  ferry-boat  be  maintained  and  kept  at  the  Falls, 

Ferry  to  be    at  the  wcst  side  of  this  river ;  a  horse  and  man  to  pay  two 
guilders,  a  man  without  horse  ten  stivers.'- 

"  Strong  liquors  not  to  be  sold  to  the  Indians  less  than 
two  gallons,  under  penalty  of  five  shillings  sterling.  No 
corn  or  grain  to  be  distilled  by  the  inhabitants  of  this  place, 
river,  or  bay,  penalty  £5. 

"  Want  of  corn-mills  and  keeping  in  repair ;  the  justices 
May  25.        adviscd  to  examine  and  have  them  repaired ;  others  to  be 
Corn-miUs.    built ;  tolls  for  grinding  to  be  regulated ;  all  mills,  public  or 
private,  to  be  encouraged."^ 

Complaints  are  made  against  William  Tom  by  the  inhabit- 
Wm.  Tom.     ants,   who   say  he  molests  them   in  the   enjoyment   of  the 
meadow  lands  next  their  plantations,  claiming  them  on  patent 
from  Colonel  Nicholls.     A  compromise  is  ordered. 

Patents  of  lands  to  be  recorded  on  the  court  books  of  the 
May  15.  Several  jurisdictions  ;  those  who  have  taken  up  and  settled  on 
Patents  to  be  lands  not  yet  surveyed  and  patented,  to  apply  to  surveyor- 
teken'^out"'^  general,  and  have  it  done,  and  apply  for  patents.  This  order 
Andross  at    is  givcu  by  Andross,  at  New  Castle.^ 

as  e.        rpj^jg  ^^^^  Richard  Seays,  (called  See  on  the  records,)  sur- 
A  survey,      vcycd  the  "  Bcnnct  Farm."     The  Seays  were  Huguenots.* 

By  letters  received  from  Delaware,  the  governor  and  coun- 
Juiys.  oil  are  informed  of  a  disturbance  of  the  people  there  having 
Disturbance  taken  placc  ;  "  ordered,  that  some  person  be  sent  there  about 

at  Delaware,  j^^  ^^^  ^-^j^  j^-^  ^^^  £1^^  ^£   SoldicrS,  Or  SOmO  forCC."^ 

Arrived  the  ship   "  Griffon,"  Captain  Griffith,  having  on 

July  6.         board  John  Fenwick,  three  daughters,  and  the  husband  and 

children  of  two  of  them,  and  ten  servants  j  also,  the  wife  and 

1  New  Castle  Records,  p.  51,  lib.  A.  2  Ibid. 

3  New  Castle  Records,  in  Breviat. 

4  Foote's  Address  to  Drawyers'  Church,  in  1842. 

6  Albany  Records ;  Council  Minutes,  vol.  iii.  p.  46. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  419 

child  of  John  Pledger,  who  had  arrived  in  the  first  vessel,     1675. 
and  others.     Smith  mentions  Edward  Champness,  Edward     "    '    ' 
Wade,  Samuel  Wade,  John  Smith  and  wife,  Samuel  Nichols, 
Richard  Guy,  Richard  Noble,  Richard  Hancock,  John  Mat-  July  5. 
lack,  and  others,  some  of  whom  have  been  mentioned  as  in  the  gh'ip  o^riffon 
first  ship,  which  Smith  says  this  was.     No  other  vessel  is  with  John 

Fenwick  &c. 

mentioned  as  arriving  for  two  years.    They  landed  near  where  on  board. 
Salem  now  stands,  and  made  there  a  settlement.     Soon  after  Purchases 
his  arrival,  Fenwick  purchased  from  the  Indians  their  right  aiansby 
and  title  to  all  the  lands  now  known  as  Salem  and  Cumber-  reuwick. 
land  counties.     The  first  purchase  was  within  Salem  and  Old 
Man's  Creek,  the  second  within  Salem  and  Cohanzey,  and  the 
third  from  Cohanzey  to  Morris  River.     Fenwick  considering 
himself  as  still  possessing  rights  in  the  province,  left  London 
with  a  number  of  settlers,  and  proceeded  to  divide  the  lands, 
and  make  grants,  and  claimed  authority  as  chief  proprietor, 
in  which  he  was  soon  opposed  by  Andross.^     (June  25.) 

The  order  of  23d  of  June  is  "respited,"  about  the  distur-  Augusta. 
bance  at  Delaware,  and  an  order  passed  that  a  special  warrant  a  warrant 
be  sent  thither  for  Jacob  Fabricius  and  John  Ogle,  as  ring-  agamat  j. 
leaders,  to  make  their  appearance  here,  (New  York,)  to  answer  fabricius. 
the  misdemeanours  objected  against  them,  touching  the  late 
disturbance. 

Two  special  warrants  issue,  signed  and  sealed  by  Governor  Auguat  5. 
Andross,  against  Fabricius  and  Ogle,  reciting  that  the  gover- 
nor had  received  information  from  the  magistrates  on  Dela- 
ware, that  they  were  principal  ringleaders  in  the  tumultuous 
disturbance  upon  4th  June  last,  at  the  town  of  Delaware,  and 
had  disobeyed  the  order  set  forth  by  the  magistrates,  in  a 
riotous  manner ;  commanding  them  therefore,  in  the  king's 
name,  forthwith  to  make  their  personal  appearance  before  the 
governor,  in  New  York,  to  answer  what  may  be  objected 
against  them  on  that  account,  as  they  will  answer  the  con- 
trary at  their  utmost  peril. 

Governor  Andross  confirms  a  patent  granted  by  Lovelace  August  5. 
on  26th  February,  1671,  to  Robert  Tallant,  for  400  acres  of  ^•'•^t  s'^^'^' 
land  on  south-east  side  of  Apoquinimy  Creek,  "  and  reciting  Andross. 
divers  mesne  assignments  thereof,  down  to  Bezaliel  Osburne, 
in  fee."     Quit-rent  reserved  to  duke  of  four  bushels  wheat. 
"  This  is  the  first  grant  of  land  which  we  have,  made  by 

»  Johnson,  p.  14.     Smith's  N.  J.  p.  79.     Mulford,  p.  167. 


420 


1675. 


August  7. 

Dispute 
about  a  mea- 
dow between 
Carr  and 
New  Castle. 


Warrants 
against  Fab- 
ricius  and 
Ogle. 

Sept.  25. 

Fabricius 
again  sus- 
pended from 
hia  ministry. 


Meadow  to 
be  pur- 
chased from 
Indians. 

Dykes. 


Block-house, 
court-house, 
and  prison 
at  New  Cas- 
tle. 

October  3. 

Purchase 
from  In- 
dians near 
the  Falls  of 
Delaware. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

Andross  :  as  it  happens  to  be  entered  at  full  length,  it  shows 
the  form  of  his  grants."^ 

A  letter  signed  by  M.  Nicholls,  to  Cantwell,  per  governor's 
order,  speaks  of  "  Captain  Carr's  meadow  and  land  near  the 
town,  now  upon  sale,  and  in  dispute  betwixt  the  town  and 
particular  persons."  The  court  to  make  a  return  to  the  go- 
vernor, whether  it  was  ever  enclosed  or  improved,  particularly 
since  Carr  had  it ;  in  the  mean  time,  to  remain  as  it  was  the 
last  seven  years  of  the  English  government,  before  the  Dutch 
took  the  place,  in  July,  1673, 

Two  special  warrants  are  sent  for  Fabricius  and  Ogle ;  the 
other  persons  charged  as  ringleaders  are  to  appear  before 
next  court. ^ 

Fabricius  being  directed,  by  special  order,  to  make  his  ap- 
pearance before  the  governor  at  New  York,  to  answer  a  com- 
plaint made  against  him  by  the  high  sheriff  and  court  at  New 
Castle  ;  (Ogle  falling  sick,  appeared  not ;)  it  is  ordered,  "  that 
Fabricius,  in  respect  of  his  being  guilty,  and  his  former  irre- 
gular life,  be  suspended  from  exercising  his  functions  as  a 
minister,  or  preaching  any  more  within  this  government, 
either  in  public  or  private." 

Captain  Carr's  meadow  having  never  been  enclosed  nor 
purchased  from  the  Indians,  ordered,  that  it  be  purchased 
in  the  duke's  name,  meantime  to  remain  a  common. 

Order  of  court  for  making  dykes  at  New  Castle  confirmed, 
the  out  people  to  have  like  commonage  of  the  meadow  ad- 
joining the  dykes  they  helped  to  make. 

Ordered,  that  the  block-house  at  New  Castle  be  removed, 
and  built  on  the  back  side  of  the  town,  about  the  middle  of 
it,  at  or  near  the  old  block-house,  wherein  there  may  be  a 
court-house  and  a  prison, 

A  purchase  is  made,  in  the  name  of  Edmund  Andross, 
for  the  duke,  from  Mamarakickan,  Auricktan,  Sackoque- 
wano,  and  Nanneckos,  "  the  true  sachems  and  lawful  Indian 
proprietors  of  all  that  tract  of  land  on  west  side  of  Delaware, 
beginning  at  a  creek  next  to  the  Cold  Spring,  somewhat  above 
Mattinicum  Island,  about  eight  or  nine  miles  below  the  Falls, 
and  as  far  above  said  falls  as  the  other  is  below  them,  or  fur- 
ther that  way,  as  may  be  agreed  upon,  to  some  remarkable 
place,  for  the  more  certain  bounds ;  as  also  all  the  islands  in 
Delaware  River,  within  the  above  limits,  below  and  above  the 

1  N.  Y.  Records,  in  Breviat,  p.  42.  ^  Ibid. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  421 

Falls,  (except  only  one  island,  called  Peter  Alricks's  Island,)  1675. 
together  with  all  lands,  soils,  woods,  &c.,  without  any  reser-  "  '  ' 
vation  of  herbage  or  trees,  or  any  thing  growing  or  being 
thereon ;  consideration,  a  certain  sum  of  wampum,  and  other 
goods  to  them  in  hand  paid."  The  deed  is  witnessed  by 
twelve  Christians,  and  with  it  is  a  schedule  of  the  goods  ;^ 
viz.  60  fathoms  wampum,  6  duflfile  coats,  6  blankets,  6  coats 
of  dingam,  6  shirts,  one-half  anker  of  powder,  6  guns,  6 
shovels,  30  axes,  50  knives,  2  ankers  of  rum,  50  looking- 
glasses,  50  hoes,  20  pair  stockings,  10  pair  shoes,  100  tobacco 
pipes,  1  pound  of  paint,  100  awls,  and  100  jew's-harps.^ 

In  expectation   of  a  quarrel  with   the  Indians,  Governor  Nov.  lo. 
Andross  offers  his  friendly  aid  to  the  governor  of  Maryland. 

Various  grants  of  land  are  made  by  Andross,  on  George's  Nov.  &  Dee. 
Creek;   near  "Whorekill  on  Rehoboth  Bay,"  showing  that  Grants  of 
"WHorekill"  is  the  name  of  a  district;   "on  Skillpades-kill,  ^'^'^'^• 
extending  out  of  Christina  Creek;"  to  Morris  Listen,  on  fork 
of  Cedar  Creek,  150  acres ;  Apoquinimy  and  others,  in  par- 
cels of  150  to  1280  acres ;  quit-rent,  one  bushel  of  wheat 
per  100  acres.^ 

The  council  at  New  York  taking  into  consideration  a  letter  Dec.  is. 
from  Captain  Cantwell,  "  concerning  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Fen-  renwick's 
wick  and  others  at  Delaware,  with  their  pretences,  resolved,  P''''tension?. 

'  ,    ^  '  '    Has  no  right 

that  Mr.  Fenwick  having  no  order,  (which,  if  he  had,  ought  to  land. 
to  have  been  brought  first  and  recorded  here,)  is  not  to  be  ^^^f  ^^^ 

°  _  ''  duties. 

received  as  owner  or  proprietor  of  any  land  whatever  in  De- 
laware, but  to  be  used  civilly,  paying  all  duties  as  others  his 
majesty's  subjects  in  those  parts ;  and  if  he,  or  any  of  the 
persons  that  come  with  him  desire  land  to  the  westward,  that 
there  be  assigned  them  fitting  proportions  as  to  others,  and 
due  return  made  of  the  surveys."* 

"  As  to  any  privilege  or  freedom  of  customs,  or  trading  on  the  Nopriviieses 
eastern  shore,  none  to  be  allowed  in  any  case,  to  the  smallest  °l  ^J^f""^ 

'  >J  '  of  duty  on 

vessel,  boat,  or  person."  east  side. 

"The  magistrates  and  chief  ofiicers  are  to  be  very  careful  Magistrates 
that  there  be  no  abuse  committed  on  the  eastern  shore,  under  ^^  aLTes'!'^'^ 
any  pretence  whatever,  contrary  to  the  above." 

"  As  to  the  customs.  New  Castle  to  pay  but  as  New  York,  customs  at 
2  per  cent.,  &c.,  but  above  the  tOAvn,  or  any  other  place  in  ^X^aTat 
the  bay  or  river,  except  Whorekill,  to  pay  the  addition  of  New  York. 

'  N.  Y.  Records,  in  Breviat,  p.  42.         2  Gordon,  p.  37. 
3  N.  Y.  Records,  in  Breviat.  ■»  New  Castle  Records,  p.  41. 

2N 


422  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1675.     3  per  cent.,  as  per  regulations.     By  order  of  governor  and 
"    '    '    council.  Matthias  Nicholls,  jun."^ 

The  governor  of  Maryland  was  engaged  in  war  with  the 
Dec.  20.  Susquehanna  Indians.  Governor  Andross  writes  him  on  the 
War  be-  subjcct.  Cantwcll  is  directed  by  Andross  to  complj  strictlj 
i^^d^n/in-  *^  ^^^  directions,  in  case  of  Fenwick  and  the  customs  as  at 

dians.  NcW  York.^ 

The  Indians  are  wavering.     Andross  directs,  "  be  just  to 
Andross's      them;"  he  will  send  supplies;  recommends  moving  the  block- 
rec  ions.     j^Q^jgg  ^^  ^j^g  middle  of  New  Castle,  as  he  showed  him  when 
there,  so  as  to  command  both  ends."^ 

Soon  after  Fenwick  arrived,  when  he  and  several  others 

ori^nof       of  the  denomination  of  Friends  had  settled  themselves  and 

meetings  at   families  at  Salem,  they  resolved  to  associate  together,  and 

Salem.         organize  a  meeting,  to  be  held  in  the  town  twice  in  every 

week,  for  divine  worshfp,  and  once  in  each  month  for  church 

discipline.     Among  these  associators  were   John   Fenwick, 

Robert   Zane,    Samuel   Nicholson,   Edward    Wade,   Samuel 

Hedge,  John  Thompson,   John  Smith,   and   Richard  Guy. 

During  the  first  five  years,  they  held  their  religious  meetings 

in  private  houses ;  in  1680,  they  purchased  a  house  and  fitted 

it  up  for  their  better  accommodation ;  in  1700,  they  erected 

a  brick  house."* 

This  year,  William  Edmundson,  a  public  Friend,  visited 
wiUiamEd-  Ncw  Castlc  and  Upland,  where  they  attended  meeting  at 
^Stfthe  Robert  Wade's  house,  being  first  day  of  the  week,  and  where 
Delaware,  meetings  wcrc  regularly  established.  Wade  and  others  hav- 
ing arrived  this  year.^  After  meeting,  they  went  in  a  boat 
to  Salem,  where  they  met  with  Fenwick  and  other  families 
of  Friends  who  had  just  arrived  from  England ;  next  day 
they  went  to  New  Castle,  where  they  met  their  horses ;  they 
there  found  it  difficult  to  be  entertained,  the  inhabitants  being 
chiefly  Dutch  and  Finns,  and  addicted  to  drunkenness,  who 
refused  them,  though  they  had  money.  They  applied  to  the 
chief  magistrate,  Cantwell,  to  complain  that  they  could  not 
procure  lodgings  even  for  money,  who  commanded  the  keeper 
of  an  ordinary  to  receive  them,  and  himself  promised  him 
any  thing  he  needed.  William  Edmundson  next  morning 
proceeded  with  R.  Wade  and  another  friend,  on  their  journey 
to  Maryland.^ 

>  New  Castle  Records.  2  n.  Y.  Records,  in  Breviat,  p.  43. 

^  Ibid.  ■*  Johnson,  p.  98. 

^  Proud,  vol.  i.  p.  218.         6  Smith's  Penns.  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  vi.  p.  183. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  423 

In  this  same  year  originated  also  the  Baptist  church  at    1675. 
Cape  May,  "from  a  vessel  which  put  in  there  from  England,     "    •    ' 
with  emigrants,  some  of  whom  settled  at  the  cape.     Among 
these  were  two  Baptists,  named  George  Taylor  and  Philip  origin  of 
Hill.     Taylor  kept  a  meeting  in  his  house,  and  with  his  ex-  fj^u^chat 
hortations,  reading  the  Bible,  expounding,  &c.,  enlightened  cape  May. 
some  in  believers'  baptism.     Taylor  died  in  1702,  and  Hill 
continued  the  meeting  till  1704,  when  he  died.     Neither  of 
them  were  ministers."^ 

Governor  Andross,  by  commission,  authorizes  Caspar  Har-  Dec.  u. 
man  to  bring  in  from  the  woods  adjacent  to  Apoquinimy  and 
Landwerdin,  all  wild  and  unmarked  cattle,  hogs,  and  horses, 
not  having  a  known  owner,  to  the  chief  officer,  and  paying 
one-third  of  the  value  to  use  of  his  royal  highness,  the  other 
two-thirds  for  his  pains  and  trouble.^ 

Governor  grants  to  Peter  Bayard  a  parcel  of  land  called  Dec.  25. 
Bombay's  Hook,  on  west  side  of  Delaware,  on  mouth  of  Duck 
Creek,  containing  600  acres ;  quit-rent  to  duke,  six  bushels 
of  wheat.^ 

1676. 

A  renewed  execution  recites  that  Jeufiro  Armlgart  Printz,  January  23. 
of  Upland,  obtained  a  judgment  at  the  assizes  in  New  York,  judgment 
in  1672,  against  Andrew  Carr  and  Priscilla  his  wife,  for  a  favo^^^of" 
sum  for  which  a  special  warrant  of  execution  was  granted,  Mrs.  Pappe- 
but  the  same  was  not  fully  effected ;  at  her  request  that  the  clrr!^'"'^ 
former  execution  may  be  renewed,   the   governor  requires 
Sheriff  Cantwell  to  proceed  according  to  said  judgment  in 
what  remains  unexecuted. 

There  are  various  grants  of  land  by  Andross,  about  this  January  25. 
time,  in  New  Castle,  and  on  the  river  below  it ;  one  to  John  Grants  of 
Edmundson,  of  land  formerly  granted  by  Governor  Nicholls,  ^^^^' 
August  1,  1668,  to  Thomas  Woolaston  and  others,  in  White 
Clay  kill,  near  Christina  kill,  800  acres  of  woodland,  besides 
valley,  which  now,  by  "  mesne  assignment,"  came  to  Edmund- 
son,   and  is  granted  in  fee  by  Andross ;    quit-rent,   eight 
bushels  wheat.* 

At  a  meeting  held  by  the  commander  and  justices  at  Up-  March  23. 
land,  upon  the  news  of  the  Seneca  Indians  coming  down  to  indiaJgat 
fetch  the  Susquehanna,  &c.,  it  was  concluded,  upon  the  motion  sha^kamax- 

on. 

'  jMorgan  Edwards's  History  of  Baptists,  vol.  ii.  p.  3S.     Johnson,  pp.  84. 

2  New  York  Records,  in  Breviat. 

3  New  Castle  Records,  at  length,  Breviat.         *  N.  Y.  Records,  in  Breviat. 


424  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1676.  of  RinoweTian,  the  Indian  sachamore,  for  the  most  quiet  of 
'  '  '  the  river,  that  Captain  Collier  and  Israel  Helm  go  up  to 
Shackamaxon,  (where  at  present  a  great  number  of  Seneca 
and  other  Indians  are,)  and  that  they  endeavour  to  persuade 
the  Senecas,  the  Susquehannas,  and  these  river  Indians,  to 
send  each  a  sachamore  or  deputy  to  his  honour  the  governor, 
at  New  York,  and  that  Justice  Israel  Helm  go  with  them  to 
hear  and  receive  his  said  honour's  resolutions,  and  answer  to 
their  demands."^ 

Andross  grants  to  Jurian  Hartsfelder,  350  acres,  on  the 
AprU4.  south-west  side  of  "  Cohocktinks'  Creek;"  quit-rent,  Si- 
Grant  of  bushels  wheat.  This  was,  after  about  ten  years,  sold  to 
site  of  Nor-    Daniel  PesTg,  and  is  the  ground  on  which  now  stands  the 

them  Liber-  °°'        .  /t/t        i     oo  \ 

ties.  Northern  Liberties.^     (March  23.) 

An  injunction  is  granted  by  Andross,  in  New  York,  upon 
June*.  2i petition  in  equity  to  him,  to  stay  execution  on  a  judgment 
A  judgment  obtained  at  law,  in  the  court  of  New  Castle,  by  William  Tom 
andexccu-     acrainst  Hcudrick  Jansen ;  on  Jansen's   givino;  security  to 

tion  BUS-  o  _  ^  '  _  o  C3  J 

pended  by     make  good  his  complaint,  execution  to  be  suspended,  and  all 
AndroBs.       proceedings,  writings,  and  proofs  to  be  transmitted  to  New 
York  for  a  final  determination  in  equity.^ 

By  "an  indenture  quintipartite,''  so  called  from  the  per- 
juiy  11.  sons  engaged  in  it,  viz.  Sir  George  Carteret,  on  the  one  part, 
New  .Tersey  and  William  Penn,  Gawen  Lawrie,  Nicholas  Lucas,  and  Ed- 
dividedinto  -y^ard  Byllingc,  on  the  other,  a  division  of  the  territory  dif- 
West.  ferent  from  that  made  by  second  grant  of  Duke  of  York  took 

place,  dividing  the  province   into  East  and  West    Jersey. 
After  this  division,  Byllinge  and  his  trustees  reconveyed  the 
share  that  had  belonged  to  Fenwick,  giving  it  to  Eldridge 
and  Warner  in  fee,  and  they  were  thus  admitted  as  pro- 
prietors.    Fenwick  complained  of  his  lessees,  and  directly 
accused  William  Penn  and  his  associates  of  having  concerted 
a  plan  to  deprive  him  of  his  property  and  rights.'^  (July  1.) 
Three  persons  were  appointed  as  commissioners,  by  Byllinge 
August  28.     and  his  trustees,  and  Eldridge  and  Warner,  with  authority  to 
Commission-  act,  uudcr  iustructious,  for  their  constituents,  to  endeavour  to 
^^^  T^ .       remove  the  difficulties  with  Fenwick,  and  have  the  lands  di- 

I)ointed  in  _  _  ' 

New  Jersey,   yidcd  as  intended  by  agreement  between  Fenwick  and  Byl- 

I  Upland  Records,  p.  72. 

*  N.  Y.  Records,  in  Breviat,  p.  44.     Watson,  vol.  i.  p.  439, 
3  N.  Y.  Records,  in  Breviat,  p.  45. 

*  Mickle,  p.  30.     Mulford,  pp.  170—171. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  425 

linge,  if  not  to  let  it  be  known  that  Fenwick  had  not  power  1676. 
of  the  persons  or  estates  of  any,  nor  authority  to  act  without  " — '  ' 
consent  of  Eldridge  and  Warner.  The  commissioners  were 
authorized  to  purchase  and  take  up  ninety  parts  for  use  of 
Penn,  Lawrie,  and  Lucas,  and  ten  for  Eldridge  and  Warner. 
Fenwick  continued  to  assert  his  rights  as  proprietor,  in  re- 
gard to  property  and  government,  the  commissioners  there- 
fore published  the  facts,  but  their  authority  was  soon  super- 
seded by  the  proprietary  government.^ 

The  governor  and  council  of  New  York,  on  petitions  of  Augusts. 
Laurence  Caroli,  of  Delaware,  concerning  a  mare,  and  another  Appeal  from 
for  selling  strong  liquors  to  Indians,  in  which  Carolus  was  ^^^^^^^^ 
cast  at  the  court  of  New  Castle,  and  appealed  to  New  York  York. 
for  relief,  order  that  the  petitions,  proceedings,  judgment  of 
court,  and  attestations  delivered  in  at  New  York,  be  sent  to 
the  court  at  New  Castle,  who  are  to  return  them  back,  with 
their  answer,  to  the  governor,  and  in  the  mean  time,  execu- 
tion be  stopped. 

On  a  complaint  of  Peter  Gronendyke,  of  Whorekill,  of  Another 
wrong  done  him  by  the  court  there,  in  a  suit  for  some  tobacco,  ^^^i.  j^^y 
where  complainant  was  cast,  and  the  president  of  the  court,  and  court 
and  six  of  seven  of  the  jury  acknowledged  their  proceedings  error, 
erroneous,  and  desired  their  verdict  might  be  annulled,  and 
yet  the  president  gave  out  afterwards  execution  against  com- 
plainant ;  it  is  ordered,  on  complainant's  giving  security,  that 
the  president  of  the  court,  some  of  the  jury,  and  the  prose- 
cutor, appear  at  next  general  court  of  assize  at  New  York. 

Captain  Cantwell  is  ordered  to  endeavour  to  make  up  a  August  7. 
contest  between  Maryland  and  the  Susquehanna  Indians,  and  MaryUndand 
acquaint  the  governor  of  Maryland  thereof.^  susquehan- 

The  governor  grants  a  pass  at  New  York  to  a  Frenchman, 
by  name  John  Turcoat,  and  four  or  five  of  his  countrymen,  August  20. 
to  proceed  "  to  Delaware  River  or  Bay,  and  the  south  parts  Pass  to  a 
thereabouts,  being  intended  to  hunt  that  way  and  return  ^"'^'^^'^'i' 
again.  "^ 

Captain  Cantwell  to  be  "  checked"  for  raising  so  rash  an  August  21. 
alarm  at  Delaware,  but  nevertheless  to  inquire  the  meaning  na'inditns 
of  the  Susquehannas  coming  in.*  create 

John  Collier  is  commissioned  by  Governor  Andross  "  to  be  ^'^™' 
commander  in  Delaware  Bay  and  River ;  you  are  therefore  to  Sept.  23. 

>  Mickle,  p.  30.    Mulford,  pp.  170—171. 

2  N.  Y.  Records,  in  Breviat,  p.  45.  3  Ibid.  *  Ibid. 

64  2»2 


426  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK 

1676.     take  care  that  the  militia  in  the  several  places  be  well  armed, 

^""""^^     duly  exercised,  and  kept  in  good  order  and  discipline,  and 

the  officers  and  soldiers  thereof  are  required  to  obey  you  as 

Commission  their  commandcr,  and  yourself  to  observe  such  orders  and 

iier,°as°com-  dircctions  as  you  shall  from  time  to  time  receive  from  me  or 

manderand  other  vour  suDcrior  officers,  according  to  the  rules  and  dis- 

r6ceiv6r  of  «/  i  '  o 

(luit-rents      cipliuc  of  war,  and  the  trust  reposed  in  you."^ 

and  of  cus-         Captain  Collier  is  also  appointed  sub-collector  of  customs 

at  New  Castle,  and  receiver  of  the  quit-rents  or  other  rC' 

venues  there,  and  on  the  river  and  bay. 

Peter  Cock,  Peter  Rambo,  Israel  Helm,  LaesAndriesson, 
Oct.  3.  Wolle  Swain,  and  Otto  Earnest  Cock,  are  appointed  justices 
Justices  of  of  the  peace  in  the  jurisdiction  of  Delaware  River  and  de- 
Ter^airLy!  pendencics ;  any  three  or  more  to  be  a  court  of  judicature 

for  one  year. 

John  Moll,  Henry  Ward,  William  Tom,  Foppe  Outhout, 
Justices  of    John  Paul  Jaquet,  and  Garrel  Otto,  justices  of  the  peace  for 

New  Castle  and  dependencies ;  any  three  or  more  to  be  a 

court  of  judicature. 

Ephraim  Herman,  clerk  of  the  courts  of  New  Castle  and 
Clerk  of  Upland;  and  on  10th  October,  the  oath  of  office  being  ad- 
oathadmi-  Diinistered,  by  dedimus,  by  Captains  Cantwell  and  Collier, 
nistered.       to  the  justiccs  of  Ncw  Castle,  they  are  established  in  their 

places.^ 

Governor  Andross  directs  Captain  John  Collier  "  to  go  to 
Coiuertogo  Maryland,  either  from  Whorekill  or  Delaware,  about  making 


to  Mary- 
land. 


up  a  difference  which  Maryland  had  with  the  Susquehanna 
Indians.  Indians ;  then  return  to  New  Castle."  He  is  to  prevent  all 
ns  rue  ions.  jjjj;gj,iQpg],g  qj.  irregular  traders,  contrary  to  law  and  the  pri- 
vileges and  inhabitants  of  New  York  and  New  Castle ;  keep 
due  accounts  of  customs  and  all  other  public  revenues ;  ren- 
der accounts  every  three  months.^ 

Governor  Andross,  by  letter,  advises  governor  of  Maryland 
Sept.  25.       «to  a  friendship  with  the  Susquehanna  Indians." 

Captain  Cantwell  is  fined  200  guilders,  to  use  of  the  king, 
on  complaint  of  Captain  Hans  Juriansen,  for  abusing  and 
striking  him  in  his  own  house,  and  "  both  parties  to  lay  by 
all  animosities  for  the  future." 

The  following  instructions  were  given  by  Governor  Andross, 
respecting  courts  and  other  matters  on  Delaware : 

•  New  Castle  Records,  p,  5.     Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  56. 

2  Ibid.  3  Ibid. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  427 

"  Whereas  the  last  year,  at  my  being  at  Delaware,  upon    1676. 
application  of  the  inhabitants,  representing  that  my  prede-    ' — ■ — ' 
cessor.  Governor  Lovelace,  had  begun  to  make  a  regulation 
for  the  due  administration  of  justice  according  to  the  laws  of  Sept.  25. 
this  government,  pursuant  to  which  I  did  appoint  some  ma-  Governor 
gistrates,  and  make  some  rules  for  their  proceedings,  the  year  ^"^"""^^ 

°         ,  ,  ...  o   7  J  makes  some 

ensuing,  or  till  further  order,  in  which  having  maturely  de-  aiterationa 
liberated,  by  the  advice  of  my  council,  made  some  alterations  co^te' &c 
in  form  following : 

"  1st.  That  the  books  of  laws   established  by  his  royal  New  York 
highness,  and  practised  in  New  York  and  Long  Island,  be  ^7^*^^^®"* 
likewise  in  force  and  practice  in  this  river  and  precincts,  ex-  with  certain 
cept  the  constable's  courts,  county  rates,   and  some  other  ^^'^''p'''"^- 
things  peculiar  to  Long  Island  and  the  militia,  as  now  ordered 
to  remain  in  the  king,  but  that  a  constable  be  yearly,  in  each  Constables, 
place,  chosen  for  the  preservation  of  his  majesty's  peace,  with 
all  other  powers  as  directed  by  law. 

"  2d.  That  there  be  three  courts  held  in  the  several  parts  Three  courts  ' 
of  the  river  and  bay,  as  formerly,  viz.  one  in  New  Castle,  one  °^  '^® 
above  at  Upland,  another  below  at  Whorekill. 

"  3d.  That  the  courts  consist  of  justices  of  the  peace,  courts  to 
whereof  three  to  make  a  ^  coram,'  and  to  have  power  of  a  "°gt^|fg'g°^ 
court  of  sessions,  and  decide  all  matters  under  <£20,  without  Quorum, 
appeal,  in  which  court  the  eldest  justice  to  preside,  unless  unllr  £20 
otherwise  agreed  amongst  themselves.     Above  X20,  and  for  no  appeal, 
crime,  extending  to  life,  limb,  and  banishment,  to  admit  of 
appeal  to  the  court  of  assizes. 

"4th.  That  all  small  matters  under  the  value  of  ^5,  may  No  jury 
be  determined  by  the  court  without  a  jury,  unless  desired  by  "'^''®''^5- 
the  parties,  as  also  matters  of  equity. 

"  5th.  That  the  court  for  New  Castle  be  held  once  a  month,  Time  of 
to  begin  the  first  Tuesday  in  each  month ;  and  the  court  for  ^°^^s 

o  ./^  7  courts. 

Upland  and  the  Whorekill  quarterly,  and  begin  the  second 
Tuesday  of  the  month,  or  oftener  if  occasion. 

"6th.  That  all  necessary  by-laws  or  orders  (not  repugnant  orders  of 
to  the  laws  of  the  governor)  made  by  said  courts,  be  of  force  bindin'"''* 
and  binding  for  the  space  of  one  whole  year,  in  the  several 
places  where  made,  they  giving  an  account  thereof  to  the 
governor  by  the  first  opportunity,  and  that  no  fines  be  made 
or  imposed  but  by  order  of  court. 

«  7th.  That  the  several  courts  have  power  to  regulate  the 


428  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1676.     court  and  officers'  fees,  not  to  exceed  the  rates  in  the  book 
"    '^    '     of  laws,  nor  to  be  under  half  the  value  therein  expressed. 

"  8th.  That  there  be  a  high  sheriff  for  the  town  of  New 
High  sheriff  Castlc,  rivor  and  bay,  and  that  the  said  high  sheriff  have 
aer  sherij^"^  powcr  to  make  an  under-sheriff  or  marshal,  being  a  fit  person, 
and  for  whom  he  will  be  responsible,  to  be  approved  by  the 
court ;  but  the  sheriff,  as  in  England,  and  according  to  that 
now  practised  on  Long  Island,  to  act  as  a  principal  officer  for 
the  execution  of  the  laws,  but  not  as  a  justice  of  peace  or 
magistrate. 

"  9th.  That  there  be  fitting  books  provided  for  the  records, 
Books  for  in  which  all  judicial  proceedings  to  be  duly  and  fairly  en- 
record.  tcrcd,  as  also  publicly  orders  from  the  governor,  and  the 
names  of  the  magistrates  and  officers  authorized,  with  the 
time  of  their  admission ;  the  said  records  to  be  kept  in  Eng- 
lish, to  which  all  persons  concerned  may  have  recourse  at  due 
and  seasonable  times. 

"  10th.  That  a  fit  person  for  clarTc,  when  vacant,  be  recom- 
cierk.  mended  by  each  court  to  the  governor  for  his  approbation,  in 

whose  hands  the  said  records  are  to  be  kept. 

"  11th.  That  all  writs,  warrants,  and  proceedings  at  law 
Writs,  &c.  to  shall  be  in  his  majesty's  name,  it  having  been  practised  in 
of  his"^*^  ^^^  government  ever  since  the  first  writing-  of  the  law  book, 
jesty.  and  it  being  his  royal  highness's  special  pleasure  and  order. 

"  12th.  That  no  rates  be  imposed,  or  levies  of  money  made 
No  rates  or    within  the  towu  of  New  Castle,  river  or  bay,  by  any,  under 
out'goT^er-"   "vvhat  denomination  soever,  without  the  approbation  of  the 
nor's  appro-  govcmor,  unlcss  upou  extraordinary  occasions,  in  case  of  ne- 
cessity, of  which  the  governor  to  have  present  notice  and 
account  sent  him.     That  upon  the  levy  of  any  rates,  there  be 
a  fair  account  kept  both  of  the  receipts  and  disbursements, 
which  account  to  be  given  in  to  the  courts,  there  to  be  passed, 
and  then  sent  to  the  governor,  for  his  allowance,  until  which 
not  to  be  a  sufficient  discharge. 

"Whereas,  by  this  regulation,  there  are  no  overseers  ap- 
Arbitrations  pointed,  uo  coustablcs'  courts,  but  all  matters  to  be  deter- 
recommend-  j^j^gfj  ^y  i\-yQ  iugtices,  I  do  therefore  recommend  the  compo- 

ed  m  small  .  ,  .  .  „ 

matters.       surc,    or    referring   to    arbitration,    of    as   many    matters, 
particularly  under  the  value  of  £5,  as  may  properly  be  de- 
termined that  way,  provided  it  may  be  by  consent  of  parties. 
"  That  any  person  desiring  land  make  application  to  the 
court  in  whose  bounds  it  is,  who  are  required  to  sit  once  a 


DEPTJTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  429 

month,  or  oftener,  if  there  be  occasion,  to  give  order  therein,     1676. 
certify  to  the  governor  for  any  land  not  taken  up  and  im-     '     '     ' 
proved,  fit  proportions,  not  exceeding  50  acres  per  head, 
unless  upon  extraordinary  occasions,  where  they  see  good  course  to  be 
cause  for  it,  -which  certificate  to  be  a  sufficient  authority  or  ^"^g^^i^jj^j^ 
warrant  for  the  surveyor  to  survey  the  same,  and  with  the  are  wanted, 
surveyor's  return  to  be  sent  to  New  York  for  the  governor's 
approbation.     That  in  the  certificates  be  specified  how  much 
upland  and  meadow,  with  due  regard  that  each  may  have  a 
proportionable  share,  according  to   the  place  they  are  in, 
landward.     Given,  &c.,  September  25,  1676,  at  New  York. 

"  E.  Andross."^ 
A  special  court  does  not  consider  a  verbal  commitment  by  Sept.  26. 
Captain  Billop  lawful,  he  having  no  commission. 

About  this  time,  it  would  thus  appear,  that  the  courts  were 
more  completely  organized,  although,  as  has  before  been 
stated,  courts  of  some  kind  had  been  held  as  early  as  1675, 
probably  earlier,  as  it  is  said  above,  that  "Lovelace  had  be- 
gun to  make  regulations  for  the  due  administration  of  justice." 
It  is  to  be  regretted  that  their  early  minutes  are  not  at  pre- 
sent to  be  found.  The  only  records  that  we  have  seen  are 
those  of  New  Castle,  commencing  October  10,  1676,  and  of 
Upland,  November  14,  1676.  As  allusions  are  made  in  the 
"Breviat"  to  those  of  Kent  and  Sussex,  they  wei-e  no  doubt 
in  existence  in  1735,  at  the  trial  between  Penn  and  Lord 
Baltimore.  As  the  courts  took  cognisance  of  all  matters  re- 
lating as  well  to  church  as  state,  they  furnish  many  facts 
which  would  otherwise  have  been  lost,  and  of  which,  for  a 
few  years,  we  shall  avail  ourselves.  It  appears  they  exercised 
jurisdiction  over  both  sides  of  the  river ;  from  them  appeals 
were  made  to  the  courts  at  New  York,  and  occasionally  from 
these  to  those  on  the  Delaware. 

A  special  warrant  against  Major  Fenwick  is  directed,  by  Sept.  25. 
the  governor,  to  Edmund  Cantwell,  sherifi",  reciting  that  Major  complaints 
Fenwick  "  pretends  to  be  proprietor  of  the  east  side  of  Del-  j^frTenwick. 
aware,  and  has  acted  accordingly,  granting  lands,  dispossess-  To  be  sum- 

,,.  I'll  •  f  •     I-  moned  to 

mg  persons,  sellmg  their  lands,  arrogatmg  power  01  judicature,  New  York. 
and  giving  out  licenses  for  distilling,  contrary  to  the  order 
settled  in  the  river,  whereby  he  has  wronged  some  persons 
from  other  parts,  and  distracts  the  minds  of  the  inhabitants 

'  Upland   Court  Records  ;  liold  by  authority  of  Charles  II.,  commencing 
Nov.  14,  1676,  (in  possession  of  Albanus  Logan,  Esq.) 


430  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1676.  throughout  the  whole  river  and  bay,  not  having  any  lawful 
'  '  '  power  and  authority."  Sheriflf  is  to  repair  to  the  other  side, 
inquire  into  the  truth,  and  forewarn  the  people  of  their  dan- 
ger ;  if  Fenwick  has  thus  acted,  summon  him,  in  his  majesty's 
name,  to  appear  and  answer  before  the  governor  and  council 
at  New  York,  at  his  utmost  peril.  In  case  of  opposition, 
all  his  majesty's  subjects  are  to  aid. 

Helmanus  Wiltbank,  Edward  Southerne,  Alexander  Moles- 
Octoi)er26.    tyn,  John  King,  and  Paul  Mush,  are  commissioned  as  justices 
of  the  peace,  at  Whorekill  and  dependencies,  (three  to  be  a 
court,)  for  one  year  or  further  order.     John  Avery  is  ap- 
pointed captain  of  a  foot  company,  and  John  Roach,  ensign.^ 
The  justices  of  New  Castle  refer  various  matters  to  the 
Not.  8.         govemor's  consideration,  and  petition  for  a  remedy.     They 
Petition  of    ask  him  to  remove  from  the  law  book  all  that  does  not  relate 
trat^'^S^'     ^^  t^^^  river ;  they  think  it  will  be  burdensome  to  the  militia 
New  Castle    to  watch ;  they  ask  for  a  lesser  seal  for  their  offices,  as  it  is 
TeMin^to'  inconvenient  to  send  papers  and  instruments  to  neighbouring 
several  mat-  colonics  ;  Want  a  prison  for  debtors,  fugitives  and  malefactors, 
Tesseisgoing  "^^^0    oftcn   escape ;    propose   40   guilders   for   wolf  scalps, 
up  and         Lastly,  they  "  are  constrained  to  ask,  that  in  case  of  sloops 
and  vessels  be  henceforth  permitted  to  go  up  and  down  the 
river,  trading  with  the  people,  and  getting  all  the  ready  and 
best  pay,  (as  they  now  do,)  that  this  place  will  in  a  short  time 
be  deserted,  and  come  to  nothing,  which  then  will  make  this 
river  as  bad  as  Maryland,  for  the  merchants  and  traders  here 
duly  supply  the  people  their  wants  in  the  summer,  trusting  to 
be  paid  out  of  the  crop  they  are  putting  by.    The  said  sloops 
and  vessels  little  regarding  the  3  per  cent,  customs,  inconsi- 
derable, as  now  the  ketch  and  sloop  are  both  gone  up,  (taking 
the  opportunity  of  Captain   Collier,   going  to  him  and  C. 
Clark,  whom  he  had  deputed  in  his  absence ;)  went  up  the 
river  without  clearing  or  paying  any  custom  at  Whorekill, 
which  quite  disheartens  the  people  and  new-comers    here ; 
wherefore  we,  in  all  humility,  entreat  your  honour,  (consider- 
ing necessity  first,)  to  prohibit  the  going  of  vessels  whatsoever 
up  the  river,  up  and  down  the  river  and  bay,  on  said  account, 
as  it  was  in  the  time  of  your  honour's  predecessors,  and  that 
likewise  this  town,  as  being  the  only  medium  and  best  place, 
may  be  the  only  place  of  loading  and  unloading,  and  keeping 
of  stores  for  all  merchandise ;  and  that  your  honour  will  please 

'  New  Castle  Records  and  Breviat. 


wick  to  be 
seized. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  431 

to  order  a  public  weigli-house  and  storehouse  to  be  erected,     167G. 
which  will  very  much  encourage  tradesmen  and  merchants  to     "    ■    ' 
resort  hither ;  this  place  will  not  only  be  populated,  but  also 
the  whole  river  will  thrive  by  it."^ 

The  justices  ask  the  governor  to  confirm  the  order  of  the  nov.u. 
last  court  about  wolf  scalps,  and  inquire  how  the  court  charges  Littio  busi- 
are  to  be  made  when  the  parties  are  not  to  be  found ;  "  con-  ll^^^g^  *  ^ 
sidering  that  we  live  at  great  distances  from  said  court  place, 
and  the  amercements,  (by  reason  of  the  small  number  of  ac- 
tions,) amounting  to  little,  and  that  your  honour  will  empower 
us,  so  that  the  old  debts  of  the  court,  together  with  the  debts 
since  your  government,  may  be  satisfied." 

Israel  Helm,  who  has  often  been  employed  by  Captain 
Cantwell  as  interpreter  with  the  Indians,  applies  for  recom- 
pense. Also,  Neills  Laerson,  "  for  expenses  of  keeping  court, 
and  justices'  diet." 

<'  Several  letters  being  read  concerning  Major  John  Fen-  Nov.  so. 
wick's  actings  in  New  Jersey,  on  east  side  of  Delaware,  by  Major  Fen- 
his  granting  patents,  refusing  to  obey  the  governor's  special 
warrants,  &c.,  resolved,  it  importing  the  king's  service,  and 
good  and  quiet  of  these  parts  and  inhabitants,  that  he  be  sent 
for  with  the  first  convenience,  and  if  there  be  occasion,  that 
the  commander  and  magistrates  at  Delaware  do  use  force  for 
seizing  and  sending  him  hither." 

"  Upon  complaint  of  John  Paul  Jacquet,  that  he  is  dis- 
possessed by  Major  Fenwick,  ordered,  that  said  John  Paul 
Jacquet  be  repossessed  of  what  land  he  was  in  possession  of 
on  the  east  side  of  Delaware  River." 

"  The  coui't  to  take  order  about  it,  and  if  occasion,  the 
commander  to  assist  them." 

"  There  being  no  lawful  authority  for  Major  John  Fen- 
wick's  giving  them  patents,  it  is  not  thought  fit  to  return 
them,  but  the  persons  to  have  their  remedy  at  law."^ 

The  governor  writes  to  the  commander  and  court  at  Dela-  Dec.  s. 
ware,  in  answer  to  theirs  of  the  8th,  as  follows : 

"  I  have  received  your  letters  of  the  8th  November,  by  the  Major  Fen- 
express  sent  hither,  with  several  other  papers  and  writings  ^aLnby 
relating  unto  Major  John  Fenwick's  actings  on  the  east  side  force,  an<i 
of  Delaware  River,  by  his  granting  patents  for  land,  and  re-  YoTk° hIs 
fusing  to  obey  my  special  warrant,  &c. ;    as  also  touching  »">  right  to 
your  more  particular  afiairs  ;  whereupon,  having  taken  advice  ^^  lan^. 

1  New  Castle  Records.         ^  Albany  Records;  Minutes  of  Council,  vol.  i. 


432 


1676. 


Jean  Paul 
Jaquet  to 
be  repossess- 
ed of  lands. 


Watch  at 
New  Castle. 


Seal.    Ma- 
gistrates to 
use  their 
own. 


Wolf  scalps. 


Dec.  18. 

Proceedings 

against 

Fenwick. 


CHARLES  H.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

of  my  council,  I  have  thought  fit,  (it  importing  his  majesty's 
service,  and  the  good  and  quiet  of  those  parts  and  inhabit- 
ants,) that  Major  John  FenAvick  be  sent  hither  with  the  first 
convenience,  and  if  there  be  occasion,  that  the  commander, 
and  you,  the  magistrates,  do  use  force  for  seizing  upon  and 
sending  him ;  and  there  being  no  lawful  authority  for  his 
giving  forth  patents  for  land,  those  sent  hither  are  not  to  be 
returned  back  for  the  present,  but  the  persons  who  have  paid 
their  moneys  for  them  may  have  their  remedy  at  law  against 
the  person  that  gave  them,  before  he  depart  out  of  custody. 

"  As  for  Jean  Paul  Jaquet,  who  hath  been  dispossessed  of 
some  land  on  the  east  side  of  Delaware  River,  of  which  he 
was  in  possession  at  the  last  coming  in  of  the  English  go- 
vernment, he  is  to  be  repossessed,  and  you  are  to  take  order 
about  it,  and  if  occasion,  the  commander  is  to  assist  therein. 

"  The  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  New  Castle,  (and  within 
a  mile  thereof,)  are  to  keep  watch,  but  none  to  be  obliged  to 
come  to  it  further ;  as  to  the  proposals  about  soldiers  to  be 
sent  for  it,  the  same  shall  be  taken  into  consideration. 

"  A  public  seal  shall  be  provided  against  next  year ;  in  the 
mean  time,  magistrates  to  use  their  own  seals,  '  as  is  usual 
for  justices  of  the  peace  everywhere.' 

"You  may  cause  a  prison  to  be  built  in  the  fort,  and  the 
sheriff  is  to  be  responsible  for  prisoners. 

"  Order  for  killing  wolves  is  confirmed. 

"  Fines  for  the  current  year,  and  for  two  years  last  past, 
(since  the  English  government,)  are  to  go  to  be  applied  to 
public  uses,  sherifi"  to  receive  five  shillings  in  the  pound  for 
collecting  and  levying ;  extraordinary  charges  to  be  allowed 
by  court.  A  levy  authorized  of  It?,  per  £  on  every  man's 
estate,  towards  paying  public  expenses.  Care  to  be  taken 
that  no  vessels  go  above  New  Castle  to  trade.  A  weigh- 
house  allowed  at  New  Castle,  and  an  officer  to  be  appointed 
and  sworn.  The  Susquehannas  to  be  treated  in  a  friendly 
way,  if  they  apply."* 

"At  a  meeting  of  the  commander  and  justices,  held  for 
town  of  New  Castle,  Friday,  8th  December,  1676,  present, 
John  Collier,  commander,  John  Moll,  "William  Tom,  Foppe 
Outhout,  and  John  Paul  Jaquet,  justices — Captain  John  Col- 
lier, by  his  speech,  declared  to  the  court,  that  in  pursuance 
of  his  honour  the  governor's  orders  to  him,  he  had,  on  the 

'  New  Castle  Records. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  433 

4tli  past,  sent  a  friendly  and  civil  letter,  with  the  under-    1676. 
sheriff,  to  Major  John  Fenwick,  showing  that  he  had  received     '    '    ' 
orders  from  his  said  honour,  and  desired  him  to  come  to  New 
Castle,  upon  which  the  said  Fenwick  sent  a  letter  in  answer, 

ProcGGcliiijrs 

refusing  to  come,  &c.,  as  by  the  said  letter,  produced  in  court,  against 
more  plainly  did  appear ;  further  declarincj;  that  he,  the  said  ^•^'i^<^^' 

r  ^  L  I  ^  o  '  continued. 

Captain  Collier,  had  been,  in  his  own  person,  on  the  7th  past, 
with  the  said  Fenwick  at  his  house,  where  coming,  none  of 
his  company  were  suffered  to  come  in  the  house  but  himself, 
when  he  delivered  to  the  said  Fenwick  in  substance  as  fol- 
loweth : 

"  That  he  the  said  Collier  had  not  questioned,  but  accord- 
ing to  his  letter  sent  the  4th  past,  but  that  he  would  have 
come  over  with  the  under-sheriff,  or  at  leastwise  have  sent  a 
more  satisfactory  answer,  but  since  he  the  said  Fenwick  still 
stood  out,  by  which  he  had  given  him  the  trouble  to  come 
over  in  person,  did  therefore  give  him  to  understand  that  it 
was  his  honour  the  governor's  order  to  have  him  the  said 
Fenwick  to  come  and  appear  before  him  and  council  at  New 
York,  which  long  before  he  had  understood  by  his  said  ho- 
nour's special  warrant  sent  to  him,  and  therefore  desired  him 
now,  in  all  civility,  without  further  trouble,  to  obey  the  said 
orders,  there  being  now  a  fit  opportunity  for  his  going. 

"  Upon  which  Major  Fenwick  replied,  that  he  did  not  know 
that  the  governor  of  New  York  had  any  thing  to  do  with 
him,  and  that  he  would  obey  nothing  but  what  should  come 
from  his  majesty  the  king,  or  his  highness  the  Duke  of  York, 
and  was  resolved  not  to  leave  his  house  without  he  was  car- 
ried away,  either  dead  or  alive,  and  if  any  one  durst  come  to 
take  him,  it  was  at  their  peril,  and  he  would  do  their  busi- 
ness ;  and  after  the  said  Captain  Collier  went  out,  suffered 
him  not  to  come  in  again,  but  keeping  his  door  double-bolted, 
spoke  to  him  out  of  a  small  scuttle-hole  at  the  end  of  the 
house. 

"  Captain  Collier  declaring  further  to  the  court  that  he, 
seeing  that  the  said  Major  Fenwick  was,  and  continued  so 
refractory,  and  stood  upon  his  defence,  and  further  consider- 
ing that  the  magistrates,  by  his  honour's  order,  were  equally 
in  the  business  concerned  with  him,  thought  best  to  take  their 
advice  before  he  would  proceed  to  rigour,  which  was  now  the 
occasion  of  calling  this  court,  &c. 

'<  The  court  having  considered  and  maturely  deliberated 

55  2  0 


434  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1676.     upon  the  orders  from  his  honour  the  governor  to  them,  and 
"    '         also  the  orders  from  his  honour  the  governor  to  Captain  John 
Collier  in  particular,  do  judge  it  necessary,  since  the  said 
Proceedings   Fcnwick,  in  coutcmpt  of  his  honour's  orders,  stands  out  upon 
Fenwick       ^^^  peril,  that  force  be  used,  and  he  the  said  Fenwick  taken 
continued,     and  Sent  to  York  to  his  honour,  with  the  first  sloop ;  for  the 
doing   whereof  thej    are    willing   to  give  forth   their  war- 
rants, &c." 

"  The  warrant  given  forth  by  the  commander  and  justices 
for  the  apprehending  of  Major  Fenwick  : 

"  By  the  commander  and  court  at  New  Castle,  in  Deia- 
Dec.  18.        ware — These  are,  in  his  majesty's  name,  to   empower  and 
Warrant  for  appoint  you,   Licutcnant  Johannes  De  Haes,   Mr.  Michael 
ariesTand     33aron,  and  Mr.  George  More,  under-sheriff  of  this  place,  to 
guaranty  to  levy  twclvc  soldicrs  out  of  any  of  the  militia  of  this  river, 
case^f  his'    and  with  them  to  repair  to  the  house  of  Major  John  Fenwick, 
being  killed,  and  him  the  said  Fenwick  to  bring  by  force  before  us,  to  this 
town  of  New  Castle,    upon  Delaware,    giving  and  hereby 
granting  unto  you,  and  every  of  you,  full  power  and  authority 
to  pull  down,  break,  burn,  or  destroy  the  said  house,  for  the 
apprehending  of  him  the  said  Fenwick,  and  further  to  act 
and  use  all  or  any  forcible  act  or  acts,  as  the  expediency  of 
the   time  shall  offer  to  your  judgments,   withal  giving  and 
hereby  granting  to  you,  and  every  of  you,  and  every  re- 
spective soldier  under  you,  full  power,  in  case  of  resistance, 
or  presenting  of  any  gun  or  guns  to  your  detriment,  to  fire 
upon  him  the  said  Fenwick,  or  any  others  so  presenting,  or 
intending  to  shoot ;  and  if,  in  case  he  the  said  Fenwick,  or 
any  others  resisting,  shall  happen  to  be  killed,  you  and  every 
of  you  shall  be  hereby  absolutely  and  freely  discharged,  and 
held  innocent,  as  being  done  in  pursuance  of  the  duke's  lieu- 
tenant's order,  and  of  his  by  his  honour's  order  recommended. 
Given  under  our  hands,  at  New  Castle,  in  Delaware,  this  8th 
day  of  December,  1676.     Signed, 

"  John  Collier,  Foppe  Outhout, 

"John  Moll,  Jean  Paul  Jaquet."^ 

'<  William  Tom, 
The  result  of  this  was  that  Fenwick  yielded,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  to  New  York. 

'  New  Castle  Records,  p.  35. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  435 

1677. 

A  suit  is  commenced  at  New  Castle  against  a  person  for  January. 
pulling  down  a  house  and  destroying  it,  on  the  east  side  of  pecision 
the  river.     The  court  decides  "that  the  defendant  engage,  I^^^^'p^'" 

o    ~    '    ing  down  a 

in  one  month,  to  build  on  the  same  ground  a  better  house,  house  on 
with  windows  and  doors  in  the  same,  and  pay  costs  of  suit."^  ^ve/^*^*"^ 

A  highway  to  be  cleared  between  New  Castle  and  Apo-  Roads. 
quinimy.^ 

Thomas  Molestyn  sworn  in  under-sheriff,  marshal,  and  crier  umier- 
of  the  court.  ^^'^"^■ 

"Resolved,  by  the  commander  and  court,  that  a  prison,  February  is. 
with  a  dungeon  under  it,  be  built  in  the  fort,  with  all  expedi-  a  prison 
tion.  Also  a  weigh-house  to  be  built  with  the  like  expedition,  ^"q^  to°be 
in  some   convenient  place  near  the  water  side  ;  the  manner  buiit  at  New 
of  building  the  same  is  left  to  the  contrivance  and  ordering  ^  ^cigh- 
of  Captain  John  Collier  and  Mr.  Moll."^  house. 

The  court  at  New  Castle  ask  for  further  powers ;  they  say  court  ask 
that  some  of  the  watchers  will  fall  within,  and  some  without  ^^^^'^'°'^^  p°^" 
the  mile ;  those  within  will  complain  if  those  just  outside  do  not  watchers, 
watch ;  Swaneivick  is  within  the  mile.     "  As  to  the  levy  of    ^J^ 
Id.  in  the  ,£,  the  people  live  so  far  distant,  and  their  estates,  Poii-tax. 
for  the  most  part,  so  inconsiderable,  that  we  can  find  no  con-  pei™3s°not 
venient  way  to  discover  the  value  of  their  estates,  and  if  to  go  to  east 
discovered,  to  bring  it  in   a   valuable   manner  to  receive."  tickets! 
They  propose  to  the  governor  to  allow  of  a  levy  to  be  laid  by  Penalty. 

Susquehan- 

the  poll,  as  those  of  Virginia  and  Maryland.  Ask  that  wills  na  Indiana, 
may  be  proved  before  court  or  commander,  and  they  grant 
letters  of  administration,  with  the  fees,  as  estates  are  gene- 
rally too  small  to  bear  expense  of  going  to  New  York ;  liberty 
to  nominate  vendue  master,  or  authorize  court.  Also  that 
the  valley  above  the  town,  lately  belonging  to  John  Carr,  &c., 
by  his  honour  given  to  the  town  for  a  common,  may  be  a 
stinted  common,  to  be  shut  up  the  1st  of  May,  and  opened 
again  the  last  of  July,  and  that  every  individual  burgher  have 
his  equal  share  therein,  and  their  parts  being  laid  out,  the 
surveyor  then  to  draw  lots  for  their  share,  and  no  man  put 
in  more  than  another ;  likewise  that  all  persons  Avho  shall  be 
concerned  in  said  common,  be  obliged  to  maintain  the  dyke 
and  fence,  with  the  sluice,  and  keep  them  in  repair ;  and  if 
any  one  refuse,  then  to  lose  their  said  commonage."  That 
'  New  Castle  Records,  p.  10.  2  Ibid.  p.  4G.  3  Ibid.  p.  70. 


436  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1677.  an  order  be  set  forth,  forbidding  transporting  or  lending  a 
'  ■  '  vessel  to  any  strange  persons,  to  go  over  to  the  east  side  of 
this  river,  without  a  ticket  from  a  magistrate,  as  also  servants, 
upon  penalty  that  every  such  person  so  setting  over  or  con- 
veying any  person  who  shall  be  a  fugitive  and  in  debt,  shall 
be  liable  to  make  good  the  debts,  and  if  a  servant,  make  good 
the  time  of  his  servitude  to  the  master.  "  Your  honour  may 
be  pleased  to  consider  that  if  such  order  be  not  made,  (when 
the  alteration  of  the  government  cometh  on  the  other  side,) 
we  shall  not  be  able  to  keep  any  servants  on  this  side." 
Lastly,  respecting  justices'  courts,  (if  only  one,)  to  make  up 
levies.^  "  The  Susquehannas  have  not  been  here,  but  passed 
up  on  the  back  side,  and  went  up  the  river."  This  letter  is 
signed  by  Ephraim  Herman.^ 

Marks  of  cattle  are  now  recorded. 

A  suit,  in  Mhich  Stephen  Juriansen  is  plaintiff,  and  Major 
Aprin3&i4.  John  Fenwick,  defendant,  for  attachment  upon  defendant's 
effects  for  <£6 : 

"  The  plaintiff  declares  that  he  was  deceived  by  the  defend- 
Suit  against  ant,  who  sold  him  land  without  having  any  right  to  the  same, 

Suni'^iand  ^°^'  *^®  ^^™  °^  "^^^'  ^^ercupon  the  plaintiff  hath  paid  him 
having  no  <£6,  as  by  the  defendant's  receipt  appears,  the  plaintiff's  bill 
right  to  It.  remaining  in  the  defendant's  hands  yet  for  the  full  £12,  so 
that  the  plaintiff  hath  attached  some  part  of  the  defendant's 
estate,  desiring  that  the  said  attached  goods  might  be  put  for 
sale,  for  the  repayment  of  the  plaintiff's  £6,  and  likewise 
that  the  plaintiff  might  be,  by  order  of  court,  cleared  of  his 
bill  in  the  defendant's  hands. 

«'  The  court  orders,  that  since  Major  Fenwick  is  as  yet  a 
Fen-wick  in  prisoner  in  New  York,  action  shall  be  suspended  until  next 
New  York,  court.  lu  the  mean  time,  the  bill  to  be  allowed,  and  the 
plaintiff's  attachment  to  be  preferred,  and  in  case  the  defend- 
ant do  not  make  defence,  either  by  himself  or  attorney,  at 
the  next  court,  then  it  will  be  taken  into  further  considera- 
tion."^ 

Several  other  suits,  of  the  same  nature,  against  him,  are 
suspended  for  the  same  reason ;  and  again,  in  June  6th,  and 
September,  on  26th  of  which  month  the  plaintiffs  declared 
they  had  agreed  with  defendant. 

"  JEmiUus  De  Ringh  complains  to  the  court,  at  New  Cas- 
Apriiu.       tie,  that  a  number  of  persons,  of  whom  he  furnishes  a  list, 

1  New  Castle  Records,  p.  72.  2  ibij.  vol.  A.  p.  72.  3  Ibid.  p.  77. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  437 

had  promised  to  contribute  to  his  maintenance  as  a  reader  in     1677. 
the  Christ  Church,   (New  Castle,)  with  an   order  of  court,     '    •    ' 
May  10,  1675,  and  another  of  November  11,  last  past,  and 
that,  notwithstanding,  he  cannot  receive  his  promised  main-  a  reader  of 
tenance ;  the  court  confirm  the  order  to  the  sheriff  to  levy  qI^"^']^  g^^^ 
the  money  of  the  unwilling,  by  distress."^  for  ms  main- 

The  Upland  court  was  held  at  Niels  Laersen's  house  ;  the 
expenses  were  100  guilders.^  March  23. 

Governor,  in  answer  to  their  petition  of  8th  February,  April  le. 
orders  the  court  that  none  watch  in  the  town  or  fort  but  such  Goyemor 
as  live  in  or  near  it,  unless  on  alarm  or  extraordinary  occa-  f^er  powera 
sions.     Poll-tax   to  be  laid,    and    fines  granted   for  public  to  the  court, 
charges.     Courts  to  grant  administration  under  X20  ;  above,  admListra- 
to  be  recorded  in  New  York ;  to  recommend  vendue-master ;  tion. 
fees  to  be  6  per  cent  and  a  crier.     The  commons  to  be  regu-  ■watchins. 
lated  by  the  town ;  persons  leaving  the  government  to  set  up  Runaways. 
their  names  where  they  live,  and  also  in  New  Castle  and  New 
York  ;  in  default,  and  persons  assisting  their  departure,  to  be 
liable  to  the  penalty,  and  any  servants,  prisoner,  or  criminal, 
running  away,  to  be  pursued  by  hue  and  cry  as  usual.     Li- 
berty granted  for  sloops,  &c.  going  up  the  river,  as  formerly, 
for  this  year's  effects  or  debts.     "Five  guns,  thirty  hoes,  and  Balance  due 
one  anker  of  rum,  the  remainder  of  the  pay  for  the  lands  at  purchTse  of 
the  Falls,  to  be  forthwith  paid  to  the  Indians  ;  the  remaining  i^nd,  to  be 
part  of  the  land  betwixt  the  old  and  new  purchase,  as  also  purchase 
the  island  called  Peter  Alricks,  or  so  much  as  is  not  already  ordered. 
purchased,  (and  the  Indians  will  part  with,)  to  be  bought  of 
them,  for  which  Captain  Israel  Helm  is  to   inquire  for  the 
owners,  and  if  they  will  be  reasonable,  to  bring  them  to  the 
commander  and  court  at  New  Castle,  for  agreeing,  concluding, 
and  confirming  a  bargain  thereof."^ 

"  At  a  special  meeting  of  the  commander  and  justices,  held  May  25. 
at  NcAV  Castle,  upon  information  of  Colonel  Coursey's  coming  Alarm  at 
with  a  considerable  party  of  men,  as  an  agent  or  ambassador  ^^^fcoi'' 
going  to  New   York."     Mr.   Dunston    coming    lately  from  Coursey. 
Maryland,  being  sent  in  court  and  examined,  declared  upon  jgredour 
oath,  "  that  last  Friday,  he,  the  deponent,  was  at  the  house 
of  Colonel  Coursey,  in  Maryland,  and  heard  then  there  that 
Colonel  Coursey  was  to  set  out  the  Monday  following,  and 
that  there  was  a  report  that  a  great  many  gentlemen,  and 

'  New  Castle  Records,  p.  85.  2  Upland  Court  Records. 

3  New  Castle  Records,  p.  115,  lib.  A. 

2o2 


438 
1677. 


Court  ap- 
points 
churchwar- 
dens. 


May  29. 

Order  re- 
specting 
pleading  at- 
torneys. 

Swedes' 
church 
built. 


Eev.  J.  Fah- 
rieius  ac- 
cepts the 
charge  of 
Wiccaco 
church,  and 
preaches  his 
first  sermon. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

their  attendants,  were  to  come  with  him  hither,  and  that  they 
were  warned  to  be  ready  against  Monday  aforesaid ;  and 
further  saith  not." 

"  The  commander  and  court  having  received,  by  several 
persons,  intelligence  of  the  said  Colonel  Coursey's  coming 
here,  and  not  knowing  certainly  upon  what  account,  thought 
it  therefore  necessary  to  order  that  Captain  Cantwell  summon 
his  company  of  the  militia  to  appear,  with  their  arms  and 
ammunition,  on  the  morrow,  at  7  o'clock,  at  the  fort  in  this 
town,  there  to  be  upon  their  guard,  and  receive  such  further 
orders  as  shall  be  found  necessary." 

"  It  being  further,  by  the  commander  and  court,  considered, 
that  in  case  Colonel  Coursey  sends  in  and  gives  notice  afore- 
hand  of  his  coming,  and  in  what  quality,  he  then  be  honour- 
ably received,  and  his  charges  borne,  but  if  not,  and  that  he 
comes  in  as  a  private  person  on  surprisal,  no  notice  to  be 
taken,  and  he  to  quarter  where  he  pleases."^ 

"  The  court  further  considering  that  the  late  churchwarden, 
Martin  Rosamond,  being  deceased,  some  fit  persons  ought  to 
be  appointed  to  supply  and  administer  the  said  place  of  said 
churchwarden  in  this  town  of  New  Castle,  have  therefore 
thought  fit  to  appoint  Mr.  Hendrick  Williams  and  Mr.  John 
Harman  to  be  churchwardens,  in  the  room  of  the  deceased, 
for  and  during  the  space  of  one  year  next  ensuing  this  date."^ 

The  governor  and  council  "resolved  and  declared,  that 
pleading  attorneys  be  no  longer  allowed  to  practise  in  the 
government  but  for  the  depending  causes."  This  order  was 
for  the  second  time  read  in  open  court,  at  Upland.^ 

It  is  probable,  that  in  compliance  with  the  order  of  court 
in  1675,  a  church  was  erected  this  year  at  Wiccaco,  and  that 
the  block-house  built  for  defence  against  the  Indians  in  1669 
was  now  fitted  up  for  the  purpose  of  worship.  The  first 
church  is  usually  described  as  having  "loopholes,"  and  the 
early  records  show  that  the  first  church  was  erected  this 
year. 

The  Rev.  Jacob  Fabricius  accepted  a  call  to  the  Swedish 
church  at  Wiccaco,  and  preached  his  first  sermon  on  Trinity 
Sunday ;  he  preached  in  the  Dutch  language.  He  continued 
with  them  fourteen  years,  nine  of  which  he  was  entirely  blind.'* 

1  New  Castle  Records,  pp.  87,  88,  lib.  A.  '^  Ibid. 

3  Upland  Court  Records,  and  New  Castle  Records,  p.  133,  lib.  A. 

4  Clay,  p.  38. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  439 

This  is  probably  the  same  gentleman  whose  name  has  already     1677. 
frequently  before  appeared ;  of  course  the  order  of  suspension     "^    •    ' 
must  have  been  withdrawn ;  his  future  conduct  appears  to 
have  been  very  satisfactory. 

John  Mathews  admitted  as  an  attorney,  and  takes  oath  Juneie. 
"not  to  exact  unallowed  fees,  not  to  take  fees  from  both  Attorney's 
plaintiff  and  defendant,  and  that  he  will  not  take'  any  appa-  °^^^' 
rent  unjust  case  in  hand,  but  behave  as  all  attorneys  ought 
to  do."i 

The  court  "appointed  Cornelis  Post  viewer  and  packer  of  June  17. 
tobacco  in  this  town  and  precincts  thereof;  he  was  sworn  inspector  of 
accordingly ;  salary,  in  case  he  packs  tobacco  with  the  help  pointed.*^ 
of  another  to  hand  him,  3  guilders,    and   without    help,  4  Fees. 
guilders  per  hogshead,  and  for  receiving,  1  guilder,  if  good, 
and  if  refused,  10  stivers  per  hogshead."^ 

In  reply  to  the  governor's  answer  of  6th  April,  which  was  June  is. 
now  read,  the  court  say,  as  to  the  watch,  none  live  in  the  The  court 
town  but  at  Swanewick,  and  if  they  are  exempted,  most  of  ^"wsTeir. 
the  town  will  flee  thither;   they  therefore  ask  for  a  small  ter.  Ask  for 
number  of  soldiers  to  watch  the  fort,  who  may  be  serviceable  ^^tch^^  ° 
at  all  times  to  the  commander  and  court,  as  formerly  allowed, 
"  for  we  humbly  conceive  there  is  no  keeping  a  fort  without 
soldiers."     A  levy  by  poll  cannot  be  laid  without  a  general 
meeting  or  high  court  of  all  the  justices  once  a  year ;  there- 
fore they  ask  one  for  September.     They  appoint  John  Moll  J-MoU,trea- 
treasurer,  and  ask  to  have  his  fees  fixed.     "  Don't  forget  the 
law  book;  there  is  great  occasion  for  it."     They  thank  the 
governor  for  the  fines,  but  it  will  be  diflScult  to  collect  them, 
unless    the   governor   sends   soldiers    to   assist    the    sheriff. 
Ephraim  Harman  is  nominated  vendue-master ;  his  fees  ought  vendue- 
to  be  more  than  6  per  cent.     They  suppose  vessels  going  up  °^^^*"- 
the  river  will  always  make  the  collection  of  debts  a  pretence.^ 

Marshal's  fees  for  watching  a  prisoner,  per  day,  5  guilders,  Fees,  &e. 
until  the  prison  be  made  up. 

The   crier  of  the  court  to  receive  for  every  attorney  ad-  Newattor- 
mitted  and  sworn  in  court,  12  guilders,  or  have  a  beaver.         neystopay 

'  o  J  oner  twelve 

Meeting  called  at  fort  16th  instant,  to  answer  proposition  guilders. 

,  1        , ,  n  1  ) ,  Several  re- 

concerning  the  "  ny  and  commonage.  guiations. 

Hogs  to  be  ringed,  as  they  damage  the  fly  and  commonage, 


'  New  Castle  Records,  p.  96. 

2  Ibid.  p.  105.  3  Ibid.  p.  113. 


440 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1677. 


June  24. 

Under- 
sheriff. 

Indians  at 

Shackamax- 

on. 


Court  orders. 
Declarations. 


Attorneys. 


Clerk's 
salary. 

Grants  of 
land. 

Case  of  as- 
sault and 
battery. 
Pine  for- 
given. 


Commander 
not  a  judge. 

Court  pro- 
ceedings. 

August  23. 

Captain  Bil- 
lop,  sub- 
collector  of 
customs. 


Clerk  of 
permits. 


under  fine  of  10  guilders  ;  sucking  pigs  to  be  coupled ;  one- 
half  to  informer,  and  one-half  to  king.^ 

Jurien  Hartsfelder  resigns  as  under-sheriiF,  "  he  removing 
his  living  higher  up  the  river."  Michael  Yzard  appointed 
under-sheriff. 

Lacej  Cock  presents  an  account  of  expenses  of  commander 
and  justices;  as  also  for  the  Indians  at  Shackamaxon,  from 
March  14  to  18,  1676  ;  250  guilders  allowed.^ 

Ordered  by  Upland  court,  that  all  declarations  must  be 
entered  at  least  a  day  before  the  court,  as  then  the  clerk  is 
to  attend  Upland. 

No  person  to  be  admitted  to  plead  for  any  other  person  as 
an  attorney  in  court,  without  he  first  have  his  admittance  of 
the  court,  or  have  a  warrant  of  attorney  for  his  so  doing, 
from  his  client.^ 

Court  allow  E.  Harman,  as  clerk,  for  his  last  year's  ser- 
vices, trouble,  and  expenses,  200  guilders. 

Several  grants  of  land  asked  for  on  Schuylkill,  Neshaminy, 
and  Poaquessing.^ 

A  person  is  fined  210  guilders  for  assault  and  battery ;  60 
to  the  clerk,  and  150  to  the  sheriff;  to  ask  forgiveness  of  the 
justice  and  the  court  for  his  offence,  which  was  done.  The 
court  and  sheriff  gave  up  their  share,  "considering  him  a 
poor  man,  with  a  great  charge  of  children." 

The  governor  finding  that  Captain  Collier,  the  commander, 
goes  to  and  sits  as  judge  in  courts,  orders  him  to  forbear 
doing  so ;  to  act  according  to  his  known  authority. 

In  several  cases,  the  jury  brings  in  a  verdict,  and  the 
courts  gave  a  different  judgment. 

Captain  Xerper  (or  Christopher)  Billop  is  appointed  sub- 
collector  of  customs  on  Delaware ;  his  duty  "  is  to  see  that 
nothing  be  in  anyways  imported  or  exported,  but  according  to 
acts  of  parliament,  or  to  make  seizures,  and  due  prosecution, 
and  if  condemned,  one-third  to  the  informer,  one-third  to 
himself,  and  one-third  to  the  king.  To  report  his  proceedings 
to,  and  receive  orders  from  the  chief  collector,  or  principal 
ofiicers  at  New  Castle,  the  only  port  for  all  entries  and 
clearing."^ 

Ephraim  Harman  is  appointed  clerk  "  of  the  permits,  en- 

1  New  Castle  Records,  lib.  A.  pp.  118—129. 

2  Upland  Court  Records.         3  Ibid.  p.  27.         ^  New  York  Records,  p.  46. 
5  New  Castle  Records.     Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  57. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  441 

tries,  and  clearings  for  all  duties  of  custom  in  Delaware  River,     1677. 
for  which  Billop  is  sub-collector,  salary,  one-third    of  the     '     '    ' 
king's  or  duke's  one-third  of  forfeitures."  He  is  also  appointed 
collector  of  quit-rents  in  the  jurisdiction  of  New  Castle  and 
Upland  courts. 

The  governor  issues  an  order  requiring  "all  persons  that  order  of  go- 
have  or  claim  any  lands  in  Delaware  River  or  Bay,  to  make,"  ^'^^'^'"'^ 

•'  »/  7  7       specting  ap- 

without  delay,  or  as  soon  as  convenient,  a  due  return  to  the  piicantsfor 
clerk  of  the  court  in  whose  jurisdiction  the  land  lies,  of  the  ^^^^^^  ^°' 
quantity  and  situation,  according  to  surveys,  &c. ;  coux't  to 
return  them  to  the  governor,  and  "  whether  seated  and  im- 
proved," that  those  wanting  patents  may  receive  them.  This 
order  to  be  published  in  the  courts,  and  they  and  the  sur- 
veyor to  see  it  observed. 

Captain  Christopher  Billop  is  also  appointed  commander  in  August  2i. 
Delaware  Bay  and  River,  with  same  directions  about  the  c.  Buiop, 
militia  as  those  to  Captain  Collier  last  year.^  comman  er. 

By  Captain  Billop  the  governor  writes  to  the  justices,  in-  Letter  to  the 
forming  them  of  his  appointments,  and  that  he  is,  among  •"^^''°'^^- 
other  things,  to  "  order  guards  and  guard-places,  as  occasion 
may  require,  for  the  out-farms  and  plantations,  and  is  sub- 
collector  also."    By  Mr.  Harman,  the  clerk,  he  sends  the  old  oid  records, 
records,  the  confusedness  or  ill  order  of  which  he  can  noways 
remedy,  but  that  Mr.  Tom,  the  then  clerk,  do  forthwith  put 
the  same  in  order,  and  write,  or  cause  them  to  be   fairly 
copied  in  a  fit  book,  and  attested  by  him,  and  answer  for  any 
defects.     Governor  intends   "  making  up  your  court  again 
next  month,  the  usual  time,  when  you  may  expect  one  of  our 
law  books.     As  to  the  penal  bonds,  or  such  like  cases  of 
equity,  it  is  the  custom  and  practice  of  courts  here  to  hear 
and  judge  thereof  according  to  equity,  which  you  may  ob- 
serve is  allowed  by  law.     I  find  no  need  of  a  general  or  high  Respecting 
court  in  the  river,  every  court  having  power  to  make  fitting  [."^"gg^,  qj""^^^' 
rates  for  the  highways,  poor,  or  other  necessaries,  as  is  prac-  equity. 
tised  in  England,  and  unless  otherwise  ordered  by  said  court, 
the  clerk  proper  to  be  receiver,  and  pay  all  by  orders  of  court, 
for  which  you  need  no  further  authority  or  directions  from 
the  governor  than  former  orders  and  rules  for  keeping  due 
accounts,  to  be  yearly  examined  and  passed  in  court." 

Authorizes  them  to   appoint  a  vendue-master,  he  giving 

'  New  Castle  Records.     Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  57.     Upland  Court  Records, 
p.  33. 


442 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


August  24. 

Walter 
TVharton  ap- 
pointed sur- 
veyor.   His 
fees.    In- 
structions. 


1677.     good  security,  and  not  to  take  above  6  per  cent.     Take  care 
'    '    '     and  fitting  orders  for  ordinaries,  that  there  be  fit  persons,  duly 
licensed  and  well  provided,  according  to  law,  and  that  none 
else  be  admitted  to  retail.^ 

Walter  Wharton  is  appointed  to  be  surveyor  on  Delaware 
River  and  Bay ;  allowed  "  to  receive,  for  surveying  every  50 
acres  and  under,  10s. ;  above  50  and  under  100,  20s. ;  above 
100  and  under  150,  30s.,  and  so  proportionably,  and  no  more, 
giving  to  the  persons  for  whom  they  are  surveyed  a  survey 
plat  and  card,  and  making  due  returns  to  the  office  of  records ; 
said  persons  to  find  boat  or  horse,  or  allow  it  and  other  tra- 
velling fitting  charges  :  all  lands  to  be  laid  out  from  the  water 
side,  if  it  may  be,  or  so  as  not  to  hinder  any,  or  be  prejudicial 
to  adjacent  lands,  and  to  lay  out  fitting  highways  or  conve- 
nient roads."- 

The  governor  directs  a  letter  to  the  "court"  at  Upland,  in 
which  he  says,  "  these  are  to  desire  and  authorize  you  to  treat 
with  the  Indian  proprietors  for  the  purchase  of  a  small  tract 
of  land  which  I  am  informed  is  not  yet  purchased,  and  is 
about  half  a  Dutch  or  two  English  miles  along  the  river  side, 
betwixt  the  land  and  the  late  purchase  up  to  the  Falls,  which 
done,  I  shall  forthwith  take  care  for  settling  those  parts.  "^ 

Owners  of  mill  "  on  creek  in  Christina  kill  to  have  liberty 
of  cutting  wood  for  repairs."'* 

A  constable,  Walter  Rowles,  is  appointed,  whose  bounds 
are  from  south  side  of  St.  George's  Creek  to  Bombay  Hook, 
including  Apoquinimy,  and  is  ordered  to  take  an  account  of 
tydables.^ 

Governor  will  fill  up  court  at  usual  time  next  month,  and 
then  send  the  law  book.  "  As  to  penal  bonds,  or  such  like 
cases  of  equity,  you  may  judge  thereof  according  to  equity ; 
no  need  of  a  high  court."  Fit  persons  to  be  appointed  for 
ordinaries. 

Penn,  and  the  other  trustees  of  Byllinge,  considering  that 
August  26.  the  period  had  arrived  to  attempt  a  disposition  of  the  lands 
in  West  Jersey,  determined  to  appoint  and  send  over  com- 
missioners empowered  to  purchase  lands  of  the  Indians,  and 
attend  to  other  necessary  matters.  Proposals  were  also  made 
for  the  immediate  sale  of  the  lands,  which  soon  were  accepted. 


Andross  or- 
ders pur- 
chase of 
lands  from 
the  Indians, 
near  the 
Falls. 


Wood  for 
use  of  mills. 

Constable 
appointed. 
Census. 


1  New  Castle  Records ;  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  73.  ^  Ibid. 

3  Upland  Court  Records,  p.  51. 

4  New  Castle  Records,  lib.  A.  pp.  129,  134.  fi  Ibid. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  443 

Among  the  purchasers  were  two  companies  of  Quakers,  one    1677. 
consisting  of  persons  from  London,  the  other  from  Yorkshire.     " — ' — ' 
The  latter  were  principal  creditors  of  Byllinge,  and  received 
lands  for  their  debts.     Two  commissioners  were  chosen  from  Arriyaiof 
each  of  these  companies,  viz.  Thos.  Olive  and  Daniel  Wills,  from  *?*  ^'^'p 

1        T         1  1    T  1      TT  Kent,  with 

the  London,  and  Joseph  Helmsley  and  Robert  Stacey,  from  commission- 
the  other  company,  and  to  these  were  added  Richard  Guy,  yg^r*^^^*" 
then  in  America,  John  Kinsey,  Benjamin  Scott,  John  Pen- 
ford,  and  Thomas  Foulke.  All  matters  being  prepared,  they, 
with  several  of  the  proprietors,  and  their  families  and  ser- 
vants, about  230  souls,  embarked  in  the  ship  Kent,  Captain 
Gregory  Marlow,  and  soon  after  proceeded  to  sea.  On  the 
16th  of  August  they  safely  arrived  at  New  Castle,  and  soon 
after  landed  at  Raccoon  Creek,  at  a  place  where  a  few  Swedes 
had  erected  some  dwellings,  not  sufficient  to  accommodate  so 
many  persons,  without  resort  to  "  cow-stalls,"  &c.  The  com- 
missioners wishing  to  pay  their  respects  to  the  governor  at 
New  York,  landed  elsewhere.  Having  no  warrant  from  the 
duke,  though  they  showed  a  conveyance  from  Berkley,  and 
the  governor  claiming  jurisdiction  over  the  whole  country, 
demurred  to  a  surrender  of  it,  though  finally  the  commis- 
sioners agreed  to  the  governor's  proposal  to  take  a  warrant 
from  him  for  the  present,  by  which  they  were  enabled  to  pro- 
ceed, having  joined  the  body  of  settlers.  Three  purchases^  Indian 
were  made,  by  the  aid  of  Israel  Helm,  Peter  Rambo,  Lacey  ^^'''^'^as^S' 
Cock,  and  another,  as  Interpreters,  from  the  Indians,  reaching 
from  the  Assunpink,  on  the  north,  to  Old  Man's  Creek,  on 
the  south.  The  Yorkshire  purchasers  selected  their  one-tenth 
from  the  Rancocas  to  the  Falls  of  Delaware ;  the  London 
company  selected  theirs  in  the  vicinity  of  Arwamus,  (Glou- 
cester,) and  Timber  Creek.  Both  companies,  however,  con- 
sidering it  most  beneficial  to  unite  in  the  settlement  of  a  town, 
selected  for  its  location  Chygoes  Island  ;  to  it  they  gave  the 
name  of  New  Beverly,  afterwards  changed  it  to  Bridlington,  Burlington 
and  then  to  Burlington,  which  it  still  retains.  The  lots  and  ^"^"^  °"'' 
streets  were  laid  out  by  Richard  Noble,  a  surveyor,  who  had 
previously  arrived.  The  season  being  far  advanced,  winter 
approached  before  they  were  prepared  for  it,  and  they  were 
compelled  to  live  in  wigwams.  The  Indians  were  friendly, 
and  supplied  them  with  corn  and  venison.    John  Kinsey,  one 

•  One  on  September  10;  the  second,  Sei^tember  27,  and  third,  October  10. 
Smith's  New  Jersey,  p.  95. 


444 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK, 


1677. 


Sept.  21. 

Various 
grants  of 
land  in  dif- 
ferent sec- 
tions of  the 
country. 


Sept.  28. 


October  12. 


October  15. 

Arrival  of 
ship  Martha, 
from  Hull, 
•«rith  set- 
tlers.   Al- 
lowed to 
pass  up  the 
river. 


of  the  commissioners,  died  soon  after  arrival,  and  was  buried 
at  Burlington.  One  side  of  the  main  street  leading  from  the 
river  was  appropriated  to  the  Yorkshire  company,  and  the 
other  to  the  London.^ 

Numerous  grants  of  land  are  made :  to  Jan  Schoeten,  on 
west  side  of  Schuylkill,  100  acres;  Richard  Ducket,  east  side, 
up  above,  in  ditto,  100  acres ;  John  Mattson,  Swinton,  and 
son  Dalbro,  300  at  the  place  called  WiessaJcitkonJc,  on  west 
side  up  in  Schuylkill;  [does  not  the  Wissahicon  take  its  name 
from  this  ?]  Jan  Claessen,  Paerde  Cooper,  in  Neshaminies 
Creek,  300  next  to  the  land  of  James  Sanderling,  two  miles 
up  on  east  side ;  Thomas  Jacobse,  Neshaminies,  next  to  the 
above,  100  acres,  and  afterwards  200  acres  ;  Lacey  Cock  and 
James  Sanderling,  each  100  acres  on  Poequissing  Creek; 
Captain  Hans  Moens,  on  Penipake  Creek,  on  the  side  of  ditto, 
300  acres,  &c.  ;  Anthony  Nealson  and  Mickell  Yzard,  each 
100  in  the  Cromkill ;  Benjamin  Goodsen,  by  lands  of  E. 
Ducket,  on  Schuylkill ;  Laers  Laersen  and  Hans  Petersen, 
each  above  the  mill  on  Amesland  Cre-ek,  and  the  place  called 
Moherlenling,  100  acres ;  Ephraim  Harman  and  Peter  Ram- 
bo,  300  acres,  between  Pennepacker  Creek  and  Poequissing 
Creek,  promising  to  seat  the  same.^ 

Census  of  taxable  inhabitants,  from  16  to  60,  taken  north 
and  south  of  Christina,  &c.^ 

Carr's  house  and  lot  are  sold  for  his  debts;  it  was  patented 
to  him  by  Lovelace,  in  1671. 

The  ship  Martha,^  Thomas  Wharcup,  master,  arrives  from 
Hull.  The  captain  asks  permission  to  go  up  the  river  with 
his  passengers,  (114  in  number,)  and  utensils,  having  no  goods 
on  board.  Billop,  sub-collector,  asks  advice  of  the  court, 
"whether  it  was  proper  to  let  the  ship  pass  above  town." 
The  court  having  received  Captain  Dyer's  letters  to  Thomas 
Olive,  and  the  rest  of  his  fellow-commissioners,  and  also  to 
Captain  Billop,  are  of  opinion  that,  for  the  settling  of  the 
river,  the  ship  be  permitted  to  go  up,  satisfying  what  just 
dues  are  required.     It  is  further  the  advice  of  the  court,  that 

1  Clarkson's  Life  of  Penn,  vol.  i.  p.  136.  Mulford,  pp.  181,  1S2.  Smith's 
N.  J.,  where  see  the  names  of  many  of  the  first  settlers,  and  early  letters  from 
them,  giving  an  account  of  their  early  difficulties. 

2  Upland  CourtRecords,  pp.  31,  33.    N.  C.  Records,  p.  141.         3  Ibid.  p.  1  -53. 

4  Smith,  in  his  N.  J.,  calls  her  the  "fly-boat  Martha,  of  Burlington,  (York- 
shire.'') She  brought  "  114  passengers,  designed  to  settle  the  Yorkshire  tenth." 
He  furnishes  many  of  their  names,  and  says  twenty  or  more  of  them  were 
living  forty-five  years  afterwards ;  p.  102. 


A.  BROCKHOLLS,  SUBSTITUTE  OF  GOVERNOR  ANDROSS. 

• 

whereas  Dr.  Daniel  Wells  declares  that  Captain  Dyer,  at  New 
York,  remitted  the  customs  of  2  per  cent,  upon  the  utensils 
and  other  uncustomed  goods,  and  the  master  declaring  that 
he  has  no  more  on  board  than  the  value  of  £6  in  merchan- 
dise, but  that  all  the  rest  of  his  loading  consists  in  necessaries 
for  building  and  settling  of  plantations,  and  that  his  honour 
the  governor  hath  been  pleased  to  give  us  the  same  privilege 
as  New  York,  we  do  conceive  and  believe  that  the  averment 
of  Dr.  Wells  and  Captain  Dyer's  letters  abovesaid,  being  to 
the  same  effect,  is  true,  and  that  we  ought  to  folloAv  the  for- 
mer precedent  of  the  ship  Kent,  cleared  at  New  York ;  this 
our  advice  not  being  intended  to  obstruct  Captain  Billop  in 
acting  as  sub-collector.     October  6,  1677.-^ 

Messrs,  Moll,  P.  Alricks,  Tom,  Outhout,  Walter  Wharton,  October  le. 
Jacquet,  and  Otto,  are  appointed  justices;  Commander  Bil-  justices  of 
lop  to  administer  the  oath.  ^"^  ^^'"''• 

Governor  Andross  writes  to  governor  of  Maryland  that  he 
is  going  to  England  this  month,  to  return  in  the  spring,  and 
asks  "  continuance  of  his  good  neighbourhood." 

Governor  sends  Captain  Billop,  by  a  sloop,  a  supply  of  October  2.3. 
musket-balls. 

Governor  Andross,  intending  to  depart  for  London,  leaves  Nov.  17. 
directions  to  the  magistrates  of  Upland  and  Whorekill  how  Governor 
to  act;  appeals  to  be  taken  to  the  court  of  assizes;  "extra-  f°™f*° 

'_     ^^  _  '  London. 

ordinaries"  to  Captain  Nicolls,  the  secretary,  to  be  communi- 
cated to  council.  He  addresses  the  magistrates  at  New  Castle 
and  AVhorekill ;  appoints  Captain  Brockholls  to  be  com- 
mander of  Fort  James,  New  York,  and  dependencies,  and 
recommends  to  all,  great  vigilance  in  the  discharge  of  their 
duties. 

Helmanus  Wilbank,  Henry  Smith,  Alexander  Molestyn,  Nov.  20. 
Edward  Southeren,  Paul  Mush,  John  Barkstead,  and  Jacob  Justices  of 
Rojids,  to  be  magistrates  at  Whorekill  for  one  year ;  &uj  four  ^^^*"^'^''i"- 
or  more  to  be  a  court  of  judicature ;  in  case  of  the  absence 
or  sickness  of  the  first,  the  next  to  preside.    Gives  them  "  full 
power  to  act  according  to  law  and  former  practices."- 

The  ship  Willing  Mind,  Newcomb,  master,  arrived  from  shipwiiung 
London,  and  dropped  anchor  at  Elsinburg ;  she  brought  60  ^^'""^^^^ 

1  i  o  7  o  rives. 

or  70  passengers,  some  of  whom  settled  at  Salem,  and  some 

'  New  Ca&tle  Records,  lib.  A.  p.  179. 

?  New  Castle  Records;  Reg.  Peniis.  vol.  iv.  p.  74.     Upland  Court  Records, 
p.  46. 

2  P 


446 


1677. 


Nov.  17. 

Oaths  ad- 
ministered. 


Kov.  19. 

Levy  to  pay 
for  wolves' 
heads. 
Number  of 
tydables. 
Prices  of 
several  arti- 
cles. 


Nov.  20. 


Nov.  23. 

Petition  of  a 
number  of 
persons  for 
lands,  for  a 
settlement 
and  town 
below  the 
Falls. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

at  Burlington.     The  names  of  some  of  them  may  be  seen  in 
Smith's  New  Jersey.^ 

Commander  Billop,  "  being  not  yet  come  from  on  board 
the  ship  Willing  Mind,"  who  was  commissioned  by  the  gover- 
nor to  administer  the  oath  to  the  justices  under  their  new 
commission,  and  consequently  they  could  not  hold  the  court, 
for  which  there  was  urgent  occasion,  Justices  Moll  and 
Alricks,  who  had  before  been  sworn,  administered  the  oath  to 
the  rest,  viz.  Outhout,  Jacquet,  and  Otto.^ 

The  number  of  wolves'  heads  brought  in  was  55,  at  40 
guilders,  2200  guilders,  clerk  and  sheriff,  925,  making  3125 
guilders,  to  be  paid  by  levy  on  the  inhabitants,  12  guilders 
and  10  stivers  each,  either  in  wheat  at  5  guilders,  rye  at  4 
guilders,  and  barley  at  4  guilders  per  scipple  ;  Indian  corn  at 
3  per  scipple,  tobacco  at  8  stivers  per  pound,  pork  at  8,  and 
bacon  at  16  stivers  per  pound,  or  else  in  seawant  or  skins  at 
current  prices.  The  number  of  tydables  in  New  Castle  juris- 
diction, 307,  whose  nam.es  are  on  the  records.^ 

A  great  number  of  grants  are  made  by  Andross. 

Several  persons  unite  in  a  petition  to  the  court  of  Upland, 
for  a  considerable  settlement  and  town  ''just  below  the 
Falls,"  on  the  west  side  of  Delaware.  Most  of  them  were 
born  in  the  country,  and  from  the  names  are  probably  of 
Swedish  origin  :  <<  Laurence  Cock,  Israel  Helm,  Moens  Cock, 
Andreas  Benckson,  Ephraim  Herman,  Caspar  Herman,  Swen 
Loon,  John  Dalbo,  Jaspar  Fisk,  Hans  Moonsen,  Frederick 
Roomey,  Erick  Mulk,  Gunner  Rambo,  Thomas  Harwood, 
Erick  Cock,  Peter  Jockum,  Peter  Cock,  jun.,  Jan  Stille,  Jonas 
Neelsen,  Oole  Swenseii,  James  Sanderling,  Mathias  Mathias, 
J.  Devos  ?  and  William  Oriam,  petition  court,  showing  that 
they,  being  all  inhabitants,  and  for  the  most  part  born  and 
brought  up  in  this  river  and  parts,  have  a  great  inclination, 
as  well  for  the  strength  of  the  river  and  parts,  as  for  the 
convenience  of  travellers  and  otherways,  to  settle  together  in 
a  town  at  the  west  side  of  this  river,  just  below  the  Falls,  do 
therefore  humbly  request  this  worshipful  court  to  move  the 
case  to  the  governor,  that  they  the  petitioners  may  have  each 
of  them,  in  lots  laid  out,  one  hundred  acres  of  land,  with  a 
fit  proportion  of  marsh,  as  also  that  a  fit  place  for  a  town 
may  be  laid  out  in  the  most  convenient  place  thereabout,  with 


I  Smith's  N.  J.  p.  102. 
3  Ibid. 


2  New  Castle  Records,  lib.  A.  p.  197. 


A.  BROCKHOLLS,  SUBSTITUTE  OF  GOVERNOR  ANDROSS.  447 

such  privileges  and  liberties  for  their  encouragement  as  shall     1677. 
be  thought  fit,  and  that  the  same  may  be  confirmed  unto     '    '    ' 
them  by  his  honour  the  governor,  and  the  petitioners  will 
forthwith  seat  accordingly,  &c."^ 

The  court  answer  "  that  they  will  send  the  petitioner's  pe- 
tition to  his  honour  the  governor^  and  withal  move  and  entreat 
the  governor  in  their  behalf."  It  does  not  appear  from  these 
records  what  was  the  result,  or  whether  the  plan  was  executed. 

A  levy  for  public  expenses,  of  26  guilders  for  each  tydable,  xov.  23. 
was  made  by  the  court  of  Upland,  payable  either  in  wheat  at  Levy  for  ex- 
5  guilders,  rye  and  barley,  4  guilders  per  scipple,  Indian  corn  ^ernme°nt^°* 
at  3  guilders  per  scipple,  tobacco  at  8  stivers  per  pound.  Number  of 
pork,  8,  and  bacon  at  16  stivers  per  pound,  or  also  in  wam-   •*  ''^^^' 
pum  or  skins,  at  prices  current.     Captain  Cantweli  to  collect 
the  levy,  and,  on  default,  he  was  empowered  to  distrain,  and 
to  call  two  neighbours.     The  number  of  tydables  in  Upland 
jurisdiction  at  this  time  was  136.^ 

Various  grants  of  land  are  recorded  about  this  time. 

On  petition  of  Peter  Rambo,  desiring  a  grant  of  the  court  Grant  to  Pe- 
of  Upland,  to  take  up  250  acres  of  land  between  the  land  of  ^''^^'^''°- 
Wiccaco  and  the  land  of  Juriaen  Hartsfelder,  the  court  grant 
the  petition  to  take  up  so  much  land  which  is  not  granted, 
taken  up,  or  improved  before  this  date,  he  improving  and 
seating  the  same,  according  to  his  honour  the  governor's  re- 
gulations. This  appears  to  be  the  land  now  occupied  by 
Philadelphia.  On  the  complaint  of  the  Swensons,  that  their 
patent  embraces  the  same ;  the  court  afterwards  decide  in  their 
favour.=^     (See  1679.) 

Laer  Colman,  Pell  Laerson,  and  Peter  Erickson,  300  acres  various 
wear  Falls  of  Scliuyllcill ;  Neils  Laerson,  granted  by  gover-  undby'the 
nor  to  Justice  Israel  Helm,  uj)  the  river,  200  acres ;  Jonas  '^°^^- 
Neelson,  in  the  place  called  "  Moherhuting,"  above  the  mill, 
on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  200  acres ;  James  Boon,  east 
side  of  a  little  creek  which  comes  out  of  Amesland  Greek, 
called  Mohurnpati,  200 ;  Jan  Boolsen,  100  acres,  above  the 
onill,  on  Amesland  Greek;  .Justice  Otto,  Ernest   Cock,  Jan 
Ilendrix,  and  Albert  Hendrix,  each  200  acres,  between  Galeb's 
Greek  and  the  pyne  tree  ;  Jacob  Hendrix,  above,  on  east  side 
of  Cromkill,  lOO.-i 

Captain  Jans  Jurgin  is  ordered  and  desired  by  the  court  court  house. 

'  Upland  Court  Records,  pp.  45,  46.  2  Ibid. 

3  Ibid.  p.  30.  *  Ibid.  p.  46. 


448 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


IGTT. 


Grants  of 
land. 


to  warn  his  men  belonging  to  his  company,  and  with  thera  to 
fit  up  and  finish  the  house  of  defence  at  Upland  fit  for  the 
court  to  sit  in,  against  the  next  court. "^ 

Among  a  great  number  of  grants  of  land  at  or  about  this 
time  are  found  the  following :  to  Laurentius  Carolus,  350 
acres  near  Cromkill ;  Charles  Jansen,  1000  acres  on  Naa- 
man's  Creek;  Richard  Hill,  1000  acres  on  Mispillion  Creek: 
Peter  Cock,  650  acres  on  Quessmawojninck  CreeJc ;  to  Lau- 
rence Cock  and  others,  1600  acres  at  CohocJcsinks  Creek; 
Henry  Smith,  3000  acres,  called  Prime  Hook,  near  Slaugh- 
ter's Creek,  by  Prime  Creek ;  quit-rent,  one  bushel  for  100 
acres.^ 

Several  persons  this  year  settle  in  the  present  Bucks  county. 

Several  other  vessels  arrive  this  year  with  passengers ;  the 
ship  Mary,  Captain  Wall,  and  the  ship  Success,  Captain  Ni- 
cholson. 


January  11. 

Town  fort  to 
be  repaired. 

January  12. 

Wolf-pits. 

Death  of 
Wm.  Tom. 


January  19. 

Order  in 
cases  of  bas- 
tardy. 


March  17. 

John  Yeo,  an 
Episcopal 
minister,  ar- 
rives from 
Maryland. 
Licensed  by 
court. 


1678. 

The  commander  has  orders  to  repair  the  fort  or  redoubt 
belonging  to  New  Castle ;  says  it  ought  to  be  done  by  the 
inhabitants,  and  not  out  of  king's  revenue,  which  the  court 
agree  to  pay  out  of  any  surplus.^ 

Wolf-pits  are  to  be  made  'Ho  destroy/  the  vermin,  which 
are  become  so  numerous." 

The  death  of  William  Tom  is  mentioned ;  papers  in  con- 
fusion. 

A  woman  coming  from  Maryland  to  be  confined  with  an 
illegitimate  child,  is  ordered  to  depart ;  "  and  to  the  end  for 
the  future,  no  such  persons  may  be  here  harboured,  and  that 
this  place  may  not  serve  and  be  counted  a  shelter  for  whores, 
the  inhabitants  are  forbid  to  harbour  or  entertain  any  woman 
enceinte  coming  from  any  place  without  this  jurisdiction, 
without  giving  notice."'* 

«  John  Yeo,  minister,  being  lately  come  out  of  Maryland," 
this  day  appeared  in  court,  and  "  exhibited  and  produced  his 
letters  of  orders,  and  license  to  read  divine  service,  adminis- 
ter the  holy  sacrament,  and  preach  the  word  of  God,  accord- 
ing to  the  laws  and  constitution  of  the  Church  of  England. 
The  court  accepted  said  John  Yeo,  upon  the  approbation  of 
his  honour  the  governor,  he  to  be  maintained  by  the  gifts  of 


'  Upland  Court  Records,  p.  46,  &c. 

3  New  Castle  Records,  lib.  A.  pp.  208,  220. 


2  Breviat,  pp.  47,  48. 
4  Ibid.  lib.  B.  p.  30. 


A.  BROCKHOLLS,  SUBSTITUTE  OF  GOVERNOR  ANDROSS.  449 

the  free,  willing  givers ;  -vvherewitli  the  said  John  Yeo  de-    1678. 
clared  himself  contented."^  '    •    ' 

What  Vfere  the  reasons  for  this  gentleman  leaving  Mary- 
land, does  not  appear.  Shortly  after  this  date,  he  asks  the 
court  to  revive  a  judgment  obtained  in  Maryland  in  1675. 
An  extract  of  a  letter  dated  Patuxent,  May  25,  1676,  to  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  from  the  "  Rev.  John  Yeo,"  (pro- 
bably the  same  person,)  says,  "  The  province  of  Maryland 
is  in  a  deplorable  condition  for  want  of  an  established  minis- 
try. Here  are  ten  or  twelve  counties,  in  them  at  least  20,000 
souls,  and  but  three  Protestant  ministers  of  the  Church  of 
England.  The  priests  are  provided  for,  and  the  Quakers  take 
care  of  those  that  are  speakers,  but  no  care  is  taken  to  build 
up  churches  in  the  Protestant  religion."  After  furnishing  a 
still  further  most  gloomy  picture  of  the  state  of  morals  in 
Maryland,  he  says,  "As  the  Lord  Baltimore  is  lately  gone 
to  England,  I  have  made  bold  to  address  this  to  your  grace, 
to  beg  that  your  grace  would  be  pleased  to  solicit  him  for 
some  established  support  for  a  Protestant  ministry."^  It  is 
therefore  probable  that  it  was  partly  with  a  view  to  improve 
his  condition,  that  he  left  Maryland.  If  it  were  so,  he  ap- 
pears to  have  been  disappointed,  as  on  the  court  records  of 
next  year,  viz.  March  4  and  5,  1679,  the  following  proceed- 
ings appear:  "John  Yeo  preferring  in  court  a  petition  show-  John  Yeo 
ing  that  the  petitioner  came  to  this  jjlace  in  the  month  of  about  ws^ 
December,  1677,  and  was  received  as  minister,  to  be  main-  salary  and 
tained  by  the  voluntary  subscription  of  the  inhabitants,  and  ^^'^^^^^ 
that  he  continued  in  the  ministerial  office  until  he  was  denied 
the  same  by  Captain  Billop,  the  then  commander  of  this 
place,  without  any  manifest  proof  of  any  crime  deserving 
such  suspension.  The  said  petitioner,  therefore,  humbly  de- 
siring this  court  to  grant  him  an  order  for  a  quantum  meruit 
proportionable  to  the  time  of  his,  the  said  petitioner's  preach- 
ing to  the  people  of  this  place,  being  one-third  part  of  the 
subscription,  and  also  for  other  perquisites  due  to  him  the  pe- 
titioner, for  baptizing  of  children,  marriages,  and  burials,  &c." 
"  The  court  answer,  that  since  the  petitioner,  Mr.  Yeo,  after 
he  had  been  some  small  time  here,  did  then,  in  open  congre- 
gation in  the  church,  voluntarily,  out  of  his  own  accord,  throw 
up  the  paper  of  the  people's  subscription,  he  saying,  and 
openly  then  declaring  freely  to  discharge  them  ;  and  if  Cap- 

'  New  Castle  Records,  lib.  B.  p.  48.         2  Chalmers's  Polit,  Ann.  pp.  303,  375. 
£7  2p2 


450 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1678. 


March  22. 

Eaxly  set- 
tlement of 
Upland  by 
six  inhabit- 
ants. Trans- 
fer of  share. 


Man-servant 
sold. 

Grants  of 
land  on 
Schuylkill. 


Mill  on  Car- 
coon  Creek. 


tain  Billop,  (as  witliout  any  order  he  did,)  has  given  the 
petitioner  the  suhscription  back,  the  court  are  of  opinion  that 
therefore  the  petitioner  may  have  his  remedy  against  him  the 
said  Captain  Billop,  &c. ;  but  as  for  the  perquisites  of  mar- 
riage, baptism,  and  burials,  the  petitioner  ought  to  be  paid 
for  the  same,  which  is  just  and  equitable." 

At  the  same  court,  he  acknowledges  a  deed  for  800  acres, 
called  "  Mussel  Cripple,"  or  "White  Clay  Creek,  sold  by  him 
to  John  Edmonds,  who  subsequently  appears  as  plaintiff  to  a 
suit  against  Yeo.  In  another  case,  he,  as  an  assignee,  appears 
as  plaintiff.^ 

Hans  Juriansen  Kien,  of  Taokannink,  acknowledged  a  deed 
dated  9th  instant,  making  over  to  his  brother,  Jonas  Jur. 
Kien,  one  equal  share  and  lot  of  land,  in  quantity  equal  with 
the  shares  and  lots  of  the  other  inhabitants  of  Upland  town 
or  neighbourhood,  the  appurtenances  lying  and  being  in  Up- 
land aforesaid,  the  whole  dividend  or  tract  of  land  being 
heretofore  surveyed  and  laid  out  for  the  six  inhabitants  of 
Upland  toivn  in  general,  contains  1200  acres,  whereof  the 
part  and  share  of  him,  the  said  Hans  Kien  being  one  of  the 
said  six  inhabitants,  is  200  acres,  as  well  cleared  as  woodland, 
which  said  200  acres  were  thereby  sold  and  made  over  as 
above,  together  with  the  housing  and  other  appurtenances 
standing  upon  the  said  Hans  Kien's  lot  of  land,  lying  and 
being  at  Upland  town  aforesaid,  near  the  creek,  between  the 
houses  and  lots  of  James  Sanderling  and  Jurian  Kien.  Jonas 
Jur.  Kien  acknowledges  deed,  &c.,  for  making  over  unto  John 
Test,  late  of  London,  merchant,  all  the  above ;  said  Jonas 
also  conveys  to  John  Test,  a  certain  new  block-house,  by  him 
the  said  Jonas  built  on  above-named  lot,  near  the  water  side 
of  creek.  Test  conveys  same  to  Marmaduke  Kandall,  of 
London.- 

A  man-servant  is  sold,  with  his  consent,  to  Israel  Helm, 
for  1200  guilders,  for  four  years. 

Several  grants  of  land  on  Schuylkill  are  made :  to  Peter 
Rambo  and  Pelle  Dalbo,  on  east  side,  200  acres;  Andreis 
Benksen,  200 ;  John  and  Andreis  Wheeler,  300 ;  Andreis 
Johnson,  200 ;  Lasse  Dalbo,  100  acres,  east  side. 

Representations  that  people  daily  taking  up  land  near  the 
mill  of  Carcoon  Creek,  the  said  mill  would  be  left  destitute 

1  New  Castle  Records,  p.  243.  See  also  Hawks's  History  of  Episcopal 
Church,  vol.  ii.  p.  50.     McMahon,  p.  210.  2  Upland  Court  Records. 


A.  BROCKHOLLS,  SUBSTITUTE  OF  GOVERNOR  ANDROSS.  451 

of  any  land  to  get  timber  for  the  use  of  said  mill,  the  court  1G78. 
ordered,  that  on  the  west  side  of  said  mill  should  be  laid  out  *  •  ' 
100  acres  of  land  for  said  mill's  use.^ 

Niel  Mattsen  transfers  to  James  Sanderling,  of  Upland,  a  Transfer  of 
certain  patent  granted  by  Governor  Richard  Nicholls  to  him,  ]and  granted 
August  6,  1668,  for  two  lots  of  land  in  Upland,  at  Delaware,  miGos. 
on  north  side  of  creek  adjoining  to  Israel  Helm's  and  Joost 
Daniels's  land,  and  bounded  with  Villies  Lace,  in  breadth  36 
yards,  v/hich  said  lots  have  been  laid  out  by  the  officers  of 
Delaware,  being  unmanured  and  undisposed  of,  to  the  end 
some  good  improvement  may  be  made. 

The  court  give  E.  Herman  a  certificate  of  excellent  con-  certificate  of 
duct  while  in  office  as  clerk. ^  ju^t. 

Walter  Wharton  is  presented  "  for  marrying  himself,  or 
being  married  directly  contrary  to  the  known  laws  of  the  March  it. 
kingdom  of  England,  and  also  of  the  laws  and  customs  of  presented  for 
this  province.    The  court  having  heard  the  relation  of  Justice  i^^'i-rryins 

liimsplf. 

Garrett  Otto  about  the  same,  order  that  Mr.  Wharton  answer 
the  breach  of  the  law,  and  his  contempt,  at  the  next  court." 
He  is  also  complained  of  for  promising  lands  before  grants 
had  been  made.^ 

Complaints  are  made  against  Commander  Billop,  that  he  March  is. 
uses  the  fort  as  a  stable,  that  he  keeps  the  court-room  above  Bniop  mis- 
in  the  fort,  and  the  same  filled  with  hay  and  fodder ;  that  he  "oomlnd' 
keeps  hogs  in  the  fort  walls,  and  the  gates  locked  up ;  that  fort. 
he  hath  and  doth  still  deny  and  debar  this  court  from  sitting 
in  their  usual  place  in  the  fort ;  that  he  makes  use  of  the  sol- 
diers about  his  own  private  affairs,  &c.     After  the  dispute 
with  the  court,  he  promised  to  remove  his  horses. 

The  court  of  New  Castle  request  the  court  of  Upland  to  March  i9. 
arrest  a  person  by  the  name  of  Smith,  residing  in  the  pre-  Demand  of 
cincts  of  the  latter,  under  the  following  circumstances:     He  court  of  a 
had  been  arrested  at  New  Castle,  and  condemned  to  pay  to  a  fiisitivefrGin 
Mr.  Henry  Ward  there,  130  guilders  and  costs,  but  on  his  uniaud 
"  humble  request,  he  obtained  the  favour  of  us,  (the  court,)  that 
we  ordered  execution  suspended  until  8th  ultimo,  so  that  we 
made  ourselves  debtors,  or  at  least  security  for  him  ;  he  being 
lately  here,  promised  faithfully  not  to  depart  hence  till  he 
had  fully  satisfied  the  debt,  but  since,  he  very  unworthily 
has  broken  his  promise.     Our  request  is,  you  will  be  pleased 

'  Upland  Court  Records.  2  Ibid. 

3  New  Castle  Records,  lib.  A.  p.  247. 


court. 


452 


1678. 


April  13 


Grant  of 
meadow  to 
four  inha- 
bitants of 
Moyamen- 
sinck. 


An  insane 
hospital. 


May  19. 

Further  pro- 
ceedings 
against  Fen- 
wick. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

to  send  the  said  Smith  secure  unto  us,  so  that  he  may  pay 
his  debt,  and  answer  for  his  bold  peremptory  attempt."  They 
promise  to  do  the  like  for  the  court  at  Upland,  who  order  the 
high  sheriff  to  take  him  into  custody  whenever  they  find  him 
in  their  jurisdiction,  and  securely  carry  him  to  New  Castle.^ 

The  justices'  court  of  Upland  was  held  at  the  house  of 
Justice  Peter  Cock,  on  Schuylkill;  "a  deed  and  mortgage 
entered  in  judgment." 

A  grant  by  the  court,  to  Lasse  Andreas,  Oole  Stille,  An- 
dreas Bencksen,  and  John  Mattsen,  inhabitants  of  Moyamen- 
sincJc,  to  take  up  25  acres  each  of  marsh  or  meadow,  between 
the  Hollander's  kill  and  Rosamond's  kill,  on  the  west  side  of 
this  river.  iVlso  to  P.  Dalbo  and  Oole  Swensen,  25  each  on 
west  side  of  Schuylkill. 

Isaac  Cornelissen,  of  Amesland,  complains  to  the  court, 
<<that  his  son  Erick  is  bereft  of  his  natural  senses,  and  is 
turned  right  mad,  and  that  he,  being  a  poor  man,  is  not  able 
to  maintain  him.  Ordered,  that  three  or  four  persons  be  hired 
to  build  a  little  block-house  at  Amesland,  to  put  him  in,  and 
at  next  court  an  order  will  be  taken  that  a  small  levy  be  laid 
to  pay  for  building  the  house  and  maintaining  the  madman, 
according  to  the  laws  of  the  government."  This  is  probably 
the  first  public  provision  for  the  insane.^ 

Capt.  Cantwell  charges  Neils  Laerson  with  defamation.  He 
asks  forjriveness  of  Cantwell  in  court,  with  which  he  is  satisfied.^ 

In  consequence  of  Major  Fenwick's  "making  some  new 
alterations  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  a  private  justices' 
court  was  held  in  the  fort.  Captain  Cantwell  declares,  that 
being  at  Salem,  alias  Swamptown,  on  the  30th  of  April,  1678, 
Major  Fenwick  convened  the  inhabitants,  and  appointed 
various  officers,  and  declared  that  he  would  appoint  others 
at  his  leisure.  Several  papers  were  read  in  relation  to  the 
major's  patent  to  his  royal  highness,  and  from  his  royal  high- 
ness to  Lord  Berkley,  and  Lord  Berkley  to  Fenwick,  &c., 
who  demanded  the  superiority  and  submission  of  the  people 
there  as  his  right  and  property.  He  then  produced  an  oath 
to  be  signed,  and  which  several  persons  did  sign.  Fenwick 
denied  the  power  of  the  court  to  levy  upon  their  land ;  he 
would  bear  the  people  harmless  in  opposition  to  it.  He  for- 
bade Mr.  Foppe  Outhout  to  act  in  behalf  of  the  court  of  New 
Castle,  upon  the  forfeiture  of  his  estate.    On  being  reminded 

>  Upland  Court  Records,  p.  66.  2  Ibid.  p.  81.  ^  Ibid. 


A.  BROCKHOLLS,  SUBSTITUTE  OF  GOVERNOR  ANDROSS.  453 

that  Mr.  Outhout  •was  commissioned  by  the  governor  to  act,  1678. 
he  denied  the  power  of  the  governor  to  act  without  the  advice  "^  ' 
of  his  council.  Various  certificates  and  letters  between  the 
justices  and  governor  follow.  The  council  at  New  York,  Farther  pro- 
(May  22,)  directs  the  justices  to  give  notice  to  Fenwick  that,  ^atnTFcn- 
according  to  his  parole,  he  forbear  assuming  any  power  of  wick,  con- 
government  to  himself,  on  the  east  side  of  Delaware,  or  any-  *'^"^''*^- 
where  else  in  those  parts,  unless  he  can  produce  more  authentic 
power  from  England."  In  case  of  refusal,  the  commander  and 
justices  of  New  Castle  are  "  required  to  order  him  to  come  to 
New  York  within  the  space  of  —  days,  to  answer  what  may  be 
alleged  against  him."  On  his  denial  or  refusal,  "force  is  to  be 
used  to  seize  his  person  and  send  him  to  New  York."  A  letter 
to  this  effect  was  written  to  Fenwick  by  the  justices,  and  sent 
by  a  special  messenger.  In  reply,  June  3,  says,  "  that  the 
cause  of  my  long  imprisonment,  which  is  not  unknown  to 
them,  was  because  I  would  never  be  persuaded  to  give  security 
either  to  be  of  good  behaviour,  nor  to  forbear  acting  in  that 
public  capacity  in  which  I  am  authorized  by  virtue  of  the 
king's  patent,  the  duke's  grant  to  John,  Lord  Berkley,  and 
Sir  George  Carteret,  and  Lord  Berkley's  deed  to  me,  all 
which  were  produced  before  the  governor  and  council,  by  the 
commissioner  who  arrived  at  York  last  August,  wherefore  I 
had  my  liberty  to  come  home  without  any  obligation,  and  to 
return  6th  October  following,  which  accordingly  I  did,  to  the 
hazarding  of  my  life ;  and  the  governor  then  told  me  he  won- 
dered I  did  come  again,  and  gave  order  I  might  return  hither 
again  about  my  lawful  occasions.  It  is  well  known,  likewise, 
I  was  made  and  retained  prisoner  to  the  court  of  assizes,  and 
by  their  favour  and  yours  I  cannot  look  upon  myself  obliged 
by  my  parole  to  appear,  without  an  order  from  the  court  of 
assizes,"  &c.  The  justices  despatch  a  messenger  to  New  York 
with  the  foregoing  letter,  and  further  complaints  against  Fen- 
wick, and  ask  their  orders,  which  they  request  (June  5)  '<  may 
be  absolute  and  sufficient,  for  it  is  our  opinion  that  he  will 
hardly  be  taken  without  bloodshed  or  mischief."  He  declares 
"  no  one  shall  take  him  alive,  no,  not  if  the  governor  himself 
came."^ 

The  court  at  New  Castle  referred  the  settling  and  regulat-  June  14. 

1  New  Castle  Records,  pp.  205 — 290,  where  all  the  documents  and  corre- 
spondence are  at  full  lenjrth.  They  have  since  been  published  by  the  New 
Jersey  Historical  Society,  vol.  ii. 


454 


1678. 


Repairs  of 
church  at 

NeT7  Castle. 

Vf.  Wharton 
marries  him- 
self, and  acts 
illegally  as 
Burveyor. 
Arraigned 
before  court, 
and  case  re- 
ferred to  go- 
Temor. 


Is  fined  for 
absence 
from  the 
court. 


June  28. 

Patent  for 
Marrities  or 
Marcus 
Hook. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

ing  the  church  affairs  of  that  place  to  John  Moll  and  Peter 
Alricks,  they  to  make  up  the  account  with  the  reader  and 
wardens,  and  to  make  such  further  orders  and  regulations  as 
shall  be  found  most  necessary.^ 

"Mr.  Walter  Wharton,  being  heretofore,  by  the  minutes, 
reader  and  churchwarden,  presented  for  marrying  himself,  or 
being  married  directly  contrary  to  the  known  laws  of  England, 
and  also  contrary  to  the  laws  and  customs  of  this  place  and  pro- 
vince, as  also  for  promising  lands,  and  entering  the  same  in 
his  book,  before  that  the  person  for  whom  he  did  it  had  any 
grant  or  order  of  court  for  the  same ;  and  the  said  Walter 
Wharton  not  appearing  in  three  following  court  days,  and  to 
the  end  the  reproach  may  be  taken  away  from  the  river,  and 
that  such  notorious  breaches  of  the  laws,  and  disorders,  may 
for  the  future  not  pass  unpunished,  especially  in  persons  of 
lesser  quality  to  those  of  this  of  Mr.  Wharton,  (who  is  in 
commission,  and  bears  the  office  of  a  justice  of  the  peace, 
ought  to  give  good  examples  to  others,)  had  not  been  regarded, 
might  at  all  times  hereafter  be  held  for  a  bad  precedent.  The 
court  do  therefore  think  it  necessary  humbly  to  offer  the  pre- 
mises to  the  judgment  of  his  honour  the  governor,  for  to  in- 
flict such  punishment  as  his  honour  in  his  wisdom  shall  think 
fit  and  expedient." 

"Mr.  Wharton,  being  commissioned  one  of  the  justices 
and  member  of  this  court,  and  not  having  appeared  for  five 
months,  not  having  been  out  of  the  precincts  of  the  bay  and 
river,  is  fined  <£10,  with  costs."^ 

Jan  Hendricksen  acknowledges  a  deed  to  Roger  Pedrick, 
for  all  his  right,  &c.  in  the  land  and  appurtenances  lying  and 
being  on  west  side  of  Delaware,  called  and  known  by  the 
name  of  Marrities  Jlocck,  (now  Marcus  Hook.)  The  whole 
tract  of  Marrities  Hoeck  lands  being  granted  and  confirmed 
by  patent  from  his  royal  highness's  governor,  Edmund  An- 
dross,  March  28,  1676,  unto  the  six  possessors  thereof,  viz. 
Charles  Jansen,  Oole  Raessen,  Hans  Oolsen,  Oole  Neelsen, 
Hans  Hofman,  and  the  said  Jan  Hendricksen,  and  contained 
in  the  whole  1000  acres.^  This  same  land  was  granted  by 
the  Swedes  to  J.  A.  Besk,  so  early  as  1653.*  (See  page  138.) 

The  court  order  to  levy  a  tax  of  5  guilders  per  head  on 
every  tydable  person,  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  court's 


'  New  Castle  Records,  pp.  269,  270.  *  Ibid. 

3  Upland  Records.  <  Ibid.  p.  84.     Reg 


Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  273. 


A.  BROCKHOLLS,  SUBSTITUTE  OF  GOVERNOR  ANDROSS.  455 

sitting  charges,  as  heretofore,  the  said  levy  to  be  paid  by  1678. 
every  person  on  Tinneconk  Island,  between  this  and  6th  of  "  ■  ' 
October  next.^ 

Two  hundred  acres  are  granted  to  Thomas  Nossicker,  and  Grants  of 
100  to  William  Warner.    It  has  been  said  that  the  latter  set-  ^^^'^' 
tied  over  Schuylkill,   in   1658,   but   after   diligent   inquiry 
among  his  descendants  or  connections  now  living,  we  can  find 
no  knowledge  or  tradition  of  the  fact  among  them.^ 

Justa  Andries  is  indicted  for  slanderous  language  against  "^"^'y  ^^• 

Case  of 

his  majesty  and  the  court.^  slander. 

John  Moll  is  deputed  by  the  justices  of  New  Castle  to  go  Juiy  27. 
to  New  York,  to  communicate  certain  facts  occurring  in  the  ^^  ^^f^  y^*^ 
governor's  absence  in  England,  and  to  ask  some  privileges,      wuh  repre- 

1.  To  "  grant  leave  and  permission  to  obtain  and  have  an  governor  ° 
orthodox  minister,  to  be  maintained  by  the  gifts  of  the  free,  Asks  for 

MT  •  ))  minister. 

Wilnng  givers. 

2.  To  double  the  magistrates,  and  have  a  coroner.  increase  of 

3.  To  send  "the  new  corrected  law  book,"  and  seal  of  "^^s>strates. 
office. 

4.  In  relation  to  the  title  of  Carr's  land. 

5.  Complaint  that  Walter  Wharton  neglects  his  duty  as  Complains  of 
surveyor;  fees  higher  than  in  Maryland,  and  wish  them  re-  "^^- ^^'^'^'°"- 
duced ;  and  chiefly  to  make  his  honour  acquainted,  that  to 

the  great  shame  and  blame  of  the  government,  he,  the  said 
Walter  Wharton,  hath  married  himself,  and  promised  lands 
not  granted,  and  that  he  forced  one  man  in  Maryland  to  as- 
sign his  patent  to  him  only  for  surveyor's  fees. 

6.  Wish  government  to  establish  weights  and  measures,  and  weights  and 
that  a  gauge  be  appointed  on  this  river,  for  all  coopers  to  Gau^-efo^r 
make  the  tobacco  hogsheads  accordingly.  tobacco hogs- 

7.  Complains  that  Major  Fenwick  forbids  the  people  of  coLpiainsof 
the  east  side  of  this  river  to  pay  their  proportion  of  the  pub-  fenwick  op- 
lic  rate  laid  last  year,  for  the  paying  of  the  wolves'  heads,  tax. 

and  that  the  said  Fenwick  threatens  the  people  with  ruin  in 
case  they  pay  any,  and  that  he  now  has  laid  a  tax  himself; 
therefore  to  know  whether  the  people  there  shall  pay  any  of 
the  said  tax,  and  how,  for  the  future,  the  court  shall  act  and 
behave  themselves  towards  the  said  east  side. 

8.  People  complain  they  cannot  get  their  money  from  the 
public. 

'  Upland  Court  Records,  p.  84.  2  See  Watson,  vol.  i.  p.  11. 

3  New  Cattle  ReccrLls,  lib.  A.  p.  292. 


456 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1678. 


Liberty  of 
trade  to 
Maryland 
for  negroes, 
<fec.,  and  for 
England. 


Complains  of 
Blllop  siding 
with  Fen- 
wick. 


July  27. 


August  3. 

Fenwick  at 
New  Castle, 
on  his  way 

to  New  York, 


9.  Whether  a  levy  or  tax  may  be  hiid  for  paying  the  debts 
made  during  the  time  of  this  government,  concerning  the 
fort,  &c. 

10.  Whether  houses  and  lands  of  persons  deceased  or. run 
away  are  taxable. 

11.  "  That  liberty  of  trade  may  be  granted  us  -with  the 
neighbouring  colony  of  Maryland^  for  supplijing  tis  zcith 
negroes,  servants,  and  utensils,  without  which  we  cannot  sub- 
sist, and  also  that  liberty  may  be  granted  us  for  our  own 
vessels  which  we  may  get,  to  enter  and  clear  the  same  here, 
without  touching  at  New  York,  in  case  we  might  send  them 
for  England  and  other  places,  we  observing  the  acts  of  par- 
liament." 

12.  Refers  to  Captain  Billop's  acts  ;  "  among  other  things," 
that  he,  said  commander,  contrary  to  his  duty,  stands  up  for 
and  holds  with  Major  Fenwick,  which  hath  so  amazed  the  in- 
habitants of  the  eastern  shore,  that  some  of  them  know  not 
whom  to  obey." 

Also  to  know  whether  the  said  commander  hath  power  to 
grant  licenses  for  marriages,  as  to  several  persons  he  hath 
done,  whereby  the  common  course  of  three  proclamations  in 
the  church,  or  banns  setting  up,  is  laid  aside. ^ 

The  council  at  New  York  think  the  orders  heretofore  given 
the  justices  at  New  Castle,  in  the  case  of  Fenwick,  quite 
"  sufficient,  so  shall  not  alter  any  thing  therein,  but  leave  you 
to  answer  your  neglect  to  the  governor,  who  is  daily  expected, 
and  all  prejudice  or  mischief  that  may  happen  thereby  to  be 
at  your  doors,  they  having  done  their  duty."^  The  justices 
despatch  Billop  to  Fenwick,  who  promised  to  repair  to  New 
York.  The  court  decide,  if  he  will,  under  his  hand,  promise 
to  repair  to  New  York  in  twenty  days,  he  may  be  left ;  but 
if  he  refuse,  or  do  not  send  a  satisfactory  answer,  that  then 
the  commander  and  sheriff  take  a  body  of  militia,  and  seize 
his  person.^ 

The  court  express  to  the  council  their  "  sorrow  at  your 
honour's  reply,"  and  explain,  by  way  of  apology,  their  mo- 
tives for  writing  as  they  did.  It  appears,  by  this  letter,  that 
Fenwick  had  been  brought  to  New  Castle,  with  a  view  to 
sending  him  by  sloop  to  New  York ;  they  afterwards  conclude 
to  send  him  by  land." 


>  New  Castle  Records,  pp.  306,  307. 
3  Ibid.  p.  311. 


2  Ibid.  p.  308. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  457 

Fenwick,  in  New  York,  is  presented  with  a  copy  of  charges    1678. 
against  him ;    asks  time  to  answer ;   considers  his  interest     ""^^^     ' 
separate  from  New  York ;  appeals  to  the  king,  and  prays  to 
go  to  him ;  court  does  not  grant  it,  but  refers  him  to  judg-  Sept.  ii. 
ment  of  court  of  assizes  at  New  York.^ 

Captain  Billop  is  ordered  to  New  York  by  the  governor,  Sept.  is. 
probably  on  charge  of  favouring  Fenwick,  leaving  the  charge  captam  bu- 
of  the  military  and  civil  matters  to  Justice  Alricks,  to  be  1°^  "'^'^'i^'V 
chief,  and  Thomas  Woolaston,  clerk  to  take  customs. 

Captain  Billop  delivers  over  to  Moll  and  Alricks  the  fol-  sept.  le. 
lowing  articles  belonging  to  the  fort :  8  iron  guns,  7  leaden  stock  of  am- 
aprons,  18  matchlocks,  6  firelocks,  in  all  24  muskets,  12  col-  "^'^f^^ 

J^  '  ^     '  ^  'the  fort. 

lars  of  bandaliers,  QG  iron  shot,  465  musket  bullets,  1^-  barrel 
of  powder,  3  quires  cartridge  paper,  12  skeins  of  match,  2 
ladles,  3  sponges,  3  rammers,  2  worms,  all  upon  5  sticks,  &c. 
Probably  Billop  had  been  removed.^ 

John  Avery,  F.  Yv'hitwell,  Alexander  Molestyn,  John  Kips-  October  is. 
haven,  Luke  Watson,  John  Roads,  and  James  Wells,  to  be  justices  of 
justices  for  Whorekill ;  four  or  more  a  court.^  vriiorekiii. 

The  Duke  of  York  made  a  new  grant  of  West  Jersey  to  New  grant  oi 
the  assignees  of  Lord  Berkley.*  West  Jersey 

An  order  passed  by  the  governor  about  lands  was  this  day  Nov.  4. 
also  openly  read  in  court,  and  fixed  at  the  court-house : 

"  Whereas  I  did,  in  the  year  1675,  among  other  regulations  Quit-rents 
then  made  for  encouragement,  remit  the  quit-rents  for  the  pj^tlo^g' 
first  three  years  on  all  new  lands  to  be  taken  up  and  seated  about  land. 
in  Delaware  precincts,  which  having  proved  inconvenient,  by 
many  taking  up  land  and  not  seating  at  all,  I  therefore  do 
repeal  and  recall  the  same,  except  for  such  as  have  seated  and 
improved  upon  said  order,  be  accordingly  indemnified ;  but 
all  such  as  have  taken  up  lands,  and  seated  and  improved, 
and  made  due  returns  thereof,  as  by  law  and  orders,  (sent  and 
published  last  year  to  be  recorded,)  to  forfeit  the  same,  and 
the  land  not  seated  and  improved  to  be  disposed  of  as  vacant 
lands,  and  all  such  as  have  improved  and  seated,  but  not  made 
such  returns,  are  hereby  again  required,  for  rectifying  of  for- 
mer, and  preventing  of  future  disorder,  to  make'  a  due  return 
as  above,  of  such  their  lands,  quantities,  and  situation,  accord- 
ing to  the  patent,  surveys,  or  card  thereof,  to  the  clerk  of  the 
court  in  whose  jurisdiction  their  said  land  lieth,  to  be  recorded, 

»  N.  Y.  Records;  Breviat.  ^  New  Castle  Records,  p.  316. 

3  N.  Y.  Records;  Breviat.  •*  Johnson,  p.  10.     Smith's  N.J.  p.  111. 

58  2Q 


458  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1678.  and  by  the  court  certified  to  the  secretary's  office  here,  and 
"""^^  '  such  as  have  not  taken  care  to  pay  their  quit-rents  due  for 
the  same,  that  they,  within  the  space  of  six  months,  as  above, 
do  account  and  pay  the  arrears  to  the  receiver,  from  my  first 
coming  into  the  country,  for  1674,  and  for  the  future,  all  such 
as  have  or  shall  take  up  lands,  to  pay  their  quit-rents  from 
their  taking  up  such  lands,  and  yearly,  at  the  towns  of  Up- 
land, New  Castle,  and  Whorekill,  for  the  several  precincts,  at 
their  peril,  and  such  as  shall  take  up  and  not  improve  land, 
to  forfeit  the  same,  according  to  law.  This  order  to  be  forth- 
with published,  and  set  up  at  the  court-houses  of  Upland, 
New  Castle,  and  Whorekill,  in  Delaware.  Given  under  my 
hand,  in  New  York,  25th  October,  1678.      E.  Andross." 

"  Resolved,  in  regard  the  church  doth  very  much  want  re- 
paration, that  Mr.  John  Moll  and  Peter  Alricks  take  care 
and  order  about  the  same,  the  charge  and  cost  to  be  found 
and  raised  by  a  tax,  if  no  money  be  due  upon  the  former  list 
of  the  reader."^ 

The  governor,  in  reply  to  the  petition  of  the  court,  allows 
November  5.  a  minister,  as  they  desire ;  sends  a  new  commission  for  magis- 
Minister  ai-  tratcs,  and  a  law  book.  The  purchasers  of  Carr's  land,  which 
lowed.  j^g  allows  to  be  sold  for  the  use  of  his  creditors,  may  have 
Court  hare  DCW  patents.  "  Courts  have  power  to  order  matters  relating 
su^T  or"  *^  *^®  surveyor  in  every  respect,  according  to  regulations  and 
Weights  and  law."  "  The  laws  direct  weights  and  measures  to  be  English, 
but  ancient  custom  may  be  looked  upon  as  law,  and  the  pub- 
lic weigh-house  is  to  be  gross  weight  only,  if  or  above  one 
Houses  and  quarter  of  a  hundred."  "Houses  and  improved  lands  are 
improved      \[r^\)\Q  fgj,  dg^ts,  as  wcll  as  movablcs  ;  all  favours  as  to  trade 

lands  liable  '  ' 

for  debts.      may  be  expected,  so  that  acts  of  parliament  are  not  infringed, 
l&rour^    with  due  regard  to  the  custom-house  here.     The  late  Com- 
mander Billop  is  here,  and  if  any  have  been  wronged  by  him, 
they  shall  have  right."     New  York,  October  26.^ 

Governor  Andross  commissions  six  persons  to  be  overseers, 
Eisinburg  Selectmen,  or  commissioners  in  New  Jersey,  at  Elseburgh  and 
eT°'^court  P^rts  adjacent,  for  one  year,  amongst  the  new  comers,  and  if 
established,  any  dispute  arise  amongst  them  and  the  old  inhabitants  of 
those  parts,  Mr.  Outhout,  who  has  been  an  ancient  inhabitant 
there,  and  is  now  one  of  the  justices  of  New  Castle,  to  have 
notice,  who  is  authorized,  on  such  occasions,  to  be  one  of  the 


measures  to 
he  English. 


&c. 


1  New  Castle  Records,  lib.  A.  p.  320.     Upland  Court  Records. 

2  New  Castle  Records,  lib.  A.  p.  307.     Reg.  Peons,  vol.  i.  p.  93. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  459 

court,  and  being  there,  to  preside ;  and  you,  or  any  four,  to  1678. 
keep  a  court,  as  a  town  or  corporation,  quarterly  or  oftener,  "  '  ' 
to  appoint  constables,  and  to  allow  fit  proportions  of  land  for 
present  improvement,  the  same  being  duly  purchased,  and  to 
hear  and  determine  all  matters  not  extending  to  life,  limb,  or 
member,  or  exceeding  .£5,  above  which  to  admit  of  an  appeal 
to  court  of  justices  at  New  Castle.^ 

Governor  Andross  appoints  J.  Moll,  Peter  Alricks,  Foppe  not.  t. 
Outhout,  G,  Otto,  Johannes  De  Haas,  Abraham  Man,  and  justices  of 
William  Semple,  as  justices.^  Newcastle. 

A  warrant  from  Governor  Andross  is  presented  to  the  court  Nov.  ii. 
at  New  Castle,  in  consequence  of  complaints  made  to  him  by  warrant  of 
Michael  Barron  and  other  inhabitants  of  east  side  of  river,  atoutTanas 
who  had  been  "disturbed  in  the  lawful  possession  of  their  and  Fen- 
lands  by  Fenwick,  &c."    The  court  at  New  Castle  is  "  desired 
and  authorized  to  take  care  that  the  said  inhabitants  be  not 
disturbed  in  their  possession  upon  any  pretence  whatever," 
and  "if  occasion,  to  make  me  forthwith  acquainted  with  the 
same."^ 

The  limits  and  divisions  between  this  (Upland)  and  New  Nov.  22. 
Castle  county  were  this  day  agreed  upon  and  settled  by  this  Boundary 
court,  and  Mr.  John  Moll,  president  of  New  Castle  court,  as  NewcTstie 
follows:   "This  county  of  Upland  to  begin  from  the  north  and  upland 
side  of  Oole  Fransen's  creek,    otherwise  called   Steen-kill, 
lying  on  the  hight  above  the  Verdrietige  IToeck,  and  from  the 
said  creek  over  to  the  single  tree  point,  on  the  east  side  of 
this  river.  "^ 

James  Sanderling,  for  inhabitants  of  Upland,   complains  Encroach- 
against  Neils  Laerson  for  fencing  off  the  way  to  the  "fly;"  l^n^'^J^'^er 
court  order  it  down.^  Another  against  Domine  Laers  Carolus,  of  court, 
that  he  has  fenced  in  some  of  the  church  glebe  land.   "  Ordered, 
that  he  shall  have  all  belonging  to  him,  the  rest  he  must 
leave  out."'' 

Various  grants  of  land  on  Neshaminy,  &c. :  100  acres  on  Grants  of 
lower  side,  and  50  in  the  woods,  to  Dirck  Williams ;  100  to  shammy, 
Edmund  Draufton  and  his  son  ;  100  between  heads  of  Crom-  schuyikui, 
kill  and  Oole  Shellir's  kill ;  Jan  Schooten,  a  small  quantity  Poetquis- 
of  marsh  lying  at  the  place  called  Hans  Bloonsons  great  ^'°s- 
3Iill  Falls,  at  the  end  thereof,  so  much  as  is  fit  to  moiv  four 

1  N.  Y.  Records,  as  quoted  in  Penn's  Breviat. 

2  New  Castle  Records,  lib.  A.  p.  316.  3  Ibid.  p.  318. 
■>  Upland  Records,  p.  50.                        5  Ibid.                          6  Ibid. 


460 

1678. 


Mill  on 

Moonson's 

Falls. 


I/and  con- 
Teyed  at  Sa- 
chamexiiig. 


Eoads  be- 
tween plan- 
tations to  bi 
opened. 


A  jury. 


NOY.  28. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

stacks  of  hay,  the  Mill  Falls  being  a  run  that  comes  into 
Schuylkill ;  Ephraim  Herman,  between  Pemebaccan  and  Poet- 
quissing.  Ordered,  that  the  land  formerly  granted  to  Jan 
Boolsan  be  reserved  for  the  mills,  and  Jan  Boolsan  to  locate 
100  acres  elsewhere. 

"  It  being  very  necessary  that  a  mill  be  built  on  the  Schuyl- 
kill, and  there  being  no  fitter  place  than  the  falls  called  Cap- 
tain Hans  Moonsons  Falls,  the  court  are  of  opinion  that 
either  Hans  Moonson  ought  to  build  a  mill  there,  (as  he  says 
he  will,)  or  else  suffer  another  to  build,  for  the  convenience 
of  all  parts. 

Laurence  Cock  transfers  to  Elizabeth  Kinsey  a  plantation 
lying  and  being  at  Sachamexing,  (the  whole  deed  is  on  the 
record,)  "  the  daughter  and  heir  of  John  Kinsey,  late  of 
Herefordshire,  England,  deceased,  300  acres,  on  west  side  of 
Delaware  River,  at  the  town  or  neighbourhood  called  and 
known  by  the  name  of  Sachamexing,  the  whole  dividend  and 
quantity  of  land  being  of  late  surveyed  for  the  inhabitants 
of  Sachamexing  in  general,  contains  1800  acres,  by  which, 
reserving  the  share  and  interest  of  him,  the  said  L.  Cock,  as 
being  one  of  the  six  inhabitants  of  Sachamexing,  amounts  to 
300  acres,  as  above  mentioned,  together  with  his,  L.  Cock's 
share  of  marsh  or  meadow,  with  all  and  singular  the  houses, 
dwelling-houses,  barns,  stables,  stalls,  fences,  &c,  now  stand- 
ing upon  said  land."  L,  Cock  states  he  is  the  lawful  owner, 
and  has  a  right  to  sell ;  warrants  against  all  claims  except 
quit-rents.     The  deed  is  dated  30th  March. ^ 

Transfer  of  a  patent  of  Andross,  March  25,  1676,  to  Har- 
man  Jansen,  100  acres,  on  north  side  of  Mill  Creek,  over 
against  Carcoon  Hook. 

Court  order  "  that  every  person  shall,  within  two  months,  as 
far  as  his  land  reaches,  make  good  and  passable  ways  from 
neighbour  to  neighbour,  with  bridges,  where  it  needs,  to  the 
end  neighbours  on  occasion  may  come  together ;  those  neg- 
lecting to  forfeit  25  guilders." 

The  following  compose  a  jury:  Hans  Moens,  Dirck  Wil- 
liams, Salfit  Barnes,  Edmund  Draufton,  Peter  Jackson,  Isaac 
Saney,  Jan  Hendrick,  Jonas  Kien,  Moons  Cock,  John  Brown, 
Jan  Boolsen,  Henry  Hastings.^ 

Andross  directs  Sheriff  Cantwell  to  put  Robert  Stacey  in 


'  Upland  Court  Records,  p.  99. 


2  Ibid. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  461 

possession  of  Mattiniconk  Island,  -wbicli  the  governor  had     1678. 
leased  to  him  for  seven  years.  *"""    ' 

Governor  authorizes   Cantwell  and  Herman  to  purchase 
from  the  Indian  proprietors  the  unpurchased  lands  below  the  Land  to  be 
falls,  on  west  side,  between  the  late  and  former  purchases,  p'^^''^^^^^'^ 
together  with  any  islands,  and  to  adjust  time  and  place,  and  aians. 
species  of  payment,  and  give  him  notice.^ 

Churchwardens  and  elders  having  been  nominated,  the  court  Decembers. 
appoint  John  Moll  and  J.  P.  Jaquet,  elders,  and  John  Smith,  church  offi- 
E.  Lett,  B.  Gummery,  Samuel  Burder,  and  William  Penton,  ^o^nted\y 
churchwardens.^  ti>e  court. 

Henry   Smith,   of  Whorekill,  had  raised  several  reports  oec.io. 
against  some  of  the  magistrates,  &c.  belonging  to  court,  and  Defamation 
did  afterwards,  in  writino-   charge  two  iustices,  and  the  clerk  °^*^®'*'^'^ 
of  court,  with  several  crimes,  in  general  terms,  whereupon  he 
was  committed  to  the  sheriff  of  New  York  till  he  should  give 
£500  security  to  prosecute  or  make  good  his  charge  against 
them,  according  to  law,  which  he  refusing,  but  pretending  an 
inquest  in  the  council  for  it,  the  whole  matter  being  debated 
in  council,  said  Smith  is  adjudged  to  pay  a  fine  to  the  church 
or   poor  at  New  York,   XI 0,   together  with  all  incidental 
charges,  and  that  he  be  likewise  bound  in  bond  of  £20,  at 
Whorekill,  to  be  of  good  behaviour  till  next  general  court. '^ 

Philip  Pocock  is  appointed,  by  Andross,  surveyor  of  New  Dec.  25. 
Castle  and  dependencies.^  ^^xv^'^yov 

^      _  _  appointed. 

Arrived  the  ship  SJiicld,  from  Hull,  Daniel  Towes,  master, 
and  dropped  anchor  before  Burlington,  being  the  first  ship  Arrival  of 
that  came  so  far  up  the  Delaware;  against  Coaquanock,  (now  BurUn^ton* 
Philadelphia,)  being  a  bold  shore,  she  went  so  near  in  turning, 
that  part  of  her  tackling  struck  the  trees  ;  some  on  board 
then  remarked  it  was  a  fine  spot  for  a  town.  A  fresh  gale 
brought  her  to  Burlington ;  she  moored  to  a  tree,  and  the 
next  morning  the  people  came  on  shore  on  the  ice,  so  hard 
had  the  river  suddenly  frozen.  A  number  of  passengers  came 
in  her ;  one  was  born  on  the  passage.^  From  what  has  been 
already  mentioned  on  p.  444,  respecting  the  ship  Martha,  some 
doubt  may  perhaps  be  raised  whether  the  Shield  was  the  first 
ship  at  Burlington,  as  there  was  probably  no  other  induce- 
ment for  the  former  to  proceed  above  New  Castle,  than  to 

•  N.  Y.  Records;  Breviat.  2  New  Castle  Records,  p.  355. 
3  N.  Y.  Records;  Breviat.                               *  New  Castle  Records. 

*  Smith's  New  Jersey,  p.  108,  109. 

2q2 


462 


CHAKLES  n.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1678. 


First  pur- 
chase at 
Middletown, 
Delaware. 


reach  the  place  of  settlement,  and  land  the  baggage  and 
utensils  of  the  passengers,  she  having  no  merchandise. 

This  same  year  also,  arrived  a  ship  from  London,  with 
passengers.^ 

Clarkson  estimates  the  number  of  settlers  sent  over  through 
Penn's  agency,  up  to  this  time,  about  800,  mostly  Quakers.^ 

This  year  Adam  Peterson  surveyed  200  acres  of  land,  the 
tract  on  which  Middletown  (Delaware)  now  stands.  The  ori- 
ginal plat  and  title  were  in  existence  in  1842.  This  is  said 
to  be  the  earliest  purchase  of  lands  at  Middletown.^ 


Division  of 
Marcus 
Hook  lands 
asked  for. 


1679. 

E.  Draufton  sues  Dirck  Williams  for  his  bill  for  teaching 

March  22.      defendant's  children  one  year,  200  guilders.     A  witness,  who 

state  of  edu-  heard  the  agreement  made,  testifies  that  E.  Draufton  was  to 

teach  Dirck  Williams's  children  to  read  in  the  Bible,  and  if  he 

could  do  it  in  a  year,  or  half  a  year,  or  a  quarter  of  a  year, 

he  was  to  have  the  200  guilders ;  judgment  for  plaintiff.'^ 

Petition  of  Roger  Pedrick  and  William  Hews,  joint  part- 
ners with  the  rest  of  the  inhabitants  of  Maritties  (Marcus) 
Hook,  with  the  land  there,  desiring  that  the  said  land  may  be 
laid  out  and  equally  divided  between  all  the  parties,  to  the 
end  that  each  may  have  a  fair  proportionable  share,  as  well 
of  the  good  as  the  bad  land.  The  court  answers,  "  that  the 
petition  of  those  who  are  not  satisfied  with  the  division  which 
of  old  hath  been  and  still  is,  may,  at  their  proper  costs,  have 
the  same  new  surveyed  and  shared."^  Roger  Pedrick  then 
transfers  "the  one  just  and  equal  half  part  of  his  land  to 
William  Hews,  and  Hans  Oolson  transfers  to  William  Clay- 
ton all  his  lands,  houses,  &c.  at  Maritties  Hook."  It  will  be 
recollected,  that  in  1678,  a  grant  was  made  to  six  inhabitants 
for  the  whole  undivided  plot  of  1000  acres.  This  plan  seems 
to  have  been  pursued  with  several  other  towns. 

Several  grants  of  land  are  recorded :  Thomas  Fayreman, 
260,  and  Dirck  Williams,  4  acres  in  addition,  all  on  Nesha- 
miny ;  to  Jacob  Fabricius,  300  acres  on  west  side  of  Dela- 
ware, and  Jurian  Hartsfelder,  100 ;  Jans  Justasson,  alias 
Black,  transfers  to  A.  Hendricks  a  piece  of  land  below  Up- 


Grants  of 
land. 


1  Smith's  New  Jersey,  pp.  108,  109.     The  names  of  the  passengers  in  both 
vessels  are  there  recorded.  ^  Clarkson,  p.  165. 

3  Foote's  Address,  1842,  when  he  exhibited  the  original  plat;  p.  14. 
"  Upland  Court  Records,  p.  121.  s  Ibid.  p.  121. 


DEPUTY  GOTERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  403 

land,  between  two  small  creeks,  called  Harwick's  Creek  and    1G79. 
Middle  Creek.  ^-'^ 

Neils  Laersen  is  ordered  by  court  to  make  or  leave  a  lane 
or  street  from  Upland  Creek  to  the  house  of  defence  or  coun-  House  of  de- 
try-house,  before  next  court,  or  be  fined ;  he  not  appearing,  ^^^^^°^ 
sheriff  is  to  notify  him,   "so   that  he  might  not  plead  ig-  house,atTjp- 

_  )  >  land. 

norance. 

Peter  Rambo,  sen.,  claims,  by  a  late  grant  of  this  court,  a  ciaimfor 
certain  tract  of  land  at  Wiccaco,  and  Oole  Swensen,  Swen  ^^^  ^ 
Swensen,  and  Andries  Swensen  plead  that  the  same  land  was 
within  the  bounds  of  their  patent ;  both  parties  having  been 
heard,  the  court  orders,  "  that  since  the  Swensens  have  the 
same  in  their  ]3atent,  which  is  of  old  standing,  and  Peter 
Rambo's  grant  was  but  late,  that  therefore  the  said  Swensens 
do  keep  the  land,  and  in  case  more  land  be  found  within  the 
bounds  of  the  said  patent  than  is  set  down,  they  the  said 
Swensens  are  to  have  the  preference  to  take  it  up  before  any 
others." 

A  transfer  of  land  granted  by  Governor  Lovelace  in  1671,  oruDtby 
May  1,  is  recorded.  loa^*"'' 

A  man  who  agreed  to  pay  another  in    ^^ pompkins,''  is  Pumpkiu 
ordered  to  pay,  a  witness  declaring  that  a  demand  was  made 
by  defendant,  but  plaintiff  refused  "to  bring  them  to  the 
water  side."  Judgment,  20  guilders  in  wheat,  and  26  guilders 
in  pumpkins,  at  16  guilders  per  100.^ 

We  have  before  mentioned,  (page  423,)  a  grant  from  the  go-  May  i4. 
vernor  to  Peter  Bayard.  It  appears  that  the  land  was  now  pur-  Purchase  of 
chased  from  the  Indians.     "  Mechaecksitt,  sachem  of  Cohan-  nook  from 
sink,  and  sole  Indian  owner  and  proprietor  of  that  tract  of  Indians. 
land  called  by  Christians  Bompies  Hook,  and  by  the  Indians 
Newsink,  in  consideration  of  one  gun  and  some  other  mat- 
ters, grants  to  Peter  Bayard,  of  New  York,  all  that  tract  of 
land  on  west  side  of  Delaware,  and  at  its  mouth,  beginning 
at  a  great  pond  and  a  little  creek  issuing  out  of  it,  being  the 
uppermost  bounds  of  it,  and  stretching  down  along  the  river 
to  Duck  Creek,  with  lands,  woods,  &c.  between  the  said  up- 
permost pond  and  creek  and  Duck  Creek,  to  hold  to  Peter 
Bayard  in  fee,  to  his  own  sole  use."     The  deed  is  witnessed 
by  E.  Herman,  clerk,  who  was  one  of  the  two  persons  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  to  purchase  lands  of  the  natives ;  so 
it  is  probable  this  was  bought  by  governor's  order.^ 

'  Upland  Court  Records,  p.  119.  ^  New  Castle  Records,  in  Breviat. 


464 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1679. 


June  13. 

Case  of 
Hutchinson, 
a  constable, 
who  broke 
open  a 
trunk.    Go- 
vernor gives 
his  construc- 
tion of  the 
law. 


nutchinson 
is  whipped 
and  banish- 
ed. 


July  12. 


Oath  illegal- 
ly taken  not 
binding  as 
evidence. 


The  court  seem  to  be  much  puzzled  to  know  how  to  pro- 
ceed in  the  case  of  one  Hutchinson,  a  constable,  in  whose 
care  a  chest  was  left  by  some  person ;  while  in  his  house,  he 
broke  it  open,  and  applied  the  articles  to  his  own  use.  The 
court  apply  to  the  governor,  who,  in  answer,  gives  his  con- 
struction of  the  law  as  follows,  the  prisoner  being  confined : 
"  The  matter  of  fact  committed  by  the  prisoner  would  not 
reach  to  the  taking  of  his  life  by  the  strictest  law,  (according 
to  our  apprehension,  here ;)  if  it  were  in  England,  and  the 
duke's  laws  are  much  more  favourable,  where,  if  you  will  turn 
to  the  capital  laws,  you  may  be  further  satisfied ;  besides,  the 
chest,  with  what  was  therein,  being  left  at  his  house  by  the 
party,  it  is  but  a  breach  of  trust,  though  the  thing  is  aggra- 
vated by  his  having  broken  open,  or  picked  the  lock  of  the 
chest,  and  taken  out  those  things,  to  convert  them  to  his  own 
use,  may  be  looked  on  as  a  larceny,  or  thieving,  and  he  acted 
as  a  great  knave  and  cheat ;  but  whether  it  will  reach  to  the 
criminal  part,  so  far  as  to  burn  him  in  the  hand,  which  is 
commonly  inflicted  on  a  person  that  deserves  death,  yet  hav- 
ing the  benefit  of  the  clergy,  saves  his  life  by  reading,  though 
he  forfeits  all  his  goods  and  chattels,  and  liberty  for  five  years. 
It  is  a  question,  however,  the  proof  being  so  clear.  I  suppose 
he  may  at  least  deserve  corporeal  punishment,  or  a  conside- 
rable fine,  and  sucji  further  penalty,  by  banishment  or  the 
like,  the  which  his  excellency  doth  wholly  leave  to  your  court 
to  adjudge  and  determine,  before  whom  he  is  to  have  his  trial, 
and  whatsoever  your  sentence  shall  be,  you  are  to  put  the 
same  in  execution."  It  appears  he  was  suspended  as  constable, 
and  sentenced  to  be  whipped,  which  was  immediately  executed ; 
the  stolen  goods  to  be  returned,  and  he  banished  for  ever  from 
the  river  and  parts  adjacent.^ 

Several  of  the  justices  of  the  court  are  deputed  to  visit 
the  governor  at  New  York,  on  matters  respecting  the  court, 
town,  &c.^ 

Verhoof  is  surveyor,  and  Venis  sheriff  at  Wliorekill.  Prices 
of  survey  at  Whorekill  to  be  the  same  as  in  Maryland  and 
Virginia. 

"  A  magistrate  of  city  of  New  York  unadvisedly  took  an 

oath  of  one  Taylor,  concerning  fees  which  he  claimed  for 

surveying  at  Whorekill,  the  magistrates  of  the  city  having 

nothing  to  do  in  any  other  part  of  the  government  out  of 

•  New  Castle  Records,  lib.  B.  p.  S4,  91.  ^  Ibid.  p.  115 


DEPUTr  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  465 

their  precincts,  and  the  said  oath  being  taken  contrary  to  1679. 
law,  you  are  to  take  no  cognisance  of  it,  and  by  no  means  '  ■  ' 
admit  it  as  proof  or  evidence  for  Taylor,"^ 

A  petition  is  presented  to  the  court  by  Michael  Baron,  June  u. 
showing  that  the  Indian  proprietors  had  given  him,  in  1671,  Fenwick 
a  certain  tract  or  neck  of  land,  lying  in  the  Ferkens  or  Salem  ^f'*"^<=°™- 

'     "^       "  _  _  plained 

Creek,  the  said  land  being  called  Quiettetting,  and  that  the  against  for 
said  parcel  of  land  was  accordingly,  by  orders  of  John  Ed-  ol^ner^of'*"^ 
munds,  surveyed,  and  improvements  made  by  the  petitioner,  land. 
and  that  he  has  been  dispossessed  by  Fenwick,  who  gave  the 
same  to  John  Pledger.     The  court  are  requested  to  aid  him 
in  recovering  it.     They  order  that  the  case  be  first  examined 
by  the  court  at  Salem,  and  that  Justice  Outhout  endeavour 
to  make  an  end  of  it ;  if  not,  to  be  transferred  in  writing  for 
further  examination.-^ 

The  court  empower  John  Moll,  Captain  Cantwell,  and  the  July  12. 
clerk,  E.  Herman,  to  represent  the  court   at  New  York,  as  Representa- 
well  in  defence  of  the  court  orders  and  sentences  by  them  cou'^rttoNew 
passed,  as  also  humbly  to  request  privileges  and  removal  of  ^ork. 
grievances.^ 

Philip  Pocock  is  appointed  surveyor  of  tracts  of  land  be-  juiy  is. 
low  Falls  of  Delaware,  on  west  side,  for  several  persons  lately  Pocock.sur- 
come  out  of  England,  destitute  of  land ;  his  fees  to  be  as  in  ^'^^°'^' 
Maryland. 

It  appears  that,  in  1668,  upon  the  petition  of  Cornelius  Nov.  25. 
Laersen  and  others,  Governor  Philip  Carteret  authorized  the  Purchase  of 
purchase  of  lands  from  the  Indians,  "lying  on  the  east  side  Indians be- 
of  Delaware  River,  from  Timber  kill  to  Old  Man's  kill,  to-  twecnTim- 
gether  with  a  small  island  adjacent,  called  Ratkon's  Island,  Man's 
with  an  intent  and  purpose  to  populate  and  inhabit  the  same,  creeks. 
provided  they  shall  be  obedient  to  the  laws  of  New  Jersey,"  • 
&c.     Whether  the  purchase  was  then  made  does  not  appear, 
but  under  date  of  15th  November,  1G79,  is  recorded  the  fol- 
lowing acknowledged  Indian  deed,  apparently  for  the  same 
land.     It  is  "  from   Ausawitt  Woappeck,  Jan  Awieham,  the 
sole  Indian  owners  and  proprietors  of  a  certain  parcel  or  neck 
of  land  called  Kachkieekanehackin,  lying  and  being  on  the 
east  side  of  Delaware  River,  over  against  Maritties  Hook, 
beginning  on  the  west  or  lower  end,  Avith  a  creek  called  and 
known  by  the  Indians  by  the  name  of  Mattietcussing,  and 

»  N.  Y.  Records;  Breviat.  2  New  Castle  Records,  p.  109. 

3  Ibid. ;  Breviat. 


466 


CRARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1679. 


Suit  of  Pe- 
ter Jegou 
against 
Wright,  for 
lands  oppo- 
site Burling- 
ton. 
Decision. 


by  the  Christians,  'the  Old  Man's  kill,'  and  so  up  along  the 
I'iver  side  to  the  first  small  kill,  called  bj  the  Indians  Cach- 
kikikanahacking,  and  so  south-east  into  the  woods,  including 
all  the  lauds  and  meadows  between  the  said  two  creeks :  con- 
sideration, 2  half-ankers  of  liquor,  2  guns,  2  matchcoats, 
4  double-handsful  of  powder,  2  kettles,  4  bars  lead,  4  looking- 
glasses,  4  knives,  and  4  awls,  in  hand  paid  by  Hans  Hoffman 
and  Peter  Jansen ;  as  also  more  paid  by  Gurs  Justasen  for 
them,  1  gun,  1  anker  beer,  1  bar  of  lead,  1  double-handful  of 
powder."^ 

Peter  Jegou  sues  Thomas  Wright  and  Godfrey  Hancock 
for  a  "  trespass  upon  the  case,"  which  is  thus  stated  on  the 
records : 

"  The  plaintiff,  Jegou,  declares,  that  in  the  year  1668,  he 
obtained  a  permit  and  grant  of  Governor  Philip  Carteret,  to 
take  up  the  land  called  Leasy  Point,  lying  and  being  over 
against  jMattinicum  Island  and  Burlington,  to  settle  himself 
there,  and  to  build  and  keep  a  house  of  entertainment  for  the 
accommodation  of  travellers ;  all  which  the  plaintiff  accord- 
ingly hath  done,  and  moreover  hath  purchased  of  Cornelius 
Jorissen,  Jurian  Marcelis,  and  Jan  Claessen,  each  their  houses 
and  lands  at  <  Leasy  Point^  aforesaid,  which  was  given  them 
by  the  Dutch  governor,  in  the  year  1666;  for  all  which.  Go- 
vernor Carteret  promised  the  plaintiff  a  patent,  all  which 
said  houses  and  lands  the  plaintiff  had  in  lawful  possession 
until  the  year  1670,  at  which  time  the  plaintiff  was  plundered 
by  the  Indians,  and  by  them  utterly  ruined,  as  is  well  known 
to  all  the  world,  so  that  the  plaintiff  then  for  a  time  was 
forced  to  leave  his  land  and  possessions  aforesaid,  and  to  re- 
pair his  losses  in  other  places,  and  to  leave  his  land  as  afore- 
said, with  the  intention  to  return  when  occasion  should  present. 
But  now,  for  it  is,  may  it  please  your  worship,  that  with  the 
arrival  of  these  new-comers  called  '  Qiiaekers,'  out  of  Eng- 
land, those  defendants,  Thomas  Wright  and  Godfrey  Han- 
cock, had  violently  entered  upon  your  plaintiff's  said  land, 
and  there  have  by  force  planted  corn,  cut  timber  for  houses, 
mowed  hay,  and  made  fences,  notwithstanding  they  were 
forewarned  by  your  plaintiff's  friend,  Henry  Jacobs,  in  your 
plaintiff's  behalf,  in  the  presence  of  Captain  Edward  Cant- 
well,  and  afterwards  by  the  plaintiff  summoned  before  the 
magistrates  of  Burlington,  who  making  no  end  of  it,  the  case 

'  New  Castle  Records,  p.  30G. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  467 

was,  by  tlie  said  magistrates  and  those  defendants'  consent,     1679. 
removed  here  before  your  worships ;  whereupon  the  plaintiff    "    ''^^ 
humbly  craves  your  worships  to  order  the  defendants,  and  all 
others,  not  to  molest  the  plaintiff  in  the  quiet  possession  of 
his  said  land,  &c. 

"  The  defendants  declared  to  be  very  willing  to  stand  by 
the  verdict  and  judgment  of  the  court. 

"  Whereupon  the  court,  having  heard  the  debates  of  both 
parties,  and  examined  all  the  papers,  are  of  opinion,  that 
since  Mr.  Peter  Jegou  had  Governor  Carteret's  grants,  and 
was  in  quiet  possession  of  the  land  before  ever  the  land  was 
sold  by  Sir  John  Berkley  unto  Edward  Billing,  and  that  he, 
the  said  Jegou,  hath  also  bought  the  land,  and  paid  the  In- 
dians for  the  same,  that  therefore  Mr.  Peter  Jegou  ought 
peaceably  and  quietly  enjoy  the  same  land  and  appurtenances, 
according  to  grant  and  purchase."^ 

From  the  description,  this  land  would  appear  to  have  been 
somewhere  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Bristol.  Jegou's  house 
of  entertainment  was  probably  well  known,  for  it  will  be  re- 
collected that  it  is  mentioned  as  a  stopping-place  when  Go- 
vernor Lovelace  was  about  visiting  the  Delaware  in  1672, 
(page  396.) 

"It  being  represented  to  the  court,  by  the  churchwardens  Decembers. 
of  Tinnicum  and  Wiccaco  churches,  that  the  fences  about  the  chm-chesof 
church  and  other  church  buildings  are  much  out  of  repair,  an^^yicTaco 
and  that  some  of  the  people,  members  of  said  churches,  are  outofre- 
neglective  to  make  the  same  up,  &c.    The  court  having  taken  of  comt  to^'^ 
the  premises  into  consideration,  do  find  it  necessary  to  order,  the  members 
and  authorize  and  empower,  and  do  here,  by  these  presents,  done,  under 
order,  authorize,  and  empower  the  respective  churchwardens  p^'^aity,  to 
of  the  said  two  churches  of  Tinnicum  and  Wiccaco,  to  order  tbeir  effects. 
and  summon  the  respective  members  of  the  said  churches,  as 
from  time  to  time,  and  at  all  times  when  it  shall  be  found 
necessary,  to  build,  make  good,  and  keep  in  repair  the  said 
churchyard  fences,  as  also  the  church  and  all  other  appur- 
tenances thereof,  and  if  any  of  the  said  members,  upon  warn- 
ing, do  prove  neglective  in  doing  their  proportion  to  the  same, 
they,  and  each  of  them,  to  forfeit  50  guilders  for  each  such 
neglect,  to  be  levied  out  of  their  goods  and  chattels,  lands 
and  tenements."^ 

Albert  Hendricks,  of  Lamoco,  transfers  to  John  Test,  of 

>  Upland  Court  Record.s,  p.  126.  2  Ibid.  p.  241. 


468 


1679. 


rirst  bora 
child,  R. 
BuSinsrton. 


Grants  of 
land  in 
Bucks  coun- 
ty. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YOEK. 

Upland,  his  land  at  head  of  Upland  Creek,  beginning  at 
Hohert  Wades  marked  leecli  tree,  part  of  a  greater  conveyed 
by  patent  from  governor,  and  called  Lamoco. 

Varions  grants  at  Pempacean  and  Poetquissing,  Upland, 

&C.1 

In  this  year  was  born  Richard  Buffington,  son  of  Richard, 
he  being  the  first  born  Englishman  in  Pennsylvania.  The 
facts  in  this  case  were  peculiarly  commemorated  in  the  parish 
of  Chester,  on  30th  May,  1739.  The  father,  having  then  at- 
tained his  eighty-fifth  year,  had  an  assemblage  of  his  de- 
scendants, to  the  number  of  115  persons,  convened  in  his  own 
house ;  the  first-born  was  then  present,  in  his  sixtieth  year.^ 

Walter  Wharton's  death  is  referred  to." 

Various  grants  of  land  this  year,  by  Andross,  in  Bucks 
county.  The  names  of  settlers,  the  vessels  in  Avhich  they  and 
their  servants  came,  and  other  particulars,  are  there  on 
record. 


Fet.  14. 


Inhabitants 
have  no 
wheat  to  pay 
taxes  with. 


Petition  to 
pay  in  to- 
bacco. 


Question 
■with  regard 
t,-.  quit-rents 
on  rertain 
lands. 


1680. 

The  court  at  New  Castle  address  a  letter  to  the  governor, 
at  the  special  "request  of  the  planters,  inhabitants  of  that 
county,  who  are  debtors  to  his  excellency  in  wheat  for  the 
quit-rents  on  their  lands,  being  often  before,  and  now  of  late 
publicly  Avarned  by  the  receivers  to  pay  their  quit-rents  with- 
out further  delay,  this  spring,  or  suffer  the  penalty  expressed 
in  his  excellency's  former  orders."  They  "  declare  they  have 
no  wheat,  and  nothing  else  than  tobacco,"  which  Mr.  Har- 
man  (the  receiver)  refuses  to  receive,  he  having  no  orders  to 
do  so  ;  they  therefore  "  most  humbly  request  that  his  excel- 
lency vrill  be  pleased,  according  to  his  wonted  goodness,  to 
allow  them  to  pay  their  said  quit-rents  in  tobacco,  at  such  a 
reasonable  rate  as  his  excellency  shall  be  pleased  to  put 
thereon,  the  custom  being  in  the  neighbouring  colonies  2d. 
per  pound,  otherways  several  persons  Avill  necessarily  forfeit 
their  lands  and  livings." 

"  Furthermore,  (the  court  say,)  we  most  humbly  request 
your  excellency  to  direct  us  whether  quit-rents  must  be  paid 
for  lands  forfeited  for  want  of  settlement,  that  is  to  say,  if 
those  as  do  afterwards  obtain  the  same  forfeited  lands  are 
liable  to  pay  the  arrc^ar  of  quit-rents  of  the  first  possessor, 


'  Upland  Records. 

8  New  Castle  Records,  lib.B. 


2  Watson's  Annals,  vol.  i.  p.  512. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  469 

from  the  time  of  its  first  taking  up,  or  not;  and  also  wliether     1680. 
those  who  have  forfeited  the  lands  for  want  of  settlement,     '    ■    ' 
and  themselves  requesting  a  new  grant  for  such  their  forfeited 
lands,  (if  not  granted  before  their  request  to  others,)  are  to 
be  preferred,  if  they  will  make  present  settlement ;  and  also 
the  longest  time  we  are  to  allow  for  settlement  of  the  lands." 

"The  court  also  present  the  case  of  a  person  who,  having  poor  soldier 
been  employed  in  the  time  of  the  commander,  and  since  as  a  ^^j^^^f^^^^^^j^j.^ 
soldier,  to  look  after  the  fort  arms  and  ammunition,  being 
ancient  and  very  poor,  asks  for  some  pay;  they  ask  if  he  shall 
be  longer  continued  as  a  soldier,  and  also,  whether  the  fort,  Repairs 
or  house  of  defence  here,  (which  wants  very  much  repair,) 
must  be  repaired,  and  how  the  means  thereof  shall  be  found." 

"  The  enlargement  of  the  county  up  and  downwards,  as  far  Eniargo- 
as  S.  Jones's,  is  recommended  as  necessary  for  the  conve-  county  m- 
niency  of  the  people."^  commended. 

This  year  Bishop  Compton  found,  upon  search,  that  there  But  four 
were  but  four  ministers  of  the  Church  of  England  in  North  ^"^1^",!^]! 
America,  and  only  one  or  two  regularly  sent  over.    He  there-  of  Engiana 
fore  made  proposals  to  several  places  to  supply  them  with  America. 
clergymen.^ 

Court  call  on  inhabitants  to  pay  up  quit-rents.  February  14. 

An  appeal  is  taken  from  the  judgment  of  the  court  at  Sa-  March  12. 
lem,  about  a  piece  of  land  called  Quiettetting;  plaintiff,  M.  suit  about 
Barron,  against  Lefevre  and  Pledger,  defendants.  The  plain- 
tiff alleges  that  he  had  a  grant  from  Governor  Carteret,  long 
before  the  division  of  the  province,  and  that  he  purchased  the 
land  from  the  Indian  proprietors ;  that  it  was  confirmed  to 
him  by  John  Edmunds  and  William  Tom,  Major  Fenwick's 
agents,  and  by  their  order  surveyed  by  Henry  Parker,  sur- 
veyor. That  he  had  for  several  years  made  improvements, 
and  beginning  of  settlement,  but  was  hindered  by  Fenwick's 
threats.  That  the  Indians,  when  they  sold  the  other  lands  to 
Fenwick,  exempted  then  what  they  had  before  sold  to  others. 
The  defendants  reply,  that  Quiettetting,  and  about  6000  acres, 
were  sold  to  them  by  Fenwick,  and  surveyed  to  them  by  his 
order,  and  that  they  have  had  three  years'  quiet  possession. 
That  the  plaintiff  forfeited  by  not  settling  in  due  time.  One 
"  Saunders,  a  Quaker,  declares,  that  last  fall,  he  having  made 
a  small  house  at  Quiettetting,  by  Pledger's  order,  three  In- 
dians came  in  a  rude  manner,  and  said,  that  in  six  '  sleeps' 

1  New  Castle  Records.  2  Hiunphreys,  p.  S. 


470 

1680. 


March  20. 
Surveyor  of 
Upland. 
Israel  Helm 
Bells. 


Court  fees. 


April  15. 


May  22. 


June  3. 

Commission 
of  Duke  of 
York  to 
John  LeTin, 
to  examine 
into  his  af- 
fairs and  in- 
terests in 
this  country. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

more,  Barron  would  come  and  make  a  wigwam  on  the  land." 
Justice  Outhout,  sworn  in  court,  declares  that  in  1675,  he 
was  present,  when  Fenwick  bought  the  lands  of  the  Indians, 
and  that  the  bargain  was,  he  was  to  have  all  the  lands  except 
what  they  had  sold,  &c.  The  court  submit  it  to  a  jury,  who 
decide  for  the  defendants.^ 

Richard  Noble  produced  his  commission  from  Governor 
Andross,  as  surveyor  of  Upland,  dated  December  15,  1679. 

Israel  Helm  transfers  his  house,  land,  and  plantation,  at 
Upland,  to  James  Sanderling. 

The  law  allows  the  court  2s.  6d.  for  every  judgment  given, 
and  the  court  being  in  great  want  of  money  to  pay  and  de- 
fray their  necessary  charges  of  meat  and  drink,  &c.,  the 
sheriff  is  ordered  to  collect.^ 

John  Yeo  is  charged  with  and  tried  for  mutinous  expres- 
sions against  the  duke,  the  town,  the  court,  &c.  He  is  ac- 
quitted by  a  jury. 

R.  Hutchinson,  though  banished,  is  permitted  by  Andross 
to  return  for  a  few  days,  on  his  private  business,  he  to  com- 
port himself. 

No  person  to  sell  under  half-anker  of  liquor  to  Indians, 
under  penalty  of  200  guilders ;  one-third  to  informer,  one- 
third  to  sheriff,  and  one-third  to  church.^ 

The  Duke  of  York  sends  a  person  named  John  Levin,  with 
very  extensive  powers,  to  investigate  the  situation  of  his  in- 
terests in  this  country.  Levin  was  instructed,  by  his  com- 
mission, "  as  my  agent  and  servant  in  New  York  and  Albany, 
and  other  my  lands  and  territories  in  America,  and  therefore 
you  are,  with  the  first  opportunity  of  shipping  bound  for 
those  parts,  to  take  your  passage  for  New  York,  and  on  your 
arrival  there  you  are,  by  all  good  and  reasonable  ways  and 
means,  to  apply  yourself  to  inquire  and  find  out  all  the  es- 
tate, rents,  and  revenues,  profits  and  perquisites,  which  in  any 
sort  do  of  right  belong  and  appertain  to  me,  and  arise  in  any 
of  those  places,  and  to  examine  all  books  and  papers,  and 
records,  and  other  matters  relating  thereunto ;  and  to  that 
end  I  authorize  and  empower  you  to  demand,  ask,  and  re- 
ceive of  and  from  all  and  every  of  my  officers  and  servants, 
or  any  other  employed  in  any  places  of  trust  belonging  to 
me,  all  books,  papers,  writings,  records,  registers,  accounts, 


>  New  Castle  Records,  p.  184. 

3  New  Castle  Records,  lib.  B.  p.  219. 


2  Upland  Records. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  471 

and  all  other  things  which  may  tend  to  the  discovery  or  mani-  1680. 
festation  thereof,  and  I  do  hereby  require  and  command  all  '  ""^ 
my  said  officers  and  others  employed  in  any  such  places  and 
trusts,  to  produce  and  show  unto  you,  and  to  suffer  you  to 
have  the  free  and  full  use  of  them,  so  often  and  so  long  as 
you  shall  think  fit,  and  have  occasion  for  the  same ;  and  I  do 
also  further  authorize,  empower,  and  require  you,  in  a  more 
especial  manner,  to  inquire  and  find  out  whether  the  free 
trade  of  any  of  the  inhabitants  of  those  places,  or  any  mer- 
chants trading  thither,  now  is,  or  hath  been  lately,  so  ob- 
structed or  hindered,  and  how,  and  by  what  methods,  the 
trade  and  traders  in  those  places  may  be  encouraged  and  in- 
creased, it  being  my  real  intentions  and  desire  to  encourage 
and  advance  the  ease  and  benefit,  and  advantage  of  trade, 
and  the  merchants  and  inhabitants  there ;  and  for  the  better 
executing  of  this  trust  which  I  have  reposed  in  you,  I  do  re- 
quire you  to  observe  and  follow  such  directions  as  you  shall 
herewith  receive.  Given  under  my  hand  and  seal,  at  Wind- 
sor, 24th  May,  1680.  James. 

"  By  command  of  his  highness. — John  Werden."^ 

The  instructions  to  Mr.  Levin  commence  with  assigning  June  3. 
reasons  for  sending  him ;  to  ascertain  state  and  condition  of  instructions 
those  places  for  trade,  &c.,  and  parts  and  branches  of  revenue,  ^°'^^«'^'"- 
and  other  profits,  certain,  or  incidental  or  casual,  "  as  I  am 
proprietor  of  said  places  ;"  also  of  rent,  expenses  and  charges 
for  their  support. 

On  his  arrival  at  New  York,  he  is  to  apply  to  Andross,  and 
demand  to  be  sent  him  such  persons,  and  books  and  papers, 
relative  to  customs,  &c.  ;  "if  in  his  possession,  demand  them 
of  him,  and  let  him  know  it  is  my  pleasure  to  deliver  them  to 
you." 

2d.  Same  respecting  lands,  from  all  which  you  are  to  make 
a  statement,  v^'hat  rent  or  tax  every  person  at  New  York, 
Esopus,  Albany,  Long  Island,  and  all  other  places  do  or  ought 
to  pay ;  how  and  when  due  and  paid  ;  amount ;  who  hath  re- 
ceived it  for  six  years  past ;  for  what  use  paid ;  profit  from 
weigh-houses ;  value  of  tap  licenses ;  why  a  difference  between 
New  York  and  Long  Island  for  raising  money  ;  inquire  for  six 
years  past,  is  there  a  poll-tax;  fines,  forfeitures,  and  seizures; 
largest  income  from  customs ;  look  out  for  frauds ;  what  cus- 
toms on  exports  and  imports,  especially  tobacco,  rum,  and 

'  New  Castle  Records,  p.  313,  and  Ivondon  Documents,  vol.  iii.  p.  1. 


472 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1680. 


An^lross  or- 
dered to 
England. 


Jwne  7. 

Justices  for 
the  three 
lower  coun- 
ties. 


June  11. 

Lands  grant- 
ed near  Bom- 
haj  Hook. 


June  22. 

E.  Herman, 
surveyor  in 
place  of  Po- 
tsock. 


June  18. 


other  liquors  ;  inquire  what  number  of  whales  killed  in  six 
years  ;  whalebone,  oil,  and  '<  what  my  share,"  and  whether  I 
get  it,  or  who  does ;  what  value  of  goods  exported  from  Eng- 
land to  New  York:  how  many  ships  for  America,  and  from 
Holland,  &c. ;  expenses  of  government  for  six  years ;  w^hat 
obstacles  to  trade,  and  what  encouragement  wanted.^  From 
which  it  would  appear  he  had  undertaken  a  pretty  serious 
business. 

By  a  letter  of  the  same  date,  informing  him  of  Mr.  Levin's 
appointment.  Governor  Andross  is  instructed  to  go  to  Eng- 
land, on  Mr.  Levin's  arrival,  and  to  leave  Lieutenant  Brock- 
holls  in  charge  of  the  government.     (See  November  25.)^ 

Governor  Andross  commissions  justices  of  the  peace  for 
the  several  districts  of  Delaware,  viz. 

For  JVew  Castle  and  dependencies,  John  Moll,  Peter  Al- 
ricks,  Gerrit  Otto,  Johannes  De  Haes,  and  William  Semple. 

For  Upland  court  or  county,^  Otto  Ernest  Cock,  Henry 
Jones,  Israel  Helm,  Lasa  Cock,  and  George  Brown. 

For  *S'^  Jones  and  dependencies,  from  south  side  of  Duck 
Creek  to  north  side  of  Cedar  Creek,  Francis  Whitwell,  John 
Hillyard,  Robert  Hart,  and  Edward  Pack. 

For  Whorekill  and  dependencies,  beginning  at  south  side 
of  Cedar  Creek,  downwards,  Luke  Watson,  John  Roades, 
John  Kipshaven,  Otto  Woolgart,  or  Woolast,  [Breviat,]  and 
William  Clark.^ 

A  grant  to  Ephraim  Herman,  of  lands  formerly  granted  to 
John  Morgan  and  John  Derne}'',  who  did  not  improve  them, 
and  are  since  dead,  lying  on  west  side  of  Delaware,  towards 
the  mouth,  between  land  of  Morris  Listen  and  Duck  Creek, 
(near  Bombay  Hook,)  300  acres  each. 

Ephraim  Herman  is  appointed  surveyor  for  New  Castle  and 
Jones,  in  place  of  Philip  Pocock,  deceased,  <«  to  survey  and 
lay  out  land  as  a  surveyor  ought  to  do,"  according  to  war- 
rants from  governor,  or  on  extraordinary  occasions,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  place,  to  fit  persons,  making  due  return  to  the 
secretary.^ 

The  commissions  of  the  justices  at  Upland  are  renewed  for 


'  London  Documents,  at  Albany,  vol.  i.  p.  3.  ^  Ibid.  p.  12. 

3  This  is  said,  in  Breviat,  quoting  from  N.  Y.  Records,  to  be  "the  first  com- 
mission for  this  new  county  of  Upland." 

*  New  Castle  Records.     Albany  Records.     Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  81. 
5  Ibid.     Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  87. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  473 

a  year,  viz.  Otto  Ernest  Cock,  Israel  Helm,  Henry  Jones,     1680. 
Lauren  Cock,  and  George  Brown.  '    '    ' 

The  court  order,  that  for  defraying  the  charges  of  the  sit- 
tings of  the  court,  each  person  is  to  pay  one  schipple  of  wheat  Levy  for 
per  year,  or  5  guilders,  accordiner  to  former  orders.  court ex- 

Upland  Creek,  -where  the  sessions  of  the  court  had  hereto-  court  move-a 
fore  been  held,  being  at  the  lower  end  of  the  county,  they  ^5*°^^",°* 
resolve,  "for  the  greater  ease  of  the  people,"  for  the  future, 
to  sit  and  meet  at  the  tozvn  of  Kinsesse,  on  the  Schuylkill. 

A  thresh-house,  and  J.  Nelson's  garden,  at  Kingsessc,  are  a  thresh- 
spoken  of  as  on  land  granted  by  Sir  R.  Carr,  June  4,  1673.^  kiu^L^sL 

Governor  issues  a  warrant  to  Sheriff  Cantwell,  requiring  june22. 
him  to  summon  Jacob  Young  to  appear  personally  before  fl;o-  "^^''^'^'"^it 

a£;aiiist  J 

vernor  and  council  at  New  York,  to  answer  for  presuming  to  Young,  for 
treat  with  the    Indians   in   this    government,    without   any  ^^'^'^*-'^s 
authority,  to  the  disturbance  thereof."  diaus. 

Having  traced  the  history  of  the  settlements  along  the 
Delaware  from  their  origin,  and  furnished  incidents  sufficient  ^^^^  24. 
to  mark  their  progress,  we  have  reached  the  period  in  which 
we  have  a  more  special  interest.     William  Penn,  as  has  been 
partially  seen,  became,   a  few  years  since,   associated  with 
others  in  the  settlement  of  Jersey,  thus  affording  to  him  the 
means  of  obtaining  much  accurate  information  with  regard  to 
the  country  generally.     Much  of  his  life,  hitherto,  had  been 
passed  in  religious  controversies  and  visits,   and  sufferings 
arising  out  of  them,  a  full  account  of  which  will  be  found  in 
Clarkson  and  other  writers,  who  have  made  it  their  business 
to  present  a  view  of  his  whole  life.     Our  duty  is  with  his 
acts  in  reference  to  the  settlement  of  our  own  state.     In 
1670,  he  lost  his  father,  whose  death  placed  him  in  possession  oeathof  Ad- 
of  an  estate  estimated  to  be  worth,  at  that  time,  not  less  than  "^"^     '^'^" 
X1500  a  year.     Two  years  after,  he,  in  the  twenty-eighth 
year  of  his  ago,  married  Gulielma  Maria  Springett,  daughter  Marriage  of 
of  Sir  William  Springett,  said  to  have  been  a  lady  of  great    '^'  ^^' 
beauty  and  sweetness  of  disposition.     He  took  up  his  resi- 
dence at  Rickmansworth.     For  several  years,  he  appears  to 
have  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the  duties  of  his  ministry. 
In  1675,  he  first  became  connected  with  affairs  in  Jersey, 
becoming  more  and  more  engrossed  with  them,  down  to  this 
year,  when  he  began  seriously  to  think  of  winding  up  the 
estate  of  his  father.     The  government,  it  appears,  was  in- 

'  Upland  Records.  ^  Albany  Records ;  Penn's  Breviat. 

60  2ii2 


474  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1680.     debted  largely  to  his  father  for  money,  as  ■well  as  services, 
'"  '  "'     amounting,  with  interest,  to  about  £16,000,  in  lieu  of  which, 
the  government  being  unable  or  unwilling  to  settle  with  him 
He  presents  in  money,  he  proposed  to  receive  land  in  America,  and  accord- 
petition  for  a  ^"g^y  presented  a  petition  to  King  Charles  II.,  asking  the 
grant  of       issuo  of  lettcrs-patcnt  for  it.     The  entire  petition  is  not  in 
j;nnsy  ya-    g^istencc,  but,  in  a  mutilated  state,  was  presented  on  the  trial 
between  Penn  and  Lord  Baltimore,  in  1735,  in  the  following 
form,  as  we  find  it  on  the  Breviat  of  the  evidence.^  (June  14.) 

For  the 
Copy  of  a  The  Humble  ad 

f"^:°;°'  son  to  Sir  W 

the  petition. 

Sheweth 

That  having 

in  Ireland  by  the  oppression  of  the  lord 

decease  (though  most  of  it  remitted  by 

to  borrow  every  penny  of  it  by  reason 

England  was  under  the  stop  of  the  Ex 

with  the  growing  interest  of  it,  and  ye 

for  the  relief  of  his  own  and  his  mother's 

Buine 

He  humbly  prays  that 
that  princely  respect  he  of 
his  compassion  to  the  afflicte 
America,  lying  North  of  M 
Biver  on  the  west,  limmit 
extend  as  far  as  plantable 
he  doubts  not  by  his  intere 
profitable  plantation  to  the 
to  raise  that  speedy  and  sufficient 
incumbrances  that  he  may 
Debt  of,  at  least  11000<£  and  be 
and  time  as  shall  be  most 
And2 

From  the  time  of  the  presentation  of  Penn's  petition  to 
the  king,  for  a  grant  of  lands  in  America,  to  that  of  his  ob- 
taining a  charter,  a  long  and  searching  course  of  proceedings 
took  place,  as  will  be  seen  by  extracts  from  them. 

•  Clarkson's  Life  of  Penn,     Proud,  &c. 
2  Breviat,  p.  51. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  475 

At  a  meeting  of  the  lords  of  the  committee  of  the  Privy     1680. 
Council,   for  the   affairs  of  trade  and  plantations,  present,     "    ■ — ' 
Lord  President  Duke  of  Albemarle,  Bishop  of  London,  and 
Secretary  Jenkins,  "the  petition  of  William  Penn,  referred,  Juno 24. 
by  an  order  from  the  Earl  of  Sunderland,  of  the  1st  instant,  Proceedings 
is  read,  praying,  in  consideration  of  debts  due  to  him  or  his  tradTand^ 
father,  from  the  crown,  to  grant  him  letters-patent  for  a  tract  plantations 
of  land  in  America,  lying  north  of  Maryland,  on  the  east  "eti^^o"^  ^ 
bounded  -with  Delaware  River,  on  the  west  limited  as  Mary- 
land, and  northward  to  extend  as  far  as  plantable ;  where- 
upon Mr.  Penn  is  called  in,  and  being  asked  what  extent  of 
land  he  will  be  contented  with  northerly,  declares  himself 
satisfied  with  three  degrees  to  the  northward,  and  that  he  is 
willing,  in  lieu  of  such  a  grant,  to  remit  his  debt  due  him  from 
his  majesty,  or  some  part  of  it,  and  to  stay  for  the  remainder 
till  his  majesty  shall  be  in  a  better  condition  to  satisfy  it." 
Ordered,  "  that  copies  of  the  petition  be  sent  unto  Sir  John 
Werden,"  and  to  the  agents  of  the  Lord  Baltimore,  "  to  the 
end  that  they  may  report  how  far  the  pretensions  of  Mr.  Penn 
may  consist  with  the  boundaries  of  Maryland,  or  the  duke's 
propriety  of  New  York,  and  his  possessions  in  those  parts." 

Letters  were  accordingly  addressed,  by  Secretary  Blayth- 
waite,  to  Sir  John  Werden,  and  the  agents  of  Lord  Baltimore, 
enclosing  a  copy  of  the  petition.    (June  14.) 

The  petition  of  Mr.  Penn  is  again  read ;  also  a  letter  from  July  5. 
Sir  J.  Werden,  and  one  from  Lord  Baltimore's  agent.  Mr. 
Penn  was  then  called  in,  and  "  told,  that  it  appearing  from 
Sir  John's  letter,  that  part  of  the  territory  desired  by  him  is 
already  possessed  by  the  Duke  of  York,  he  must  apply  him- 
self to  his  royal  highness  for  adjusting  their  respective  pre- 
tensions, and  Mr.  Penn  being  also  acquainted  with  the  matter 
of  the  letter  from  the  Lord  Baltimore's  agents,  he  does  agree 
that  Susquehanna  Fort  shall  be  the  bounds  of  the  Lord  Bal- 
timore's province ;  and  as  to  the  furnishing  of  arms  and 
ammunition  to  the  Indians,  Mr.  Penn  declai-es  himself  ready 
to  submit  to  any  restraints  their  lordships  shall  impose. 

The  following  are  the  letters  referred  to  in  the  preceding. 

Sir  John  replies:  after  excusing  his  delay  by  absence,  he  July 3. 
says,   "that  by  all  which  lean  observe  of  the  boundaries  Letter  of  sir 
mentioned  in  Mr.  Penn's  petition,  they  agree  well  enough  j"^'^^'"^' 
with  that  colony  or  plantation  which  has  been  hitherto,  (ever 
since  the  conquest  of  New  York,  by  Colonel  Nicholls,)  held 


476  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1680.  as  an  appendix  and  part  of  the  government  of  New  York,  by 
'  '  '  the  name  of  Delaware  Colony,  or  more  particularly,  New 
Castle  Colony,  that  being  the  name  of  a  principal  place  in 
it,  the  whole  being  planted  promiscuously  by  Swedes,  Fin- 
landers,  Dutch,  and  English,  all  of  which  hath  been  actually 
under  the  government  of  his  royal  highness's  lieutenant  at 
New  York  hitherto,  but  what  are  its  proper  boundaries, 
(those  of  latitude  and  longitude  being  so  very  little  known, 
or  so  ill  observed,  as  experience  tells  us,  in  all  the  West 
Indies,)  I  am  not  able  to  say;  if  this  be  what  Mr.  Penn 
would  have,  I  presume  the  right  honourable  the  lords  of  the 
committee  for  trade  and  plantations  will  not  encourage  his 
pretensions  to  it,  because  of  what  is  mentioned,  which  plainly 
show  the  duke's  right  preferable  to  all  others,  (under  his 
majesty's  good  liking,)  though  it  should  not  prove  to  be  strictly 
within  the  limits  of  the  duke's  patent ;  but  if  it  be  any  other 
parcel  of  land  unimproved  in  those  parts,  v/hich  is  without  all 
other  patents,  and  not  interfering  with  the  possessions  of  his 
majesty's  subjects  already  settled  there,  I  humbly  submit  to 
their  lordships  how  far  they  may  think  convenient,  (under 
fitting  restrictions  and  qualifications,)  to  tie  up  the  govern- 
ment of  such  new  colonies,  as  near  as  may  be,  to  the  laws  of 
England,  to  recommend  the  petitioner's  request  to  his  ma- 
jesty."    (June  23,  1680.)i 

Messrs.  Barnaby  Dunch  and  Richard  Burk,  the  agents  of 
Letter  of  the  Lord  Baltimore,  say,  "It  is  desired,  that  if  the  grant  pass 
w^Brui  ^^^*^  ^^''■'  ■P^'^"'  ^^  ^^®  lands  petitioned  for  by  him,  in  America, 
more.  that  it  may  be  expressed  to  be  land  that  shall  be  north  of 

Susquehanna  Fort,  also  north  of  all  lands  in  a  direct  line 
between  the  said  fort  and  Delaware  River,  and  also  north  of 
all  lands  upon  a  direct  line  westward  from  said  fort,  for  said 
fort  is  the  boundary  of  Maryland  northward.  It  is  further 
desired  that  there  may  be  contained  general  words  of  re- 
striction as  to  any  interest  granted  to  the  Lord  Baltimore, 
and  saving  to  him  all  rights  granted.  It  is  also  prayed  that 
my  lord's  council  may  have  a  sight  of  the  grant,  before  it 
pass. 

"  On  a  public  account,  it  is  offered,  that  some  due  caution 
be  provided,  that  no  arms,  powder,  shot,  or  ammunition,  be 
sold,  by  any  that  shall  settle  in  this  new  plantation,  to  the 

'  Votes  of  Assembly,  vol.  i.     Penn's  Brevlat.     Reg.  Peiins.  vol.  i.  p.  270. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  477 

Indians  or  natives,  for  hereby  a  common  miscliief  may  happen     1680. 
unto  all  his  majesty's  neighbouring  plantations."^  ' — ■ — ' 

About  this  time,  probably,  commenced  the  foreign  com- 
merce by  the  English  settlers  from  the  Delaware,  as  Mahlon  juiys. 
Staccy  to  a  friend  in  England  writes,  "  that  Burlington  will 
be  a  place  of  trade  quickly,  for  here  is  Avay  for  trade.    I,  with 
eight  more,  last  winter  bought  a  good  ketch  of   50    tons, 
freighted  her  out  at  our  own  charge,  and  sent  her  to  Barba-  voyage  from 
does,  and  so  to  sail  to  Saltertugas,  to  take  in  part  of  her  fo^we^fiT- 
lading  in  salt,  and  the  rest  in  Barbadoes  goods,  as  she  came  tii^s. 
back ;  which  said  voyage  she  hath  accomplished  very  well, 
and  now  rides  at  Burlington,  discharging  her  lading,  and  so 
to  go  to  the  West  Indies  again,  and  ^ve  intend  to  freight  her 
out  with  our  own  corn."- 

Tho  same  writer  says,  "  we  have  wanted  nothing,  since  we  comfortable 
came  hither,  but  the  company  of  our  good  friends  and  ac-  ''°°''''"*'^  "^ 

, ,  1  ^'^''  settlers. 

quanitance.  "  I  live  as  well  to  my  content,  and  in  as  great 
plenty  as  ever  I  did,  and  in  a  far  more  likel}'^  way  to  make 
an  estate."^ 

"About  this  time,  Olive  had  built  his  water-mill  on  his  MsiisatRan- 
plantation  nigh  Rancocas    Creek,  and  in  this  year,   Stacey  Trenton, 
finished  his  mill  at  Trenton.     The  inhabitants  had  hitherto 
either   pounded   their   corn,    or   ground  it   with    hand-mills. 
These  two  mills  were  the  only  ones  that  ground  for  the  coun- 
try, several  of  the  first  years  after  their  arrival."^ 

"  An  original  deed  of  sale,  (upon  a  half  sheet  of  paper,)  juiy  20. 
■whereby  Kanockere,  Alom,  Eliggene,  Nogcotto,  Towis,  Wip-  Indian  pur- 
paycam,  and  Winappancgge,  for  themselves  and  their  heirs,  "^^^^^^  ^^^ 
alienate,  bargain,  and  sell  unto  Mr.  John  Moll,  of  the  town 
of  New  Castle,  on  Delaware  River,  in  the  behalf  of  all  the 
inhabitants  dwelling  at  Case  and  Broett  Islands,  Red  Clay 
Creek  and  White   Clay  Creek,  quite  unto  the  falls  thereof, 
•which  arc  already  settled,  and  shall  settle  hereafter,  upon  any 
of  said  islands  about  Christina  Creek,  as  far  as  the  precincts 
of  Maryland,  the  land  called  Musser  Cripple  therein  included, 
to  hold  free  of  the  claims  of  all  Indians  and  their  heirs ;  and 
that  for  a  valuable  consideration,  on  real  satisfaction,  paid  to 
the  Indians  by  said  John  Moll,  as  well  for  his  own  proper 
account  as  also  for  the  proper  account  of  all  the  present  and 

•  Votes  of  Afsfiiibly.     Pi-nn's  Broviat.     Reg.  Penns.  vol  i.  p.  270. 

2  Stacey 's  Letter,  in  .Smith's  N.J.  p.  11-1.  3  Ibid. 

4  Ibid,  (note.) 


478 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1680. 


August  16. 
Duke  of 
York  trans- 
fers West 
Jersey. 

August  31. 

No  other 
tax  than  in 
1677. 


Empty 
treasury. 


October. 

Complainta 
against  du- 
ties at 
Whorekill. 


Application 
for  their  re- 
moval, and 
success  of  it. 


all  future  settlements  and  inhabitants  in  those  parts.  Given 
under  customary  marks,  in  New  Castle,  July  10,  1680."^ 

The  Duke  of  York  conveys  by  deed,  to  Edward  Byllinge, 
William  Penn,  G.  Lawrie,  N.  Lucas,  John  Eldridge,  and  Ed- 
ward Warner,  all  the  territoi-y  of  the  province  of  West 
Jersey.- 

The  justices  of  New  Castle  write  to  New  York,  that  there 
never  was  amj  other  tax  or  public  levy  at  New  Castle  than 
in  1677,  Avhich  was  Avith  his  own  (governor's)  approbation, 
and  on  account  of  wolves'  heads.  Captain  Collyer  charged 
25  per  cent,  for  collecting  the  wolf,  dyke,  and  fine  money, 
"  and  for  the  rest  of  Captain  Collyer's  account,  we  know  not 
what  way  it  may  be  paid,  having  now,  nor  before,  any  cash 
or  public  store  to  pay  the  same."  It  was  afterwards  (Oct.  4) 
ordered  to  be  paid  out  of  quit-rents  due  from  him,  &c.^ 

In  the  time  of  Governor  Lovelace,  (see  page  380,)  a  duty 
of  £10  per  cent.,  which  had  previously  been  laid,  but  for 
some  time  had  been  intermitted,  was  renewed  by  him,  on  all 
European  goods  imported  at  the  Whorekill,  and  on  all  furs 
and  peltry  exported  thence,  and  which  had  been  exacted  of 
all  persons  arriving  in  West  Jersey.  From  the  first  they  had 
complained  of  it  as  a  great  hard.ship,  but  as  they  had  much 
increased,  this  duty  amounted  to  so  considerable  a  sum  as  to 
become  oppressive.  The  settlers  therefore  concluded  to  en- 
deavour to  have  the  evil  remedied,  and  for  this  purpose  ad- 
dressed themselves  to  the  trustees  of  Byllinge,  to  apply  to  the 
Duke  of  York  to  have  the  duty  removed,  it  being  considered 
an  arbitrary  act  on  the  part  of  the  governor  of  New  York. 
Accordingly,  William  Penn  and  the  other  trustees  brought 
the  subject  to  the  notice  of  the  duke,  whose  interests  would 
suffer  should  the  duty  be  abolished ;  the  duke  referred  it  to 
commissioners,  where  it  continued  for  some  time.  A  long 
argument  was  addressed  to  them,'*  showing,  that  as  the  duke 
had  received  from  the  king,  together  with  the  land,  among 
other  powers,  that  of  government,  and  that  whatever  rights 
and  powers  the  duke  possessed  he  had  conveyed  to  Berkley 
and  Carteret,  and  Berkley  to  Byllinge,  and  that  no  longer 
could  the  colony  be  subject  "  to  any  laws  or  impositions  but 

1  Breviat;  (Penii"s  Exhibits,  P.  F.)  p.  50. 

2  Learning  &  Spicer,  p.  412.     Mulford,  p.  191. 

3  New  Castle  Records,  in  Penn's  Breviat,  p.  30. 

*  Smith's  N.  J.  p.  117,  &c.,  where  see  the  arguments  at  length.  Also,  Mul- 
ford, p.  185,  &c.     Clarkson,  vol.  i.  p.  201. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  479 

tliose  made  by  itself  or  Great  Britain."     The  commissioners     1680. 
referred  the  subject  to  the  attorney-general,  Sir  W.  Jones,     '    "^^ 
who  decided  in  favour  of  the  colonists.     The  result  was  offi- 
cially made  known  to  the  governor  of  New  York,  and  the 
duty  removed  this  year. 

Robert  Willing  was  fined  500  pounds  of  tobacco,  to  the  October  2. 
use  of  the  public,  and  to  keep  the  peace  one  year  and  one  Man  sned 
day,  by  the  court,  St.  Jones's,  for  "  abusing  his  royal  high-  f j:^('^^'j'JJ°' 
ness's  justices  of  the  peace,  by  saying  he  wondered  the  Duke  royai  hi-ii- 
of  York  was  such  a  fool  as  to  make  such  inconsiderable  sons  ^"^^" 
of  whores  justices."^ 

Balance  of  account  of  ^59,  16s.  *l\d.  to  be  paid  by  sheriff  October  u. 
to  E.  Cantwell,  "out  of  arrears  due  for  quit-rents  from  him-  Balance  to 
self  and  others,  particularly  for  two  parcels  of  land  in  Apo-  JJj^* 
quinimy,   of   800    and  900   acres,   formerly  taken    up    and 
patented  by  him  in  1676."^ 

There  are  several  appeals  from  Delaware  courts  to  court  October  15. 
in  New  York,  and  one  case  of  appeal  from  the  judgment  of 
the  court  to  England. 

John  Moll,  justice,  and  president  of  New  Castle  court,  is  Cases  of  ap- 
called  by  Abraham  Mann  to  answer  an  indictment  for  words  Ymk^an^^^ 
spoken  in  court,  and  at  other  times.     The  jury  find  him  England,  on 
guilty  of  speaking  the  words  in  1st  and  2d  articles,  and  of  courrd^er- 
denying  execution,  and  acquit  him  of  the  rest.     The  court  ingfromver- 
adjudge  said  indictment  illegal  and  vexatious,  and  that  Moll, 
by  what  is  found  against  him,  is  not  guilty  of  any  crime,  or 
breach  of  any  known  law,  therefore  acquit  him,  and  order 
Mann  to  pay  costs  of  court.     Mann  moved  for  an  appeal  to 
England,  which  is  granted,  he  giving  sufficient  security  to  the 
value  of  £1000,  to  prosecute  the  same,  and  paying  damages, 
if  cast.^ 

John  Richardson  having  obtained,  at  the  court  of  assizes,  October  21. 
a  judgment  for  land  he  hath  seated  and  improved,  and  having  Lar^e  bodies 
a  considerable  number  of  hands,  1200  acres   are  to  be  laid  "^''^"'J.'^'' 

'  John  Ki- 

out  for  him  adjoining  to  the  above,  including  the  same  on  cbaidsoa 
direct  lines,   according  to  the  regulation.     Also,   1200    for  g^o^ens.'^ 
John  Stevens ;  both  to  have,  if  possible,  benefit  of  the  water 
as  well  as  land  roads.'* 

The  court,  "finding  it  necessary  for  the  due  preserving  of  October 23. 

>  Kent  Records,  in  Penn's  Breviat. 

-  New  Castle  Records.     Albany  Records.     Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  81. 

3  New  York  Records ;  Breviat.  *  Ibid. 


480 


1680. 


Second  letter 
from  Sir 
John  Wer- 
<len,  express- 
ing his  royal 
highncss's, 
and  his  nia- 
jfsty"s  assent 
to  his  peti- 
tion. 


Nov.  14. 

Penn"s  peti- 
tion again 
read. 


Nov.  18. 

Referred  to 
attorney-ge- 
neral for 
considera- 
tion of  his 
powers. 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YOEK. 

the  peace,"  appoints  another  constable  to  officiate  between  the 
Schu^'lkill  and  Nesliaminy,  viz.  Erick  Cock,  for  one  year. 

John  Cock  and  Lasse  Dalbo  are  appointed  overseers  of 
highways  and  roads,  and  viewers  of  fences,  through  the 
county. 

Ephraim  Herman  and  Laer  Cock  have  552  acres  surveyed 
on  "  Hotaorckon  Creeh"  on  west  side  of  Delaware,  and  A. 
Petersen  his  land  at  Kingsesse.^ 

Sir  John  Warden  again  writes  to  the  secretary,  and  after 
referring  to  his  former  letter,  says,  "  Since  then,  Mr.  Penn 
hath  represented  to  the  duke  his  case  and  circumstances  in 
relation  to  the  reason  he  hath  to  expect  favour  from  his  ma- 
jesty, touching  that  request  of  his,  to  be  such,  as  that  his 
royal  highness  com.mands  me  to  let  you  know,  in  order  to  your 
informing  their  lordships  of  it,  that  he  is  very  willing  Mr. 
Penn's  request  may  meet  with  success  ;  that  is,  that  he  may 
hav^e  a  grant  of  a  tract  of  land  which  lies  on  the  north  of 
New  Castle  colony,  part  of  Delaware,  and  on  the  west  side 
of  Delav^'are  River,  beginning  about  the  latitude  of  40°,  and 
extending  northward  and  westward  as  far  as  his  majesty 
pleaseth,  under  such  regulations  as  their  lordships  shall  think 
fit."2 

At  the  next  meeting  of  the  committee,  at  which  ten  earls, 
&c.  were  present,  the  petition  of  Mr.  Penn  is  again  read, 
"  desiring  that  a  day  may  be  appointed  for  preparing  a  grant 
unto  him,  of  propriety  in  a  tract  of  land  in  America,  upon 
Delaware  River."  Next  Thursday  is  appointed  for  the 
purpose. 

A  letter  from  the  secretary  of  the  committee  to  the  attor- 
ney-general, stating  that  his  majesty  has  referred  to  them 
William  Penn's  petition,  transmitting  a  draft  of  a  grant  of  a 
tract  of  land  for  settling  a  colony  and  plantation  in  America, 
which  he  desires  may  pass  to  him  for  the  government  of  that 
colony,  have  commanded  me  to  signify  their  desire  unto  you, 
that  upon  consideration  of  the  poM'ers  therein  proposed,  you 
report  upon  them,  whether  you  have  any  thing  to  object 
against  the  same.  The  committee  will  meet  on  Thursday 
next." 

A  deed  is  on  record  of  this  date,  from  Meghacksett,  chief 

'  Upland  Records. 

2  Votes  of  Assembly,  vol.  i.     Penn's  Breviat.      Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  270. 

"  Votes  of  Assembly,  vol.  i.  p.  xiii.,  &c.     Keg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  pp.  269,  273. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  481 

sachem  of  Cohanzey,  and  natural  owner  of  all  the  lands  lying  1680. 
between  Duck  Creek,  called  by  the  Indians  Quinquingo  Cipus,  "  •  ' 
and  Apoquinimy  Creek,  for  2  half-ankers  of  drink,  1  blanket, 

1  matchcoat,  2  axes,  2  knives,  2  double  handsful  of  powder,  Purchase 

2  bars  lead,  and  1  kettle,  paid  by  Ephraim  Harman ;  land  ^.°"^  ^j 
lying  on  west  side  of  Delaware,  beginning  at  a  creek  near  lands  be- 
the  land  of  3Iorris  Liston,  by  the  Indians  called  "  Winsacco,'"  ^^^^  ^^ 
and  so  along  the  said  creek  through  the  cedar  swamp,  &c.        Apoquinimy. 

The  attorney  presents  to  the  committee  his  observations  on  noy.  21. 
Mr.  Penn's  patent. 

Whorekill  applies  to  the  governor  for  a  court-house,  prison,  Nov.  23. 
stocks,  and  whipping-post,  for  public  service,  to  be  built  by 
taxes.     Granted  as  to  prison  and  stocks.^ 

Governor  Andross  intending  to  sail  for  England,  informs  Nov.  25. 
the  justices  that  he  will  leave  Captain  Anthony  Brockholls,  Andross  go- 
his  lieutenant,  without  any  other  alteration.     He  likewise  ex-  |and°ierves 
cuses  them  from  attending  a  court  which  he  had  appointed  at  Erockhoiis 
New  York,  on  account  of  the  distance  and  the  season  of  the  ant. 
year.     He  notices  also  the  arrival  of  Mr.  John  Levin,  "  a  *^'-  ^«^'* 

,  .  arrived. 

gentleman  sent  by  his  royal  highness,  authorized  to  inspect 
the  revenue,  as  per  his  commission,"  of  which  he  sends  them 
"a  copy,  to  be  observed  accordingly,"  and  recommends  to 
them  care  in  their  several  stations,  to  preserve  and  continue 
the  public  welfare.  He  did  not  depart  till  next  year.^  (See 
January,  1681,  for  commission  to  Brockholls.) 

Application  is  made  by  sixteen  persons,  to  the  court  of  St.  Nov.  27. 
Jones  county,  to  take  up  9500  acres  of  land.     The  court  Landreguia- 
grants  it,  and  makes   an   order  that  all  persons  taking  up  i^'ody  of  i^and 
lands,  in  default  of  settlement  and  improvement  within  one  applied  for. 
year  after  date  of  survey,  shall  forfeit  their  interest  in  the 
same.^ 

A  letter  from  the  secretary  of  the  committee  to  Sir  John  Nov.  28. 
Werden,  alludes  to  his  heretofore  sending  to  him  Mr.  Penn's  Boundaries 
petition,  and  receiving  his  reply.    He  now  sends,  by  his  lord-  attomey-'^e- 
ship's  order,  an  extract  of  the  patent  which  he  is  soliciting,  nerai. 
so  far  as  concerns  the  boundaries,  to  the  end  he  may  state 
his  objections  in  behalf  of  his  royal  highness,   if  he  sees 
cause.     The  committee  will  meet  on  Tuesday. 

He  also  writes  to  the  agents  of  Lord  Baltimore,  informing 

'  N.  Y.  Records,  m  Breviat. 

2  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iii.  pp.  32,  33 ;  vol.  iv.  p.  81.     Breviat.     Sussex  Records. 

3  Kent  County  Records,  in  Breviat,  p.  51. 

61  2S 


482  CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 

1680.     them  tlieir  lordships  had  seen  a  draft  of  the  letters-patent  to 
*    •    '     Mr.  Penn,  -which  he  alleges  was  put  into  their  hands  accord- 
ing to  directions,  to  receive  their  ohjections.     The  committee 
to  meet  on  Tuesday,  and  that  in  case  they  have  nothing  to 
ohject,  they  will  thereupon  take  their  final  resolutions.^ 
Letter  from  Sir  John  Werden  to  the  secretary,  acknow- 
NoT.  30.       ledges  receipt  of  letter  of  18th,  and  a  part  of  Mr.  Penn's 
patent : 

"  In  cases  of  this  nature,  it  were  most  proper  to  have  the 
Letter  of  Sir  advicc  of  couuscl  learned  in  the  laws,  for  settling  the  boun- 
denonthe  cl^'i^'ics  of  any  ncw  patent,  but  in  regard  I  remember  well  the 
patent.  duke's  directions  expressed  in  a  former  letter,  (16th  October,) 
I  shall  frankly  tell  you  my  thoughts  therefoi',  viz.  that  I  be- 
lieve the  description  by  lines  of  longitude,  (especially,)  and 
of  latitude,  are  very  uncertain,  and  so  also  is  it,  under  v.hat 
mei'idian  the  head  of  the  Delaware  River  lies,  which  I  do 
believe  hath  never  yet  been  observed  by  any  careful  artist ; 
but  it  being  the  duke's  intention  that  Mr.  Penn's  grant  be 
bounded  on  the  east  side  by  Delaware  River,  and  that  his 
south  limits  be  twenty  or  thirty  miles  beyond  New  Castle, 
(which  colony  of  New  Castle  is  northward,  and  distinct  from 
Maryland,  that  being  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Lord  Balti- 
more,) which  extent  northward  of  New  Castle  colony,  we 
guess,  may  reach  as  far  as  the  beginning  of  the  40th  degree 
of  latitude ;  therefore,  if  Mr.  Penn's  patent  be  so  worded  as 
to  leave  New  Castle  twenty  or  thirty  miles  beyond  it,  free, 
and  to  be  bounded  on  the  east  by  Delaware  River,  I  think 
this  is  all  the  caution  that  needs  as  to  the  duke,  who  will  not 
concern  himself  how  far  north  or  west  Mr.  Penn's  patent 
takes  in." 

Sir  John  Werden  writes  to  the  secretary,  "  that  Mr.  Penn 
Dec.  3.  having  often  fallen  into  discourse  with  me  of  his  concerns  in 
Another  let-  America,  since  I  wrote  on  Saturday,  I  have  told  him  the  sub- 
ter  from        gtancc  of  what  I  had  vrritten,  and  he  seems  to  fear  that  if  his 

Werden.  In-  ' 

terviewwith  south  limits  be  rightly  sct  at  twenty  or  thirty  miles  north 
'^'^^'  from  New  Castle  tovrn,  he  shall  have  so  little  river  left,  as 

very  much  to  prevent  the  hopes  he  hath  of  improving  the 
rest  within  his  patent ;  but  on  the  other  side,  he  is  willing 
that  twelve  English  miles  north  of  New  Castle  be  his  boun- 
dary, and  believes  the  distance  will  fall  under  the  beginning 
of  the  40th  degree  of  latitude,  I  have  already  signified  to 

'  Votes  of  Assembly,  vol.  i. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  EDMUND  ANDROSS.  483 

you  all  I  know  of  the  duke's  mind  herein,  which  is  in  general  1G80. 
to  keep  some  convenient  distance  from  New  Castle  north-  '  •  ' 
wards,  for  a  boundai'j  to  that  colony,  but  I  confess  I  do  not 
understand  why  it  is  precisely  necessary  to  insist  on  just 
such  a  number  of  miles,  more  or  less,  in  a  country  of  which 
we  know  so  little,  and  when  all  the  benefits  are  intended  to 
this  patentee  which  others  enjoy ;  so  I  submit  the  point  to 
your  lordships'  consideration,  and  do  not  think  it  material  to 
add  more."^     (November  23.) 

Was  '•'•horn  in  Bucks  county,  (Dec.  13,)  Mary,  daughter  Dec. 23. 
of  Lyonel  and  Elizabeth  Britton.  She  is,  so  far  as  known,  Another 
the  first  horn  of  English  parents  in  the  present  state  of  Penn- 
sylvania, as  may  appear  from  a  record  in  the  register's  office 
at  Doylestown,  in  the  handwriting  of  Phineas  Pemberton, 
formerly  "register  of  said  county.  Her  parents  came  from 
Alney,  Bucks  county,  England,  and  arrived  in  the  Delaware 
in  the  ship  <  Owner's  Advice,'  George  Bond,  master,  and 
settled  in  Bucks  county,  4th  month,  1680."^ 

There  are  several  claimants  to  this  honour,  as  will  appear 
hereafter. 

The  governor  of  New  York  changes  the  name  of  the  town  Dec.  25. 
and  county  of  Whorekill  to  that  of  Deal.     The  court  records  whoreMU 
it,  and  orders  and  decrees  that  they  be  so  called  from  this  "^"""'^ 


first-bora 
child. 


changed  to 
Deal. 


day.^ 

At  a  meeting  of  the  council,  Mr.  Penn  is  called  in  con-  Dec.  26. 
cerning  his  patent.     On  reading  the  letters  of  Sir  John  Wer-  Summons  to 
den,  touching  the  boundaries  wherein  his  royal  highness  may  ^^^,.^^^  ^° 
be  concerned,  they  think  it  best  that  Sir  John  should  attend  tend. 
on  Saturday,  the  18th,  and  also  Lord  Baltimore's  agents,  both 
of  whom  were  summoned,  and  desired  not  to  fail  to  attend,  as 
their  lordships  were  then  resolved  to  proceed  to  a  resolution 
in  that  matter.* 

The  attorney-general's  answer  to  Mr.  Penn's  patent,  says : 
"  I  have  considered  the  petition  of  William  Penn,  praying  Answer  of 
his  majesty  to  grant  unto  him  a  tract  of  land  in  America,  t^e  attorney 

'>        .J  a  '    general  on 

lying  north  of  Maryland,  bounded  on  the  east  by  Delaware  wm.  Penn's 
Bay,  to  the  west  by  the  Indian  countries,  as  Maryland,  and  p'*''^'^'- 
do  not  find  that  such  boundaries  do  intrench  upon  the  Lord 

'  Votes  of  Assembly,  vol.  i.  pp.  2G9 — 273. 

2  Bucks   County   Records;  for  wliich  I  am  indebted,  as   well  as  for  other    . 
facts,  to  the  kindness  of  William  Carr,  Esq.,  Doylestown. 
*  Sussex  Court  Records,  inBreviat. 
4  Votes  of  Assembly,  vol.  i. 


484 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1680. 


Dec.  26. 


Further  pro- 
ceedings in 
Penn's  case. 


Dec.  31. 

St.  Jones  di- 
vided from 
Whoreliill. 

Grants  of 
land. 


Rape. 


Marriages  at 
Burlington. 


Baltimore's  province  of  Maryland,  which  is  bounded  south  by 
a  part  of  Virginia,  east  by  the  main  ocean  and  Delaware 
River,  and  north  by  that  part  of  Delaware  River,  which  lieth 
in  the  40th  degree  of  latitude,  and  so  by  a  direct  line  west- 
ward through  the  continent. 

"  And  the  patent  granted  to  his  royal  highness  of  New 
York  being  bounded  west  by  the  east  side  of  Delaware  Bay, 
is  sufficiently  distinguished  from  the  grant  desired  by  Mr. 
Penn,  which  is  bounded  eastward  by  Delaware  River  or  Bay, 
so  that  the  tract  of  land  desired  by  Mr.  Penn  seems  to  be 
undisposed  of  by  his  majesty,  except  the  imaginary  lines  of 
New  England  patents,  which  are  bounded  westwardly  by  the 
main  ocean,  should  give  them  a  real,  though  impracticable 
right  to  all  those  vast  territories. 

"But  I  am  further  to  offer  unto  your  lordships,  that  there 
are  several  Dutch  and  Swedish  plantations  which  have  been 
under  the  English  government,  that  lie  scattered  on  the  west- 
ward of  Delaware  River,  and  some  of  them  perhaps  within 
the  bounds  of  Mr.  Penn's  petition,  and  have  for  a  long  time 
either  acknowledged  the  protection  of  his  royal  highness,  who 
took  them  from  the  Dutch,  upon  the  conquest  of  New  York, 
or  of  the  Lord  Baltimore,  near  whose  borders  they  are  set- 
tled, and  how  far  Mr.  Penn's  grant  may,  in  this  consideration, 
concern  his  neighbours,  is  most  humbly  submitted  to  your 
lordships."^ 

Between  this  date  and  the  11th  of  February  last,  the  go- 
vernor has  pleased  to  divide  St.  Jones  from  Whorehill  county.- 

On  the  petitions  of  thirty-three  persons,  the  court,  before 
the  commissioner  of  Jones  county,  grant  liberty  to  take  up 
18,663  acres  of  land.^ 

A  man  ordered  by  court  to  be  whipped  for  a  rape ;  his 
punishment  was  commuted  by  a  fine  of  <£5,  to  be  paid  to  the 
church.^ 

Thirteen  marriages  had  taken  place  at  Burlington  since 
its  settlement.^ 


1  Votes  of  Assembly,  vol.  i.     Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  274. 

2  Sussex  Records,  Breviat,  p.  51.  3  Kent  Records,  in  Breviat. 
4  New  Castle  Records,  p.  273.  ^  Proud,  vol.  i. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  ANTHONY  BROCKHOLLS.  485 

1681. 
Was  born,  December  24,  1680,  on  the  site  of  the  present  Januarys. 
Philadelphia,  in  a  log  house  near  the  corner  of  the  present  Se-  Another 
cond  and  Walnut  streets,  a  person  who  has  usually  been  called  ^''/*"*'°™' 

I       i-  •/  Edward 

by  writers  Edward  Drinker,  but  who  was  probably  named  Drinker. 
John,  as  he  is  so  called  in  the  obituary  notices  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  in  four  different  newspapers,  where  the  fact  of  his  being     '' 
born  on  this  spot  is  mentioned.     He  lived  to  the  great  age 
of  103  years ;  he  died  November  17,  1782.    His  parents  are 
said  to  have  come  from  Beverly,  Massachusetts.^ 

Governor  Andross,  probably  preparing  for  his  departure  January  le. 
for  England,  commissions  "  Captain  Anthony  Brockholls'^  to  commission 
be  commander-in-chief  of  the  militia  in  this  city  (New  York)  *°  Governor 
government  and  dependencies,  during  my  absence,  and  m  any 
civil  matter  requiring  the  same,  with  the  council  to  act,  for 
the  continued  welfare  of  his  majesty's  subjects,  as  a  com- 
mander or  chief  officer  may  and  might  do,  according  to  law 
and  practice,"  &c.? 

Parret,  the  Indian  sachamore,  complains  that  Henry  Bow-  Parretcom- 
man  and  others  take  his  land  and  o-ive  him  no  satisfaction  for  p^^^*^'  ^^'^^ 

o  he  IS  depriv 

it.    The  Sussex  court  orders,  that  every  person  that  seats  any  edof  his 
land,  shall  pay  the  Indian  proprietor,  for  600  acres  or  under,  jf^'^'^^j^'^ 
one  matchcoat,  and  if  above  600,  two  matchcoats,  and  at  the  court  fixes 
time  of  the  Indians'  receiving  the  coats,  he  is  to  convey  the 
land  to  the  person  he  receives  the  coats  of;  and  if  any  per- 
son refuses  to  pay  the  Indians  for  the  land,  execution  to  be 
given  out  for  the  same,  directed  to  the  sheriff,  to  execute  and 
pay  the  Indian.  Parret,  the  Indian  sachamore,  acknowledges  Parretac- 
in  open  court  that  he  has  sold  to  Bowman  1000  and  700  •^"^^'^'ig^s 

'^  _  a  sale. 

acres,  between  Slaughter  Bridge  and  Cedar  Creek.* 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee,  the  boundaries  of  Mr.  January  25. 
Penn's  patent,  settled  by  my  Lord  Chief  Justice  North,  with 
.the  alterations  of  Sir  John  Werden,  were  read  and  approved, 
and  next  Wednesday  appointed  to  review  the  whole  patent. 
(January  15.) 

'  Newspapers  in  1782,  particularly  Oswald's  "Independent  Gazetteer," 
Nov.  23. 

2  From  the  variety  in  the  manner  of  spelling  this  name,  it  is  difficult  to 
know  which  is  the  correct  one ;  sometimes  it  is  BrockhoUs,  at  others,  Brock- 
hoist,  and  Brockole;  the  latter  is  used  by  Chalmers,  and  Brodhead  in  his  MSS. 
The  one  adopted  is  that  used  in  the  printed  documents  which  we  publish. 

3  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iv.  p.  82.  •)  Sussex  Records,  in  Breviat. 

2s  2 


price  of 
land. 


486 


CHAKLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


1681. 


January. 

Boundaries 
as  settled  by 
Chief  Jus- 
tice North. 


Correspond- 
ence be- 
tween the 
Friends. 

February  1. 

Patent  again 
referred  to 
Chief  Jus- 
tice North, 
to  insert 
clauses  re- 
specting so- 
vereignty, 
customs,  &c. 


Bishop  of 
London  asks 
that  Penn 
shall  admit 
a  chaplain 
of  his  ap- 
pointment. 


The  follo-wing  boundaries  were  settled  by  Chief  Justice 
North :  "  As  the  same  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Delaware, 
from  the  twelve  miles  distance  northward  of  New  Castle  town, 
from  the  beginning  of  the  40th  degree  of  north  latitude  unto 
the  4-3d  degree  of  north  latitude,  if  the  said  river  doth  extend 
so  far  northward,  but  if  said  river  shall  not  extend  so  far 
northward,  then  by  the  said  river  so  far  as  it  doth  extend ; 
and  from  the  head  of  said  river,  the  eastern  bounds  are  to  be 
determined  by  a  meridian  line,  to  be  drawn  from  the  head  of 
the  said  river  unto  the  said  43d  degree  of  latitude,  the  said 
lands  to  extend  westward  five  degrees  in  longitude,  to  be  com- 
puted from  the  said  eastern  bounds ;  and  the  said  lands  are 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  beginning  of  43d  degree  of 
north  latitude,  and  on  a  circle  drawn  at  twelve  miles  distance 
from  New  Castle,  north  and  westward,  unto  the  south,  by  the 
beginning  of  the  40th  degree  of  north  latitude,  another  by  a 
straight  line  westward,  to  the  limit  of  longitude  above  men- 
tioned, excepting  all  lands  within  twelve  miles  of  the  town 
of  New  Castle,  that  shall  happen  to  lie  within  the  said  bounds 
now  in  possession  of  his  royal  highness,  or  his  tenants  and 
assigns."^ 

In  this  year  commenced  the  first  regular  correspondence 
between  the  monthly  meeting  of  Friends  at  Burlington,  and 
the  yearly  meeting  in  London.^ 

"  Upon  reading  the  draft  of  a  patent  for  Mr.  Penn,  con- 
stituting him  absolute  proprietary  of  a  tract  of  land  in 
America,  northerly  of  Maryland,  the  lords  desire  Chief  Jus- 
tice North  to  take  said  patent  into  his  consideration,  and  to 
provide,  by  fit  clauses  therein,  that  all  acts  of  sovereignty,  as 
to  peace  and  war,  be  reserved  unto  the  king,  and  that  all  acts 
of  parliament,  concerning  trade  and  navigation,  and  his  ma- 
jesty's customs,  be  duly  observed,  and  in  general,  that  the 
patent  be  so  drawn,  that  it  may  consist  with  the  king's  inte- 
rest and  service,  and  give  sufficient  encouragement  to  planters 
to  settle  under  it."     (January  22.) 

A  paper  was  "  also  read,  wherein  my  Lord  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don desires  that  Mr.  Penn  be  obliged,  by  his  patent,  to  admit 
a  chaplain  of  his  lordship's  appointment,  upon  the  request  of 
any  number  of  planters ;  the  same  is  also  referred  to  the 
Lord  Chief  Justice  North."" 

1  Votes  of  Assembly,  vol.  i.     Breviat,  p.  53.     Reg.  Peiins.  vol.  i.  p.  274. 

2  Proud,  p.  157.  3  Votes  of  Assembly.    Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  pp.  269,  270. 


DEPUTY  GOVERNOR  ANTHONY  BROCKHOLLS.  487 

Epiiraim  Herman  appointed  to  receive  quit-rents  due  in     1G81. 
Delaware  River  and  dependencies,  as  well  as  "  in  that  part     "    '^' 
of  the  river  noio  called  Pennsylvania,"  till  he  receives  fur- 
ther orders."^ 

Ephraim  Herman  "complains  that  people  refuse  to  pass  February lo. 
his  bills  for  surveyor's  fees  established  by  the  government,  Herman 
and  more  he  admires  that,  as  he  hears,  clerks  are  to  be  paid  th^ki^'a  of°^ 
in  tobacco,  at  12s.  Qd.  per  100 ;  the  law  expressly  says  that  pay.   Terms 
all  fees  shall  be  paid  in  silver,  beaver,  wampum,  or  wheat,  one  scarcity  of 
of  which  I  may  insist  on,  but  because  the  country  does  not  rroauce,  ex- 
plentifully  afford  the  same,  I  am  willing  to  take  the  produce  '^^^ 
of  the  country,  which  is  pork,  at  a  reasonable  rate,  and  should 
be  ready  to  take  tobacco,  if  it  was  like  to  be  worth  any  thing. 
If  I  am  denied  what  the  law  allows,  I  shall  desist  for  a  while, 
and  make  the  case  known  to  the  governor  or  his  deputy.     I 
pray,  sirs,  you  will  right  me  where  I  am  wronged,  it  being 
your  places  to  do  so."^ 

"Christian,  the  Indian,  alias  Petrocaquewan,  lord  and  February 21. 
owner  of  all  the  land  between  St.  Jones  and  Duck  Creek,"  inaian pur- 
conveyed  "to  John  Brinkloe,  planter,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  twtenjones 
600  acres  woodland,  together  with  the  marshes  and  creek  ami  Duck 

.  Creek. 

bounding  with  the  creek  known  by  name  of  Lisburn,  on  north 
side  of  Jones's  Creek;"  consideration,  3  matchcoats,  and 
12  bottles  drink,  4  double-handsful  of  powder,  and  4  of  shot. 
This  land  was  still  in  possession  of  the  Brinkloe  family  in 
1838.3 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee,  a  draft  of  a  patent  for  February  24. 
Mr.  Penn  is  read,  and  there  being  a  blank  left  for  the  name.  Patent  read: 
their  lordships  agree  to  leave  the  nomination  of  it  to  the  °f™'^''^^"^° 
king. 

The  Lord  Bishop  of  London  is  desired  to  prepare  the  Law  for  set- 
draft  of  a  law  to  be  passed  in  this  country,  for  the  settling  of  testLt  reii- 
the  Protestant  religion.  sio°- 

The  committee  of  lords  report  favourably  to  his  majesty, 
and  say,  "  In  obedience  to  your  majesty's  order,  signified  by 
the  Earl  of  Sunderland,  on  the  1st  of  June  last,  we  had  pre- 
pared the  draft  of  a  charter,  constituting  William  Penn,  Esq.,  charter  and 
absolute  proprietary  of  a  tract  of  land  in  America  therein  mittedtoths 
mentioned,  which  we  humbly  present  to  your  majesty,  for  ^'"s- 
your   royal    approbation,   leaving    also    the  naming  of   the 

I  New  Castle  ReconLs.  2  I\;eijt  Records,  in  Breviat. 

3  Delaware  Register,  vol.  i.  p.  177. 


488 


CHARLES  II.— JAMES,  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


March  14 

Charter  for 
Penn  signoil 


Charter  of 
Permsylva- 
ma. 


1681.  said  province  to  your  majesty,  which  is  most  humbly  sub- 
"—^^-^    mitted."! 

After  this  long  and  vexatious  attendance  upon  the  com- 
mittee of  lords  of  trade  and  plantations,  chief  justice,  attorney- 
general,  and  agents  of  Lord  Baltimore,  his  majesty  is  this 
day  pleased  to  sign  the  charter,  constituting  William  Penn 
proprietary  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  charter  is  in  the  following  words :     (March  4.) 

"  Charles,  by  the  grace  of  God,  king  of  England,  Scotland, 
France,  and  Ireland,  defender  of  the  faith,  &c.,  to  all  to  M^hom 
these  presents  shall  come,  greeting : 

"  Whereas  our  trusty  and  well-beloved  subject,  William 
Penn,  esquire,  sou  and  heir  of  Sir  William  Penn,  deceased, 
(out  of  a  commendable  desire  to  enlarge  our  British  empire, 
and  promote  such  useful  commodities  as  may  be  of  benefit  to 
us  and  our  dominions,  as  also  to  reduce  the  savage  natives, 
by  just  and  gentle  manners,  to  the  love  of  civil  society  and 
Christian  religion,)  hath  humbly  besought  leave  of  us  to  trans- 
port an  ample  colony  unto  a  certain  country  hereinafter  de- 
scribed, in  the  parts  of  America  not  yet  cultivated  and  planted, 
and  hath  likewise  so  humbly  besought  our  royal  majesty  to 
give,  grant,  and  confirm  all  the  said  country,  with  certain 
privileges  and  jurisdictions,  requisite  for  the  good  government 
and  safety  of  the  said  country  and  colony,  to  him  and  his 
heirs  for  ever. 

<'  I.  Know  ye,  therefore,  that  we,  (favouring  the  petition 
and  good  purpose  of  the  said  William  Penn,  and  having  re- 
gard to  the  memory  and  merits  of  his  late  father,  in  divers 
services,  and  particularly  to  his  conduct,  courage,  and  discre- 
tion, under  our  dearest  brother  James,  duke  of  York,  in  that 
signal  battle  and  victory  fought  and  obtained  against  the 
Dutch  fleet  commanded  by  the  Heer  Van  Opdam,  in  the  year 
1665 :  in  consideration  thereof,  of  our  special  grace,  certain 
knowledge,  and  mere  motion,)  have  given  and  granted,  and 
by  this  our  present  charter,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
do  give  and  grant  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and 
assigns,  all  that  tract  or  part  of  land  in  America,  with  the 
islands  therein  contained,  as  the  same  is  bounded  on  the  east 
by  Delaware  River,  from  twelve  miles  distance  northward  of 
New  Castle  town,  unto  the  three  and  fortieth  degree  of  north- 
ern latitude,  if  the  said  river  doth  extend  so  far  northward, 

'  Votes  of  Assembly. 


Boundaries. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  489 

but  if  the  said  river  shall  not  extend  so  far  northward,  then    1681. 
by  the  said  river  so  far  as  it  doth  extend ;  and  from  the  head     '    '    ' 
of  the  said  river,  the  eastern  bounds  are  to  be  determined  by 
a  meridian  line,  to  be  drawn  from  the  head  of  the  said  river,  charter  of 
unto  the  said  forty-third  degree.     The  said  land  to  extend  n^a^cMi-'^ 
westward  five  degrees  in  longitude,  to  be  computed  from  the  tinued. 
said  eastern  bounds,  and  the  said  lands  to  be  bounded  on  the 
north  by  the  beginning  of  the  three  and  fortieth  degree  of  Bounds, 
northern  latitude,  and  on  the  south  by  a  circle  drawn  at  twelve 
miles  distance  from  New  Castle,  northward  and  westward, 
unto  the  beginning  of  the  fortieth  degree  of  northern  latitude, 
and  then  by  a  straight  line  westward  to  the  limits  of  longi- 
tude above  mentioned. 

"  II.  We  do  also  give  and  grant  unto  the  said  William  Privileges. 
Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  the  free  and  undisturbed  use, 
and  continuance  in,  and  passage  unto  and  out  of  all  and  sin- 
gular ports,  harbours,  bays,  waters,  rivers,  isles,  and  inlets, 
belonging  unto,  or  leading  to  and  from  the  country  or  islands 
aforesaid,  and  all  the  soils,  lands,  fields,  woods,  underwoods, 
mountains,  hills,  fenns,  isles,  lakes,  rivers,  waters,  rivulets, 
bays,  and  inlets,  situated,  or  being  within,  or  belonging  to 
the  limits  or  bounds  aforesaid,  together  with  the  fishing  of  all 
sorts  of  fish,  whales,  sturgeon,  and  all  royal  and  other  fishes, 
in. the  seas,  bays,  inlets,  waters,  or  rivers  within  the  premises, 
and  all  the  fish  taken  therein ;  and  also  all  veins,  mines,  mi- 
nerals and  quarries,  as  well  discovered  as  not  discovered,  of 
gold,  silver,  gems,  and  precious  stones,  and  all  other  whatso- 
ever, be  it  stones,  metals,  or  any  other  thing  or  matter  what- 
soever, found,  or  to  be  found,  within  the  country,  isles,  or 
limits  aforesaid. 

"  III.  And  him,  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  as-  wm.Penn 
signs,  we  do  by  this,  our  royal  charter,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  ^J^"^"^"" 
successors,  make,  create,  and  constitute  the  true  and  absolute 
proprietary  of  the  country  aforesaid,  and  all  other  the  pre- 
mises ;  saving  always  to  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  the  faith 
and  allegiance  of  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  as- 
signs, and  of  all  other  proprietaries,  tenants,  and  inhabitants, 
that  are,  or  shall  be,  within  the  territories  and  precincts  afore- 
said ;  and  saving  also  unto  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  the 
sovereignty  of  the  aforesaid  country,  to  have,  hold,  possess, 
and  enjoy  the  said  tract  of  land,  country,  isles,  inlets,  and 
other  the  premises,  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and 


90 


CHARLES  II.— A.  BROCKIIOLLS,  DEPUTY. 


Charter  of 
Pennsylva- 
nia, con- 
tinued. 


Power  to 
govern  and 
make  laws. 


1681.  assigns,  for  ever,  to  be  holden  of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
'  '  '  kings  of  England,  as  of  our  castle  of  Windsor,  in  the  county 
of  Berks,  in  free  and  common  socage,  by  fealty  only,  for  all 
services,  and  not  in  capita,  or  by  knight-service,  yielding  and 
paying  therefore  to  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  two  beaver 
skins,  to  be  delivered  at  our  castle  of  "Windsor,  on  the  first 
day  of  January  in  every  year ;  and  also  the  fifth  part  of  all 
gold  and  silver  ore  which  shall,  from  time  to  time,  happen  to 
be  found  within  the  limits  aforesaid,  clear  of  all  charges. 
And  of  our  further  grace,  certain  knowledge,  mere  motion, 
we  have  thought  fit  to  erect,^  and  we  do  hereby  erect  the  afore- 
said country  and  islands  into  a  province  and  seigniory,  and 
do  call  it  Pensilvania,  and  so  from  henceforth  will  have  it 
called. 

"  IV.  And  forasmuch  as  we  have  hereby  made  and  ordained 
the  aforesaid  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  the  true 
and  absolute  proprietaries  of  all  the  lands  and  dominions 
aforesaid,  know  ye,  therefore,  that  we,  (reposing  special  trust 
and  confidence  in  the  fidelity,  wisdom,  justice,  and  provident 
circumspection  of  the  said  William  Penn,)  for  us,  our  heirs 
and  successors,  do  grant  free,  full,  and  absolute  power,  by 
virtue  of  these  presents,  to  him  and  his  heirs,  to  his  and  their 
deputies  and  lieutenants,  for  the  good  and  happy  government 
of  the  said  country,  to  ordain,  make,  and  enact,  and  under 
his  and  their  seals,  to  publish  any  laws  whatsoever,  for  the 
raising  of  money  for  public  uses  of  the  said  province,  or  for 
any  other  end,  appertaining  either  unto  the  public  state, 
peace,  or  safety  of  the  said  country,  or  unto  the  private 
utility  of  particular  persons,  according  unto  their  best  discre- 
tion, by  and  with  the  advice,  assent,  and  approbation  of  the 
freemen  of  the  said  country,  or  the  greater  part  of  them,  or 
of  their  delegates  or  deputies,  whom,  for  the  enacting  of  the 
said  laws,  when  and  as  often  as  need  may  require,  we  will 
that  the  said  William  Penn,  and  his  heirs,  shall  assemble,  in 
such  sort  and  form  as  to  him  and  them  shall  seem  best,  and 
the  same  laws  duly  to  execute  unto  and  upon  all  people 
within  the  said  country  and  limits  thereof. 

"  V.  And  we  do  likewise  give  and  grant  unto  the  said  Wil- 
May  appoint  Ham  Pcun,  and  to  his  heirs,  and  their  deputies  and  lieuten- 
ants, full  power  and  authority  to  appoint  and  establish  any 
judgea  and  justices,  magistrates,  and  other  officers  whatsoever, 
(for  the  probates  of  wills,  and  for  the  granting  of  administra- 


officers. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  491 

tion  within  tlie  precincts  aforesaid,)  and  with  what  power  so-    1681. 
ever,  and  in  such  form,  as  to  the  said  William  Penn,  or  his     "     '     ' 
heirs,  shall  seem  most  convenient ;  also  to  remit,  release,  par- 
don, and  abolish  (whether  before  judgment  or  after)  all  crime  Charter  of 
and  oiFences  whatsoever,  committed  within  the  said  country,  ^"""^y^^^- 

'  ''  '    ma,  con- 

against  the  laws,  (treason,  and  wilful  and  malicious  murder  tmued. 
onlj  excepted,  and  in  those  cases  to  grant  reprieves,  until  our  Grant  par- 
pleasure  may  be  known  therein,)  and  to  do  all  and  every  other  '^°^' 
thing  and  things  which  unto  the  complete  establishment  of 
justice,  unto  courts  and  tribunals,  forms  of  judicature,  and 
manner  of  proceedings  do  belong,  although,  in  these  presents, 
express  mention  be  not  made  thereof;  and  by  judges,  by 
them  delegated,  to  award  process,  hold  pleas,  and  determine, 
in  all  the  said  courts  and  tribunals,  all  actions,  suits,  and 
causes  whatsoever,  as  well  criminal  as  civil,  personal,  real,  and 
mixed ;  which  laws,  so  as  aforesaid  to  be  published,  our  plea- 
sure is,  and  so  we  enjoin,  require,  and  command,  shall  be  most 
absolute  and  available  in  law,  and  that  all  the  liege  people 
and  subjects  of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  do  observe  and 
keep  the  same  inviolably  in  those  parts,  so  far  as  they  con- 
cern them,  under  the  pain  therein  expressed,  or  to  be  ex- 
pressed.    Provided  nevertheless,  that  the  same  laws  be  con-  Proviso: 
Bonant  to  reason,  and  not  repugnant  or  contrary,  but  (as  near  consonant 
as  conveniently  may  be)  agreeable  to  the  laAvs  and  statutes,  and  '^'^^^  ^^°^^ 
rights  of  this  our  kingdom  of  England ;  and  saving  and  re-  Rigut^of 
serving  to  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  the  receiving,  hearing,  '^pp*'^^  ^'^ 
and  determining  of  the  appeal  and  appeals  of  all  or  any  per- 
son or  persons,  of,  in  or  belonging  to  the  territories  aforesaid, 
or  touching  any  judgment  to  be  there  made  or  given. 

"VI.  And  forasmuch  as,  in  the  government  of  so  great  a  LawsofEng- 
counti*y,  sudden  accidents  do  often  happen,  whereunto  it  will  tl'i"  0^°^°'^'^^ 
be  necessary  to  apply  remedy,  before  the  freeholders  of  the  are  made  in 
said  province,  or  their  delegates  or  deputies  can  be  assembled  ^'^^p'^'°^''*'=«' 
to  the  making  of  laws ;  neither  will  it  be  convenient  that  in- 
stantly, upon  every  such  occasion,  so  great  a  multitude  should 
be  called  together,  therefore,  (for  the  better  government  of 
the  said  country,)  we  will  ordain,  and  by  these  presents,  for 
.us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  do  grant  unto  the  said  William 
Penn,  and  his  heirs,  by  themselves,  or  by  their  magistrates 
and  officers,  in  that  behalf  duly  to  be  ordained  as  aforesaid, 
to  make  and  constitute  fit  and  wholesome  ordinances,  from 
time  to  time,  within  the  said  country  to  be  kept  and  observed, 


492 


CHARLES  II.— A.  BRGCKHOLLS,  DEPUTY, 


1681. 


Charter  of 
Pennsylya- 
nia,  con- 
tinued. 


Laws  to  be 
transmitted 
to  England 
for  approval 
in  fire  years. 


as  well  for  the  preservation  of  peace,  as  for  the  better  go- 
vernment of  the  people  there  inhabiting,  and  publicly  to 
notify  the  same  to  all  persons  whom  the  same  doth,  or  may 
anywise  concern.  Which  ordinances  our  will  and  pleasure  is 
shall  be  observed  inviolably  within  the  said  province,  under 
the  pains  therein  to  be  expressed,  so  as  the  said  ordinances 
be  consonant  to  reason,  and  be  not  repugnant  nor  contrary, 
but  (so  far  as  conveniently  may  be)  agreeable  with  the  laws 
of  our  kingdom  of  England,  and  so  as  the  said  ordinances  be 
not  extended,  in  any  sort,  to  bind,  change,  or  take  away  the 
right  or  interest  of  any  person  or  persons,  for,  or  in  their 
life,  members,  freehold,  goods,  or  chattels.  And  our  further 
will  and  pleasure  is,  that  the  laws  for  regulating  and  govern- 
ing of  property  within  the  said  province,  as  well  for  the 
descent  and  enjoyment  of  lands,  as  likewise  for  the  enjoyment 
and  succession  of  goods  and  chattels,  and  likewise  as  to 
felonies,  shall  be  and  continue  the  same  as  they  shall  be,  for 
the  time  being,  by  the  general  course  of  the  law  in  our  king- 
dom of  England,  until  the  said  laws  shall  be  altered  by  the 
said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  and  by  the  freemen 
of  the  said  province,  their  delegates  or  deputies,  or  the  greater 
part  of  them. 

"  VII.  And  to  the  end  that  the  said  William  Penn,  or  his 
heirs,  or  other  the  planters,  owners,  or  inhabitants  of  the 
said  province  may  not,  at  any  time  hereafter  (by  misconstruc- 
tion of  the  power  aforesaid)  through  inadvertency  or  design, 
depart  from  that  faith  and  due  allegiance  which,  by  the  laws 
of  this  our  realm  of  England,  they  and  all  our  subjects  in 
our  dominions  and  territories  always  owe  to  us,  our  heirs  and 
successors,  by  colour  of  any  extent,  or  largeness  of  powers 
hereby  given,  or  pretended  to  be  given,  or  by  force  or  colour 
or  any  laws  hereafter  to  be  made  in  the  said  province,  by  vir- 
tue of  any  such  powers.  Our  farther  will  and  pleasure  is, 
that  a  transcript  or  duplicate  of  all  laws  which  shall  be  so  as 
aforesaid  made  and  published  within  the  said  province,  shall, 
within  five  years  after  the  making  thereof,  be  transmitted  and 
delivered  to  the  privy  council  for  the  time  being,  of  us,  our 
heirs  and  successors ;  and  if  any  of  the  said  laws,  within  the 
space  of  six  months  after  that  they  shall  be  so  transmitted 
and  delivered,  be  declared  by  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  in 
our  or  their  privy  council,  inconsistent  with  the  sovereignty 
or  lawful  prerogative  of  us,  our  heirs  or  successors,  or  con- 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  493 

trary  to  the  faith  and  allegiance  due  to  the  legal  government     1681. 
of  this  realm,  from  the  said  William  Penn,  or  his  heirs,  or     "    '~*' 
of  the  planters  and  inhabitants  of  the  said  province,  and  that 
thereupon  any  of  the  said  laws  shall  be  adjudged  and  declared  charter  of 
to  be  void,  by  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  under  our  or  their  ^I'^^^^y^^^ 

'      •'         '  '  ma,  con- 

privy  seal,  that  then  and  from  thenceforth,  such  laws,  con-  tmuea; 

cerning  which  such  judgment  and  declaration  shall  be  made, 

shall  become  void,  otherwise  the  said  laws,  so  transmitted, 

shall  remain  and  stand  in  full  force,  according  to  the  true 

intent  and  meaning  thereof. 

"  VIII.  Furthermore,  that  this  new  colony  may  the  more  Encourage- 
happily  increase  by  the  multitude  of  people  resorting  thither,  ™^°jq°^*°* 
therefore  we,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  do  give  and 
grant,  by  these  presents,  power,  license,  and  liberty  unto  all 
the  liege  people  and  subjects,  both  present  and  future,  of  us, 
our  heirs  and  successors,  (excepting  those  who  shall  be  espe- 
cially forbidden,)  to  transport  themselves  and  families  unto 
the  said  country,  with  such  convenient  shipping  as  by  the  laws 
of  this  our  kingdom  of  England  they  ought  to  use,  and  Avith 
fitting  provision,  paying  only  the  customs  therefore  due,  and 
there  to  settle  themselves,  dwell  and  inhabit,  and  plant,  for 
the  public  and  their  own  private  advantage. 

"  IX.  And  furthermore,  that  our  subjects  maybe  the  rather  aiso,  to 
encouraged  to  undertake  this  expedition  with  ready  and  *''"^^' 
cheerful  minds,  know  ye,  that  we,  of  our  special  grace,  certain 
knowledge,  and  mere  motion,  do  give  and  grant,  by  virtue  of 
these  presents,  as  well  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  and  his 
heirs,  as  to  all  others  who  shall  from  time  to  time  repair  unto 
the  said  country,  full  license  to  lade  and  freight,  in  any  ports 
whatsoever  of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  according  to  the 
laws  made,  or  to  be  made,  within  our  kingdom  of  England, 
and  unto  the  said  country,  by  them,  their  servants  or  assigns, 
to  transport  all  and  singular  their  goods,  wares,  and  merchan- 
dises, as  likewise  all  sorts  of  grain  Avhatsoever,  and  all  other 
things  whatsoever,  necessary  for  food  or  clothing,  not  prohi- 
bited by  the  laws  and  statutes  of  our  kingdom  and  dominions, 
to  be  carried  out  of  the  said  kingdom,  without  any  let  or  mo- 
lestation of  us,  our  heirs  or  successors,  or  of  any  of  the 
ojfficers  of  us,  our  heirs  or  successors ;  saving  always  to  us, 
our  heirs  and  successors,  the  legal  impositions,  customs,  or 
other  duties  and  payments  for  the  said  wares  and  merchan- 


494 


CHARLES  II.— A.  BROCKHOLLS,  DEPUTY. 


1681. 


Charter  of 
Pennsylya- 
nia,  con- 
tinued. 


May  lay  out 
towns, 
cities,  &C. 


Commercial 
advantages. 


Seaports, 
creeks,  and 
harbours. 


dises,  by  any  law  or  statute,  due,  or  to  be  due,  to  us,  our 
heirs  ^and  successors. 

"  X.  And  we  do  further,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
give  and  grant  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  as- 
signs, free 'and  absolute  power  to  divide  the  said  country  and 
islands  into  towns,  hundreds,  and  counties,  and  to  erect  and 
incorporate  towns  into  boroughs,  and  boroughs  into  cities,  and 
to  make  and  constitute  fairs  and  markets  therein,  with  all 
other  convenient  privileges  and  immunities,  according  to  the 
merits  of  the  inhabitants,  and  the  fitness  of  the  places,  and 
to  do  all  and  every  other  thing  and  things  touching  the  pre- 
mises, which  to  him  or  them  shall  seem  meet  and  requisite, 
albeit  they  be  such  as  of  their  own  nature  might  otherwise 
require  a  more  special  commandment  and  warrant  than,  in 
these  presents,  is  expressed. 

«  XI.  We  will  also,  and  by  these  presents,  for  us,  our  heirs 
and  successors,  we  do  give  and  grant  license,  by  this  our 
charter,  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns, 
and  to  all  the  inhabitants  and  dwellers  in  the  province  afore- 
said, both  present  and  to  come,  to  import  or  unlade,  by  them- 
selves or  their  servants,  factors,  or  assigns,  all  merchandises 
and  goods  whatsoever,  that  shall  arise  of  the  fruits  and  com- 
modities of  the  said  province,  either  by  land  or  sea,  into  any 
of  the  ports  of  us,  our  heirs  or  successors,  in  our  kingdom  of 
England,  and  not  into  any  other  country  whatsoever,  and  we 
give  him  full  power  to  dispose  of  the  said  goods,  in  the  said 
ports,  and  if  need  be,  within  one  year  next  after  the  unlad- 
ing of  the  same,  to  lade  the  said  merchandise  and  (jjoods  aofain 
into  the  same,  or  other  ships,  and  to  transport  the  same  into 
any  other  countries,  either  of  our  own  dominions  or  foreign, 
according  to  law ;  provided  always,  that  they  pay  such  cus- 
toms and  impositions,  subsidies  and  duties  for  the  same,  to  us, 
our  heirs  and  successors,  as  the  rest  of  our  subjects  of  our 
kingdom  of  England,  for  the  time  being,  shall  be  bound  to 
pay,  and  do  observe  the  acts  of  navigation,  and  other  laws 
in  that  behalf  made. 

"  XII.  And  furthermore,  of  our  ample  and  special  grace, 
certain  knowledge,  and  mere  motion,  we  do,  for  us,  our  heirs 
and  successors,  grant  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs 
and  assigns,  full  and  absolute  power  and  authority  to  make, 
erect,  and  constitute,  within  the  said  province,  and  the  isles 
and  inlets  aforesaid,  such  and  so  many  seaports,  harbours, 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  495 

creeks,  havens,  keys,  and  other  places  for  discharging  and     1G81. 
unlading  of  goods  and  merchandise  out  of  the  ships,  boats,     '    '     ' 
and  other  vessels,  and  landing  them  unto  such  and  so  many 
places,  and  with  such  rights,  jurisdictions,  liberties,  and  pri-  charter  of 
vileges  unto  the  said  ports  belonging,  as  to  him  and  them  ^f'^'^^y^"^- 

o  jr  o      o'  ma,  con- 

shall  seem  most  expedient ;  and  that  all  and  singular  the  tinued. 
ships,  boats,  and  other  vessels,  which  shall  come  for  merchan- 
dise and  trade  into  the  said  province,  or  out  of  the  same,  shall 
be  laden  or  unladen  only  at  such  ports  as  shall  be  created 
and  constituted  by  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  or  assigns, 
(any  use,  custom  or  thing  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.) 
Provided,  that  the  said  William  Penn,  and  his  heirs,  and  the 
lieutenants  and  governors  for  the  time  being,  shall  admit  and 
receive  in  and  about  all  such  havens,  ports,  creeks,  and  keys, 
all  officers  and  their  deputies,  who  shall,  from  time  to  time, 
be  appointed  for  that  purpose  by  the  farmers,  or  commis- 
sioners of  our  customs  for  the  time  being. 

"XIII.  And  we  do  further  appoint  and  ordain,  and  by  customs,  &c. 
these  presents,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  we  do  grant  ^sedly"the 
unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  that  he,  province. 
the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  may,  from  time 
to  time,  for  ever,  have  and  enjoy  the  customs  and  subsidies, 
in  the  ports,  harbours,  and  other  creeks  and  places  aforesaid, 
within  the  province  aforesaid,  payable  or  due  for  merchandise 
and  wares  there  to  be  laded  and  unladed,  the  said  customs 
and  subsidies  to  be  reasonably  assessed,  upon  any  occasion, 
by  themselves  and  the  people  there,  as  aforesaid  to  be  assem- 
bled, to  whom  we  give  power  by  these  presents,  for  us,  our 
heirs  and  successors,  upon  just  cause  and  due  proportion,  to 
assess  and  impose  the  same ;  saving  unto  us,  our  heirs  and 
successors,  such  impositions  and  customs  as,  by  act  of  parlia- 
ment, are  and  shall  be  appointed. 

"XIV.  And  it  is  our  farther  will  and  pleasure,  that  the  Agent  to  re- 
said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  shall,  from  time  to 
time,  constitute  and  appoint  an  attorney  or  agent,  to  reside 
in  or  near  our  city  of  London,  who  shall  make  known  the 
place  where  he  shall  dwell,  or  may  be  found,  unto  the  clerks 
of  our  privy-council,  for  the  time  being,  or  one  of  them,  and 
shall  be  ready  to  appear  in  any  of  our  courts  at  Westminster, 
to  answer  for  any  misdemeanor  that  shall  be  committed,  or 
by  any  wilful  default  or  neglect  permitted  by  the  said  Wil- 
liam Penn,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  against  the  laws  of  trade  and 


side  in  Lon- 
don. 


496 
1681. 


Charter  of 
Pennfylva- 
nia,  con- 
tinued. 


The  govern- 
ment may  be 
resumed  by 
England. 


Not  to  corre- 
spond with 
kings,  &c. 
at  war  with 
England. 


May  pursue 
and  punish 


CHARLES  II.— A.  BROCKHOLLS,  DEPUTY. 

navigation ;  and  after  it  shall  be  ascertained,  in  any  of  our 
courts,  what  damages  we,  or  our  heirs  or  successors,  shall 
have  sustained  by  such  default  or  neglect,  the  said  William 
Penn,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  shall  pay  the  same  within  one  year 
after  such  taxation,  and  demand  thereof  from  such  attorney, 
or  in  case  there  shall  be  no  such  attorney  by  the  space  of  one 
year,  or  such  attorney  shall  not  make  payment  of  such  da- 
mages within  the  space  of  a  year,  and  answer  such  other 
forfeitures  and  penalties  within  the  said  time,  as  by  acts  of 
parliament  in  England  are  and  shall  be  provided,  according 
to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  of  these  presents,  then  it  shall 
be  lawful  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  to  seize  and  resume 
the  government  of  the  said  province  or  country,  and  the  same 
to  retain,  until  payment  shall  be  made  thereof;  but  notwith- 
standing any  such  seizure,  or  resumption  of  the  government, 
nothing  concerning  the  propriety  or  ownership  of  any  lands, 
tenements,  or  other  hereditaments,  goods  or  chattels  of  any 
of  the  adventurers,  planters,  or  owners,  other  than  the  re- 
spective offenders  there,  shall  anyways  be  affected  or  molested 
thereby. 

"  XV.  Provided  always,  and  our  will  and  pleasure  is,  that 
neither  the  said  William  Penn,  nor  his  heirs,  nor  any  other 
the  inhabitants  of  the  said  province,  shall  at  any  time  here- 
after have  or  maintain  any  correspondence  with  any  other 
king,  prince  or  state,  or  with  any  of  their  subjects,  who  shall 
then  be  in  war  against  us,  our  heirs  and  successors ;  nor  shall 
the  said  William  Penn,  or  his  heirs,  or  any  other  inhabitants 
of  the  said  province,  make  war,  or  any  act  of  hostility  against 
any  other  king,  prince,  or  state,  or  any  of  their  subjects,  who 
shall  then  be  in  league  or  amity  with  us,  our  heirs  and  suc- 
cessors. 

<<  XVI.  And  because,  in  so  remote  a  country,  and  situate 
near  many  barbarous  nations,  the  incursions  as  well  of  the 
savages  themselves,  as  of  other  enemies,  pirates,  and  robbers, 
may  probably  be  feared,  therefore  we  have  given,  and  for  us, 
our  heirs  and  successors,  do  give  power,  by  these  presents,  to 
the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  by  themselves, 
or  their  captains,  or  other  their  officers,  to  levy,  muster,  and 
train  all  sorts  of  men,  of  what  condition  soever,  or  whereso- 
ever born,  in  the  said  province  of  Pensilvania,  for  the  time 
being,  and  to  make  wai',  and  to  pursue  the  enemies  and  rob- 
bers aforesaid,  as  well  by  sea  as  by  land,  even  without  the 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  497 

limits  of  the  said  pi'oviace,  and  by  God's  assistance,  to  van-  1681. 
quish  and  take  them,  and  being  taken,  to  put  them  to  death,  *  '  ' 
by  the  laws  of  war,  or  to  save  them,  at  their  pleasure,  and  to  Charter  of 
do  all  and  every  other  thino;  which  unto  the  charge  and  office  ^;''>'*^y^^^ 

•^  D  o  ma,  con- 

of  a  captain-general  of  an  army  belongeth,  or  hath  accus-  tinued. 
tomed  to  belong,  as  fully  and  freely  as  any  captain-general 
of  an  army  hath  ever  had  the  same. 

"  XVII.  And  furthermore,  of  our  special  grace,  and  of  our  May  dispose 
certain  knowledge,  and  mere  motion,  we  have  given  and  °^'*^'^^- 
granted,  and  by  these  presents,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  succes- 
sors, do  give  and  grant  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs 
and  assigns,  full  and  absolute  power,  license,  and  authority, 
that  he,  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  from 
time  to  time  hereafter,  for  ever,  at  his  or  their  own  will  and 
pleasure,  may  assign,  alien,  grant,  demise,  or  enfeoff  of  the 
premises,  so  many,  and  such  parts  and  parcels  to  him  or  them 
that  shall  be  willing  to  purchase  the  same,  as  they  shall  think 
fit,  to  have  and  to  hold  to  them,  the  said  person  or  persons 
willing  to  take  and  purchase,  their  heirs  and  assigns,  in  fee- 
simple,  or  fee-tail,  or  for  the  term  of  life,  lives,  or  years,  to 
be  held  of  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  as  of 
the  said  seigniory  of  Windsor,  by  such  services,  customs,  or 
rents,  as  shall  seem  meet  to  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs 
or  assigns,  and  not  immediately  of  us,  our  heirs  or  successors. 

"  XYIII.  And  to  the  same  person  or  persons,  and  to  all 
and  every  of  them,  we  do  give  and  grant,  by  these  presents, 
for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  license,  authority  and  power 
that  such  person  or  persons  may  take  the  premises,  or  any 
parcel  thereof,  of  the  aforesaid  William  Penn,  his  heirs  or 
assigns,  and  the  same  to  hold  to  themselves,  their  heirs  and 
assigns,  in  what  estate  of  inheritance  soever,  in  fee-simple,  or 
in  fee-tail,  or  otherwise,  as  to  him,  the  said  William  Penn,  his 
heirs  or  assigns,  shall  deem  expedient ;  the  statute  made  in 
the  parliament  of  Edward,  the  son  of  king  Henry,  late  king 
of  England,  our  predecessor,  (commonly  called  the  statute 
'  Quia  Emptores  Terrarum^  lately  published  in  our  kingdom 
of  England,)  in  anywise  notwithstanding. 

"XIX.  And  by  these  presents,  we  give  and  grant  license  May  erect 
unto  the  said  William  Penn,  and  his  heirs,  and  likewise  to  all 
and  every  such  person  or  persons  to  whom  the  said  William 
Penn,  or  his  heirs,  shall  at  any  time  hereafter  grant  any  es- 
tate or  inheritance,  as  aforesaid,  to  erect  any  parcels  of  land 

63  2t2 


498 
1681. 


Charter  of 
Pennsylva- 
nia, con- 
tinued. 

Frank- 
pledge. 


King 
not  to  lay 
taxes  with- 
out consent 
of  proprieta- 
ry or  parlia- 
ment. 


CHAKLES  II.— A.  BROCKHOLLS,  DEPUTY. 

•within  the  province  aforesaid,  into  manors,  by  and  with  the  li- 
cense to  be  first  had  and  obtained  for  that  purpose,  under  the 
hand  and  seal  of  the  said  William  Penn,  or  his  heirs,  and  in 
every  of  the  said  manors,  to  have  and  to  hold  a  court-baron, 
with  all  things  whatsoever  which  to  a  court-baron  do  belong,  and 
to  have  and  to  hold  view  of  frank-pledge,  for  the  conservation 
of  the  peace,  and  the  better  government  of  those  parts,  by  them- 
selves, or  their  stewards,  or  by  the  lords,  for  the  time  being, 
of  the  manors  to  be  deputed,  when  they  shall  be  erected,  and 
in  the  same  to  use  all  things  belonging  to  the  view  of  frank- 
pledge. And  we  do  further  grant  license  and  authority,  that 
every  such  person  or  persons  who  shall  erect  any  such  manor 
or  manors,  as  aforesaid,  shall  or  may  grant  all  or  any  part  of 
his  said  land  to  any  person  or  persons,  in  fee-simple,  or  any 
other  estate  of  inheritance,  to  be  held  of  the  said  manors  re- 
spectively, so  as  no  further  tenure  shall  be  created,  but  that 
upon  all  further  or  other  alienations  thereafter  to  be  made, 
the  said  lands  so  aliened  shall  be  held  of  the  same  lord  and 
his  heirs,  of  whom  the  alienor  did  then  before  hold,  and  by 
the  like  rents  and  services  which  were  before  due  and  accus- 
tomed. 

"  XX.  And  furthermore,  our  pleasure  is,  and  by  these  pre- 
sents, for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  we  do  covenant  and 
grant  to  and  with  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  as- 
signs, that  we,  our  heirs  and  successors,  shall,  at  no  time 
hereafter,  set  or  make,  or  cause  to  be  set  or  made,  any  impo- 
sition, custom,  or  other  taxation,  rate,  or  contribution  what- 
soever, in  and  upon  the  dwellers  and  inhabitants  of  the 
aforesaid  province,  for  their  lands,  tenements,  goods,  or  chat- 
tels, within  the  said  province,  or  in  and  upon  any  goods  and 
merchandises  within  the  province,  or  to  be  laden  or  unladen 
within  the  ports  or  harbours  of  the  said  province,  unless  the 
same  be  with  the  consent  of  the  proprietary  or  chief  gover- 
nor, or  assembly,  or  by  act  of  parliament  in  England. 

"  XXI.  And  our  pleasure  is,  and  for  us,  our  heirs  and  suc- 
cessors, we  charge  and  command,  that  this,  our  declaration, 
shall  from  henceforth,  from  time  to  time,  be  received  and 
allowed  in  all  our  courts,  and  before  all  the  judges  of  us,  our 
heirs  and  successors,  for  a  sufficient  lawful  discharge,  pay- 
ment and  acquittance,  commanding  all  the  officers  and  minis- 
ters of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  and  enjoining  them,  upon 
pain  of  our  highest  displeasure,  that  they  do  not  presume  at 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  499 

any  time  to  attempt  any  thing  to  the  contrary  of  the  premises,     1681. 

or  that  do,  in  any  sort,  withstand  the  same,  but  that  they  be,     '    '^ — ' 

at  all  times,  aiding  and  assisting,  as  is  fitting,  to  the  said 

William  Penn,  and  his  heirs,  and  unto  the  inhabitants  and  charter  of 

merchants  of  the  province  aforesaid,  their  servants,  ministers,  ^''^^^^J^^^ 
o  1       .         .  „  ,  .  ^^^  con- 

factors,  and  assigns,  m  the  full  use  and  fruition  of  the  benefit  tinued. 

of  this  our  charter. 

"  XXII.  And  our  farther  pleasure  is,  and  we  do  hereby,  for  control  of 
us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  charge  and  require,  that  if  any  of  l^^^jo!,"^ 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  said  province,  to  the  number  of 
twenty,  shall,  at  any  time  hereafter,  be  desirous,  and  shall, 
by  any  writing,  or  by  any  person  deputed  by  them,  signify 
such  their  desire  to  the  Bishop  of  London,  for  the  time  being, 
that  any  preacher  or  preachers,  to  be  approved  of  by  the  said 
bishop,  may  be  sent  unto  them  for  their  instruction,  that  then 
such  preacher  or  preachers  shall  and  may  reside  within  the 
said  province,  without  any  denial  or  molestation  whatsoever. 

"XXIII.  And  if  perchance  hereafter  any  doubt  or  ques-  interpreta- 
tion should  arise  concerning  the  true  sense  and  meaning  of  *'°°- 
any  word,  clause,  or  sentence,  contained  in  this  our  present 
charter,  we  will,  ordain,  and  command,  that  at  all  times,  and 
in  all  things,  such  interpretation  be  made  thereof  and  allowed, 
in  any  of  our  courts  whatsoever,  as  shall  be  adjudged  most 
advantageous  and  favourable  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his 
heirs  and  assigns :  provided  always,  no  interpretation  be  ad- 
mitted thereof,  by  which  the  allegiance  due  unto  us,  our  heirs 
and  successors,  may  sufi"er  any  prejudice  or  diminution ;  al- 
though express  mention  be  not  made,  in  these  presents,  of  the 
true  yearly  value,  or  certainty  of  the  premises,  or  any  part 
thereof,  or  of  other  gifts  and  grants  made  by  us,  and  our 
progenitors  or  predecessors,  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  any 
statute,  act,  ordinance,  provision,  proclamation,  or  restraint 
heretofore  had,  made,  published,  ordained,  or  provided,  or 
any  thing,  cause,  or  matter  whatsoever,  to  the  contrary  thereof 
in  anywise  notwithstanding.  In  witness  whereof,  we  have 
caused  these  our  letters  to  be  made  patent :  witness  ourself, 
at  Westminster,  the  4th  day  of  March,  in  the  three  and 
thirtieth  year  of  our  reign,  Annoque  Domini  one  thousand  six 
hundred  and  eighty-one. 

"By  writ  of  privy-seal,  Pigott."^ 

"  This  venerable  document,  which  is  in  the  office  of  the 

*  Votes  of  Assembly,  vol.  i.  p.  xxiv.     Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  pp.  293 — 297. 


500 


CHARLES  II.— A.  BROCKIIOLLS,  DEPUTY. 


1681. 


March  15. 


Letter  to 
K.  Turner. 


Name  how 
and  by 
whom  given. 


Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth,  is  -written  on  strong  parch- 
ment, in  the  old  English  handwriting,  with  each  line  under- 
scored with  lines  of  red  ink,  that  give  it  a  curious  appearance. 
The  borders  are  gorgeously  furbelowed  with  heraldic  devices, 
and  the  top  of  the  first  page  exhibits  a  finely  executed  like- 
ness of  his  majesty,  in  good  preservation."^  It  is  now  framed 
and  hung  up. 

The  feelings  of  Penn,  upon  this  occasion,  are  thus  ex- 
pressed in  a  letter  to  his  friend,  Robert  Turner,  dated  the 
next  day,  when  he  probably  came  into  possession  of  the  char- 
ter. This  letter  also  contains  a  history  of  the  name  given  to 
the  province. 

"  To  Robert  Turner.  5th  of  1st  mo.  1681. 

"  Dear  friend — My  true  love  in  the  Lord  salutes  thee,  and 
dear  friends  that  love  the  Lord's  precious  truth  in  those  parts. 
Thine  I  have,  and  for  my  business  here,  know  that  after  many 
waitings,  watchings,  solicitings,  and  disputes  in  council,  this 
day  my  country  was  confirmed  to  me  under  the  great  seal  of 
England,  with  large  powers  and  privileges,  by  the  name  of 
Pennsylvania,  a  name  the  king  would  give  it,  in  honour  of 
my  father.  I  chose  New  "Wales,  being,  as  this,  a  pretty  hilly 
country,  but  Penn  being  Welsh  for  a  head,  as  Penmanmoire, 
in  Wales,  and  Penrith,  in  Cumberland,  and  Penn,  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, the  highest  land  in  England,  called  this  Penn- 
sylvania, which  is,  the  high  or  head  woodlands ;  for  I  pro- 
posed, when  the  secretary,  a  Welshman,  refused  to  have  it 
called  New  Wales,  ^ylvania,  and  they  added  Penn  to  it,  and 
though  I  much  opposed  it,  and  went  to  the  king  to  have  it 
struck  out  and  altered,  he  said  it  was  past,  and  would  take  it 
upon  him ;  nor  could  twenty  guineas  move  the  under-secre- 
taries  to  vary  the  name,  for  I  feared  lest  it  should  be  looked 
on  as  a  vanity  in  me,  and  not  as  a  respect  in  the  king,  as  it 
truly  was,  to  my  father,  whom  he  often  mentions  with  praise. 
Thou  mayest  communicate  my  grant  to  friends,  and  expect 
shortly  my  proposals.  It  is  a  clear  and  just  thing,  and  my 
God,  that  has  given  it  me  through  many  difficulties,  will,  I 
believe,  bless  and  make  it  the  seed  of  a  nation.  I  shall  have 
a  tender  care  to  the  government,  that  it  will  be  well  laid  at 
first.     No  more  now,  but  dear  love  in  the  truth. 

"  Thy  true  friend,  William  Penn."^ 

'  Dunlop,  in  Memoirs  of  Penn.  Hist.  Soc.  vol.  i.  p.  164. 
2  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  297.     Memoirs  of  Penn.  Hist  Soc. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  501 

The  Upland  court  met  in  the  town  of  Kinsesse,  Upland    1681. 
county.  '"^■"^ — ' 

Magister  Jacobus  Fabricius  complains,  that  in  the  survey 
of  his  land  granted  by  the  court,  there  are  65  acres  of  swamp,  March  8. 
and  therefore  desires  65  acres  more,  which  were  granted,  of  j.FaMdua 
vacant  land,  but  no  abatement  of  quit-rent,  unless  the  sro-  ^^^^f^  '"'^ 

'^  '  "        new  land. 

vernor  should  cause  it. 

A  grant  of  25  acres  each,  of  marsh  or  meadow  land,  to  sevemi 
E.  Herman,  Laers  Cock,  and  Peter  Van  Vanbrug,  in  addition  ^.'^"*'  "f.^"" 
to  their  lands  at  Taomacken,  the  marsh  lying  in  the  mill  ton. 
creek  opposite  Burlington.^ 

The  oldest  deed  on  record  in  Bucks  county,  is  one  of  this  Apru  i. 
date,  from  William  Penn  to  Thomas  Woolrich,  of  Shalford 
county,  of  Stafford,  England.  It  recites  the  grant  of  William 
Penn  from  Charles  II.,  of  4th  March.  The  deed  is  for  1000 
acres ;  consideration,  £20,  and  Is.  per  100  acres,  quit- 
rent.2      (March  22,  1681.) 

The  next  is  July  27,  1681,  to  James  Hill,  of  Beckington, 
county  of  Somerset,  shoemaker,  for  500  acres,  in  considera- 
tion of  ,£10,  and  Is.  quit-rent. 

Brockholls  writes  to  the  justices  of  Whorekill,  in  answer  April  9. 
to  one  from  them,  complaining  of  the  conduct  of  the  clerk  Removal  of 
of  the  court,  (Cornelius  Verhoof,)  and  of  their  having  re-  court  by  jus- 
moved  him.     He  says,  "they  had  done  well  had  they  sent  ticesdisap- 
the  case  to  New  York  before  he  was  suspended,  it  being  a  goyemor.  ^ 
matter  rather  becoming  the  powers  of  some  higher  judicature, 
and  not  so  fitting  for  yourselves,  who  were  the  accusers,  to 
judge  of;  however,  I  am  inclinable  to  believe  you  did  not  do 
it  without  full  examination  into  the  truth,  and  in  hopes  of 
amendment  for  the  future,  am  willing  to  pass  it  by,  to  which 
you  have  made  a  good  step  in  the  choice  of  William  Clark,  a  Appoint- 
person  I  judge  capable  enough,  and  could  well  approve  of  for  cilrkV 
a  continuance,  were  he  not  one  of  your  bench,  which  is  not  proved  of, 

...  />    1  .  1  1  though  one 

practicable  in  any  part  oi  this  government ;  however,  he  may  of  the 
officiate  till  further  order."     He  afterwards  refuses  to  deliver  ^'^'^'^• 
up  the  records  ;  the  magistrates'  court  and  sheriff  are  autho- 
rized to  demand  them ;  if  not  found,  bind  the  clerk  over  to 
the  court  of  assizes.^ 

After  the  charter  had  been  signed  nearly  a  month,  a  public  April  12. 
declaration  of  the  fact  is  made  by  the  king,  addressed  to  the 

I  Upland  Records.  2  Bucks  County  Records,  per  W.  Carr. 

3  Albany  Records,  in  Breviat,  p.  33. 


502 
1681. 


King's  decla- 
ration of 
grant  to 
Penn. 


April  18. 


Letter  of 
Penn  to  the 
inhatitants 
of  Pennsyl- 
yania. 


CHARLES  II.— A.  BROCKHOLLS,  DEPUTY. 

inhabitants  and  planters  of  Pennsylvania,  intended  probably 
to  accompany  Markham.     It  is  as  follows : 

'<  Charles  R. — Whereas  his  majesty,  in  consideration  of 
the  great  merit  and  faithful  services  of  Sir  William  Penn^ 
deceased,  and  for  divers  other  good  causes  him  thereunto 
moving,  hath  been  graciously  pleased,  by  letters-patent  bear- 
ing date  the  4th  day  of  March  last  past,  to  give  and  grant 
unto  William  Penn,  Esq.,  son  and  heir  of  the  said  Sir  William 
Penn,  all  that  tract,  &c.  (as  described  in  the  charter.) 

"  His  majesty  doth,  therefore,  hereby  publish  and  declare 
his  royal  will  and  pleasure,  that  all  persons  settled  or  inhabit- 
ing within  the  limits  of  the  said  province,  do  yield  all  due 
obedience  to  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  as 
absolute  proprietaries  and  governors  thereof,  as  also  to  the 
deputies,  agents,  or  lieutenants,  lawfully  commissioned  by  him 
or  them,  according  to  the  powers  and  authorities  granted  by 
the  said  letters-patent,  wherewith  his  majesty  expects  and 
requires  a  ready  compliance  from  all  persons  whom  it  may 
concern,  as  they  tender  his  majesty's  displeasure. 

"  Given  at  the  court,  &c.,  2d  April,  1681,  thirty-third  year 
of  reign.     By  his  majesty's  command.  Conway."^ 

Penn  prepared,  with  his  own  hand,  a  letter,  to  be  sent  by 
his  deputy  governor,  "  for  the  inhabitants  of  Pennsylvania, 
to  be  read  by  my  deputy."  The  letter  is  sealed  with  three 
seals,  bearing  the  arms  of  the  Penn  family,  impressed  on  red 
wax.  The  original  is,  or  was  in  possession  of  the  Chew 
family. 

"  My  friends — I  wish  you  all  happiness,  here  and  hereafter. 
These  are  to  let  you  know  that  it  hath  pleased  God,  in  his 
providence,  to  cast  you  within  my  lot  and  care.  It  is  a  busi- 
ness that,  though  I  never  undertook  before,  yet  God  has 
given  me  an  understanding  of  my  duty,  and  an  honest  mind 
to  do  it  uprightly.  I  hope  you  will  not  be  troubled  at  your 
change,  and  the  king's  choice,  for  you  are  now  fixed  at  the 
mercy  of  no  governor  that  comes  to  make  his  fortune  great ; 
you  shall  be  governed  by  laws  of  your  own  making,  and  live 
a  free,  and,  if  you  will,  a  sober  and  industrious  people.  I  shall 
not  usurp  the  right  of  any,  or  oppress  his  person.  God  has 
furnished  me  with  a  better  resolution,  and  has  given  me  his 
grace  to  keep  it.  In  short,  whatever  sober  and  free  men  can 
reasonably  desire  for  the  security  and  improvement  of  their 

I  Votes  of  Assembly,  vol.  i.  p.  xxiv.    Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  304. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  503 

own  happiness,  I  shall  heartily  comply  with,  and  in  five  1681. 
months  resolve,  if  it  please  God,  to  see  you.  In  the  mean  "  '  ' 
time,  pray  submit  to  the  commands  of  my  deputy,  so  far  as 
they  are  consistent  with  the  law,  and  pay  him  those  dues, 
(that  formerly  you  paid  to  the  order  of  the  governor  of  New 
York,)  for  my  use  and  benefit,  and  so  I  beseech  God  to  direct 
you  in  the  way  of  righteousness,  and  therein  prosper  you  and 
your  children  after  you.     I  am  your  true  friend, 

"  William  Penn. 

"London,  8th  of  the  month  called  April,  1681."^ 

On  the  same  day,  it  appears  by  Markham's  commission,  instructions 
that  Penn  issued  some  instructions  to  him,  of  the  nature  of 
which,  having  never  seen  them,  we  have  no  knowledge,  but 
from  the  connection  in  which  they  stand  in  the  commission,  it 
is  to  be  inferred  that  they  related  to  the  settlement  of  boun- 
daries with  his  neighbours,  and  the  disposition  of  lands. 

At  New  Castle  court,  Mr.  John  Levin  appears,  and  pro-  Apniis. 
duced  his  commission ;  understanding  it  had  been  publicly  Mr.  Levin 
read  in  court,  "demanded  whether  anybody  questioned  it;"  J^l'^commis- 
none  appearing,  it  was  recorded.^  sion. 

In  a  few  days  after  the  king's  declaration,  William  Penn  Ap-u  20. 
commissioned  his  relative,  William  Markham,  to  be  deputy 
governor,  giving  him  such  instructions  as  the  short  time  since 
his  obtaining  the  charter  would  allow.      They  are  as  follows : 

"  The  commission  given  by  William  Penn,  governor  and  wm.  Penn's 

.,  r».i  •  c    Ti  1'ii'  •         commission 

proprietor  01  the  province  01  Pennsylvania,  to  his  cousin,  towiiiiam 
William  Markham,  to  be  deputy  governor  for  him,  of  the  J'iarkham. 
aforesaid  province.  At  Westminster,  this  10th  of  2d  mo.  1681.  governor. 

"  Whereas  the  king  hath  graciously  pleased,  upon  divers 
good  considerations,  to  settle  upon  me  and  my  heirs  for  ever, 
by  his  letters-patent,  under  the  great  seal  of  England,  dated 
the  4th  of  March  last,  a  tract  of  land  in  America,  by  the 
name  of  Pennsylvania,  lying  and  bounded  as  in  the  said 
letters-patent  is  particularly  expressed,  with  ample  powers 
and  authorities  requisite  for  the  well-governing  of  the  same, 
to  be  exercised  by  me  or  my  deputy.  Out  of  the  special  re- 
gard that  I  have  to  the  care  and  fidelity  of  my  cousin,  Wil- 
liam Markham,  I  do  hereby  appoint  him  my  deputy,  and 
fully  authorize  him  in  my  stead  and  for  my  behoof,  and  for 
the  benefit  of  the  said  province,  to  act  and  perform  what  may 

•  Reg.  Peniis.  vol.  i.  p.  377,  and  Memoirs  Penn.  Hist.  Soc.  vol.  iii.  p.  205. 

*  New  Castle  Rocords. 


504 


CHARLES  II.— A.  BROCKHOLLS,  DEPUTY. 


1G81. '  be  fully  needful  to  the  peace  and  safety  thereof,  till  I  myself 
'    '    '     shall  arrive,  or  he  shall  receive  further  orders ;  that  is  to  say, 
he  has  hereby  power, 

"  1st.  To  call  a  council,  and  that  to  consist  of  nine,  he 
presiding. 

"2d.  That  he  does  there  read  my  letter  to  the  inhabitants, 
and  the  king's  declaration  of  subjection ;  then  (or  there)  take 
the  inhabitants'  acknowledgments  of  my  authority  and  pro- 
priety. 

"  3d.  To  settle  bounds  between  me  and  my  neighbours ;  to 
survey,  set  out,  rent,  or  sell  lands,  according  to  (my)  instruc- 
tions bearing  date  the  8th  of  the  month  called  April,  1681. 

"  4th.  To  erect  courts,  make  sheriffs,  justices  of  the  peace, 
and  other  requisite  inferior  officers,  that  right  may  be  done, 
the  peace  kept,  and  all  vice  punished,  without  partiality, 
according  to  the  good  laws  of  England. 

"  5th.  To  call  to  his  aid,  and  command  the  assistance  of 
any  of  the  inhabitants  of  those  provinces,  for  the  legal  sup- 
pression of  tumults  or  riots,  and  conviction  of  the  offenders, 
according  to  law,  and  to  make  or  ordain  any  ordinances,  and 
to  do  any  thing  or  things  that  to  the  peace  and  safety  of  the 
said  province  he  may  lawfully  do,  by  the  power  granted  to 
me  in  the  letters-patent,  calling  assemblies  to  make  laws  only 
excepted.  Given  under  my  hand  and  seal,  this  10th  of  the 
month  called  April,  1681.  William  Penn.  [Seal.] 

"Witnesses — Henry  West,  John  West." 

It  will  be  observed,  that  on  the  face  of  this  commission 
nothing  appears  in  relation  to  the  Indians.  Whether  the  in- 
structions referred  to  in  it  contained  any  thing  on  the  subject, 
or  whether  it  was  reserved  for  a  future  occasion,  we  have  no 
means  of  knowing ;  but  the  latter  probably  was  the  case,  as 
he  had  so  recently  obtained  his  title,  his  first  object  would  be 
to  receive  possession,  and  the  submission  of  the  inhabitants. 

The  foregoing  document,  so  far  as  the  author  knows,  now 
for  the  first  time  appears  in  print,  and  he  has  met  with  no 
one  here  who  says  he  has  before  seen  it.  We  unexpectedly 
found  it  among  the  records  in  the  secretary  of  state's  office, 
at  Boston,  in  a  volume  marked  "  Colonial,"  vol.  ii.  p.  473. 
How  it  came  there  is  unknown ;  it  presents  an  additional 
reason  why  our  state  should  early  take  some  steps  to  collect 
and  preserve  the  scattered  fragments  of  our  early  history. 
AprU2o.  William  Penn  recommends  Captain  William  Markham,  as 


To  call  a 
council. 


Keai  letter 
to  inhabit- 
■ints,  and 

■ng'a  declar 
i-ation. 

Settle  boun- 
daries with 
neighbours. 

Erect  courts. 

Appoint 

officers. 


Call  on  in- 
habitants to 
suppress  tu- 
mult, and 
generally  to 
do  all  but 
calling  an 
assembly  to 
make  laws. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  505 

his  kinsman  and  deputy,  to  Lord  Baltimore,  to  treat  about     1681. 
the  boundary  line  between  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  with     '    '    ' 
whom  it  appears  he  afterwards  had  an  interview  on  the  sub- 
ject.    A  copy  of  both  exists  in  England.^ 

Markham  was  also  the  bearer  of  a  letter  from  the  king  to  April. 
Lord  Baltimore,  apprising  him  of  the  grant  of  Pennsylvania  Letter  from 
to  Penn,  and  requiring  both  parties  to  adjust  boundaries.  Lwd^Baitt 
Lord  Baltimore  being  in  the  province,  had  an  interview  with  more. 
Markham,  at  Chester,  "  which  resulted  in  discovering,  from 
actual  observation,  that  Upland  itself  was  at  least  twelve  miles 
south  of  40  degrees,  and  that  boundaries  would  extend  to 
Schuylkill.     This  discovery  ended  the  conference,  and  gave 
fresh  incentives  to  Penn  to  obtain  from  the  Duke  of  York  a 
grant  of  the  Delaware  settlements,  as  with  such  grant  he  had 
now  reason  to  fear  the  loss  of  the  whole  peninsula."^ 

Having  secured  the  title  to  the  province,  Penn  very  soon  Penn's  erst 
issued  his  proposals  and  account  of  Pennsylvania,  from  the  adreaturers. 
best  information  he  then  possessed,  "  together  with  the  privi- 
leges and  powers  necessary  to  the  well  governing  thereof, 
made  public  for  the  information  of  such  as  are,  or  may  be 
disposed  to  transport  themselves  or  servants  into  these  parts." 
The  description  of  the  country  occupies  but  a  small  portion 
of  this  document.  It  is  introduced  by  a  preface  of  some 
length,  being  an  argument  in  favour  of  colonies,  showing  their 
origin  and  advantages,  as  follows : 

"  Since  (by  the  good  providence  of  God)  a  country  in  Ame-  Argvunentin 
rica  is  fallen  to  my  lot,  I  thought  it  not  less  my  duty  than  my  1^^^^^  °^'^ 
honest  interest,  to  give  some  public  notice  of  it  to  the  world, 
that  those  of  our  own,  or  other  nations,  that  are  inclined  to 
transport  themselves  or  families  beyond  the  seas,  may  find 
another  country  added  to  their  choice,  that  if  they  shall  hap- 
pen to  like  the  place,  conditions,  and  constitutions,  (so  far  as 
the  present  infancy  of  things  will  allow  us  any  prospect,) 
they  may,  if  they  please,  fix  with  me  in  the  province  hereaf- 
ter described.  But  before  I  come  to  treat  of  my  particular 
concernment,  I  shall  take  leave  to  say  something  of  the  bene- 
fit of  plantations  or  colonies  in  general,  to  obviate  a  common 
objection. 

«  Colonies,  then,  are  the  seeds  of  nations  begun  and  nou- 

•  MS.  Catalogue  of  Documents  in  England,  in  possession  of  John  Cadwala- 
der,  Esq.,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  a  sight  of  it. 
2  Chalmers,  p.  657.     McMahon's  Maryland. 

64  2U  ' 


506  CHARLES  II.— A.  BROCKHOLLS,  DEPUTY. 

1681.    rislied  by  the  care  of  "wise  and  populous  countries,  as  con- 
'"^^'    '     ceiving  them  best  for  the  increase  of  human  stock,  and  bene- 
ficial for  commerce. 

"  Some  of  the  wisest  men  in  history  have  justly  taken  their 

Argumentin  fame  from  this  design  and  service.    We  read  of  the  reputation 

lonfeTMn-""  given  on  this  account  to  Moses,  Joshua,  and  Caleb,  in  Scrip- 

tinued.         turc  rccords ;  and  what  renown  the  Greek  story  yields  to 

Lycurgus,  Theseus,  and  those  Greeks  that  planted  many  parts 

of  Asia ;  nor  is  the  Roman  account  wanting  of  instances  to 

the  credit  of  that  people ;  they  had  a  Romulus,   a   Numa 

Pompilius,  and  not  only  reduced,  but  moralized  the  manners 

of  the  nations  they  subjected,  so  that  they  may  have  been 

rather  said  to  conquer  their  barbarity  than  them. 

"  Nor  did  any  of  these  ever  dream  it  was  the  way  of  de- 
creasing their  people  or  wealth,  for  the  cause  of  the  decay 
■  of  any  of  those  states  or  empires  was  not  their  plantations, 
but  their  luxury  and  corruption  of  manners ;  for  when  they 
grew  to  neglect  their  ancient  discipline,  that  maintained  and 
rewarded  virtue  and  industry,  and  addicted  themselves  to 
pleasure  and  effeminacy,  they  debased  their  spirits  and  de- 
bauched their  morals,  from  whence  ruin  did  never  fail  to 
follow  to  any  people.  "With  justice,  therefore,  I  deny  the 
vulgar  opinion  against  plantations,  that  they  weaken  England ; 
they  have  manifestly  enriched,  and  so  strengthened  her,  which 
I  briefly  evidence  thus : 

"  1st.  Those  that  go  into  a  foreign  plantation,  their  indus- 
try there  is  worth  more  than  if  they  stayed  at  home,  the 
product  of  their  labour  being  in  commodities  of  a  superior 
nature  to  those  of  their  country.  For  instance,  what  is  an 
improved  acre  in  Jamaica  or  Barbadoes  worth  to  an  improved 
acre  in  England  ?  We  know  it  is  three  times  the  value,  and 
the  product  of  it  comes  for  England,  and  is  usually  paid  for 
in  English  growth  and  manufacture.  Nay,  Virginia  shows 
that  an  ordinary  industry  in  one  man  produces  three  thousand 
pounds  weight  of  tobacco,  and  twenty  barrels  of  corn  yearly ; 
he  feeds  himself,  and  brings  as  much  of  commodity  into  Eng- 
land besides,  as  being  returned  in  the  growth  and  workman- 
ship of  this  country,  is  much  more  than  he  could  have  spent 
here.  Let  it  also  be  remembered,  that  the  three  thousand 
weight  of  tobacco  brings  in  three  thousand  twopences,  by 
way  of  custom,  to  the  king,  which  makes  £25,  an  extraordi- 
nary profit. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  507 

«  2d.  More  being  produced  and  imported  tlian  we  can  spend    1681. 
here,  we  export  it  to  other  countries  in  Europe,  which  brings     '    '    ' 
in  money,  or  the  growth  of  those  countries,  which  is  the  same 
thing,  and  this  is  the  advantage  of  the  English  merchants  Argvmentin 

J  favour  of  co 

and  seamen.  ionies,cou- 

"  3d.  Such  as  could  not  only  not  marry  here,  but  hardly  tinued. 
live  and  allow  themselves  clothes,  do  marry  there,  and  bestow 
thrice  more  in  all  necessaries  and  conveniences,  (and  not  a 
little  in  ornamental  things  too,)  for  themselves,  their  wives 
and  children,  both  as  to  apparel  and  household  stuff,  which 
coming  out  of  England,  I  say  it  is  impossible  that  England 
should  not  be  a  considerable  gainer. 

"  4th.  But  let  it  be  considered  that  the  plantations  employ 
many  hundreds  of  shipping,  and  many  thousands  of  seamen, 
which  must  be,  in  divers  respects,  an  advantage  to  England, 
being  an  island,  and  by  nature  fitted  for  navigation  above  any 
country  in  Europe.  This  is  followed  by  other  depending 
trades,  as  shipwrights,  carpenters,  sawyers,  hewers,  trunnel- 
makers,  joiners,  slop  sellers,  drysalters,  iron- workers,  the 
Eastland  merchants,  timber  sellers,  and  victuallers,  -nith  many 
more  trades  which  hang  upon  navigation ;  so  that  we  may 
easily  see  the  objection  (that  colonies  or  plantations  hurt 
England)  is  at  least  of  no  strength,  especially  if  we  consider 
how  many  thousand  blacks  and  Indians  are  also  accommodated 
with  clothes,  and  many  sorts  of  tools  and  utensils,  from  Eng- 
land, and  that  their  labour  is  mostly  brought  hither,  which 
adds  wealth  and  people  to  the  English  dominions.  But  it  is 
further  said,  they  injure  England,  in  that  they  draw  away 
too  many  of  the  people,  for  we  are  not  so  populous  in  the 
countries  as  formerly.    I  say  there  are  other  reasons  for  that, 

<<lst.  Country  people  are  so  extremely  addicted  to  put 
their  children  into  gentlemen's  service,  or  send  them  to  towns 
to  learn  trades,  that  husbandry  is  neglected,  and  after  a  soft 
and  delicate  usage  there,  they  are  for  ever  unfitted  for  the 
labour  of  a  farming  life. 

"  2d.  The  pride  of  the  age,  in  its  attendance  and  retinue, 
is  so  gross  and  universal,  that  where  a  man  of  =£1000  a  year 
formerly  kept  but  four  or  five  servants,  he  now  keeps  more 
than  twice  the  number ;  he  must  have  a  gentleman  to  wait 
upon  him  in  his  chambers,  a  coachman,  a  groom  or  two,  a 
butler,  a  man-cook,  a  gardener,  two  or  three  laqueys,  it  may 
be  an  huntsman,  and  a  falconer;  the  wife  a  gentlewoman. 


508  CHARLES  II.— A.  BROCKHOLLS,  DEPUTY. 

1681.     and  maids  accordingly ;  this  was  not  known  by  our  ancestors 
" — '    '     of  like  quality.    This  hinders  the  plough  and  the  dairy,  from 
whence  they  are  taken,  and  instead  of  keeping  people  to 
Argument  in  manly  labour,  they  are  effeminated  by  a  lazy  and  luxurious 
fevour  of  CO-  living  ;  but  which  is  worse,  these  people  rarely  marry,  though 
tinuea.         many  of  them  do  worse,  but  if  they  do,  it  is  when  they  are 
in  age,  and  the  reason  is  clear,  because  their  usual  keeping 
at  their  masters'  is  too  great  and  costly  for  them,  with  a 
family  at  their  own  charge,  and  they  scarcely  know  how  to 
live  lower,  so  that  too  many  of  them  choose  rather  to  vend 
their  lusts  at  an  evil  ordinary,  than  honestly  marry  and  work, 
the  excess  and  sloth  of  the  age  not  allowing  of  marriage  and 
the  charge  that  follows ;  all  which  hinders  the  increase  of  our 
people.   If  men,  they  often  turn  either  soldiers  or  gamesters, 
or  highwaymen.     If  women,  they  too  frequently  dress  them- 
selves for  a  bad  market,  rather  than  know  the  dairy  again,  or 
honestly  return  to  labour,  whereby  it  happens  that  both  the 
stock  of  the  nation  decays,  and  the  issue  is  corrupted. 

"  3d.  Of  old  time,  the  nobility  and  gentry  spent  their 
estates  in  the  country,  and  that  kept  the  people  in  it,  and 
their  servants  married,  and  sat  at  easy  rents^  under  their 
masters'  favour,  which  peopled  the  place ;  now  the  great  men, 
(too  much  loving  the  town,  and  resorting  to  London,)  draw 
many  people  thither  to  attend  them,  who  either  do  not  marry, 
or  if  they  do,  they  pine  away  their  small  gains  in  some  petty 
shop,  for  there  are  so  many,  they  prey  upon  one  another. 

'<4th.  The  country  being  thus  neglected,  and  no  due  bal- 
ance kept  between  trade  and  husbandry,  city  and  country, 
the  poor  countryman  takes  double  toil,  and  cannot  (for  want 
of  hands)  dress  and  manure  his  land  to  the  advantage  it  for- 
merly yielded  him,  yet  must  he  pay  the  old  rents,  which  oc- 
casions servants,  and  such  children  as  go  not  to  trades,  to 
continue  single,  at  least  all  their  youthful  time,  which  also 
obstructs  the  increase  of  our  people. 
'  "  5th,  The  decay  of  some  country  manufactures  (where  no 

provision  is  made  to  supply  the  people  with  a  new  way  of 
living)  causes  the  more  industrious  to  go  abroad  to  seek  their 
bread  in  other  countries,  and  gives  the  lazy  an  occasion  to 
loiter  and  beg,  or  do  worse,  by  which  means  the  land  swarms 
with  beggars ;  formerly,  it  was  rare  to  find  any  asking  alms 
but  the  maimed  or  blind,  or  very  aged,  now  thousands  of  both 
sexes  run  up  and  down  both  city  and  country,  that  are  sound 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  509 

and  youthful,  and  able  to  work,  with  false  pretences  and  cer-  1681. 
tificates  ;  nor  is  there  any  care  taken  to  employ  or  deter  such  '  •  ' 
vagrants,   which   weakens    the    country,    as    to  people   and 

labour.  Argument  in 

"  To  which  let  me  add,  that  the  great  debauchery  in  this  f  ^°"  "^  "^ 
'  o  •/  lonies,  con- 

kingdom  has  not  only  rendered  many  unfruitful  when  married,  tinuea. 

but  they  live  not  out  half  their  time,  through  excess,  which 
might  be  prevented,  by  a  vigorous  execution  of  our  good 
laws  against  corruption  of  manners.  These  and  the  like 
evils  are  the  true  grounds  of  the  decay  of  our  people  in  the 
country,  to  say  nothing  of  plague  and  wars ;  towns  and  cities 
cannot  complain  of  the  decay  of  people,  being  more  replen- 
ished than  ever,  especially  London,  which,  with  reason,  helps 
the  countyman  to  this  objection.  And  though  some  do  go  to 
the  plantations,  yet,  numbering  the  parishes  in  England,  and 
computing  how  many  live  more  than  die,  and  are  born  than 
buried,  there  goes  not  over  to  all  the  plantations  a  fourth 
part  of  the  yearly  increase  of  the  people,  and  when  they  are 
there,  they  are  not  (as  I  said  before)  lost  to  England,  since 
they  furnish  them  with  much  clothes,  household  stuff,  tools, 
and  the  like  necessaries,  and  that  in  greater  quantities  than 
here  their  condition  could  have  needed,  or  they  could  have 
bought,  being  there  well  to  pass,  that  were  but  low  here,  if  not 
poor ;  and  now  masters  of  families  too,  when  here  they  had  none, 
and  could  hardly  keep  themselves;  and  very  often  it  happens 
that  some  of  them,  after  their  industry  and  success  there 
have  made  them  wealthy,  they  return  and  empty  their  riches 
into  England,  one  in  this  capacity  being  able  to  buy  out 
twenty  of  what  he  was  when  he  went  over. 

"  Thus  much  to  justify  the  credit  and  benefit  of  planta- 
tions, wherein  I  have  not  sought  to  speak  my  interest,  but  my 
judgment,  and  I  dare  venture  the  success  of  it  with  all  sober 
and  considering  men." 

He  then  proceeds  to  a  very  short  notice  of  the  country.  Does  not 
observing,  <'I  shall  say  little  in  its  praise,  to  excite  desires  Ju^^n"\*o 
in  any  whatever.     I  could  truly  write  as  to  the  soil,  air,  and  gobyws 
water ;  this  shall  satisfy  me,  that  by  the  blessing  of  God,  and  Yo^^l" 
the  honesty  and  industry  of  man,  it   may  be   a  good  and 
fruitful  land. 

"  For  navigation,  it  is  said  to  have  two  conveniences  ;  the  Fine  naviga- 
one  by  lying  ninescore  miles  upon  Delaware  River,  i.  e.  about  ^^^^^^^ 
threescore  and  ten  miles  before  we  come  to  the  falls,  where  a 


510  CHARLES  II.— A.  BROCKHOLLS,  DEPUTY. 

1681.     vessel  of  200  tons  may  sail,  (and  some  creeks  and  small  har- 

"    '    '     Lours  in  that  distance,  where  ships  may  come  nearer  than  the 

river  into  the  country,)  and  above  the  falls,  for  sloops  and 

boats,  as  I  am  informed,  to  the  extent  of  the  patent.      The 

other  convenience  is  through  Chesapeake  Bay." 

He  then  notices  briefly,  the  variety  of  the  timber,  and  the 
Products  of    abundance  of  the  fowl,  fish,  and  wild  deer.     "Our  English 
prLentand'  P^'ovision  is  likewisc  to  be  had  there  at  reasonable  rates." 
future.         The  commodities  that  the  country  is  thought  capable  of  pro- 
ducing,  viz.   "silk,  flax,  hemp,  wine,  cider,  woad,  madder, 
liquorice,  tobacco,  potashes,  and  iron."    He  then  enumerates 
what  "it  does  actually  produce,  hides,  tallow,  staves,  beef, 
pork,  sheep,  wheat,  barley,  and  furs  of  difi'erent  kinds,  to  be 
found  among  the  Indians."     He  then  notices  "  the  way  of 
trading"  with  other  countries,  &c. 

"  The  constitutions"  next  claim  his  attention.  According 
Constitution  to  the  patent,  the  people  and  governor  have  a  legislative 
power,  so  that  no  law  can  be  made,  nor  money  raised,  without 
the  people's  consent.  The  rights  and  freedoms  of  England 
to  be  in  force  there.  "  May  enact  what  laws  we  please,  ex- 
cept against  allegiance,"  which  would  be  void.  "  So  soon  as 
any  are  engaged  with  me,  we  shall  begin  a  scheme  or  draft 
together,  such  as  shall  give  ample  testimony  of  my  sincere 
inclinations  to  encourage  planters,  and  settle  a  free,  just,  and 
industrious  colony  there." 

The  conditions  come  next  in  order,  and  relate,   "  1st,  To 
Conditions     thoso  that  will  buy.     2d.  Those  that  take  up  land  upon  rent, 
of  tharir"''  3d.  Servants.    As  to  the  first,  the  shares  to  be  certain  as  to  the 
and  land.      numbcr  of  acrcs ;  each  to  contain  5000  acres,  free  from  any 
quit-r^nts.     Indian  incumbrance,  price  £100,  and  Is.  English  quit-rent 
for  100  acres ;  quit-rent  not  to  begin  till  after  1684.     Se- 
cond, renters  to  pay  Id.  per  acre,  not  to  exceed  200  acres. 
Third,  servants,  those  that  are  carried ;  the  master  shall  be 
allowed  50  acres  per  head,  and  50  acres  to  every  servant 
when  his  time  is  expired.     And  as  some  engage  with  me  that 
may  not  be  disposed  to  go,"  he  advises  an  overseer  to  be  sent 
for  every  three  adventurers,  with  their  servants ;  and  he  then 
speaks  of  the  dividend.     "  If  the  persons  concerned  please, 
a  tract  shall  be  surveyed,  of  50,000   acres,  to   100  adven- 
Townsand    turcrs,  of  whicli  some  of  the  best  shall  be  set  out  for  towns 
"ties.  ^j.  gjj-jgg^  jj^j^j  there  shall  be  so  much  ground  allowed  to  each 

in  those  towns,  as  may  maintain  some  cattle,  and  produce 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  511 

some  corn  ;"  the  remainder  of  the  50,000  to  be  shared  among  1681. 
the  adventurers,  (casting  up  the  barren  for  commons,)  and  "^  ' 
allowing  for  the  same,  ■vrherebj  every  adventurer  will  have  a 
considerable  quantity  together ;  likewise  every  one  a  propor- 
tion by  a  navigable  river,  and  then  backward  into  the  coun- 
try. The  manner  of  the  dividend  I  shall  not  be  strict  in  ; 
we  can  but  speak  roughly  of  the  matter  here,  but  let  men 
skilful  in  plantations  be  consulted,  and  I  shall  leave  it  to  the 
majority  of  votes  among  the  adventurers,  when  it  shall  please 
God  we  come  there,  how  to  fix  it  to  their  own  content." 

He  then  speaks  "  of  the  persons  that  providence  seems  to  Persons 
have  most  fitted  for  plantations:  1st.  Industrious  husband-  ^g\V"o*'^ 
men  and  day-labourers,  that  are  hardly  able  (with  extreme 
labour)  to  maintain  their  families  and  portion  their  children. 

"  2d.  Laborious  handicrafts,  especially  carpenters,  masons, 
smiths,  weavers,  tailors,  tanners,  shoemakers,  shipwrights,  &c., 
where  they  can  be  spared,  or  are  low  in  the  world ;  labour  will 
be  worth  more  there,  and  provisions  be  cheaper. 

"  3d.  A  plantation  seems  a  fit  place  for  those  ingenious 
spirits  that,  being  low  in  the  world,  are  much  clogged  and 
oppressed  about  a  livelihood,  for  the  means  of  subsisting 
being  easy  there,  they  may  have  time  and  opportunity  to 
gratify  their  inclinations,  and  thereby  improve  science,  and 
help  nurseries  of  people. 

"4th.  A  fourth  sort  of  men  to  whom  a  plantation  would 
be  proper,  takes  in  those  that  are  younger  brothers  of  small 
inheritances,  yet  because  they  would  live  in  sight  of  their 
kindred,  in  some  proportion  to  their  quality,  and  cannot  do  it 
without  a  labour  that  looks  like  farming,  their  condition  is  too 
strait  for  them,  and  if  married,  their  children  are  often  too 
numerous  for  the  estate,  and  are  frequently  bred  up  to  no 
trades,  but  are  a  kind  of  hangers  on  or  retainers  to  the  elder 
brother's  table  and  charity,  which  is  a  mischief  as  in  itself  to 
be  lamented,  so  here  to  be  remedied,  for  land  they  have  for 
next  to  nothing,  which  with  moderate  labour  produces  plenty 
of  all  things  necessary  for  life,  and  such  an  increase  as  by 
traffic  may  supply  them  with  all  conveniences. 

«  Lastly,  there  are  another  sort  of  persons,  not  only  fit  for, 
but  necessary  in  plantations,  and  that  is,  men  of  universal 
spirits,  that  have  an  eye  to  the  good  of  posterity,  and  that 
both  understand  and  delight  to  promote  good  discipline  and 
just  government  among  a  plain  and  well-intending  people. 


512  CHARLES  II.— A.  EROCKIIOLLS,  DEPUTY. 

1681.  Such  persons  may  find  room  in  colonies  for  their  good  counsel 
"  '  '  and  contrivance,  who  are  shut  out  from  being  of  much  use  or 
service  to  great  nations  under  settled  customs;  these  men  de- 
serve much  esteem,  and  would  be  hearkened  to.  Doubtless 
it  was  this  (as  I  observed  before)  that  put  some  of  the  famous 
Greeks  and  Romans  upon  transplanting  and  regulating  colo- 
nies of  people  in  divers  parts  of  the  world,  whose  names,  for 
giving  so  great  proof  of  their  wisdom,  virtue,  labour,  and 
constancy,  are  with  justice  honourably  delivered  down  by 
story  to  the  praise  of  our  own  times,  though  the  world,  after 
all  its  higher  pretences  of  religion,  barbarously  errs  from 
their  excellent  example." 

Then,  of  the  journey,  and  what  may  be  reasonably  ex- 
pected when  they  arrive  there  : 

"Next,  let  us  see  what  is  fit  for  the  journey  and  place, 
Of  the  jour-  whcn  there,  and  also  what  may  be  the  charge  of  the  voyage, 
wifat^is'^tobe  ^^^  what  is  to  be  expected  and  done  there  at  first,  that  such 
done  there,  as  iuclinc  to  go  may  not  be  to  seek  here,  or  brought  under 
any  disappointments  there.  The  goods  fit  to  take  with  them 
for  use,  or  sell  for  profit,  are  all  sorts  of  apparel  and  utensils 
for  husbandry,  and  building  and  household  stuiF.  And  be- 
cause I  know  how  much  people  are  apt  to  fancy  things  beyond 
what  they  are,  and  that  imaginations  are  great  flatterers  of 
the  minds  of  men,  to  the  end  that  none  may  delude  them- 
selves with  an  expectation  of  an  immediate  amendment  of 
their  conditions,  so  soon  as  it  shall  please  God  they  arrive 
there ;  I  would  have  them  understand  that  they  must  look  for 
a  winter  before  a  summer  comes,  and  they  must  be  willing  to 
be  two  or  three  years  without  some  of  the  conveniences  they 
enjoy  at  home  ;  and  yet  I  must  needs  say  that  America  is 
another  thing  than  it  was  at  the  first  plantation  of  Virginia 
and  New  England,  for  there  is  better  accommodation,  and 
English  provisions  are  to  be  had  at  easier  rates ;  however,  I 
am  inclined  to  set  down  particulars,  as  near  a8  those  inform 
me  that  know  the  place,  and  have  been  planters  both  in  that 
and  in  the  neighbouring  colonies. 

"  1st.  The  passage  will  come,  for  masters  and  mistresses, 
at  most  to  £6  a  head ;  for  servants,  £5  a  head,  and  for  child- 
ren under  seven  years  of  age,  50s.,  except  they  suck,  then 
nothing. 

"  Next  being,  by  the  mercy  of  God,  safely  arrived,  in  Sep- 
tember or  October,  two  men  may  clear  as  much  ground  by 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  513 

spring,  (when  they  set  the  corn  of  that  country,)  as  will  bring  1681. 
in  that  time  twelvemonth,  forty  barrels,  which  amounts  to  two  '  '  ' 
hundred  bushels,  which  rnakes  twenty-five  quarters  of  corn ; 
so  that  the  first  year  they  must  buy  corn,  which  is  usually 
very  plentiful.  They  may,  so  soon  as  they  come,  buy  cows, 
more  or  less,  as  they  want,  or  are  able,  which  are  to  be  had 
at  easy  rates.  For  swine,  they  are  plentiful  and  cheap  ;  these 
will  quickly  increase  to  a  stock ;  so  that  after  the  first  year, 
what  with  the  poorer  sort  sometimes  labouring  to  others,  and 
the  more  able  fishing,  fowling,  and  sometimes  buying,  they 
may  do  very  well,  till  their  own  stocks  are  sufficient  to  supply 
them  and  their  families,  which  will  quickly  be,  and  to  spare, 
if  they  follow  the  English  husbandry,  as  they  do  in  New 
England  and  New  York,  and  get  winter  fodder  for  their 
stock." 

After  which  an  abstract  of  the  patent  is  inserted.  He  then 
concludes  by  advising  to  due  consideration  of  all  the  circum- 
stances and  probabilities,  and  to  make  no  rash  or  hasty  de- 
cisions. 

"  To  conclude,  I  desire  all  my  dear  country  folks,  who  may  considera- 
be  inclined  to  go  into  those  parts,  to  consider  seriously  the  ^ended!™^" 
premises,  as  well  the  present  inconveniences,  as  future  ease 
and  plenty,  that  so  none  may  move  rashly,  or  from  a  fickle, 
but  solid  mind,  having,  above  all  things  an  eye  to  the  provi- 
dence of  God,  in  the  disposal  of  themselves.  And  I  would 
further  advise  all  such  at  least  to  have  the  permission,  if  not 
the  good  liking  of  their  near  relations,  for  that  is  both  natu- 
ral, and  a  duty  incumbent  upon  all,  and  by  this  means  will 
natural  aff"ection  be  preserved,  and  a  friendly  and  profitable 
correspondence  be  maintained  between  them.  In  all  which  I 
beseech  Almighty  God  to  direct  us,  that  his  blessing  may  at- 
tend our  honest  endeavour,  and  then  the  consequence  of  all 
our  undertaking  will  turn  to  the  glory  of  his  great  name,  and 
the  true  happiness  of  us  and  oui'  posterity.     Amen. 

"William  Penn."'- 

Adventurers  are  referred  to  Philip  Ford,  Thomas  Rudyard, 
and  Benjamin  Clark,  for  information,  &c. 

We  have,  in  this  document,  the  origin  of  the  quit-rents, 
which  afterwards  gave  considerable  uneasiness  in  the  province. 

Justice  Otto  Ernest  informs  the  court  of  CJpland  that  he  Junes, 
has  bought  and  paid  for,  of  the  Indian  proprietors,  a  certain 

>  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  308. 
65 


514  CHARLES  II.— A.  BROCKHOLLS,  DEPUTY. 

1681.     swampy  or  marshy  island,  called  by  the   Indians   "  Quist- 
'    ^^^     conck,"  lying  at  the  upper  end  of  Tinnackonk  Island,  in  the 
river,  opposite  Andrews  Boone's  Creek. 

Upon  petition  of  Jacobus  Fabricius,  "  ordered,  that  the 
J.  Fabricius  churchwardcns  of  the  petitioner's  church  take  care  that  every 
and  his         ^^^  ^^  thosc  who  havc  siffucd  and  promised  towards  his  main- 

salary.  °  ^   _ 

tenance,  do  pay  him  the  sums  promised,  upon  pain  of  execu- 
tion against  the  defective." 
Ear-marks.        Ear-marks  for  cattle  are  now  recorded. 
Man  fined         John  Champion  is  fined,  on  complaint  of  overseers  of  roads, 
wor^ngon    ^^  guilders,   for  not  working  upon  the  highways,  on  due 
roads.  Warning. 

William  Warner^  and  William  Oram  requesting,  the  court 
Lands  ordered,  that  the  several  people  that  hold  lands  of  that  which 

schuyikm,  *^6  petitioners  bought  of  the  Indians,  lying  on  Schuylkill, 
and  now  evcry  ouo  to  repay  him  proportionably  to  the  quantity  of  land 
riousper-^  they  hold  there,  the  whole  purchase  which  the  petitioners 
sons,  to  pay    pg^^d  beiuff  335  guilders.     The  following  persons  hold  lands 

their  proper-   ^.  ,  .  ,°       ,.     ?  ,       ,  -,      i  onn         a       t  tt 

tion.  withm  that  limit :    Andrew  Juchoun,   200 ;   Andrew   Hom- 

man,  200 ;  Pelle  Laerson,  alias  Peter  Pelle,  100 ;  Peter 
Erickson,  200 ;  William  Warner,  100 ;  William  Oram,  100 ; 
John  Booles  and  John  Schooten,  400 ;  Swen  Lorn,  300 ;  each 
to  pay  their  proportions. 

William  Boyles  appointed  surveyor  and  overseer  of  high- 

junei4.       'ways,  from  the  falls  to  Poetquessing  Creek,  and  to  see  roads 

Surveyor  of   and  bridges  in  good  order,  by  next  coui't,  and  to  require  the 

roads.  inhabitants  to  help. 

Gilbert  Wheeler  is  fined  .£4  for  selling  strong  drink  to  the 
Indians.^ 

On  the  records  in  the  surveyor-general's  office,  is  the  fol- 
lowing certificate  of  sui'vey  for  land  to  the  Swensons,  and  is 
perhaps  a  part  of  what  was  in  dispute  in  1679.  (See  pp.  447 
and  463.)  The  creek  named  is  probably  the  Cohocksink,  as 
Rambo's  petition  embraced  '<  the  land  between  the  land  of 
Wiccacoa  and  the  land  of  Juriaen  Hartsfelder." 

"  By  virtue  of  a  warrant  from  the  court  of  Upland. — Laid 

June  12.       out  for  Swan  Swanson,  Ole  Swanson,  Andrew  Swanson,  in- 
habitants of  Wicakoe,  a  tract  of  land,  being  an  addition  to 

•  We  have  noticed,  on  page  455,  a  report  of  the  early  settlement  of  Warner ; 
the  date  of  the  above  purchase  is  not  given ;  it  may  have  been  made  several 
years  previously. 

2  All  from  Upland  Records. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPEIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR.  515 

their  other  land,  called  Wicakoe,  situated  and  being  on  the  1681. 
west  side  of  Delaware  River ;  beginning  at  a  corner-marked  '  '  ' 
Spanish  oak,  standing  by  the  river  side,  at  the  mouth  of  a 

small  run  called  Cooconocon ;  from  thence  up  by  the survey  of 

north-west  40  perches,  to  a  corner-marked  white  oak :  from  ^r'!.°'  !''f 

*■      ,  'of  Philadel- 

thence  west  by  a  line  of  marked  trees,  2-47  perches,  to  a  cor-  pwa,  for 
ner-marked  red  oak ;  and  from  thence  south  by  a  line  of  ^^'^^"^^ 
marked  trees,  170  perches,  to  a  corner-marked  black  oak, 
standing  near  the  old  line  of  another  tract,  called  Wicakoe; 
from  thence  south  by  east  by  a  line  of  marked  trees,  290  perches, 
to  a  corner-marked  white  oak,  standing  by  the  side  of  Dela- 
ware ;  from  thence  up  by  said  river,  north  by  east,  and 
north-north-east,  210  perches,  to  the  first-mentioned  Spanish 
oak,  containing  345  acres  of  fast  land.  Surveyed  the  21st  of 
June,  1681,  per  Richard  Noble,  surveyor  of  Upland  county. 

"  This  was  surveyed  in  1681,  but  when  ordered  by  the 
court  is  uncertain,  and  last  year  we  found  it  waste,  when  we 
began  to  build  a  house.  S.  H." 

At  what  time  Markham  left  England  is  not  very  certain,  juiy  i. 
but,  as  appears  from  the  following  letter  or  order,  he  was  in  Arrival  of 
New  York  on  the  21st  of  June ;  he  must  have  departed  in  ^I'",'!'" 

»  Markham,  as 

April,  or  perhaps  early  in  May.  Clarkson,  and  most  of  our  deputy  go- 
historians  say,  he  accompanied  other  commissioners  and  some  ''^'^^°^- 
emigrants,  later  in  the  year,  but  this  is  disproved  by  their 
very  instructions,  and  completely  settled  by  the  order  below. 
It  has  been  intimated,  too,  that  he  arrived  first  in  the  Dela- 
ware, but  the  probability  is  that  he  landed  first  at  Boston  or 
New  York,  from  the  circumstance  of  his  commission  being 
on  record  at  the  former,  and  that  he  obtained  the  order  from 
the  governor  at  the  latter  place,  on  his  way  to  his  govern- 
ment. It  is  addressed  by  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York 
"  to  the  justices  of  the  peace,  magistrates,  and  other  officers 
within  the  bounds  and  limits  mentioned,  now  called  Penn- 
sylvania. 

"  Whereas  his  majesty  hath  been  graciously  pleased,  by  his  order  of 
letters-patent  bearing  date  4th  March  last,  to  give  and  grant  Nc^Jyork L 
to  William  Penn,  esquire,  all  the  tract  of  land  in  America  inhabitants 
now  called  by  the  name  of  Pennsylvania,  formerly  under  the  ^Jia""^'' 
protection  and  government  of  his  royal  highness,  as  the  same  submit  to 
is  bounded,  (as  described  in  the  charter,)  with  all  powers,  ^l^^^l  ^°" 
pre-eminences,  and  jurisdictions  necessary  for  the  government 
of  a  province,  as  by  letters-patent  doth  at  large  appear,  Avhich, 


516 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1681.  with  his  majesty's  gracious  letter,  directed  to  the  inhabitants 
'  '■^  and  planters  within  the  said  limits,  and  a  commission  from 
the  said  "William  Penn  to  the  bearer  hereof,  William  Mark- 
ham,  esquire,  to  be  his  deputy  governor  of  the  said  province, 
have  been  produced  and  shown  to  us,  and  are  entered  upon 
record  in  the  office  of  records  for  this  province,  and  by  us 
highly  approved  of,  as  his  majesty's  royal  will  and  pleasure, 
therefore  thought  fit  to  intimate  the  same  to  you,  to  prevent 
any  doubt  or  trouble  that  might  arise,  and  to  give  you  our 
thanks  for  your  good  service  done  in  your  several  offices  and 
stations,  during  the  time  you  remained  under  his  royal  high- 
ness's  government,  expecting  no  further  account  than  that 
you  readily  submit  and  yield  all  due  obedience  to  the  said 
letters-patent,  according  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning 
thereof,  in  the  performance  and  enjoyments  of  which  we  wish 
you  all  happiness.     New  York,  June  21,  1681. 

"  Anthony  Brockiiolls. 

"By  order  in  council,  &c. — John  West,  clerk  of  council." 

It  does  not  appear,  from  this,  that  any  emigrants  accom- 
panied Markham,  as  some  historians  assert ;  it  is  more  probable 
that  none  came  with  him,  as  there  had  scarcely  been  time, 
since  the  date  of  the  charter,  for  the  preparation  we  should 
suppose  necessary  previous  to  the  removal  for  a  settlement  in 
a  new  country.  But  little  is  known  of  his  acts ;  such  facts 
as  we  have  met  with  will  appear  under  their  proper  dates. 

Penn  published  "  certain  conditions  or  concessions  agreed 
July  21.  upon  between  him  and  the  adventurers  and  purchasers,"  in 
which  certain  rules  of  settlement  are  laid  down,  and  direc- 
tions for  the  treatment  of  the  Indians,  so  as  to  establish  and 
preserve  a  firm  and  lasting  friendship  with  them.  These  were 
probably  preliminary  to  the  frame  of  government  afterwards 
adopted. 

"  Certain  conditions  and  concessions  agreed  upon  by  Wil- 
Conditions     liam  Pcnu,  proprietary  and  governor  of  the  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  those  who  are  the  adventurers  and  purchasers 
in  the  said  province,  the  11th  of  July,  1681. 

"  I.  That  so  soon  as  it  pleaseth  God  that  the  above  persons 
arrive  there,  a  certain  quantity  of  land  or  ground  plat  shall 
be  laid  out  for  a  large  town  or  city,  in  the  most  convenient 
place  upon  the  river  for  health  and  navigation ;  and  every 
purchaser  and  adventurer  shall,  by  lot,  have  so  much  land 
therein  as  will  answer  to  the  proportion  which  he  hath  bought 


and  conces- 
sions. 


City  to  ba 
laid  out,  and 
roads. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  517 

or  taken  up  upon  rent.     But  it  is  to  be  noted,  that  the  sur-     1681.  , 
veyors  shall  consider  what  roads  or  highways  will  be  neces-     '    '~~' 
sary  to  the  cities,  towns,  or  through  the  lands.     Great  roads 
from  city  to  city  not  to  contain  less  than  forty  feet  in  breadth, 
shall  be  first  laid  out  and  declared  to  be  for  highways,  before 
the  dividend  of  acres  be  laid  out  for  the  purchaser,  and  the    . 
like  observation  to  be  had  for  the  streets  in  the  towns  and 
cities,  that  there  may  be  convenient  roads  and  streets  pre- 
served, not  to  be  encroached  upon  by  any  planter  or  builder, 
that  none  may  build  irregularly,  to  the  damage  of  another. 
In  this  custom  governs. 

"  II.  That  the  land  in  the  town  be  laid  out  together,  after  Proportions 
the  proportion  of  ten  thousand  acres  of  the  whole  country ;  °^  ^^^^' 
that  is,  two  hundred  acres,  if  the  place  will  bear  it ;  however, 
that  the  proportion  be  by  lot,  and  entire,  so  as  those  that  de- 
sire to  be  together,  especially  those  that  are  by  the  catalogue 
laid  together,  may  be  so  laid  together  both  in  the  town  and 
country. 

"  III.  That  when  the  country  lots  are  laid  out,  every  pur-  Quantity  to 
chaser,  from  one  thousand  to  ten  thousand  acres,  or  more,  not  ^^^J^  *°" 

'  '  ,  gether. 

to  have  above  one  thousand  acres  together,  unless  in  three 
years  they  plant  a  family  upon  every  thousand  acres,  but  that 
all  such  as  purchase  together,  lie  together,  and  if  as  many  as 
comply  with  this  condition,  that  the  whole  be  laid  out  together. 

"  IV.  That  where  any  number  of  purchasers,  more  or  less.  May  settle 
whose  number  of  acres  amounts  to  five  or  ten  thousand  acres,  *°°^*^^'"  ''^ 

'   townslups. 

desire  to  sit  together  in  a  lot  or  township,  they  shall  have 
their  lot  or  township  cast  together,  in  such  places  as  have 
convenient  harbours,  or  navigable  rivers  attending  it,  if  such 
can  be  found ;  and  in  case  any  one  or  more  purchasers  plant 
not  according  to  agreement  in  this  concession,  to  the  preju- 
dice of  others  of  the  same  township,  upon  complaint  thereof 
made  to  the  governor  or  his  deputy,  with  assistance,  they  may 
award  (if  they  see  cause)  that  the  complaining  purchaser  may, 
paying  the  survey-money,  and  purchase-money,  and  interest 
thereof,  be  entitled,  enrolled,  and  lawfully  invested  in  the 
lands  so  not  seated. 

"  V.  That  the  proportion  of  lands  that  shall  be  laid  out  in  Each  to  hare 
the  first  great  town  or  city,  for  every  purchaser,  shall  be  after  ™g"  ^500  ^^ 
the  proportion  of  ten  acres  for  every  five  hundred  acres  pur-  acres.     . 
chased,  if  the  place  will  allow  it. 

<'  VI.  That  notwithstanding  there  be  no  mention  made  in 

2X 


518 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PEOPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


specting  ri- 
Ters,  mines, 
&c. 

Land  for 
serrants. 


Encourage- 
ment to 
search  for 
mines. 


1681.     the  several  deeds  made  to  the  purchaser,  yet  the  said  William 
*" — '    '     Penn  does  accord  and  declare,  that  all  rivers,  rivulets,  woods 
and  underwoods,  waters,  water-courses,  quarries,  mines  and 
Provision  re-  minerals,  (except  mines-royal,)  shall  be  freely  and  fully  en- 
joyed, and  wholly,  by  the  purchasers  into  whose  lot  they  fall. 
"  VII.  That  for  every  fifty  acres  that  shall  be  allotted  to  a 
servant  at  the  end  of  his  service,  his  quit-rent  shall  be  two 
shillings  per  annum,  and  the  master  or  owner  of  the  servant, 
when  he  shall  take  up  the  other  fifty  acres,  his  quit-rent  shall 
be  four  shillings  by  the  year,  or  if  the  master  of  the  servant 
(by  reason  in  the  indentures  he  is  so  obliged  to  do,)  allot  out 
to  the  servant  fifty  acres  in  his  own  division,  the  said  master 
shall  have,  on  demand,  allotted  him  from  the  governor,  the 
one  hundred  acres  at  the  chief  rent  of  six  shillings  per 
annum. 

"  VIII.  And  for  the  encouragement  of  such  as  are  ingen- 
ious and  willing  to  search  out  gold  and  silver  mines  in  this 
province,  it  is  hereby  agreed  that  they  shall  have  liberty  to 
bore  and  dig  in  any  man's  property,  fully  paying  the  damage 
done  y  and  in  case  a  discovery  should  be  made,  that  the  dis- 
coverer have  one-fifth,  the  owner  of  the  soil,  (if  not  the  dis- 
coverer,) a  tenth  part,  the  governor  two-fifths,  and  the  rest 
to  the  public  treasury,  saving  to  the  king  the  share  reserved 
by  patent. 

"  IX.  In  every  hundred  thousand  acres,  the  governor  and 
proprietary,  by  lot,  reserveth  ten  to  himself,  which  shall  lie 
but  in  one  place. 

"  X.  That  every  man  shall  be  bound  to  plant  or  man  so 
much  of  his  share  of  land  as  shall  be  set  out  and  surveyed, 
within  three  years  after  it  is  so  set  out  and  surveyed,  or  else 
it  shall  be  lawful  for  new  comers  to  be  settled  thereupon, 
paying  to  them  their  survey-money,  and  they  go  up  higher 
for  their  shares. 

"  XI.  There  shall  be  no  buying  and  selling,  be  it  with  an 
Indian  or  among  one  another,  of  any  goods  to  be  exported, 
but  what  shall  be  performed  in  public  market,  when  such 
places  shall  be  set  apart  or  erected,  where  they  shall  pass  the 
public  stamp  or  mark.  If  bad  ware,  and  prized  as  good,  or 
deceitful  in  proportion  or  weight,  to  forfeit  the  value  as  if 
good,  and  full  weight  and  proportion,  to  the  public  treasury 
of  the  province,  whether  it  be  the  merchandise  of  the  Indian, 
or  that  of  the  planters. 


Proprie- 
tary's por- 
tion. 


Must  plant 
in  three 
years. 


No  trading 
with  In- 
dians except 
in  market. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  519 

«  XII.  And  forasmuch  as  it  is  not  unusual  with  the  planters    1681. 
to  overreach  the  poor  natives  of  the  country  in  trade,  by     '     '    ' 
goods  not  being  good  of  the  kind,  or  debased  with  mixtures, 
with  which  they  are  sensibly  aggrieved,  it  is  agreed,  whatever  Goods  sow 
is  sold  to  the  Indians  in  consideration  of  their  furs,  shall  be  tobet^w. 
sold  in  the  market-place,  and  there  suffer  the  test,  whether 
good  or  bad ;  if  good,  to  pass,  if  not  good,  not  to  be  sold  for 
good,  that  the  natives  may  not  be  abused  nor  provoked. 

"  XIII.  That  no  man  shall,  by  any  ways  or  means,  in  word  offences 
or  deed,  affront  or  wrong  any  Indian,  but  he  shall  incur  the  ^f^™ ^  bJ 
same  penalty  of  the  law  as  if  he  had  committed  it  against  punished  as 
his  fellow-planter ;  and  if  any  Indian  shall  abuse,  in  word  or  ^"j^tes. 
deed,  any  planter  of  this  province,  that  he  shall  not  be  his 
own  judge  upon  the  Indian,  but  he  shall  make  his  complaint 
to  the  governor  of  the  province,  or  his  lieutenant  or  deputy, 
or  some  inferior  magistrate  near  him,  who  shall,  to  the  utmost 
of  his  power,  take  care,  with  the  king  of  the  said  Indian,  that 
all  reasonable  satisfaction  be  made  to  the  said  injured  planter. 

"  XIV.  That  all  differences  between  the  planters  and  the  Differences 
natives,  shall  also  be  ended  by  twelve  men,  that  is,  by  six  ^etweenin- 

'  _  _  *'  .  dians  ana 

planters  and  six  natives,  that  so  we  may  live  friendly  together  whites  to  be 
as  much  as  in  us  lieth,  preventing  all  occasions  of  heart-  J°*y'^'^*'^* 
burnings  and  mischief. 

"XV.  That  the  Indians  shall  have  liberty  to  do  all  things  PrivUegesof 
relating  to  improvement  of  their  ground,  and  providing  suste-  ^"^'^"^s- 
nance  for  their  families,  that  any  of  the  planters  shall  enjoy. 

'<  XVI.  That  the  laws  as  to  slanders,  drunkenness,  swear-  crimes  to  be 
ing,  cursing,  pride  in  apparel,  trespasses,  distresses,  replevins,  f^  E^^f^^ 
weights  and  measures,  shall  be  the  same  as  in  England,  till 
altered  by  law  in  this  province. 

"XVII.  That  all  shall  mark  their  hogs,  sheep,  and  other  Marisson 
cattle,  and  what  are  not  marked  within  three  months  after  *'^"^''" 
it  is  in  their  possession,  be  it  young  or  old,  it  shall  be  for- 
feited to  the  governor,  that  so  people  may  be  compelled  to 
avoid  the  occasion  of  much  strife  between  planters. 

"  XVIII.  That  in  clearing  the  ground,  care  be  taken  to  Preservation 
leave  one  acre  of  trees  for  every  five  acres  cleared,  especially  °^  ^°°*^" 
to  preserve  oak  and  mulberries,  for  silk  and  shipping. 

"  XIX.  That  all  shipmasters  shall  give  an  account  of  their  Masters  of 
countries,  names,  ships,  owners,  freights,  and  passengers,  to  gi'yTaL)unti 
an  officer  to  be  appointed  for  that  purpose,  which  shall  be  &c. 
registered  within  two  days  after  their  arrival ;  and  if  they 


520 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETART  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1681. 


Persons 
leaving  to 
make  publi- 
cation. 


July  22. 

Opinion  of 
Penn  as  a 
suitable  per- 
son for  the 
enterprise. 


shall  refuse  so  to  do,  that  then  none  presume  to  trade  with 
them,  upon  forfeiture  thereof,  and  that  such  masters  be  looked 
upon  as  having  an  evil  intention  to  the  province. 

"XX.  That  no  person  leave  the  province  "without  publica- 
tion being  made  thereof,  in  the  market-place,  three  weeks 
before,  and  a  certificate  from  some  justice  of  the  peace,  of 
his  clearness  with  his  neighbours,  and  those  he  has  dealt 
withal,  so  far  as  such  an  assurance  can  be  attained  and  given ; 
and  if  any  master  of  a  ship  shall,  contrary  hereunto,  receive 
and  carry  away  any  person  that  hath  not  given  that  public 
notice,  the  said  master  shall  be  liable  to  all  debts  owing  by 
the  said  person  so  secretly  transported  from  the  province. 

"  Lastly,  that  these  are  to  be  added  to,  or  corrected,  by  and 
with  the  consent  of  the  parties  hereunto  subscribed. 

"  William  Pexn. 

"  Sealed  and  delivered  in  the  presence  of  William  Boel- 
ham,  Harbert  Springet,  Thomas  Rudyard. 

"  Sealed  and  delivered  in  the  presence  of  all  the  proprie- 
tors, who  have  hereunto  subscribed,  except  Thomas  Farrin- 
borough  and  John  Goodson,  in  the  presence  of  Hugh  Chara- 
berlen,  R.  Murray,  Harbert  Springet,  Humphrey  South, 
Thomas  Barker,  Samuel  Jobson,  John  Joseph  Moore,  William 
Powel,  Richard  Davie,  Griffith  Jones,  Hugh  Lambe,  Thomas 
Farrinborough,  John  Goodson."^ 

:  A  few  extracts  from  a  private  letter-book,  to  which  we  had 
access,  of  that  date,  will  show  the  opinions  of  individuals  in 
England,  and  early  proceedings  on  the  subject  of  the  pro- 
posed colony.  The  writer  says,  "  I  have  begun  my  letter  on 
too  little  a  piece  of  paper  to  give  thee  my  judgment  of  Penn- 
sylvania, but,  in  short,  I  and  many  others  wiser  than  I  am, 
do  very  much  approve  of  it,  and  do  judge  William  Penn  as 
fit  a  man  as  any  one  in  Europe,  to  plant  a  country.  W^hen 
he  comes  to  town,  I  shall  treat  with  him  for  5000  acres  for 
thee.  I  know  XlOO  is  the  purchase  thereof,  and  if  thou  does 
not  conclude  soon,  it  may  be  too  late,  for  we  suppose  in  a  few 
weeks  he  will  be  gone  thither.  Mr.  Penn  is  like  to  em- 
bark for  his  new  country  in  a  few  weeks. "^ 

On  26th  of  same  mouth,  he  alludes  to  a  paper  that  Penn 
gave  him  about  Pennsylvania,  and  says,  "  I  would  have  had 
some  discourse  with  him,  but  he  was  in  such  extreme  haste  to 

1  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  pp.  324—326. 

2  Letter-Book  of  Jame.s  Claypoole,  in  possession  of  J.  Parker  Foulke,  Esq. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  521 

be  gone  towards  Bristol,  that  we  could  not  have  time.     He    1681. 
said  he  would  discourse  more  fully  in  a  few  days.     There  is     " — ' — ' 
great  encouragement  both  as  to  the  country  and  governor, 
who,  I  believe,  will  establish  good  laws,  as  near  as  he  can ;  Apprehen- 
however,  for  my  own  part,  if  I  had  a  mind  to  buy  land  there,  L^d  Baiti- 
I  would  forbear  till  I  saw  that  he  was  not  interrupted  by  Bal-  '^o^^  may 
timore  in  his  taking  possession,  for  this  Baltimore  is  a  great  peon's  tak- 
governor  in  Maryland,  that  borders  on  Pennsylvania,  and  ™s  P°sses- 
has  received  rent,  for  some  years  past,  of  the  inhabitants 
thereof,  and  it  is  like  does  so  to  this  day,  by  connivance ;  but 
keep  this  to  thyself."^ 

At  a  court  of  St.  Jones  county,  E.  Herman  reports  sur-  July  29. 
veys  of  land  for  twenty-three  persons,  amounting  to  14,247 
acres.     They  were  approved  and  recorded,  and  to  be  sent  to 
governor  for  confirmation.^ 

It  would  appear  from  the  following,  that  very  soon  after  ^^y- 
receiving  the  charter  for  Pennsylvania,  William  Penn  was 
negotiating  for  New  Castle,  and  probably  for  the  remaining 
portion  of  the  territory  below. 

"  Sir  John  Werden  wrote  to  Mr.  Penn,  that  the  duke  was  Duke  objects 
not  yet  disposed  to  grant  the  lands  about  New  Castle.     He  hl^^^^New 
at  the  same  time  informed  him  that  he  thought  his  claims  to  castxe. 
the  islands  in  the  Delaware  ill-founded,  because  they  were  not 
included  by  the  words  of  the  patent,  and  were  not  intended 
to  be  granted.     He  immediately  warned  Dongan,  governor 
of  New  York,  to  prevent  Penn's  encroachments  on  his  pro- 
vince, or  its  dependencies,  giving  a  reason,  which  shows  the 
opinions  of  men  who  had  done  so  much  business  with  him, 
that  he  was  very  intent  on  his  own  interests  in  those  parts, 
as  you  observe."^ 

In  a  letter  of  this  date,  from  William  Penn  to  Robert  Tur-  Sept.  4. 
ner,  then  in  Ireland,  he  speaks  of  his  refusing  very  conside-  Large  oarers 
rable  offers  for  a  monopoly  of  the  Indian  trade,   and  his  pe*nn  a*n(i 
reasons  for  so  doing.  refused. 

"Thy  remembrance  by  several  notes,  through  the  hands  Letter  from 
of  J.  Hall,  I  tenderly  received  ;  and  though  I  ordered  P.  Ford  x^er 
to  answer  thy  said  letters,  and  send  the  things  by  thee  de- 
sired, and  wrote  and  sent  maps  and  accounts  too,  by  friend 
Thomas  Lurting,  I  thought  good  to  send  thee  a  few  lines.     I 
have  lately  been  in  the  west  of  England,  and  had  a  prosper- 

•  Cinypoole's  Letter-Book.  2  Kent  Records,  in  Breviat. 

3  Chalmers,  p.  660.     N.  Y.  Entries,  pp.  355,  35G. 
66  2x2 


522  WILLIAM  PENN,  PKOPKIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1681.  ous  journey  in  the  Lord's  service.  At  my  return,  found 
'" — ' — '  thine  to  me.  The  most  material  is  about  the  quit-rent,  &c. 
Philip  will  be  large  to  thee  upon  it.  I  am  contented  to  sell 
it  to  a  beaver-skin,  which  is  about  a  crown  value,  at  ten  years' 
purchase.  I  did  refuse  a  great  temptation  last  Second-day, 
which  was  £6000,  and  pay  the  Indians,  for  six  shares,  and 
make  the  purchasers  a  company,  to  have  wholly  to  itself  the 
Indian  trade  from  south  to  north,  between  the  Susquahanagh 
and  Delaware  Rivers,  paying  me  2J  per  cent,  acknowledg- 
ment or  rent ;  but  as  the  Lord  gave  it  me  over  all  and  great 
opposition,  and  that  I  never  had  my  mind  so  exercised  to  the 
Lord  about  any  outward  ^bstance,  I  would  not  abuse  His 
love,  nor  act  unworthy  of  His  providence,  and  so  defile  what 
came  to  me  clean.  No,  let  the  Lord  guide  me  by  His  wisdom, 
and  preserve  me  to  honour  His  name,  and  serve  His  truth 
and  people,  that  an  example  and  standard  may  be  set  up  to 
the  nations ;  there  may  be  room  there,  though  none  here. 

"  William  Penx."^ 
This  statement  of  Penn  is  confirmed  in  a  letter  written 
PriTateiet-    10th  of  7th  mouth,  by  the  individual  before  referred  to,  and 
ingthe^fo're-  '^^^  bccame  largely  interested  in  the    colony.      He  says, 
going.  "Mr.  Penn  does  not  intend  starting  for  Pennsylvania  till 

next  spring,  and  then  it  is  like  there  will  be  many  people 
ready  to  go  from  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland.  He  is 
ofi"ered  great  things  ;  .£6000  for  a  monopoly  in  trade,  which 
he  refused,  and  for  islands  and  particular  places,  great  sums 
of  money,  but  he  designs  to  do  things  equally  between  all 
parties,  and  I  believe  truly  does  aim  more  at  justice  and  right- 
eousness, and  spreading  of  truth,  than  at  his  own  particular 
gain.  I  tried  him  about  the  proposals  to  take  £100  for 
5000  acres,  and  abate  the  quit-rent,  which  he  refused,  in- 
tending to  do  equal  by  all.  If  thou  will  be  cov.cerned  in 
one-half  of  the  5000  acres,  I  will  have  the  other  half,  and 
make  as  good  terms  for  thee  as  for  myself."^  A  testimony 
highly  honourable  to  the  proprietary. 

Penn  writes  to  James  Harrison,  then  in  England,   that 

Sept.  4.        <'  he  does  not  expect  to  depart  as  soon  as  he  intended,  for  the 

Penn's  letter  people  upon  whosc  going  both  my  resolutions  and  services  on 

HaiXon      g^'^'^S  depended,  though  they  buy  and  mostly  send  servants 

to  clear  and  sow  a  piece  of  land  against  they  come,  not  one- 

•  Memoirs  of  Penns.  Hist.  Soc.  vol.  i.  part  i.  p.  204. 
2  James  Claypoole's  Letter-Book. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  523 

fifth  can  now  get  rid  of  their  concerns  here  till  spring.  When    1681. 
they  go,  I  go,  but  my  going  with  servants  will  not  settle  a     '    '    ' 
government,  the  great  end  of  my  going ;  besides,  many  flock 
in  to  be  concerned  with  me.     I  am  like  to  have  many  from 
France,  some  from  Holland,  and  hear  some  Scotch  will  go 
for  my  country.     I  bless  the  Lord  in  obtaining  it,  and  were 
I  drawn  inward  to  look  to  Him,  and  to  owe  to  His  hand  and 
power,  to  any  other  way,  and  I  have  so  obtained  it,  and  de- 
sire that  I  may  not  be  unworthy  of  His  love,  but  do  that 
which  answers  His  kind  providence,  and  serve  His  truth  and 
people,  that  an  example  may  be  set  up  to  the  nations ;  there 
may  be  room  there,  but  not  here,  for  such  an  holy  experi- 
ment.    Now,  dear  James,  for  the  50  acres  a  servant  to  the  Explanation 
master,  and  50  to  the  servant ;  this  is  done  for  their  sakes  ^^^il^rgg!^^ 
that  cannot  buy,  for  I  must  either  be  paid  by  purchase  or  to  servants, 
rent,  that  those  that  cannot  buy  may  take  up,  if  a  master  of  ^^^  cannot 
a  family,  200  acres,  at  Id.  an  acre ;  afterwards,  50  acres  per  ^^y- 
head  for  every  man  and  maid-servant,  but  still  at  the  same 
rent,  else  none  would  buy  or  rent,  and  so  I  should  make 
nothing  of  my  country ;  however,  to  encourage  poor  servants 
to  go,  and  be  laborious,  I  have  abated  the  Id.  to  hd.  per  acre, 
when  they  are  out  of  their  time.     Now  if  any  about  thee  will 
engage  and  buy,  there  may  be  ten,  yea  twenty,  to  one  share, 
which  will  be  but  £5  a  piece,  for  which  they  each  will  have 
250  acres.     For  those  that  cannot  pay  their  passage,  let  me  Provision 
know  their  names,   and  number,  and  ages ;  they  must  pay  ^^^  cannot 
double  rent  to  them  that  help  them  over ;  but  this  know,  that  pay  their 
this  rent  is  never  to  be  raised,  and  they  are  to  enjoy  it  for  ^'^^'''^^'^' 
ever.     For  the  acres,  it  is  the  common  statute  acre,  as  by  our 
law  allowed.     So,  dear  James,  thou  mayest  let  me  know  of 
thee,  and  how  things  incline.     I  shall  persuade  none  ;  it  is  a 
good  country  ;  with  a  good  conscience  it  will  do  well.     I  am 
satisfied  in  it,  and  leave  it  with  the  Lord. 

"  My  friend  and  brother,  William  Penn. 

"  I  here  sign  thee  an  authority  to  sell  about  thee  to  any 
that  will. 

"A  ship  goes  with  commissioners  suddenly,  in  five  weeks,  a  ship  with 
to  lay  out  the  first  and  best  land  to  the  first  adventurers.    If  ^°'"'"™- 

./  ers  about  to 

any  deal,  let  me  know;  I  clear  the  king's  and  Indian  title;  saiifor 
the  purchaser  pays  the  scrivener  and  surveyor.     I  sign  the  ^j^°°^^^^^ 
deeds  at  Thomas  Rudyard's,  when  I  know  who  and  what." 
He  then  adds  the  following  power  of  attorney : 


524 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1681. 


Power  to  J. 
Harrison  to 
sell  land  in 
Pennsylva- 
nia. 


Sept.  7. 

First  yearly 
meetings  es- 
tablished. 


Sept.  9. 

Letter  from 
Governor 
Brockholls, 
on  proposed 
invasion  by 
Lord  Balti- 
more. 


"  Dear  James  Harrison — I  do  hereby  nominate  and  appoint 
thee  my  lawful  agent,  in  my  name,  and  to  my  behoof,  to  bar- 
gain and  sell  (according  to  printed  instructions)  any  parcel 
of  land  in  Pennsylvania,  not  below  250  acres  to  any  one 
person,  from  time  to  time,  and  I  shall  ratify  by  deed,  under 
my  hand  and  seal,  all  such  sales.  Witness  my  hand,  this 
25th  of  6th  month,  1681.  William  Penn."i 

The  monthly  meeting  of  Friends,  which  still  met  at  Thomas 
Wolsten's  house,  and  consisted  of  those  about  the  falls,  in 
West  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  and  the  particular  meetings 
at  Rancocas  and  Sachemaxen,  who  were  now  become  nume- 
rous, as  well  as  at  Salem  and  Upland,  concluding  that  a 
yearly  meeting  might  be  of  service,  agreed  to  establish  one 
at  Burlington,  which  was  accordingly  held  28th  of  August, 
at  the  house  of  Thomas  Gardiner ;  one  for  worship  was  also 
to  be  held  yearly  at  Salem.  The  yearly  meeting  from  both 
sides  of  the  river  continued  to  be  held  at  Burlington  till 
1684,  when  it  was  held  at  Burlington  and  Philadelphia  alter- 
nately. This  year  also,  George  Fox  sent  from  London,  "  a 
half-sheet  of  advice  to  all  planters,"  directing  their  attention 
to  the  spiritual  welfare  of  the  Indians.^ 

It  seems  that  the  inhabitants  at  Jones's  were  apprehensive 
of  some  disturbance  from  Lord  Baltimore,  and  that  they 
wrote  to  Governor  Brockholls  on  the  subject.  He  replies  to 
the  justices,  that  "  I  am  much  surprised  at  your  apprehension 
of  my  Lord  Baltimore's  innovating  your  parts  by  force,  sig- 
nified to  me  by  letter  from  Mr.  Justice  Whitwell  and  John 
Hilyard,  which  I  believe  he  will  in  nowise  attempt  now,  what- 
ever he  hath  done  formerly,  therefore  can  give  no  other  direc- 
tions, than  that  you  fully  assert  and  maintain  your  authority 
and  rights  against  any  that  shall  oppose  or  annoy  you,  and  if 
any  demand  or  pretence  is  made,  to  take  no  notice  thereof, 
but  refer  them  hither,  and  in  no  case  admit  any  change  or 
alteration,  or  any  pretended  court  or  authority,  without  order 
from  myself,  who  am  resolved  to  keep  your  parts  as  settled 
under  this,  his  royal  highness's  government,  and  to  the  utter- 
most preserve  the  rights  and  properties  of  the  inhabitants 
from  any  innovation  whatsoever."^ 

*  Copied  from  the  original  MSS.  in  possession  of  the  Pemberton  family,  by 
William  Carr,  Esq.,  of  Doylestown. 

2  Smith's  Pennsylvania,  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  vi.  p.  184.    Proud,  vol.  i.  p.  160. 

3  Extracts  from  New  York  Records,  in  Land  Office,  Harrisburg.  See  Reg. 
Penns.  vol.  iii.  p.  33. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  525 

The  duke  orders,  from  Edinburgh,  that  the  present  com-    1681. 
missions  of  peace  and  magistrates  in  New  Castle,  &c.  expiring     '    ""^^ 
soon,  continue  till  further  orders,  and,  in  case  of  death,  thej 
may  be  supplied  by  the  governor  and  council.^ 

A  considerable  number  of  Friends,  in  and  about  Dublin,  September. 
Ireland,  having  purchased  an  interest  in  West  Jersey,  sent  to  Arriyai  of 
London  to  charter   a  pink ;    the   master,   Thomas   Lurting,  ^^^^  '^'**" 
"noted  for  his  remarkable  deliverance  from  the  Turks,"  was 
taken  sick  at  Dublin,  and  could  not  proceed ;  his  mate,  John 
Daggerdish,  took  his  place.     They  sailed  the  latter  part  of 
September,  and  in  about  eight  weeks  arrived  at  Elsinburg, 
near  Salem,  where  settled  John  and  Andrew  Thompson,  and 
Robert  Zane,  former  acquaintances  of  settlers  there.    Several 
remained  with  them  that  winter ;  some  afterwards  went  to 
Burlington,  and  got  orders,  and  took  up  land  called  from  them 
the  "Irish  tenth."     Having  made  search,  they  fixed  at  New-  settle  at 
town  Creek  ;  next  spring  they  built  on  their  lots  a  small  town,  crJ^k."^"* 
not  without  doubts  and  fears  of  the  Indians,  which  proved 
groundless.     They  settled  a  meeting,  which  was  kept  at  the 
house  of  Mark  Newby,  there  being  no  persons  near  save  Wil- 
liam Cooper  and  his  family,  to  which  others  were  soon  added. 
Notwithstanding  the  land  had  been  purchased  by  the  com- 
missioners of  the  Indians,  they  gave  them  a  compensation  to 
move  off.     The  Indians  treated  them  kindly.      They  suifered 
but  little,  deriving  supplies  from  Salem.     In  two  years  after-  Meetings  es 
wards,  they  built  a  meeting-house  at  Newtown,  but  before  **^"^^^'*- 
that.  Friends  having  increased,  some  by  the  river  side,  some 
on    Cooper's   Creek,   and    some  at  Woodbury   Creek,   they 
joined,  and  with  permission  from  Burlington,  set  up  a  monthly 
meeting,  and  afterwards,  in  connection  with  Friends  at  Salem, 
a  quarterly  meeting. "-^ 

The  first  entry  in  the  records  of  Chester  county  court  is 
as  follows : 

"  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  at  the  court  at  Upland,  (Ches-  Extractfrom 
ter,)  September  13th,  1681.     Justices  present,  Mr.  William  county  re- 
Clayton,  Mr.  William  Warner,  Mr.  Robert  Wade,  Mr.  Otto  •=°'^<^^- 
Ernest  Cock,  Mr.  William  Byles,  Mr.  Robert  Lucas,  Mr.  Las- 
sey  Cock,  Mr.  Swan  Swanson,  Mr.  Andreas  Bankson. 

"  Sheriff,  Mr.  John  Test ;  clerk,  Mr.  Thomas  Revell. 

« An    action    of   assault    and    battery. — Peter  Erickson, 

1  N.  Y.  Record:;,  in  Breviat. 

2  Smith's  Hist,  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Reg. Penns.  vol.  vi.  p.  184. 


526 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1681. 


October  4. 

Vessels  for 
Pennsylra- 


Early  loca- 
tions of 
lands  about 
Camden, 
New  Jersey. 


plaintiff;  Harmon  Johnson  and  Margaret,  his  T,vife,  the  de- 
fendants. 

"  Jurors,  Morgan  Drewitt,  William  Woodmanson,  William 
Hewes,  James  Browne,  Henry  Reynolds,  Robert  Scholey, 
Richard  Pitman,  Lassey  Dalboe,  John  Akraman,  Peter  Ram- 
bo,  jun.,  Henry  Hastings,  William  Oxley. 

"Witness,  William  Parke.  The  jury  find  for  the  plaintiff, 
and  give  him  6d.  damages,  and  his  costs  of  suit. 

"  An  action  of  assault  and  battery. — Harmon  Johnson  and 
Margaret,  his  wife,  the  plaintiffs  ;  Peter  Erickson,  defendant. 

"  Jurors,  the  same  as  above.  Witnesses,  Anna  Coleman, 
Richard  Buffington,  Ebenezer  Taylor.  The  jury  find  for  the 
plaintiffs,  and  give  them  40s.  damages,  and  their  costs  of  suit. 

"Thus  it  appears,  that  the  two  first  actions  tried  in  the 
peaceful  land  of  Penn,  were  for  assault  and  battery,  and  all 
the  parties  convicted !" 

In  the  minutes  of  the  same  court  is  the  following  entry : 

"  Lassey  Cock,  upon  proclamation  in  this  court,  that  if  any 
had  any  thing  against  him,  they  should  declare  it ;  where- 
upon, Daniel  Brenson  and  Charles  Brigham,  upon  oath,  to- 
gether with  Walter  Pumphrey,  upon  his  solemn  attestation, 
declared  what  they  heard  certain  Indians  speak  against 
him  and  Captain  Edmund  Cantwell ;  the  said  Lassey  Cock, 
upon  oath,  declared  his  innocency,  and  that  he  had  never 
spoken  those  words  to  the  Indians,  or  any  of  that  nature, 
■was  thereupon  cleared  by  the  court. "^ 

"  There  is  a  ship  going  for  Pennsylvania,  from  Bristol,  and 
William  Penn  is  gone  thither  to  take  his  leave  of  the  Friends ; 
and  there  is  another  ship  going  thither  from  London,  and 
may  be  ready  in  a  fortnight,  but  William  Penn  does  not  go 
till  spring."^ 

Ship  "New  Adventure,"  Dagger,  and  "Henry  and  Ann," 
arrived  this  year. 

The  land  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Camden  "  was  located 
at  three  several  times ;  the  oldest  appropriation  was  of  the 
tract  reaching  from  Little  Newton  Creek  about  to  Line  street 
in  Fettersville.  On  the  4th  and  5th  of  July,  1678,  Byllinge 
and  trustees  granted  this  tract,  being  two-sevenths  of  a  pro- 
priety, to  Samuel  Norris,  who  subsequently  sold  a  portion  to 
R.  Turner,  (1686,)  and  he,  in  1696,  sold  455  acres  to  John 
Kaighn,  from  whom  Kaighn's  Point  derives  its  name.     The 

'  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  v.  pp.  156,  157.  ^  Claypoole's  Letter-Book. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  527 

second  location,  in  respect  to  contiguity,  was  of  the  land  1681. 
lying  between  Cooper  street  and  Cooper's  Point.  This  was  '  '~^ 
made  in  1679,  by  William  Cooper,  who  emigrated  from  Eng- 
land. He  built  a  mansion,  the  remains  of  which  were  visible 
a  few  years  since,  on  a  high  bank  above  Cooper's  Point,  called 
by  him  Pine  Point,  from  a  dense  pine  forest  which  then  grew 
there.  He  also  took  up  other  considerable  tracts  of  land  in 
Gloucester  county,  most  of  which  yet  remain  in  the  family. 
William  Royden,  by  a  third  location,  made  Sept.  20,  1681, 
appropriated  the  land  between  Cooper  street  and  Kaighn's 
line.  Cooper,  of  Pine  Point,  next  year  bought  out  his  inte- 
rest, and  further  secured  himself  by  getting  an  Indian  deed 
guarantying  the  possession  of  Pine  Point  and  adjacencies, 
against  all  other  Indians.  This  deed  is  signed  by  Tallaca, 
the  resident  chief,  and  witnessed  by  several  of  his  tribe.  For 
many  years,  the  ferry-house  and  mansion  at  the  point,  the 
middle  ferry,  at  the  foot  of  Cooper  street,  and  four  or  five 
ferrymen's  houses,  constituted  the  whole  of  Camden."^ 

Three  commissioners  were   appointed,  by  Penn,  for  the  October  lo. 
settling  of  the  colony.     They  were  to  proceed  to  Pennsyl-  Penn  sends 
vania,  where  they  would  find  Markham,  with  whom  they  were  commission- 
to  act,  in  accordance  with  the  following  instructions,  in  regard  ^rs- 
to  the  location  of  the  city,  and  their  treatment  of  the  Indians. 

"  Instructions  given  by  me,  William  Penn,  proprietor  and  instructions 

r.   -r.  T  •  1    ;       •  /.  •         -1        to  them. 

governor  ot  Pennsylvania,  to  my  trusty  and  loving  inends, 
William  Crispin,  John  Bezar,  and  Nathaniel  Allen,  my  com- 
missioners for  the  settling  of  the  present  colony  this  year 
transported  into  the  said  province. 

"  1st.  That  so  soon  as  it  shall  please  Almighty  God  to 
bring  you  well  there,  you  take  an  especial  care  of  the  people 
that  shall  embark  with  you,  that  they  may  be  accommodated 
with  conveniences  as  to  food,  lodging,  and  safe  places  for 
their  goods,  concerning  which  my  cousin,  William  Markham, 
my  deputy,  and  now  on  the  spot,  will  in  a  good  measure  be 
able  to  direct,  that  so  none  may  be  injured  in  their  healths 
or  estate,  in  which,  if  you  find  the  Dutch,  Swedes,  or  English 
of  my  side  hard  or  griping,  taking  an  advantage  of  your 
circumstances,  give  them  to  know  that  they  will  hurt  them- 
selves thereby,  for  you  can  for  a  time  be  supplied  on  the  other 
side,  which  may  awe  them  to  moderate  prices. 

•  Smith's  Hist,  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  vi.  p.  183.  Mickle's 
Reminiscences  of  Gloucester,  pp.  53,  54. 


528  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1681.         "  2cl.  That  having  taken  -n-hat  care  you  can  for  the  people's 

'    '    '     good,  in"  the  respects  abovesaid,  let  the  rivers  and  creeks  be 

sounded  on  my  side  of  Delaware  River,  especially  Upland,  in 

Instructions  Order  to  scttlo  a  great  tovfn,  and  be  sure  to  make  your  choice 

sionerT^     "whcre  it  is  most  navigable,  high,  dry,  and  healthy ;  that  is, 

continued,     where  most  ships  may  best  ride,  of  deepest  draught  of  water,  if 

possible  to  load  or  unload  at  the  bank  or  key  side,  without 

boating  and  lightering  of  it.     It  would  do  well  if  the  river 

cpming  into  that  creek  be  navigable,  at  least  for  boats,  up 

into  the  country,  and  that  the  situation  be  high,  at  least  dry 

and  sound,  and  not  swampy,  which  is  best  known  by  digging 

up  two  or  three  earths,  and  seeing  the  bottom. 

"  3d.  Such  a  place  being  found  out,  for  navigation,  healthy 
situation,  and  good  soil  for  provision,  lay  out  ten  thousand 
acres  contiguous  to  it  in  the  best  manner  you  can,  as  the 
bounds  and  extent  of  the  liberties  of  the  said  town. 

"  4th.  The  proportion  in  the  said  town  is  to  be  thus :  every 
share,  or  five  thousand  acres,  shall  have  an  hundred  acres  of 
land  out  of  that  ten  thousand  acres.  If  more  than  one  be 
concerned  in  the  share,  as  it  may  easily  fall  out,  then  they  to 
agree  of  the  dividing  the  same,  as  they  shall  think  fit,  still 
keeping  to  proportion,  as  if  one  hundred  pounds  will  have  an 
hundred  acres,  five  pounds  will  have  five  acres. 

"  5th.  That  no  more  land  be  surveyed  or  set  out  till  this 
be  first  fixed,  and  the  people  upon  it,  which  is  best,  both  for 
comfort,  safety,  and  traffic.  In  the  next  season,  the  Lord 
willing,  I  shall  be  with  you,  and  then  I  shall  proceed  to  larger 
lot ;  this  was  the  resolution  of  a  great  part  of  the  purchasers, 
at  London,  the  15th  day  of  September,  1681,  and  I  find  it 
generally  approved. 

"  6th.  K  it  should  happen  that  the  most  convenient  place 
for  this  great  town  should  be  already  taken  up,  in  greater 
quantity  of  land  than  is  consistent  with  the  town-plot,  and 
that  land  not  already  improved,  you  must  use  your  utmost 
skill  to  persuade  them  to  part  with  so  much  as  will  be  neces- 
sary, that  so  necessary  and  good  a  design  be  not  spoiled ;  that 
is,  where  they  have  ten  acres  by  the  water  side,  to  abate  five, 
and  to  take  five  more  backward,  and  so  proportionably,  be- 
cause that,  by  the  settlement  of  this  town,  the  remaining  five, 
in  two  or  three  years'  time,  will  be  worth  twice  as  much  as 
those  ten  before,  yea,  what  they  take  backward  for  their 
water-side  land,  will,  in  a  little  more  time,  be  really  more 


W.  MARKIIAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  529 

valuable  than  all  their  ten  forward  was  before ;  urging  my    1681. 
regard  to  them  if  they  will  not  break  this  great  and  good         '    ' 
contrivance,  and  in  my  name  promise  them  what  gratuity  or 
privilege  you  think  fit,  as  having  a  new  grant  at  their  old  instructions 
rent ;  nay,  half  their  quit  rent  abated,  yea,  make  them  as  g°,Q°^'°'^" 
free  as  purchasers,  rather  than  disappoint  my  mind  in  this  continued. 
township ;  though  herein  be  as  sparing  as  ever  you  can,  and 
urge  the  weak  bottom  of  their  grant,  the  Duke  of  York  hav- 
ing never  had  a  grant  from  the  king,  &c.     Be  impartially 
just  and  courteous  to  all,  that  is  both  pleasing  to  the  Lord, 
and  wise  in  itself. 

"  7th.  If  you  gain  your  point  in  this  respect,  (of  which  be 
very  careful,)  fall  to  dividing  as  before,  according  to  shares ; 
then  subdivide,  in  which  observe  that  you  must  narrower 
spread  by  the  water  side,  and  run  backward  more  or  less, 
according  to  the  compass  you  have  by  the  water  side,  to  bring 
in  the  hundred  share  for  their  proportion  in  the  said  ten 
thousand  acres. 

"8th.  But  if  you  cannot  find  land  enough  by  the  water 
side  to  allow  an  hundred  acres  to  five  thousand  acres,  get  what 
you  can,  and  proportionably  divide  it,  though  it  were  but  fifty 
acres  for  a  share. 

"9th.  Be  tender  of  offending  the  Indians,  and  hearken, 
by  honest  spies,  if  you  can  hear  that  any  body  inveigles  the 
Indians  not  to  sell,  or  to  stand  off  and  raise  the  value  upon 
you.  You  cannot  want  those  that  will  inform  you,  but  to 
soften  them  to  me  and  the  people,  let  them  know  that  you 
are  come  to  sit  down  lovingly  among  them.  Let  my  letter, 
and  conditions  with  my  purchasers  about  just  dealing  with 
them,  be  read  in  their  tongue,  that  they  may  see  we  have 
their  good  in  our  eye,  equal  with  our  own  interest,  and  after 
reading  my  letter  and  the  said  conditions,  then  present  their 
kings  with  what  I  send  them,  and  make  a  friendship  and 
league  with  them,  according  to  those  conditions,  Avhich  care- 
fully observe,  and  get  them  to  comply  with  you.  Be  grave ; 
they  love  not  to  be  smiled  on. 

"  10th.  From  time  to  time,  in  my  name,  and  for  my  use, 
buy  land  of  them,  where  any  justly  pretend,  for  they  will 
sell  one  another's,  if  you  be  not  careful,  that  so  such  as  buy 
and  come  after  these  adventurers  may  have  land  ready,  but 
by  no  means  sell  any  land  till  I  come ;  allow  no  old  patents, 

07  2  Y 


530  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1681.     they  have  forfeited  them  by  not  planting  according  to  the  law 

'     •     '     of  the  place,  and  it  cost  me  too  dear  to  allow  such  old  stories: 

rather  than  fail,  offer  them  the  patent  charge,  and  where  sur- 

instructions  vcyed,  the  survey  money ;  but  this  is  understood  only  of  un- 
to commis-         i       x     i      i  i 

sioners,        planted  places  only. 

continued.  "  11th.  Let  no  islands  be  disposed  of  to  anybody,  but  all 

things  remain  as  they  were  in  that  respect  till  I  come. 

"  12th.  Be  sure  to  settle  the  figure  of  the  town  so  as  that 
the  streets  hereafter  may  be  uniform  down  to  the  water  from 
the  country  bounds ;  let  the  place  for  the  storehouse  be  on 
the  middle  of  the  key,  which  will  yet  serve  for  market  and 
statehouses  too.  This  may  be  ordered  when  I  come,  only  let 
the  houses  built  be  in  a  line,  or  upon  a  line,  as  much  as 
may  be. 

"  loth.  Pitch  upon  the  very  middle  of  the  plat  where  the 
town  or  line  of  houses  is  to  be  laid  or  run,  facing  the  harbour 
and  great  river,  for  the  situation  of  my  house,  and  let  it  be 
not  the  tenth  part  of  the  town,  as  the  conditions  say,  viz.  that 
out  of  every  hundred  thousand  acres  shall  be  reserved  to  me 
ten,  but  I  shall  be  contented  with  less  than  a  thirtieth  part, 
to  wit,  three  hundred  acres,  whereas  several  will  have  two  by 
purchasing  two  shares,  that  is,  ten  thousand  acres,  and  it 
may  be  fitting  for  me  to  exceed  a  little. 

"  14th.  The  distance  of  each  house  from  the  creek  or 
harbour  should  be,  in  my  judgment,  a  measured  quarter  of  a 
mile,  at  least  two  hundred  paces,  because  of  building  here- 
after streets  downwards  to  the  harbour. 

"  15th.  Let  every  house  be  placed,  if  the  person  pleases, 
in  the  middle  of  its  plat,  as  to  the  breadth  way  of  it,  that  so 
there  may  be  ground  on  each  side  for  gardens  or  orchards,  or 
fields,  that  it  may  be  a  green  country  town,  which  will  never 
be  burnt,  and  always  be  wholesome. 

"  16th.  I  judge  that  you  must  be  guided  in  your  breadth 
of  land  by  what  you  can  get  that  is  unplanted,  and  will  not 
be  parted  with,  but  so  far  as  I  can  guess  at  this  distance, 
methinks  in  a  city,  each  share  to  have  fifty  poles  upon  the 
front  to  the  river,  and  the  rest  backward  will  be  sufficient. 
But  perhaps  you  may  have  more,  and  perhaps  you  will  not 
have  so  much  space  to  allow ;  herein  follow  your  land  and 
situation,  being  always  just  to  proportion. 

"  17th.  Lastly — Be  sure  to  keep  the  conditions  hereunto 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II. 

affixed,  and  see  that  no  vice  or  evil  conversation  go  uncom- 
plained  of  or  punished  in  any,  that  God  be  not  provoked  to 
wrath  against  the  country. 

"  In  witness  hereof,  I  do  hereunto,  the  30th  of  September, 
1681,  set  to  my  hand  and  seal. 

"  William  Penn. 


«  Present  as  witnesses,  Richard  Vickry,  Charles  Jones,  jr., 
Ralph  Withers,  Thomas  Callohill,  Philip  Th.  Lehnmann."^* 

The  court  of  assizes  at  New  York  pass  an  order  "against  October le. 
persons  exhibiting  and  preferring  divers  causeless  and  vexa-  vexatious 
tious  accusations  and  indictments  into  the  courts  within  this  ^jbued  ^"^"^ 
goveimment,  against  magistrates  and  others  concerned  in  the  against  ma- 
public  affairs  of  the  government,  thereby  causing  great  trou-  ^^  ^^  ^^' 
ble  and  disturbance."^ 

Mr.  Levin  makes  a  long  report.  When  he  arrived,  Andross  Abstract  of 
was  at  Boston;  on  his  return,  he  received  various  books  im-  rgpo^t'^"'^^ 
mediately,  some  altered ;  some  between  1674  and  1676  did 
not  appear  long  out  of  the  clerk's  hands.  He  got  all  he 
could,  but  charged  governor  and  clerks  with  holding  some. 
The  same  with  the  land  books ;  most  patents  of  former  go- 
vernors don't  give  acres  ;  very  imperfect ;  taxed  at  uncertain 
rates  ;  imperfect  accounts,  &c.  "  No  weigh-house  in  all  the 
government,  except  at  New  York."  Proposes  farming  duty. 
There  have  been  several  collections  in  Delaware,  at  Id.  per  £, 
and  applied  to  the  counties,  yet  it  is  in  debt ;  could  not  get 
books  of  prices ;  difficult  to  discover  the  frauds,  &c.  used  by 
the  merchants,  &c.  &c.  No  account  of  whales  kept ;  •'  your 
royal  highness  has  only  a  share  of  what  is  stranded."  No 
certain  account  of  vessels.  Governor  was  pleased  to  tell  him 
he  had  now  power  to  inspect  the  revenues ;  could  find  how  it 
was  possible  to  spend  the  whole  revenue  in  the  fort.  Nothing 
about  South  River,  &c. 

The  governor,  in  his  reply,  feels  much  vexed  with  his  con-  Governor 
duct.     Vindicates  his  officers  and  himself,  and  charges  Mr.  ''^p"^^* 
Levin  with  misrepresentation,  &c.^ 

The  Indians  presented  a  petition  to  Governor  Markham,  October  is. 
for  the  removal  of  a  prohibition  respecting  the  sale  of  rum 
to  them,  for  the  reasons  tliey  assign  in  the  following  document: 

'  Memoirs  of  Penns.  Hist.  Soc.  vol.  ii.  p.  i.  pp.  215 — 22L 

2  New  Castle  Records,  p.  352. 

3  bee  both  at  lengili  in  "  London  Documents,"  at  Albany,  vol.  iv. 
*  See  Appendix. 


532 
1681. 


Petition  of 
Indians  to 
gOTernor  for 
Bale  of  rum. 


October  28. 


Penn's  let- 
ter to  the 
Indians. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

<' "Whereas  the  selling  of  strong  liquors  was  prohibited  in 
Pennsylvania,  and  not  at  New  Castle,  we  find  it  a  greater 
ill-convenience  than  before,  our  Indians  going  down  to  New 
Castle,  and  there  buying  rum,  and  making  them  [  ^  ]  more 
debauched  than  before,  (in  spite  of  the  prohibition.) 

"  Therefore  we,  whose  names  are  hereunder  written,  do 
desire  that  the  prohibition  may  be  taken  off,  and  rum  and 
strong  liquors  may  be  sold  (in  the  foresaid  province)  as  for- 
merly, until  it  be  prohibited  in  New  Castle,  and  in  that  go- 
vernment of  Delaware. 

"  Pesienk,  in  Pennsylvania,  8th  October,  1681. 


"  Nanne  Seka,  his  mark. 


"  Keka  Kappan,  his  mark. 


«  Jong  Goras,  his  mark. 


"  EspoN  Ape,  his  mark 


"  To  the  governor  and  council  of  Pennsylvania."^ 

By  the  commissioners,  Penn  writes  a  letter  to  the  Indians, 
the  original  of  which  was  read,  a  few  years  ago,  to  the  Penn 
Society  of  this  city.  The  following  is  a  copy  of  it.  It  was 
wi'itten  on  paper,  with  ruled  lines,  and  in  a  more  formal  hand 
than  usual. 

"London,  18th  of  8th  month,  1681. 

-^My  friends — There  is  one  great  God  and  power  that  hath 
maoe  the  world  and  all  things  therein,  to  whom  you  and  I, 
and  all  people  owe  their  being  and  well-being,  and  to  whom 
you  and  I  must  one  day  give  an  account  for  all  that  we  do  in 
the  world ;  this  great  God  hath  written  his  law  in  our  hearts, 
by  which  we  are  taught  and  commanded  to  love  and  help,  and 

'  Here  a  word  illegiblp. 

2  Memoirs  of  Pemis.  Hist.  Soc.  vol.  iii.  part  ii.  pp.  206,  207. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  IT.  533 

do  good  to  one  another,  and  not  to  do  harm  and  mischief  one  1681. 
to  another.  Now  this  great  God  hath  been  pleased  to  make  """^^ — ' 
me  concerned  in  your  parts  of  the  world,  and  the  king  of  the 
country  where  I  live  hath  given  unto  me  a  great  province,  but 
I  desire  to  enjoy  it  with  your  love  and  consent,  that  we  may 
always  live  together  as  neighboi^rs  and  friends,  else  what 
would  the  great  Grod  say  to  us,  who  hath  made  us  not  to  de- 
vour and  destroy  one  another,  but  live  soberly  and  kindly 
together  in  the  world  ?  Now  I  would  have  you  well  observe, 
that  I  am  very  sensible  of  the  unkindness  and  injustice  that 
hath  been  too  much  exercised  towards  you  by  the  people  of 
these  parts  of  the  world,  who  sought  themselves,  and  to  make 
great  advantages  by  you,  rather  than  be  examples  of  justice 
and  goodness  unto  you,  which  I  hear  hath  been  matter  of 
trouble  to  you,  and  caused  great  grudgings  and  animosities, 
sometimes  to  the  shedding  of  blood,  which  hath  made  the 
great  God  angry ;  but  I  am  not  such  a  man,  as  is  well  known 
in  my  own  country ;  I  have  great  love  and  regard  towards 
you,  and  I  desire  to  win  and  gain  your- love  and  friendship, 
by  a  kind,  just,  and  peaceable  life,  and  the  people  I  send  are 
of  the  same  mind,  and  shall  in  all  things  behave  themselves 
accordingly ;  and  if  in  anything  any  shall  offend  you  or  your 
people,  you  shall  have  a  lull  and  speedy  satisfaction  for  the 
same,  by  an  equal  number  of  just  men  on  both  sides,  that  by 
no  means  you  may  have  just  occasion  of  being  offended 
against  them.  I  shall  shortly  come  to  you  myself,  at  what 
time  we  may  more  largely  and  freely  confer  and  discourse  of 
these  matters.  In  the  meantime,  I  have  sent  my  commis- 
sioners to  treat  with  you  about  land,  and  a  firm  league  of 
peace.  Let  me  desire  you  to  be  kind  to  them  and  the  people, 
and  receive  these  presents  and  tokens  which  I  have  sent  to 
you,  as  a  testimony  of  my  good  will  to  you,  and  my  resolution 
to  live  justly,  peaceably,  and  friendly  with  youri 

"I  am  your  loving  friend,  William  Penn."^ 

A  vacant  piece  of  ground,  "  towards  north-east  end  of  November  i. 
town,"  to  De  La  Grange,  for  the  purpose  of  building  on  it  a  windmiuat 
good  windmill,  for  the  common  good  of  the  inhabitants ;  toll  ^^^  *^*'"®' 
not  to  be  more  than  one-tenth,  and  to  drain  the  marsh. ^ 

« A  ship  is  going  for  Pennsylvania ;   the   passengers  go 

•  Reg.  Penns.  voL  i.  p.  376. 
2  New  Castle  Records,  p.  357. 
2t2 


534  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1681.    away  to-morrow,  and  in  the  spring  William  Penn  intends  to 
'    •    '    be  there  himself,"^ 

The  intercourse  already  formed  between  England  and  this 
November  7.  country  may  be  judged  of  by  the  following  extract  of  a  let- 
Reguiar  in-    tcr  from  the  writer  to  his  brother  in  Burlington : 
wurse  ^j  gj^jpg  ^^j^g  pretty  often  from  New  York,  New  Jersey,  or 

America.       Maryland,  by  one  of  which  ways,  I  believe,  thou  mayest  send 
almost  every  month  in  the  summer."^ 

As  an  evidence  that  great  prudence  and  deliberation  were 
observed  prior  to  removal  to  the  country,  another  extract  from 
the  same  letter  is  given : 

"  I  desire  thee  to  write  at  large  what  encouragement  there 
Anxiety  to  is  to  rcmovo  from  hence  with  a  family,  to  dwell  in  those  parts, 
recTaccounts  ^^^  "what  Commodities  is  most  profitable  to  carry  with  one ; 
of  the  coun-  and  in  what  time  a  man  may,  if  he  arrive  there  in  the  seventh 
'^'  month,  with  the  help  of  three  or  four  servants,  clear  ground 

enough  to  afford  corn  and  feed  cattle  for  a  family  of  fifteen 
or  twenty.  What  safety  or  hazard  may  be  expected  from  the 
Indians.  In  what  time,  and  with  what  charge,  a  house,  with 
ten  or  twelve  rooms,  and  barn  and  stables,  &c.,  may  be  built. 
In  what  time  an  orchard  will  bear.  What  sorts  of  trade  is 
now  amongst  them,  and  what  like  to  be,  as  the  people  in- 
crease ;  but  especially  give  me  advice  of  merchandise ;  what 
quantities  and  what  sorts  are  most  saleable,  and  what  returns 
may  be  expected ;  and  whether  New  Jersey  or  Pennsylvania 
be  most  advisable  to  settle  in.  I  desire  the  more  particular 
and  large  account,  because  I  have  purchased  of  William  Penn 
5000  acres  in  his  country,  and  I  know  not  how  I  may  be  dis- 
posed in  my  own  mind,  in  a  year  or  two's  time,  to  remove 
thither  with  my  family ;  however,  in  the  mean  time,  I  pur- 
pose to  send  over  my  attorney,  with  some  servants,  to  build 
and  plant,  &c.,  and  to  provide  cattle  and  all  other  necessaries, 
that  if  ever  I  come  there,  my  land  may  be  still  improving,  or 
some  part  of  it,  and  not  lie  wholly  waste ;  and  if  I  should 
send  over  one  of  my  sons  as  overseer,  and  some  servants,  what 
sort  of  servants  may  be  most  profitable ;  and  any  thing  else 
thou  canst  think  of,  may  be  for  direction,  and  how  the  coun- 
try is  as  to  heat  and  cold,  how  long  winter  and  summer ;  what 
fruits  grow,  with  plenty  of  all  things;  and  what  inconve- 
niences there  is  which  we  know  not  here,  as  hazards  by  wild 
beasts,  snakes,  serpents,  or  flies  for  biting  or  poisoning,  that 

I  Claypoole.  2  Ibid. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  535 

we  Icnovf  beforehand  what  may  be  expected  of  good  or  bad.     1681. 
So  not  doubting  but  thee  will  be  both  able  and  willing  to  give     "    ^^~' 
me  a  satisfactory  account  of  these  particulars,  and  much  more 
than  I  can  mention,  &c.  &c."^ 

The  justices  of  New  Castle  inform  the  lieutenant-governor  Nov.  i\. 
at  New  York,  that,  "at  a  late  court,  a  servant  was  proceeded  Escape  of  a 
against  at  court,  and  a  warrant  issued,  but  the  man  made  his  p"^""^' 

0  '  '  from  snentr, 

escape  from  the  under-sheriff,  and  keeps  at  present  in  Penn-  into  Penn- 
sylvania and  Burlington,  and  desire  his  instructions  for  our  ^J^^^^ 

•'  .  .  Governors 

rule  on  this  and  like  occasions."     The  proclamation  brought  opinion  of  it. 
by  John  Moll  is  published.     The  governor,  a  few  days  after,  J^  ^^f^'^f"'^ 
replies,  "  you  did  well  to  prosecute,  but  your  officers  were  not  vemor  of 
so  careful  as  they  ought  on  service  of  a  warrant,  his  offence  ^^^-'y^^'^- 
being  great."     The  governor  wrote  to  governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania to  make  inquiry  about  him,  "  and  if  he  have  absconded 
in  that  government,  to  deliver  him  to  you ;  if  submissive,  bind 
him  over  to  next  court ;  if  stubborn,  send  him  on  to  New 
York."2 

"Thomas  Rudyard  is  agreeing,  at  London,  with  a  great  Decembers. 
ship  for  Pennsylvania,  and  I  hear  there  is  another  going  from  vessels  for 
Bristol,  and  in  the  beginning  of  summer,  it  is  expected  there  ^f^^^y'^^^ 
will  go  three  or  four  ships  more  from  London."^ 

The  first  acts  of  the  assembly  of  West  New  Jersey  were  December  s. 
passed  at  Burlington,  November  28.* 

"William  Penn  is  extraordinary  busy  about  his  new  coun-  December 9. 
try,  and  purchasers  present  daily.  "^  Ponnvery 

The  second  court  was  held  at  Upland,  November  30 ;  pre-  '^"''^' 
sent,  William  Markham,  Esq.,  governor  and  president,  (being  Dec.  10. 
the  first  time  he  is  mentioned  as  present;)  Justices  James  court  at  up- 
Sanderland,  Thomas  Fairman,  Hendricks  Bankson,  and  those  '^°'^"  ^^^''^' 

1  i-ioin  i-(v.iii     ^^'^^  present. 

who  were  present  on  the  loth  beptember ;  sheriff  and  clerk 
as  before.  First  case  is  for  a  debt  for  160  guilders.^  The 
next  is  for  stealing  a  hog.  The  evidence  is  recorded  at  length, 
(as  is  frequently  the  case  in  the  early  minutes,  and  sometimes 
such  as  would  not  appear  well  in  print,)  as  follows,  and  shows 
the  nature  of  testimony  sometimes  admitted. 

"  John  Anderson,  bound  by  recognisance  to  appear  at  this  Proceedings 
court,  to  answer  our  sovereign  lord  the  king,  upon  the  accu-  °^  ''""'"'■ 
sation  of  Richard  Noble,  Peter  Rambo,  jun.,  and  LaAvrence 
Lawrenson,  who  were  bound  over  to  prosecution.     This  court 

'  Claypoole.  '  New  Castle  Records,  p.  91.  3  Claypoolo, 

4  Learning  &  S.  p.  42G.  5  Claypoole.  6  West  Chester  Records. 


586  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1681.  proceeded  upon  indictment,  to  which  the  prisoner  pleaded  not 
'     •     '     guilty,  and  put  himself  upon  the  trial,  &c.  of  this  jury. 

"Jurors,  George  Foreman,  gent.,  John  Child,  Nathaniel 
Proceedings  Allen,  Nathaniel  Evans,  William  Oxley,  John  Akraman,  Al- 
continu°i.  ^^^^  Hendrickson,  Mons  Peterson,  Wooley  Rawson,  John 
Cock,  Erick  Cock,  Peter  Yoakham. 

"  Richard  Noble  deposed  that  he,  with  several  others,  found 
divers  pieces  of  burnt  pork  or  bacon  in  the  said  Anderson's 
house ;  and  also  that  he,  the  said  Richard  Noble,  with  others, 
found  hidden  and  unfrequented  places  in  an  out-house  be- 
longing to  the  said  John  Anderson,  where  (as  an  Indian  had 
before  then  informed  them)  the  said  Anderson  used  to  hide 
pork ;  and  further  deposed,  that  the  said  Anderson  gave  out 
threatening  words  against  the  oflScers  and  others  who  came 
to  search. 

"  Peter  Rambo,  jun.  and  Lawrence  Lawrenson  deposed  the 
same  as  above.  Judith  Noble  deposed,  that  the  said  Ander- 
son gave  out  threatening  words  against  the  officers  and  others 
who  came  to  search. 

"Francis  Walker  deposed,  that  a  person  who  bought  a 
piece  of  pork  of  the 'said  Anderson,  told  him,  the  said  Walker, 
that  the  said  pork  had  a  bullet  in  it. 

"  Frances  Stephens  deposed,  that  the  said  Anderson  being 
asked  concerning  a  hog's  head,  (he  the  said  Anderson  having 
then  a  headless  hog,)  where  the  head  then  was,  he  the  said 
Anderson  answered,  he  had  left  the  head  down  the  river,  and 
the  said  Anderson's  boy  said  no,  the  hog's  head  is  upon  the 
mill  at  home. 

"  John  Hollinshead  gave  in  his  evidence  before  Thos.  Budd, 
a  magistrate  at  Burlington,  which  was  also  produced,  under 
the  hand  of  the  said  Thomas  Budd,  being  of  the  same  import 
with  the  deposition  of  the  aforesaid  Francis  Stephens. 

"  Thomas  Wallis  gave  in  his  evidence  before  the  said 
Thomas  Budd,  and  testified  under  the  hand  of  the  said  Tho- 
mas Budd,  of  the  same  import  with  the  aforesaid  Judith 
Noble's  testimony. 

"Another  examination,  of  notorious  circumstances,  of  a 
stranger  who  lay  at  the  said  Anderson's,  taken  by  Mahton 
Stacy,  a  magistrate  at  the  falls,  and  signified  under  his  hand. 

"Verdict. — The  jury  bring  in  the  prisoner  not  guilty,  and 
thereupon,  by  order  of  court,  is  discharged."^ 

'  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  v.  p.  157. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  537 

The  court  of  assizes,  New  York,  try  Jolin  Moll  on  various    1681. 
charges ;  the  jury  find  him  guilty  of  several,  but  the  court     '-^■'^^ 
acquit  him,  against  which  Abraham  Mann  protests,  "  in  a 
paper  sent  to  the  court  by  his  servant."^ 

By  an  act  of  West  Jersey,  "  vessels  bound  to  this  province,  Dec.  le. 
after  a  certain  day  in  November,  are  obliged  to  enter  and  Burimgton 
clear  at  the  port  of  Burlington."      It  was  also  made  the  » port  of  en- 

■I-  o  ^  try  and 

"  chief  town,  and  head  of  the  province,"  and  next  year  Salem  capital  of 
was  also  made  a  port  of  entry.     John  White,  collector  of  ^««*^  Jersey- 
Burlington."^ 

It  is  stated  by  historians,  that  three  ships  sailed  this  year  Dec  21. 
from  London,  and  one  from  Bristol,  for  Pennsylvania.     The  Arrival  of 
"John  and  Sarah,"  which  vessel  has  already  been  mentioned,  !,^'',^'"'^''°L 

'  J  J   i  actor,  with 

is  said  to  have  arrived  first.  The  "Amity,"  Richard  Dimon,  passengers. 
is  said  to  have  been  blown  off  the  coast,  to  the  West  Indies,  frpj^g^i^ 
and  not  to  have  arrived  till  spring.  This  must,  we  think,  be  o°e  mgut. 
an  error,  as  we  have  positive  proof  that  she  did  not  leave 
England  till  April  of  next  year,  (which  see.)  The  third  was 
the  "Bristol  Factor,"  Roger  Drew,  commander;  she  arrived 
at  the  place  where  Chester  now  stands,  on  December  11th, 
■where  the  passengers,  seeing  some  houses,  went  ashore,  at 
Robert  Wade's  landing,  near  the  lower  side  of  Chester  Creek, 
and  the  river  having  frozen  up  that  night,  the  passengers  re- 
mained at  Chester  all  winter.  There  were  several  persons  on 
board  these  ships  who  became  distinguished  in  the  province ; 
among  these  was  Joseph  Kirkbride,  then  a  boy,  and  some 
servants  of  Penn.  It  is  highly  probable,  too,  that  Penn's 
commissioners  arrived  in  one  of  these  vessels,  but  certainly 
Markham  did  not,  as  has  already  been  shown,  as  he  must 
then  have  been  in  the  country  some  months.^ 

It  appears  that  some  letters  from  New  Jersey  had  spoken  doc.  29. 
so  favourably  of  the  country  as  to  induce  a  suspicion  of  an  Letters  from 
evil  design.     A  letter  says,  "  as  to  thy  judgment  of  the  let-  ^^JeS^ 
ters  from  New  Jersey,  that  they  are  to  decoy  people,  that  is 
known  to  be  otherwise,  and  that   the  chiefest  of  them  came 
from  very  honest,  faithful  friends."* 

'  New  Castle  Records.  2  Learning  &  Spicer,  pp.  432,  447. 

'  Proud,  vol.  i.  p.  193.  *  Claypoole. 


638 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


January  10. 


January  29. 


Penn's  direc- 
tions about 
lands. 


February  5. 

Brockholls 
•writes  to 
Governor 
Jlarliham  of 
Herman's 
appoint- 
ment as  col- 
lector, and 
asks  gover- 
nor to  aid 
him. 


Magistrates 
propose  to 
lay  out  the 
twelve  nules 
circle. 


1682. 

The  first  meeting  of  record  was  held  at  the  house  of  Ro- 
bert Wade,  in  Upland  or  Chester,  on  the  10th  of  eleventh 
month,  1681,  the  Quakers  having  had  meetings  for  worship 
there  regularly  since  1675,  when  Wade  arrived.^ 

In  answer  to  some  inquiries  respecting  Penn's  views  on 
certain  points  relating  to  the  sale  of  lands,  made  by  James 
Harrison,  who,  it  will  be  recollected,  was  empowered  to  make 
sales  in  England,  of  lands  in  Pennsylvania,  Penn  writes, 
"  The  acres  are  statute  measure ;  the  highways  are  allowed 
for,  according  to  the  custom  of  plantations.  As  to  that  of 
not  setting  out  people's  land  but  as  stocked  or  improved,  it  is 
a  mistake ;  in  three  years  they  should  own,  or  set  somebody 
on  it,  not  have  it  by  scraps,  and  as  improved,  by  no  means ; 
though  if  it  were  not  as  a  planter,  but  lie  long  unplanted,  it 
would  damage  neighbouring  plantations,  as  to  harbouring  of 
vermin  and  wild  beasts ;  but  there  is  a  difference  between 
planting  and  improving ;  as  for  choosing,  I  can  say  but  little 
till  then,  but  some  is  worth  more  and  some  less,  and  if  any 
buy  on  sight,  they  must  go  by  the  worth,  not  by  the  present 
price,  else  5000  acres  may,  as  they  may  lie,  be  worth  X500, 
yet  I  take  the  meadows  to  myself;  the  land  is  taken  up  as 
amongst  the  first  or  second  adventurers,  and  then  divided 
amongst  them,  by  date  or  lot,  as  they  agree.  The  Cheshire 
Friends  can  inform  thee  more  particularly."^ 

Governor  Brockholls,  of  New  York,  directs  E.  Herman 
"  to  collect  and  receive  the  quit-rents  and  arrears  due  on 
Delaware  River  as  formerly,  as  well  as  what  was  in  arrear  in 
that  part  of  the  river  now  called  Pennsylvania."  He  also 
wrote  to  Governor  Markham,  "  acquainting  him  what  autho- 
rity he  had  continued  to  Herman,  as  collector,  and  being 
informed  that  several  persons  under  your  government  are  in 
arrears,  do  desire  your  favour  and  assistance  to  said  collector, 
assuring  you  I  shall  be  ready,  on  all  occasions,  to  serve  you." 

He  also  says  to  Herman,  "  as  to  the  desire  of  the  magis- 
trates to  join  to  lay  out  the  twelve  miles  circle  above  New 
Castle,  it  is  not  within  their  cognisance,  but  if  necessary  and 
desired  here,  shall  appoint  as  may  be  most  proper."^ 

The  following  extract  from  a  letter,  (dated  12th  month  11th, 


>  Proud,  vol.  i.p.  218. 
3  Breviat. 


2  Pemberlon  MSS. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  539 

1681,)  shows  the  mode  of  proceeding  in  taking  up  land  in    1682. 
England :  "    •    ' 

"  The  method  of  Friends  taking  up  land  of  William  Penn, 
is  by  deeds   of  conveyance,   for  which  the  purchaser   pays  February  21. 
about  12s.     If  it  be  for  5000  acres,  which  is  called  a  whole  Manner  of 
share  or  propriety,  for  that  we  pay  .£100,  and  50s.  per  annum  ?„  Eng'Jll^nj 
quit-rent,  to  begin  in  1683  or  1684,  I  cannot  tell  which;  inpurchas- 
they  that  will  pay  no  rent,  must  pay  ,£120  present,  and  so  "nia^i^Ts^* 
for  a  lesser  quantity  proportionable;  and  he  that  can  settle  ana  the 
some  few  families,  I  think  about  six,  may  have  his  land  alto-  p^^el^" 
gether ;  and  every  purchaser  of  5000  acres  is  to  have  100 
acres  by  lot  in  the  first  city.  The  concessions  or  fundamentals  Tiie"frajhe" 
for  government  are  to  be  perfected  this  day,  and  then  to  be  menT^'pro- 
engrossed,  and  signed  and  sealed  by  the  governor  and  pur-  g^ess. 
chasers,  which,  if  it  may  be  permitted,  I  shall  send  you  a  First  notice 
copy  of,  and  then  may  write  you  more  at  large,  if  you  intend  gyiyaX"*' 
to  be  concerned,  as  also  about  our  Pennsylvania  Company,"^  company. 

The  "  fundamentals  for  government"  here  referred  to,  pro- 
bably alludes  to  the  "frame,"  which,  however,  was  not  com- 
pleted and  signed  till  April  25th,  (which  see.) 

The  first  notice  we  have  seen  of  "a  company,"  is  in  the 
above  extract,  and  no  doubt  refers  to  the  "  Free  Society  of 
Traders,"  respecting  the  progress  of  which  we  shall  make 
further  extracts.  It  was  probably  only  talked  of  at  this 
time. 

The  foregoing  extract  also  probably  explains  why,  in  seve-  why  town 
ral  towns,  as  we  have  noticed  in  the  instances  of  Marcus  Hook,  pj°'^^|'eiaid 

'  '     off  to  SIX 

Chester,  Shackamaxon,  the  original  plot  was  laid  oflf  in  a  persons. 
body  to  six  persons. 

"  Fenwick  conveyed  the  moiety  of  his  proprietary,  which  Biarch  11. 
he  originally  purchased  from  John,  Lord  Berkley,  to  Governor  Femnckcon- 
Penn,  of  Pennsylvania,  excepting  and  reserving  therefrom,  ^^"pe^*" 
to  himself,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  for  ev^er,  all  that  tract  of 
country  which  was  called  Fenv/ick's   Colony,  containing,  as 
was  supposed,  150,000  acres."-     Fenwick  designed  to  erect 
several  towns. 

Salem  was  this  year  made  a  port  of  entry.     "After  the  saiemmade 
18th  of  May,  vessels  bound  for  Salem  have  liberty  to  enter  ^^^P°^t°f«'^- 
and  clear  there,  paying  Is.  for  entering,  and  Is.  for  clearing, 
for  all  vessels  under  100  tons,  and  2s.  for  vessels  upwards  of 

'  Claypoole's  Letter-Rjok. 
2  Johnson,  p.  26. 


540 


1682. 


March  14. 

Court  at 
Upland. 
Oyerseers  of 
roads  ap- 
pointed. 


Grants  of 
land  by 
Penn,  in 
England. 


Penn  desires 
grape-vines. 


March  21. 

Progress  of 
the  Penn- 
sylrania 
Company. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

100  tons.  James  Nevill  is  appointed  collector."  Heretofore 
Burlington  had  been  the  only  port  of  entry .^ 

Third  court  at  Upland ;  Markham  again  present.  "  A  case 
of  trover  for  a  sow."  Overseers  of  highways  were  appointed 
for  one  year,  for  the  several  districts,  viz.  Wooley  Rawson, 
from  Marcus  Creek  to  Naaman's  Greek ;  Robert  Wade,  from 
Naaman's  Creek  to  Upland  Creek ;  William  Oxly,  from  Up- 
land Creek  to  Ammersland's  Creek ;  Mons  Staukett,  from 
Ammersland's  Creek  to  Karkus  Mill ;  Peter  Yokeham,  from 
Karkus  ^lill  to  Schorekill  Falls ;  Andreas  Rambo,  from 
Schorekill  Falls  to  Tawcony  Creek ;  Erick  Mullikey,  from 
Tawcony  Creek  to  Poquessink  Creek ;  Claus  Johnson,  from 
Poquessink  Creek  to  Samuel  Cliff's ;  and  John  Akraman,  from 
Samuel  Cliff's  to  Gilbert  Wheeler's." 

There  are  various  deeds  from  William  Penn,  in  England, 
about  this  time,  on  record  at  West  Chester,  in  parcels  of  500 
acres,  "  to  be  admeasured  and  computed  according  to  the 
dimensions  of  acres  mentioned  and  appointed  in  and  by  tlie 
statute  of  33d  of  King  Edward,  to  be  allotted  and  set  in  such 
places  or  parts  in  said  province,  and  in  such  manner  and  at 
such  time  or  times  as  by  certain  concessions  or  constitutions, 
bearing  date  the  11th  of  Jul}'^  last,  and  signed,  sealed  and 
executed  by  and  between  said  William  Penn,  on  the  one  part, 
and  said  B.  C.  on  the  other,  of  lands  within  said  province, 
of  the  other  part,  &c."^ 

At  William  Penn's  request,  Claypoole  writes  to  his  friend 
in  France,  and  says  '<  he  wishes  to  get  about  1500  to  2000  vine 
plants,  to  carry  with  him  to  Pennsylvania,  a  colony  in  the 
West  Indies,  near  Maryland,  which  the  king  has  given  him, 
lying  in  41°,  42°,  43°,  north  latitude,  whither  he  intends, 
God  willing,  with  his  family  and  servants,  and  many  people, 
[to  go]  this  summer.  He  desires  of  those  that  bear  the  best 
grapes,  rather  than  the  most.  There  are  now  several  vessels 
at  Bordeaux,  which  will  take  thera,"'^ 

"  As  to  settling  a  company  in  Pennsylvania,  we  have  had 
many  meetings,  and  debated  about  it,  and  brought  matters 
now  so  to  bear  as  we  think  will  give  general  content.  The 
proposals  or  articles  are  transcribing,  and  next  week  we  shall 
come  to  a  conclusion  to  desist  or  send  copies  abroad."^ 


'  Law  in  Learning  &  Spicer,  sec.  8,  p.  446. 
2  Upland  Records,  at  West  Chester. 
*  Claypoole's  Letter-Book. 


8  Ibid. 
6  Ibid. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  541 

Having  previously  purchased  land,  the  same  writer,  on  the    1682. 
31st,  says,  "  As  to  planting  my  land  in  Pennsylvania,  I  have     " — • — ' 
had  divers  considerations  on  my  mind,  which  way  to  proceed, 
but  cannot  come  to  any  conclusion.     Sometimes  I  am  think-  considera- 
ing  to  send  one  of  my  sons  as  an  overseer,  with  two  or  three  *'°"^^"s- 

°  .  .  gestctl  in 

servants,  to  build  a  little  house,  and  plant  an  orchard  and  view  of  go- 
gal'den,  and  get  some  cattle,  and  ground  cleared  for  corn,  and  g^f^anf*^""^' 
so  to  go  on  raising  corn  and  cattle ;  and  at  other  times  I  am  and  various 
thinking  to  send  some  honest,  poor  friend,  with  a  servant  or  DoTbts'^^d 
two,  to  act  for  me  as  my  attorney,  that  if  I  should  have  an  fears. 
inclination  hereafter  to  go  thither  with  my  family,  I  may 
have  a  house  and  some  provisions  ready.     I  conclude  on 
neither  yet,  because  of  some  objections  which  I  cannot  get 
Over,  and  the  settling  the  company,  wherein  there  may  some 
encouragement  be  offered  for  my  going  there  myself;  and  one 
grand  objection  is,  that  I  may  not  possibly  like  the  house  nor 
situation,  and  so  not  care  to  dwell  in  it.     We  have  concluded  Pennsyiva- 
our  business  and  all  things  relating  to  the  company ;  we  shall  "'^  ^°^' 
send  copies  thereof  to  divers  parts." 

And  a  few  days  later,  he  says,  "  The  articles  for  the  Penn- 
sylvania Company  are  printing.  I  cannot  tell  what  to  write  Penn's 
you  about  the  deeds  for  land,  but  yours  will  be  like  mine  and 
others,  which  are  approved  by  men  skilled  in  the  law;  and 
as  to  improving  of  land  there,  I  can  say  little  at  present,  but 
do  find  myself  more  inclined  to  go,  so  that  I  believe  it  will 
be  my  lot  to  remove  with  my  family  before  a  year  be  passed." 

On  the  22d  and  23d  March,  William  Penn  granted  to  N.  April  i&  2. 
Moore  and  others,  deeds  of  lease  and  release  for  a  large  body 
of  land,  and  by  the  following  charter,  dated  March  25th,  Aprii4. 
erects  it  into  a  manor,  and  incorporates  them  into  a  company, 
with  most  extraordinary  powers  and  privileges,  by  the  name 
of  the  Free  Society  of  Traders.  This  is  the  Pennsylvania 
company  heretofore  alluded  to. 

"  To  all  people  to  whom  these  presents  shall  come  :  Aprils. 

"  Whereas  King  Charles  the  Second,  by  his  letters-patent  charter  of 
under  the  great  seal  of  England,  for  the  consideration  therein  ^jTty  of*"  ^°" 
mentioned,  hath  been  graciously  pleased  to  give  and  grant  Traders, 
unto  me,  William  Penn,  (by  the  name  of  William  Penn,  Esq., 
son  and  heir  of  Sir  William  Penn,  deceased,)  and  to  my  heirs  Preamble. 
and  assigns  for  ever,  a  certain  province  in  America,  by  the 
name  of  Pennsylvania,  and  hath  thereby  also  given  me  power, 
and  to  my  heirs,  to  grant  or  alien  any  part  or  parcel  of  the 


deeds  for 
land. 


2Z 


542 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1682. 


Lease  and 
release  of 
20,000  acres. 


The  land 
erected  into 
a  manor. 


said  province,  to  any  person  or  persons,  in  fee-simple,  or  for 
any  other  estate,  to  be  holden  of  me  and  my  heirs,  by  such 
rents,  customs,  and  services  as  shall  seem  fit  unto  me  the  said 
William  Penn,  and  my  heirs,  with  a  clause  of  non  obstante  to 
the  statute  Quia  Eniptores  Terrarum,  made  in  the  eighteenth 
year  of  the  reign  of  King  Edward  the  First ;  and  also  erect 
into  manors  any  such  parcels  of  land  as  I  and  my  heirs  shall 
have  granted  or  aliened  as  aforesaid,  and  to  enable  such 
grantees  or  alienees,  and  their  heirs,  to  have  and  to  hold 
courts-baron,  courts-leet,  and  view  of  frank-pledge,  within 
the  same,  and  to  give  and  grant  to  any  other  person  or  per- 
sons, any  part  or  parcel  of  the  lands  granted  or  aliened  to 
them  by  me  or  my  heirs,  to  be  holden  of  them  and  their 
heirs.  And  whereas  I  have,  by  my  several  indentures  of 
lease,  bearing  date  the  two  and  twentieth,  and  of  release, 
bearing  date  the  three  and  twentieth  day  of  the  first  month, 
called  March,  in  the  four  and  thirtieth  year  of  the  said  now 
king's  reign,  granted  unto  Nicholas  Moore,  of  London,  medi- 
cal doctor,  James  Claypoole,  merchant,  Philip  Ford,  William 
Sherloe,  of  London,  merchants,  Edward  Peirce,  of  London, 
leather-seller,  John  Symcock,  and  Thomas  Brassey,  of 
Cheshire,  yeoman,  Thomas  Baker,  of  London,  wine-cooper, 
and  Edward  Brookes,  of  London,  grocer,  and  their  heirs,  to 
the  use  of  themselves,  and  their  heirs  and  assigns,  twenty 
thousand  acres  of  land,  parcel  of  the  said  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, in  trust  nevertheless,  for  the  '  Free  Society  of 
Traders,'  in  Pennsylvania,  and  their  successors,  as  soon  as 
the  said  Free  Society  should  be  by  me  incorporated  or  erected, 
as  in  and  by  the  said  indentures,  (relation  being  thereunto 
had,)  more  fully  doth  appear. 

"Now  know  all  men  by  these  presents,  that  I,  the  said 
William  Penn,  according  to  the  power  given  by  the  said  let- 
ters-patent, do  erect  the  said  twenty  thousand  acres  into  a 
manor,  and  do  constitute,  make,  and  confirm  the  same  to  be 
henceforth  a  manor,  by  the  name  of  the  Manor  of  Frank,  to 
all  intents  and  purposes ;  and  I  do  hereby  authorize,  give 
power,  and  grant  to  the  said  Nicholas  Moore,  James  Clay- 
poole, Philip  Ford,  William  Sherloe,  Edward  Peirce,  John 
Symcock,  Thomas  Brassey,  Thomas  Barker,  and  Edward 
Brookes,  and  to  such  other  persons  as  they  shall  hereafter 
receive  into  their  society,  by  the  name  of  '  The  Free  Society 
of  Traders,'  in  Pennsylvania,  and  to  their  successors,  whom 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  543 

I  hereby  erect  and  constitute  a  corporation  by  that  name,  to     1682. 
all  intents  and  purposes,  for  the  better  improvement  of  trade,     '     '    ' 
to  sue  and  be  sued,  and  to  answer  and  be  answered  by  that 
name,  and  by  that  name  to  give  and  grant  to  any  person  or  The  mem- 
persons,  such  part  or  parcel  of  the  said  Manor  of  Frank  as  '^^'^^'d'"^ 
to  them  shall  seem  meet,  to  be  holden  of  them  and  their  suc- 
cessors, in  free  and  common  soccage,  by  such  rents,  customs, 
and  services,  as  to  them  and  their  successors  shall  seem  meet, 
so  as  the  same  be  consistent  with  the  said  tenure  in  free  and 
common  soccage.     And  also,  that  the  said  Free   Society  of 
Traders,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  their  successors,  shall  and  may, 
from  time  to  time,  and  at  all  times  hereafter,  receive,  take, 
and  enjoy,  all  such  rents,  customs,  and  services  reserved  as 
aforesaid,  together  with  all  other  services  incident  to  the  said 
tenure,  and  all  the  fruits  and  consequents  thereupon,  to  their 
own  use  and  behoof. 

"  And  I  do  also,  according  to  the  said  powers  given  by  the  Powers  and 
said  letters-patent,  grant  unto  the  said  Free  Society  of  Trad-  ^"^'  ^°^^' 
ers,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  their  successors,  that  they,  by  them- 
selves, or  by  the  justices  and  keeps  of  the  peace  hereinafter 
mentioned,  may  from  henceforth  hold  two  sessions  and  jail  iioidtwo 
deliveries  yearly,  at  such  convenient  times  as  they  shall  think  yg^^iy. 
best,  who  may  hear  and  determine  all  pleas  and  controversies, 
as  well  civil  as  criminal,  which  shall  arise  within  the  said 
Manor  of  Frank  and  corporation  aforesaid,  wherein  no  other 
justices  or  other  officers  of  the  said  province  shall  intermeddle,  No  mter- 
and  that  they,  by  themselves,  or  by  their  stewards,  may  for  "tLrjus-" 
ever  hold  a  court-baron  within  the  said  manor,  and  may  do  t'<=es. 
and  execute  all  such  matters  and  things  as  are  belonging  and 
incident  unto,  are  used  and  accustomed  to  be  done  in  a  court- 
baron.  And  I  do  likewise  grant  unto  the  said  Free  Society  of 
Traders,  and  their  successors,  that  they,  by  themselves,  or  by 
their  stewards,  may  for  ever  hold  a  court-leet,  and  view  of  courtieet, 
frank-pledge,  for  all  the  inhabitants  and  residents  in  and  f,"^^-^^"^ 
upon  the  said  Manor  of  Frank,  and  may  do,  perform,  and  pledge. 
execute  all  such  matters  and  things  as  are  belonging  or  inci- 
dent unto,  or  are  used  and  accustomed  to  be  done  in  a  court- 
baron,  court-leet,  and  view  of  frank-pledge.    And  I  do  hereby 
grant  that  the  said  Free  Society  of  Traders,  and  their  succes- 
.  sors,  may  have,  receive,  and  enjoy  all  profits  and  perquisites 
of  courts,   and  all   other  franchises,   liberties,  jurisdictions, 
royalties,  privileges,  and  immunities  whatsoever  to  the  said 


officers. 


544  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETAEY  AND  GOMilRXOR. 

1682.     manor  or  courts,  or  to  the  said  Free  Society  of  Traders,  or 
'    '     '     their  successors,  as  lords  of  the  said  manor,  belonging  or  in 
anywise  of  right  appertaining. 

"And  whereas,  by  the  said  letters-patent,  full  power  is 
granted  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  and  his  heirs,  to  appoint 
judges,  lieutenants,  justices,  magistrates,  and  officers,  for  what 
cause  soever,  and  with  what  power,  and  in  such  form  as  to 
me  seems  convenient,  with  liberty  to  import  the  growth  and 
manufactory  of  that  province  into  England,  paying  the  legal 
duty,  as  also  to  erect  ports,  harbours,  creeks,  havens,  keys, 
and  other  places  for  merchandises,  with  such  jurisdictions 
and  privileges  as  to  me,  William  Penn,  shall  seem  expedient. 
"  Now  further  witness  these  presents,  that  I,  William  Penn, 
according  to  the  power  given  by  the  said  letters-patent,  do, 
for  me  and  my  heirs,  authorize  and  give  power  to  the  said 
Free  Society  of  Traders,  and  their  successors,  for  the  better 
carrying  on  their  trade,  and  for  the  common  execution  of 
justice  in  the  said  Manor  of  Frank,  from  time  to  time,  and 
May  appoint  at  all  times  hereafter,  to  appoint  to  place,  and  to  remove 
whom  they  will,  of  themselves,  for  president,  treasurer,  secre- 
tary, sheriff,  survej'or,  agents,  stewards,  and  all  other  under- 
officers  and  servants  of  the  said  Free  Society  of  Traders,  and 
their  successors,  and  of  the  said  corporation  and  Manor  of 
Frank,  as  to  them  shall  seem  meet  and  most  convenient,  and 
that  the  said  officers  and  servants  of  the  said  Free  Society  of 
Traders,  or  of  their  successors,  and  the  tenants  of  the  said 
Manor  of  Frank,  and  the  inhabitants  within  the  same,  shall 
not  be  impleaded,  without  the  said  manor,  for  any  plea  arising 
within  the  said  manor,  and  that  none  shall  lodge  within  the 
houses  or  lands  within  the  said  manor,  by  force,  and  all  the 
freemen  of  the  said  Free  Society,  and  their  goods,  shall  be 
quit  and  free  throughout  the  province,  and  the  ports  thereof, 
of  and  from  all  toll,  passage,  lightage,  and  all  other  customs 
and  payments  whatsoever,  excepting  only  such  as  shall  be 
taxed  by  common  consent  of  the  provincial  council  and  ge- 
neral assembly  of  the  said  province ;  and  also  that  their 
courts  may  sit  once  in  a  week,  that  is  to  say,  on  the  second 
day  of  the  week,  called  Monday,  and  that  right  be  done  then 
according  to  law.  And  I  do  further  grant  them,  according 
to  that  authority  given  me,  acquittal  of  murder  within  the 
said  manor ;  and  that  none  of  the  said  Free  Society,  or  of 
their  successors,  or  of  the  said  manor,  be  compelled  to  wage 


W.  MARKIIAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  545 

battle,  and  that  they  may  discharge  themselves  of  the  pleas  1682. 
belonging  to  the  province,  according  to  what  laws  and  cus-  '  •  ' 
toms  shall  be  justly  established  in  the  said  Free  Society,  and 
that  all  and  singular  the  officers  and  servants  of  the  said 
Free  Society,  and  inhabitants  and  dwellers  within  the  said 
manor,  or  any  of  them,  shall  be,  and  every  of  them  is,  and 
for  all  time  to  come,  shall  be  and  remain  under  the  rule,  go- 
vernment, jurisdiction,  oversight,  searches,  correction,  punish- 
ment, precepts,  and  arrest  of  the  said  Free  Society,  and  their 
successoi's,  and  their  respective  under-officers  for  ever,  any 
liberties,  franchise,  privileges,  exemption,  or  authority  what- 
soever, granted  by  the  said  William  Penn,  to  the  contrary 
thereof  notwithstanding.  Provided  nevertheless,  that  all  per- 
sons who  shall  inhabit,  in  time  to  come  within  the  liberties 
and  franchises  of  the  said  manor,  or  any  the  precincts,  cir- 
cuits, or  compass  thereof,  and  all  buildings  therein  built  or  to 
be  built,  and  all  lands,  tenements,  and  hereditaments  within 
the  said  manor,  from  henceforth  shall  be  for  ever  quit  and 
free  from  all  taxes  and  other  burdens  of  scot,  lot,  watch  and 
ward,  through  and  within  the  said  manor,  to  be  paid,  made, 
sustained,  or  contributed,  except  the  charges  and  expenses 
due  and  reasonable  for  the  defence  of  the  province,  and  such 
like  special  public  services  and  taxes,  by  common  consent  of 
the  provincial  council  and  general  assembly  as  aforesaid,  and 
except  the  charges  for  ways,  pavements,  ditches,  bridges,  and 
water-courses,  within  the  circuits,  precincts,  liberties,  juris- 
dictions of  the  aforesaid  manor,  respectively  to  be  paid.  And 
that  all  freemen  of  the  Free  Society  aforesaid,  for  the  time 
being,  inhabiting,  or  who  shall  inhabit  within  the  liberties 
and  franchise  of  the  said  manor,  shall  be  chargeable  and 
liable  to  serve  in  all  offices  and  charges,  as  well  of  president, 
deputy-president,  treasurer,  secretary,  agents,  sheriff,  steward, 
and  whatsoever  other  office  he  or  they  shall  be  deemed  meet 
for  by  the  said  Free  Society. 

"  And  furthermore,  for  the  better  and  common  profit  of  the 
said  Free  Society,  and  for  the  accommodation  and  supportation 
of  the  charges  and  expenses  of  the  said  Free  Society  of 
Traders,  and  to  their  successors,  I  grant  to  the  said  Free  Society 
of  Traders,  and  to  their  successors,  that  from  and  henceforth 
and  for  ever,  all  and  singular  persons,  though  they  be  not 
free  of  the  same  Free  Society,  who  shall  hereafter  be  dwelling 
within  the  liberties  or  precincts  of  the  said  manor,  in  all  aids, 

69  2z2 


546  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.  tallages,  grants,  and  other  contributions  whatsoever,  that  shall 
"  •  '  be  taxed  to  the  use  and  service  of  the  said  Free  Society,  for 
the  maintaining  the  magistracy,  and  other  public  charges,  as 
in  cities  and  towns  are  to  be  maintained  by  the  freemen  and 
inhabitants  of  the  same,  for  the  public  good,  howsoever  shall 
be  reasonably  and  proportionably  taxed  and  assessed,  and 
that  the  said  Free  Society  of  Traders,  by  their  respective  officers 
aforesaid,  can  levy  the  same  aids,  tallages,  grants,  and  other 
contributions  and  lawful  taxes,  by  their  own  officers  and 
ministers,  by  distress  and  sale  of  goods  and  chattels  of  such 
persons,  who  from  time  to  time  shall  be  charged  with  payment 
of  such  aids,  tallages,  grants,  and  other  taxes  and  contribu- 
tions, who  shall  refuse  or  neglect  to  pay  the  same.  Provided 
always,  nevertheless,  that  such  residents  and  dwellers  in  any 
houses  within  the  aforesaid  society,  who  are  not,  nor  shall  be 
freemen  of  the  same,  shall  only  be  taxed  for  the  house  in 
which  they  shall  inhabit  or  reside,  or  are  dwelling  within  the 
same  society's  liberties,  or  precincts  of  the  same,  according  to 
the  known  customs  of  rent  payable,  and  as  those  who  are  free 
of  the  said  Free  Society,  and  are  taxed,  and  not  otherwise. 
And  in  case  any  such  said  inhabitants,  not  being  freemen  of 
the  society,  shall  think  himself,  by  reason  of  the  aforesaid 
taxes,  unjustly  grieved,  that  then,  and  in  such  case,  the  pro- 
vincial council,  or  such  persons  as  they  shall  appoint,  shall 
moderate  and  qualify  such  contributions  as  they  shall  think 
fit. 

"  And  furthermore,  I  do  grant  to  the  aforesaid  Free  Society 
of  Traders,  and  their  successors,  that  the  president,  deputy- 
president,  treasurer,  secretary,  surveyor,  and  the  agents  of 
the  said  Free  Society,  and  their  stewards  aforesaid,  who  here- 
after, for  time  being,  shall  be  chosen  by  the  said  Free  Society, 
so  long  as  they  shall  continue  in  their  respective  offices  in  the 
society  aforesaid,  for  ever.be,  and  shall  be,  justices  and  keeps 
of  the  peace,  and  make  to  be  kept  the  peace  in  and  through 
all  and  singular  the  circuits  and  precincts,  liberties,  franchises, 
and  places  of  the  manor  and  corporation  aforesaid,  and  to 
keep,  or  cause  to  be  kept  and  executed,  all  laws  and  statutes 
of  the  province,  made  for  their  good,  and  for  the  public  peace 
and  quiet  rule  and  government  of  the  people,  in  all  their 
liberties  and  franchises,  according  to  the  force,  form,  and 
effect  of  the  same,  and  to  chastise  and  punish  those  who, 
contrary  to  the  form  and  effect  of  those  laws  or  statutes,  or 


W.  MAEKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  547 

any  of  them,  within  the  limits,  franchises,  and  places  afore-  1682. 
said,  ai'e  found  to  offend,  as  ought  to  be  done,  according  to  '"  '  ' 
the  frame  of  the  said  laws  and  statutes,  and  to  make  to  come 
before  them  all  those  who  threaten  any  of  the  people  con- 
cerning their  bodies,  or  burning  their  houses,  and  for  other 
lawful  and  sufficient  causes,  to  find  sufiicient  security  of  the 
peace,  or  good  behaviour,  and  if  they  refuse  to  give  security, 
then  to  commit  or  cause  them  to  be  safely  kept  in  prison  until 
they  shall  find  such  security. 

"  And  I  do  further  grant  unto  the  said  Free  Society  of 
Traders,  for  myself,  and  my  heirs  and  successors,  to  them 
and  their  successors,  that  the  justices  aforesaid,  or  any  three 
of  them,  whereof  the  said  president  or  deputy-president  and 
the  treasurer  shall  be  two,  from  henceforth  and  for  ever,  may 
be  justices,  to  inquire  of  all  manner  of  felonies,  trespasses, 
forestallers,  and  of  all  and  singular  other  misdeeds  and  of- 
fences, of  which  the  provincial  justices  of  the  peace  may  and 
ought  lawfully  to  inquire,  howsoever  or  wheresoever  done  or 
committed,  or  which  hereafter  shall  be  done  or  attempted 
within  the  liberties,  franchises,  and  places  of  the  manor  afore- 
said, and  also  of  all  others  who,  within  the  same  franchises, 
liberties,  and  places,  gO  or  ride  tumultuously  and  riotously, 
or  with  armed  force,  against  the  peace,  and  to  the  terror 
[and]  disturbance  of  the  people ;  and  also  of  those  who  lie 
in  wait  to  kill  the  people,  or  hereafter  shall  presume  to  lay 
in  wait ;  and  also  of  all  and  singular  other  persons  who  have 
offended,  or  attempted,  or  hereafter  shall  presume  to  offend, 
or  attempt,  in  abuse  of  weights  and  measures,  within  the  said 
manor,  against  the  form  of  the  laws  and  statutes,  or  any  of 
them,  made  or  to  be  made  for  the  common  profit  of  the  pro- 
vince and  people ;  and  also  to  hear  and  determine  all  and 
singular  the  same  felonies  and  misdeeds,  according  to  the 
laws  and  statutes  of  the  province ;  so  alwa^^s  that  the  said 
Free  Society  of  Traders,  and  their  successors,  may  have  and 
hold  all  and  singular  their  privileges,  free,  whole,  and  unhurt, 
and  that  neither  a  keeper  of  the  peace,  or  justice,  or  other 
officers  or  ministers  of  the  province  whatsoever,  shall  inter- 
meddle in  the  same  manor,  nor  call  the  freemen  of  the  said 
Free  Society,  or  other  persons  inhabiting  within  the  said 
manor,  to  an  account  for  any  of  the  felonies  and  other  offences 
aforesaid  found  therein,  or  to  be  found,  or  for  deodands,  nor 
for  any  thing  relating  to  felonies,  fugitives,  or  their  lands, 


548  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.     goods,  or*  chattels,  within  the  said  manor,  usually  seized  for 
"    '    '     the  king,  but  the  said  Free  Society,  and  their  successors,  shall 
enjoy  them  fully,  and  convert  them  to  their  own  proper  use. 

"  And  I  do  further  grant  that  the  president  (for  the  time 
being)  of  the  said  Free  Society,  (and  in  the  absence  of  the  pre- 
sident,) the  deputy  president  for  the  time  being,  shall  be  a 
justice  and  keep  of  the  peace  of  the  province,  in  the  liberties 
of  the  same,  to  be  conserved  and  kept,  and  I  do  constitute, 
make,  and  ordain,  by  these  presents,  that  every  one  who  is, 
or  hereafter  shall  be  president  of  the  said  Free  Society,  so  long 
as  he  shall  behave  himself  well,  shall  be,  together  with  the 
justices  and  keeps  of  the  peace  hereinbefore  mentioned, 
keepers  and  justices  of  the  peace  within  the  corporation 
aforesaid,  and  the  liberties  of  the  same,  to  keep,  or  cause  to 
be  kept,  all  and  singular  the  laws  and  statutes  made  and  to 
be  made  for  the  good  and  peace  of  the  province,  and  for  the 
conservation  of  the  same,  for  the  quiet  rule  and  government 
of  the  people,  in  all  their  liberties  and  franchises,  within  the 
said  corporation,  according  to  the  form,  force,  and  effect  of 
these  presents,  and  to  correct  and  punish  all  those  whom  they 
shall  find  offending  against  the  ordinances  of  the  said  Free 
Society,  as  also  all  murders,  false  conspirators,  and  all  and 
singular  other  offenders,  according  to  the  laws  and  statutes  of 
the  said  province,  as  used  and  ought  to  be  done  in  such  like 
cases ;  and  to  chastise  and  punish  the  said  offenders  for  their 
faults,  by  fines,  redemptions,  amercements,  forfeitures,  and 
otherwise,  as  used  and  ought  to  be,  according  to  the  laws  and 
statutes  of  the  province,  and  to  do,  exercise,  hear,  determine, 
and  execute  all  and  singular  things  within  the  said  corporation 
and  liberties  thereof,  which  justices  of  the  peace,  by  the  laws 
and  statutes  of  the  province,  may  or  are  enabled  to  do,  in- 
quire, or  execute,  and  in  as  ample  manner  and  form  as  any 
one  or  other  justices  of  the  peace  in  the  province  may  or  are 
enabled  lawfully  to  do,  inquire,  punish,  or  execute,  in  any 
other  precincts  of  the  said  province,  giving  it  strictly  in  com- 
mand, by  these  presents,  for  me,  ray  heirs  and  successors,  to 
the  freemen,  officers,  and  all  inhabitants  within  the  said  cor- 
poration, that  they  shall  be  attending,  counselling,  answering, 
assisting,  and  aiding,  to  the  justices  and  keepers  of  the  peace, 
and  other  such  officers  as  are  aforesaid,  in  all  things  which  do 
or  may  belong  to  the  office  of  justices  and  keeps  of  the  peace 
within  the  said  corporation  and  liberties  of  the  same,  as  afore- 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  549 

said,  as  often  and  when  they  shall  be  duly  required  by  them,     1682. 
or  any  of  them,  in  behalf  of  me,  my  heirs  and  successors.         '    ' 

"And  I  do  further  grant,  and  by  these  presents,  have 
granted,  for  me  and  my  heirs,  unto  the  said  Free  Society,  and 
their  successors,  all  recognisances  at  any  time  lawfully  taken 
or  acknowledged,  or  to  be  taken  or  acknowledged  for  appear- 
ance, and  forfeited,  or  to  be  forfeited  for  non-appearance,  at 
any  session  or  sessions  of  the  peace,  or  jail  delivery,  holden 
or  to  be  holden  before  the  justices  aforesaid ;  and  all  manner 
of  other  recognisances  lawfully  taken,  or  to  be  taken  for  and 
concerning  the  keeping  of  the  peace,  and  for  keeping  the 
ordinances,  orders,  and  rules  of  the  said  Free  Society  whatso- 
ever, according  to  law  ;  and  also  all  fines  and  issues  of  jurors, 
and  all  other  issues,  fines,  and  amercements,  forfeited  at  all 
times,  for  any  matter  or  causes,  and  occasions  whatsoever,  in 
the  said  manor,  or  liberties  of  the  same. 

"And  I  do,  for  myself  and  my  heirs,  grant  unto  the  said 
Free  Society  of  Traders,  and  their  successors,  to  choose  three 
oflScers  of  the  said  Free  Society,  to  be  of  the  said  provincial 
council  of  the  province,  and  when,  by  any  article  in  the  in- 
tended frame  of  government,  any  one  of  the  said  officers 
shall  go  out,  then  the  said  Free  Society  of  Traders,  and  their 
successors,  shall  choose  another,  and  so  successively  for  ever. 

"  And  I  do,  for  myself,  and  my  heirs  and  assigns,  grant 
unto  the  said  Free  Society  of  Traders,  and  their  successors, 
all  manner  of  mines  and  metals,  as  well  royal  mines  of  gold 
and  silver,  as  other  mines,  which  shall  be  found  in  the  said 
twenty  thousand  acres,  or  in  any  part  of  them,  excepting 
only  the  fifth  part  reserved  by  the  king  of  England  to  him- 
self, his  heirs  and  successors ;  and  excepting  also  one  other 
fifth  part  of  all  the  ore  which  shall  be  found  in  any  mines  of 
gold  and  silver,  to  me,  the  said  William  Penn,  my  heirs  and 
assigns. 

"  And  I  do,  for  myself,  and  my  heirs  and  assigns,  grant 
unto  the  said  Free  Society  of  Traders,  free  fishing  of  whales, 
sturgeon,  and  all  royal  and  other  fishes  in  the  main  sea  and 
bays  of  the  said  province,  and  in  the  inlets,  waters,  and  rivers 
within  or  adjoining  to  the  said  twenty  thousand  acres,  or  any 
part  thereof,  the  said  Free  Society  of  Traders,  and  their 
successors,  yielding  and  paying  unto  me,  William  Penn,  my 
heirs  and  assigns,  the  sum  of  one  shilling  yearly,  upon  the 
day  of  the  vernal  equinox,  or  within  one  and  twenty  days 


550  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.    after,  at  my  dwelling-liouse  in  the  capital  city  of  Pennsyl- 

"    •    '    vania. 

"  And  lastly,  I  do  also  grant,  for  me  and  my  heirs,  to  the 
said  Free  Society,  and  their  successors,  for  ever,  all  and  every 
one  of  the  things  aforesaid ;  and  further,  that  no  manner  of 
person  whatsoever  shall  inspect  their  books,  warehouses,  or 
houses,  without  their  own  consent,  but  shall  in  all  respects  be 
free  to  trade,  build,  and  plant,  and  to  appoint  fairs  and  mai'- 
kets,  at  such  convenient  times  as  they  shall  think  fit,  within 
the  corporation  and  manor  aforesaid,  together  with  all  other 
reasonable  liberties,  franchises,  and  immunities  whatsoever, 
"which  have  at  any  time  heretofore  been  granted  to  the  city 
of  London. 

"  In  witness  whereof,  I  have  put  my  name  and  seal,  this 
four  and  twentieth  day  of  the  first  month,  called  March,  in 
the  four  and  thirtieth  year  of  the  said  now  king's  reign,  and 
in  the  year  of  our  Lord,  according  to  the  computation  of 
England,  one  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty-one-two. 

"  William  Penn."  [l.  s.]^ 

On  the  day  following  the  date  of  the  charter,  "  the  articles, 
April  4.  settlement,  and  ofiScers  of  the  Free  Society  of  Traders,  in 
Address  and  Pennsylvania,  agreed  upon  by  divers  merchants  and  others, 

constitution     ,.         ^       ,  .  "^i  -,  i-i 

of  the  Free  101'  the  better  improvement  and  government  ot  trade  in  that 
Society  of  provincc,"  was  published  in  a  folio  pamphlet,  in  London.  It 
opens  with  an  address  setting  forth  the  advantages  of  the 
society,  and  is  accompanied  by  a  constitution,  to  which  sub- 
scriptions are  invited.  The  operations  were  intended  to  be 
upon  a  very  extensive  scale.     They  are  as  follows : 

"  The  Preface. — Reader:  honest  and  industrious  traffic  has 
The  preface,  been  the  usage  and  the  praise  of  many  nations ;  and  in  this 
all  countries  seem  agreed,  that  their  wealth  and  strength  are 
begun,  continued,  and  increased  by  it,  a  truth  common  expe- 
rience daily  confirms ;  for  this  hath  made,  and  is  making 
many  princes  and  states  in  the  world  endeavour  to  have  their 
subjects  prosper  in  trade.  The  very  Indian  princes  are  now 
convinced  of  this  truth,  which  makes  the  King  of  Bantam 
send  his  ambassador  here.  This  is  likewise  the  reason  why 
many  considerate  men  have  thought  fit  to  join  themselves  in 
a  society  of  trade  in  Pennsylvania,  which,  after  some  diffi- 

'  Records  of  Bucks  County ;  for  a  copy  of  which   the  author  is  indebted  to 
W.  Carr,  Esq.     It  is  believed  that  it  has  never  been  in  print. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  551 

culty,  they  have  accomplished.  But  this  may  be  modestly  1682. 
said,  it  is  a  very  unusual  society,  for  it  is  an  absolute  free  '  '  ' 
one,  and  in  a  free  country ;  a  society  without  oppression, 
wherein  all  may  be  concerned  that  will,  and  yet  have  the  same 
liberty  of  private  traffic  as  though  there  were  no  society  at 
all ;  so  that  this  society  is  calculated  both  to  promote  the 
public  good,  and  to  encourage  the  private;  and  indeed,  it 
seems  not  possible  that  province  should  be  improved  in  many 
years  without  it,  as  it  is  like  to  be  in  a  few  years  by  it.  How- 
ever, it  is  such  a  society  as  can  do  harm  to  none,  but  may  do 
good  to  all,  which  a  serious  perusal  of  the  government  of  it 
will  plainly  evince  to  the  considerate  and  ingenious.  We  may 
add,  that  it  is  no  small  conveniency  and  ease  to  the  minds  of 
planters,  (happily  unacquainted  in  trade,)  that  they  may  have 
some  part  of  their  estates  improving  in  an  united  way  and 
care,  whilst  they  thereby  may,  with  less  distraction,  and  more 
freedom  of  spirit,  apply  themselves  to  their  particular  planta- 
tions ;  for  here  a  few  hands  do  the  work  of  the  whole,  and  by 
this  honest  and  free  device,  the  whole  will  be  furnished  fresh 
and  fresh,  from  time  to  time,  in  the  nature  of  a  bank.  This 
union  of  traffic  prevents  emulation,  for  every  one  is  interested 
in  every  one's  prosperity,  and  the  profit  must  be  greater  and 
surer,  and  navigation,  manufacture,  and  arts  better  improved, 
than  by  force  of  private  and  divided  stocks.  To  conclude,  it 
is  an  enduring  estate,  and  a  lasting  as  well  as  certain  credit ; 
a  portion  and  inheritance  that  is  clear  and  growing,  free  from 
the  mischief  of  frauds  and  false  securities,  supported  by  the 
concurrent  strength  and  care  of  a  great  and  prudent  body,  a 
kind  of  perpetual  trustees,  the  friend  of  the  widow  and  the 
orphan,  for  it  takes  no  advantage  of  minority  or  sim- 
plicity. 

«'  These  and  many  more  great  advantages  accrue  to  a  society 
so  freely  constituted  as  this  appears  to  be,  by  the  ensuing 
articles  of  agreement,  which  are  imposed  on  none,  but  recom- 
mended to  all,  with  this  assurance,  that  nothing  is  hereby  in- 
tended but  what  is  consistent  with  justice  and  prudence,  to 
the  best  of  their  skill  that  were  concerned  in  the  framing  of 
it ;  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  improvements  which  may  accrue 
by  it,  will  prove  to  be  of  no  small  advantage  to  that  country, 
and  Old  England,  from  whom  it  takes  its  original. 

<<  To  which,  reader,  it  may  not  be  improper  to  add,  that 
this  society  is  endowed  with  divers  immunities  and  privileges, 


552  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROrRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.     by  grant  and  charter,  from  William  Penn,  governor  of  that 
'    '    '     province.  "Nicholas  Moore, 

"James  Claypoole, 
"  Philip  Ford. 

"London,  25th  of  first  month,  called  March,  1682."i 

The  first  general  court  to  be  held  in  London,  May  29,  and 
ever  after  on  first  Thursday  of  November,  in  the  capital  city 
Abstractor  in  Pennsylvania.  Votes  may  be  by  proxy, 
to'n"'"'"*'"  No  one  in  England  to  have  more  than  one  vote,  unless  he 
have  a  share  of  land  in  Pennsylvania,  at  least  1000  acres  of 
his  own,  with  some  inhabitants  on  it,  in  which  case,  inhabit- 
ants of  Pennsylvania  shall,  for  two  ,£25's,  or  one  <£50,  have 
one  vote;  .£100,  two  votes;  <£-300,  three  votes,  and  none 
more. 

Subscription  books  in  England  to  open  29th  June,  and  no 
longer ;  in  Pennsylvania,  from  arrival  of  first  ship  of  the 
society  for  six  months,  paying  15  per  cent,  sterling  for  7'isco 
run  by  the  society,  for  such  as  subsci'ibe  in  thirty  days,  and 
1  per  cent,  for  every  month  after,  to  be  added  to  the  value 
of  the  cargo. 

No  subscription  for  less  than  <£25,  in  one  man's  name, 
though  five  may  join  in  it. 

At  the  meeting  in  England,  in  May,  subscribers  shall  con- 
firm their  subscriptions  by  paying  5  per  cent,  as  part  of  the 
sum  to  be  paid  in  one  month. 

President,  deputy,  treasurer,  secretary,  and  12  committee- 
men to  be  then  chosen ;  any  five,  with  president  or  deputy, 
to  be  a  quorum. 

Committee-men  to  have  but  one  vote  each ;  president  or 
deputy  a  casting  vote. 

At  end  of  seven  years  from  closing  in  Pennsylvania,  new 
subscribers  received ;  and  so  every  seven  years.  Valuation 
of  stock  to  be  made,  and  subscribers  to  be  on  valuation. 

Two  hundred  servants  to  be  sent  to  Pennsylvania  first  year, 
of  most  suitable  trades  and  capacities. 

Additions  may  be  made  to  subscriptions  before  the  month 
is  out. 

The  president,  deputy,  and  treasurer,  must  own  5000  acres 
in  Pennsylvania,  and  .£100  of  society  stock. 

General  officers  to  continue  seven  years,  and  live  in  society's 
house,  but  may  be  dismissed  for  crime  proved  against  them 

•  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  pp.  394—396. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  553 

in  court  of  assistants,  who  may  elect  in  his  place  till  next    1682. 
court ;  this  court  chosen  yearly,  who  shall  advise  with  presi-     ' — ■ — ' 
dent  in  emergency,  as  to  receiving  more  money,  dividends, 
filling  places,  settling  new  factories,  mines,  building  ships,  &c.  Abstract  of 

The  committee  to  choose  inferior   officers  at  home    and  *?"'  constitu 
abroad,  and  generally  to  direct.  tinuccL 

All  forfeitures  to  be  employed  in  improving  land  for  the 
maintenance  of  families  of  persons  disabled  in  the  service. 

The  books,  papers,  &c.  to  be  kept  in  society's  house,  under 
three  locks  and  keys,  in  charge  of  president  or  deputy, 
treasurer,  and  oldest  committee-man.  The  books,  &c.  not  to 
be  intrusted  to  any  person  longer  than  to  transcribe  any  part 
in  day-time,  and  in  the  house,  before  some  person  appointed 
by  committee ;  the  book-keeper  only  to  have  a  copy,  which 
any  member  may  examine  once  a  month. 

Treasurer  to  give  security,  as  also  all  agents,  store-keepers, 
ship-masters,  &c.  Servants  bound  to  secrecy,  or  forfeit 
security. 

Black  servants  to  be  free  at  fourteen  years'  end,  on  giving 
to  the  society  two-thirds  of  what  they  can  produce  on  land 
allotted  them  by  the  society,  with  a  stock  and  tools ;  if  they 
agree  not  to  this,  to  be  servants  till  they  do. 

No  mineral  undertaking  to  be  begun  but  with  approval  of 
assembly.  At  each  yearly  meeting,  a  general  statement  of 
affairs. 

Two  or  more  general  factories  in  Pennsylvania ;  one  on 
Chesapeake  Bay,  and  one  on  Delaware  or  elsewhere,  for  more 
speedy  conveyance  of  goods  into  the  country  and  Maryland, 
but  the  government  of  the  whole  to  be  in  Pennsylvania. 

Society  to  assist  Indians  settling  in  towns,  with  advice  and 
artificers. 

,  Twenty-four  assistants  to  be  added  to  committee ;  twenty 
and  the  president  a  quorum. 

The  first  assembly  in  Pennsylvania  to  be  desired  to  ratify 
the  patents  from  the  governor  by  an  act. 

Notices  of  meetings  to  be  regularly  served  at  the  dwellings. 

Those  who  do  not  pay  the  instalments  after  second  call, 
cannot  dispose  of  their  stock,  but  society  may  dispose  of  it 
to  those  who  will,  unless  prevented  by  calamity  or  poverty,  in 
which  case  they  may  sell. 

A  chief  agent  to  reside  in  England,  to  whom  letters  and 
goods  shall  be  directed ;  he  to  have  a  council  of  six  factors, 

70  3  A 


554  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.     all  to  reside  in  London,  to  advise  about  sales  and  purchases ; 
'    '    '     he  to  give  every  factor  his  commission  how  to  proceed,  and 
the  agent  to  be  directed  by  the  committee  in  Pennsylvania. 

All  the  officers  to  bring  to  the  society's  warehouse  all  pel- 
tries they  buy  of  the  Indians  with  their  own  goods,  which 
shall  be  entered  and  sent  over  with  the  society's  goods,  and 
shall  have  what  return  they  will  for  the  same,  allowing 
freight,  factorage,  &c. ;  this  for  the  special  benefit  of  the 
owners,  as  well  as  the  society. 

Various  other  officers  ;  surveyor,  surgeon,  clerks,  overseers, 
messengers,  porters,  butchers,  watermen,  carmen,  &c.,  distri- 
buted among  the  offices  of  the  treasurer,  secretary,  surveyor, 
and  miner,  whose  duties  are  particularly  defined. 

Philip  Ford,  in  London,  is  authorized  to  receive  sub- 
scriptions.^ 

"  Our  book  of  articles  for  the  Pennsylvania  Company  or 
April  11.  Society  is  printed ;  I  did  intend  to  send  one,  but  Thomas 
Further  pro-  Holmc  told  me  he  intends  two  to  Dublin.  I  hope  we  shall 
pri^°^iva-  S®*  subscriptions,  so  as  to  encourage  the  settling  of  a  com- 
ma com-  pany  for  trade  there.  Here  are  many  who  have  signified 
^^^^'  their  good  liking  to  it,  and  will  be  concerned,  and  we  have 

advice  from  friends  of  three  divers  counties  in  England,  that 
will  join  with  us.     Our  book  will  be  ready  for  subscribers  to 
begin  next  week.     I  do  intend  to  be  concerned  100  at  least." 
On  the  14th,  he  sends  articles  of  the  company.     "Vote 
Time  and      and  Subscriptions  to  be  confirmed  against  29th  proximo,  by 
terms  of  sub-  depositing  5  per  cent.,  and  the  three  general  officers,  trea- 
Wm.Penn     surcr,   and  committee,   as   per  5th  article;   some  privately 
expected  ia    ^^Hj^jj  gf.     William  Pcnn  is  expected  in  town  by  next  post." 
"  For  land  which  William  Penn  sells  in  Pennsylvania,  he 
gives  every  one  their  deeds,  when  they  pay  their  money, 
(which  was  made  hard,)  by  Thomas  Rudyard,  all  of  one 
form."2 

"  It  was  mutually  agreed,  (at  a  Friends'  meeting  in  Abing- 
Aprii  21.  don,)  that  a  meeting  be  at  William  Cooper's  at  Pyne  Point, 
Early  Ncw  Jcrsey,  the  second  First-day  of  third  month  next,  and 

meeting  at    *^®  ^^^^  meeting  be  at  Thomas  Fairman's,  at  Shackamaxon, 
shackamax-  and  SO  in  coursc."^ 

"  As  to  my  sending  servants  this  year  to  Pennsylvania,  I 
Apra25.       can  come  to  no  results  in  my  mind  till  two  or  three  months 

1  See  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  394,  for  the  entire  constitution.       *  Claypoole. 
3  Minutes  of  Friends' Meeting  at  Abingdon,  quoted  by  Watson,  vol.  i.  p.  140. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  555 

are  over,  that  we  see  what  subscriptions  there  will  be  for  the    1682. 
company,  and  who  will  be  chosen  officers.      My  son  John  is     '    '""' 
to  embark  next  week  for  Pennsylvania,  with  Thomas  Holme, 
to  assist  him  in  surveying  the  country."     On  the  28th,  he  t.  Holme 
says,  "  I  am  much  inclined  to  go  with  my  family  to  settle,  len^g^i^a- 
but  I  think  it  will  hardly  be  till  1683."^  ma. 

Captain  Thomas  Holme  receives  a  commission  from  Wil-  April  28. 
liam  Penn,  dated  April  18th,  as  surveyor-general  of  Penn- 
sylvania.^    It  is  as  follows  : 

"  To  all  whom  this  may  come,  and  more  especially,  to  all  Commission 

1  1  1  J  i  1  of  Thomas 

such  as  are,  or  may  be  concerned  as  adventurers,  purchasers,  Hoime,  as 
planters,  and  inhabitants,  in  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  surreyor- 

,  .  general  of 

m  America.  Pennsylva- 

"  Whereas,  King  Charles  the  Second,  by  his  letters-patent  '"'^• 
under  the  great  seal  of  England,  for  the  considerations  therein 
mentioned,  hath  given,  granted,  and  confirmed  unto  me,  Wil- 
liam Penn,  (by  the  name  of  William  Penn,  esquire,  son  and 
heir  of  Sir  William  Penn,  deceased,)  the  absolute  proprietary 
of  the  said  province  of  Pennsylvania,  with  ample  jurisdictions 
and  powers  necessary  for  the  well-being,  ordering,  and  go- 
vernment thereof,  as  by  the  said  letters-patent  do  appear. 

"Now  know  ye,  that  I,  the  said  William  Penn,  reposing 
special  confidence  in  the  integrity  and  ability  of  my  loving 
friend.  Captain  Thomas  Holme,  of  the  city  of  Waterford,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Ireland,  do  by  these  presents  elect,  empower, 
and  establish  him,  the  said  Thomas  Holme,  in  the  office,  trust, 
and  employment  of  surveyor-general  of  the  said  province  of 
Pennsylvania,  for  and  during  his  natural  life,  he  behaving 
himself  honestly  and  faithfully  in  the  said  office,  trust,  and 
employment,  hereby  giving  and  granting  unto  the  said  Thomas 
Holme,  full  power  and  authority  to  enter  into,  survey,  and 
admeasure,  or  cause  to  be  entered  into,  surveyed,  and  ad- 
measured, (with  all  reasonable  expedition,)  all  the  said  pro- 
vince of  Pennsylvania,  and  all  and  every  parts,  islands,  and 
territories  thereof,  which,  by  the  said  letters-patent,  do  or 
may  of  right  belong  and  appertain  unto  me,  my  heirs  and 
assigns.  And  to  the  end  I,  the  said  William  Penn,  as  abso- 
lute proprietary  of  the  said  province,  by  letters-patent  afore- 
said, may  have  and  obtain  a  true  and  certain  knowledge  of 
the  exact  quantities  of  every  distinct  and  individual  part  and 

'  Claypoolc.  -  Hairisburg  Records. 


556 

1682. 


T.  Holme's 

commission, 

continued. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

parcel  of  land  in  the  said  province,  that  already  is,  or  here- 
after may  be  granted  and  disposed  of  by  me,  my  heirs  and 
assigns,  unto  any  person  or  persons  whatsoever,  and  to  whom, 
and  for  what  use  or  purpose  soever,  the  said  Thomas  Holme, 
as  surveyor-general,  is  hereby  empowered,  from  time  to  time, 
to  cause  all  persons  employed  in  the  survey  and  admeasure- 
ment of  any  part  or  parcel  of  land  in  the  said  province,  to 
return  a  true  duplicate  of  all  their  original  fieldworks,  and 
the  protractions  and  quantities  of  their  operations,  unto  his 
said  office,  there  to  be  examined  and  tried ;  and  what  there 
shall  be  approved  of,  the  same,  and  no  other,  to  be  fairly 
entered  in  the  said  office,  and  there  to  remain  upon  record  as 
a  standing  rule,  conclusive  and  binding  to  me,  my  heirs  and 
assigns,  as  absolute  proprietary,  and  also  to  all  the  adven- 
turers, purchasers,  planters,  and  inhabitants  concerned  in  the 
said  province,  in  relation  to  the  respective  quantities,  meets, 
and  bounds  of  their  lands,  lots,  and  holdings.  And  if  any 
person  or  persons  whatsoever,  that  now  are,  or  hereafter  may 
be  concerned  in  the  said  province,  shall  there  survey  and  ad- 
measure, or  cause  to  be  surveyed  and  admeasured,  any  part 
or  parcel  of  land,  in  order  to  be  taken  up  and  planted,  with- 
out orders  and  directions  from  the  said  Thomas  Holme,  that 
all  such  surveys  and  admeasurements  shall,  by  me,  my  heirs 
and  assigns,  be  held  and  deemed  invalid,  and  no  ways  hinder 
the  due  disposal  thereof.  And  the  said  Thomas  Holme  is  to 
observe  such  orders  and  directions  about  the  method  of  pro- 
ceeding in  the  survey  and  admeasurement  of  the  lands  in  the 
said  province,  and  also  of  the  allotments  and  distribution 
thereof,  as  he  shall,  from  time  to  time,  receive  from  me,  my 
heirs  or  assigns,  and  according  to  such  concessions  as  are  or 
may  be  agreed  upon  between  me  and  the  persons  concerned 
in  the  said  province ;  and  to  keep  his  public  office  of  sur- 
veyor-general in  the  capital  city  or  town  in  the  said  province, 
that  so  if  any  difference  happen  about  the  quantities,  meets, 
or  bounds  of  lands,  the  same  may  be  there  regulated  and 
composed.  And  I  hereby  grant  to  the  said  Thomas  Holme, 
to  take,  receive,  and  to  his  own  use  enjoy,  all  and  every  such 
profits  and  benefits,  for  the  surveys  and  admeasurements  of 
the  said  province,  or  any  part  thereof,  and  keeping  his  office 
of  surveyor-general  there,  as  are  allowable  in  the  like  cases 
in  America. 

"  Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  of  the  province  of  Penn- 


W.  MARKHAM,  DErUTY.— CHARLES  11.  557 

sylvani.a,    this   eighteenth   day   of   the   second   month,  one     1682. 
thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty-two.         William  Penn.     ■   '    •    ' 

"  Recorded  the  27th  of  the  third  month,  1684,  in  book  A., 
vol.  i.  p.  7." 

"My  oldest  son  is  going  away  this  week  in  the  'Amity,'  April 29. 
R.  Dimond,  for  Pennsylvania,   to  he   assistant  to  William  ciaypooie 
Penn's  surveyor.     I  have  bought  5000  acres,  and  may  pro-  ^^^^^l^^'^' 
bably  be  concei*ned  in  the  company  or  society,  of  which  I  over. 
send  their  book  enclosed.     I  hope  I  may  remove  next  year 
with  my  whole  family  thither.     We  have  a  prospect  of  a  con-  Prospect  of 
siderable  trade  between  Barbadoes  and  Pennsylvania.     We  j^'^.^^' 
calculate  there  will  go  thither  from  hence  above  one  thousand  emigration. 
Friends  this  year ;  then  William  Penn  and  his  family  goes ; 
Thomas  Rudyard,  Charles  Taylor  and  his  family,  and  many 
others ;  then  two  ships  from  Bristol  and  five  from  Wales ;  so 
that  if  the  Lord  bless  us,  and  prosper  our  way,  the  country 
will  be  planted  in  a  little  time."^ 

"I  have  been  at  Gravesend  with  my  son  John,  who  is  gone  April  so. 
per  the  'Amity,'  Dimond,  master,  for  Pennsylvania,   to  be  ThesWp 
assisting  to  the  general  surveyor,  whose  name  is   Thomas  ^^pen^'^ 
Holme,  a  very  honest,  ingenious,  worthy  man.     Have  fitted  vania,  with 
John  out  with  all  things  necessary,  and  his  employment  is  Jur^°y™t' 
very  creditable,  and  if  he  be  diligent  and  sober,  may  come  general. 
in  a  few  years'  time  to  be  very  profitable  ;  however,  it  will  be 
a  present  maintenance,  and  keep  him  from  ill  company.     I  Has  bough* 
have  bought  5000  acres  from  William  Penn,  and  we  are  en-  ^^'o'^^""'- 
deavouring  to  settle  a  society  for  trade,  according  to  enclosed 
book  of  articles ;  there  has  been  subscribed  £10,000,  but  we  Pennsyiva- 
laid  that  aside,  not  having  agreed  on  all  particulars,  and  now  formw  s/i> 
the  next  week  we  shall  begin  to  subscribe  according  to  this  scriptioniaid 
book.     Divers  persons  have  desired,  that  if  the  stock  be  con-  jjg^  'q^q 
siderable,  so  that  we  shall  succeed,  that  I  might  be  one  of  the  proposed. 
principal  officers,  as  deputy,  for  there  are  two  chosen  for 
president  and  treasurer,  which  are  inclined  to  accept  of,  if 
they  choose  me ;  however,  I  have  a  great  drawing  on  my  intends  go- 
mind  to  remove  with  my  family  thither,  so  that  I  am  given  up,  !,yfyania!°'" 
if  the  Lord  clears  our  way,  to  be  gone  next  spring ;  it  may  wants  ne- 
be  about  a  year  hence.     Advise  me,  in  thy  next,  what  I 
might  have  two  negroes  for,  that  might  be  fit  for  cutting 
down  trees,  building,  ploughing,  or  any  sort  of  labour  that  is 
required  in  the  first  planting  of  a  country.     I  hope  to  carry 

'  Ciaypooie. 
3a2 


?roes. 


558 
1682. 


His  brother 
settled  in 
New  Deal, 
Delaware. 

Amity 
leaves  the 
Downs. 


Mays. 


Penn's 
views  of  go- 
vernment. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

ten  or  twelve  servants  from  hence,  and  many  people  that  love 
us  well  are  inclined  to  go  when  we  go.  William  Penn  him- 
self, and  family,  go  this  summer,  and  probably  about  one 
thousand  people." 

"  I  have  a  letter  from  brother  Norton,  date  16th  of  tenth 
month,  from  New  Deal,  in  Delaware  Bay,  where  he  is  settled 
on  a  plantation.  He  writes,  his  wife  and  child  Avere  come, 
and  he  was  going  to  fetch  them  home." 

In  a  subsequent  letter,  (April  29,)  he  says,  "  Our  ship  for 
Pennsylvania  went  out  of  the  Downs,  the  23d. "^ 

We  have,  in  this  letter,  a  positive  proof  that  the  fact 
stated  of  the  Amity  being  blown  off  to  the  West  Indies,  last 
winter,  is  incorrect ;  that  she  did  not  arrive  till  spring  or 
summer,  is  more  true. 

The  next  important  measure  of  Penn,  was  the  publication 
of  his  frame  of  government,  or  first  constitution  of  Penn- 
sylvania, introduced  by  a  preface  of  considerable  length, 
giving  his  views  of  the  origin  and  nature  of  government, 
which  have  been  highly  extolled. 

"  The  frame  of  the  government  of  the  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, in  America,  together  with  certain  laws  agreed  upon 
in  England,  by  the  governor  and  divers  freemen  of  the  afore- 
said province,  to  be  further  explained,  and  continued  there,  by 
the  first  provincial  council  that  shall  be  held,  if  they  see  meet. 

"  The  Preface. — When  the  great  and  wise  God  had  made 
the  world,  of  all  his  creatures  it  pleased  Him  to  choose  man 
his  deputy  to  rule  it ;  and  to  fit  him  for  so  great  a  charge  and 
trust.  He  did  not  only  qualify  him  with  skill  and  power,  but 
with  integrity  to  use  them  justly.  This  native  goodness  was 
equally  his  honour  and  his  happiness,  and  whilst  he  stood 
here,  all  went  well ;  there  was  no  need  of  coercive  or  com- 
pulsive means ;  the  precept  of  divine  love  and  truth  in  his 
bosom  was  the  guide  and  keeper  of  his  innocency.  But  lust 
prevailing  against  duty,  made  a  lamentable  breach  upon  it, 
and  the  law,  that  had  before  no  power  over  him,  took  place 
upon  him  and  his  disobedient  posterity,  that  such  as  would 
not  live  conformably  to  the  holy  law  written,  should  fall  un- 
der the  reproof  of  and  correction  of  the  just  law  without,  in 
a  judicial  administrution. 

"  This  the  apostle  teaches  in  divers  of  his  epistles  :  the  law, 
says  he,  was  added  because    of  transgression:    in   another 

'   Claypoole. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  559 

place,  knowing  that  the  law  was  not  made  for  the  righteous  1682. 
man,  but  for  the  disobedient  and  ungodly,  for  sinners,  for  "  •  ' 
unholy  and  profane,  for  murderers,  for  whoremongers,  for 
them  that  defile  themselves  with  mankind,  and  for  men- 
stealers,  for  liars,  for  perjured  persons,  &c.  But  this  is  not 
all :  he  opens  and  carries  the  matter  of  government  a  little 
further :  let  every  soul  be  subject  to  the  higher  powers,  for 
there  is  no  power  but  of  God ;  the  powers  that  be  are  ordained 
of  God ;  whosoever,  therefore,  resisteth  the  power,  resisteth 
the  ordinance  of  God,  for  rulers  are  not  a  terror  to  good 
works,  but  to  evil.  Wilt  thou  then  not  be  afraid  of  the 
power  ?  Do  that  which  is  good,  and  thou  shalt  have  praise 
of  the  same.  He  is  the  minister  of  God  to  thee  for  good ; 
wherefore  ye  must  needs  be  subject,  not  only  for  wrath,  but 
for  conscience'  sake. 

"  This  settles  the  divine  right  of  government  beyond  ex- 
ception, and  that  for  two  ends ;  first,  to  terrify  evil-doers ; 
secondly,  to  cherish  those  that  do  well ;  which  gives  govern- 
ment a  life  beyond  corruption,  and  makes  it  as  durable  in  the 
world  as  good  men  shall  be.  So  that  government  seems  to 
me  a  part  of  religion  itself,  a  thing  sacred  in  its  institution 
and  end ;  for  if  it  does  not  directly  remove  the  cause,  it 
crushes  the  efiect  of  evil,  and  is  as  such,  (though  a  lower  yet,) 
an  emanation  of  the  same  divine  Power,  that  is  both  author 
and  object  of  pure  religion,  the  difi'erence  lying  here,  that  the 
one  is  more  free  and  mental,  the  other  more  corporal  and 
compulsive  in  its  operations,  but  that  is  only  to  evil-doers, 
government  itself  being  otherwise  as  capable  of  kindness, 
goodness,  and  charity,  as  a  more  private  society.  They 
weakly  err,  that  think  there  is  no  other  use  of  government 
than  correction,  which  is  the  coarsest  part  of  it ;  daily  expe- 
rience tells  us,  that  the  care  and  regulation  of  many  other 
affairs,  more  soft  and  daily  necessary,  make  up  much  the 
greatest  part  of  government,  and  which  must  have  followed 
the  peopling  of  the  world,  had  Adam  never  fell,  and  will  con- 
tinue among  men  on  earth,  under  the  highest  attainments 
they  may  arrive  at,  by  the  coming  of  the  blessed  second 
Adam,  the  Lord  from  heaven.  Thus  much  of  government  in 
general,  as  to  its  rise  and  end. 

"  For  particular  frames  and  modes,  it  will  become  me  to 
say  little,  and  comparatively  I  will  say  nothing.  My  reasons 
are,  first,  that  the  age  is  too  nice  and  difficult  for  it,  there 


560  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.  being  nothing  the  wits  of  men  are  more  busy  and  divided 
"  •  '  upon.  It  is  true,  they  seem  to  agree  in  the  end,  to  \nt, 
happiness,  but  in  the  means  they  differ,  as  to  divine,  so  to  this 
human  felicity,  and  the  cause  is  much  the  same,  not  always 
want  of  light  and  knowledge,  but  want  of  using  them  rightly. 
Men  side  with  their  passions  against  their  reason,  and  their 
sinister  interests  have  so  strong  a  bias  upon  their  minds,  that 
they  lean  to  them  against  the  good  of  the  things  they  know. 

"  Secondly,  I  do  not  find  a  model  in  the  world,  that  time, 
place,  and  some  singular  emergencies  have  not  necessarily 
altered,  nor  is  it  easy  to  frame  a  civil  government  that  shall 
serve  all  places  alike. 

««  Thirdly,  I  know  what  is  said  by  the  several  admirers  of 
monarchy,  aristocracy,  and  democracy,  which  are  the  rule 
of  one,  a  few,  and  many,  and  are  the  three  common  ideas  of 
government,  when  men  discourse  on  that  subject.  But  I 
^  choose  to  solve  the  controversy  with  this  small  distinction, 

and  it  belongs  to  all  three,  any  government  is  free  to  the 
people  under  it,  (whatever  be  the  frame,)  where  the  laws  rule, 
and  the  people  are  a  party  to  those  laAVS,  and  more  than  this 
is  tyranny,  oligarchy,  or  confusion. 

"  But  lastly,  when  all  is  said,  there  is  hardly  one  frame  of 
government  in  the  world  so  ill-designed  by  its  first  founders, 
that  in  good  hands  would  not  do  well  enough;  and  story 
tells  us,  the  least  in  ill  ones  can  do  nothing  that  is  great  or 
good ;  witness  the  Jewish  and  Roman  states  governments, 
like  clocks,  go  from  the  motion  men  give  them,  and  as  go- 
vernments are  made  and  moved  by  men,  so  by  them  they  are 
ruined  too.  Whether  governments  rather  depend  upon  men 
than  men  upon  governments ;  let  men  be  good,  and  the  go- 
vernment cannot  be  bad ;  if  it  be  ill,  they  will  cure  it.  But 
if  men  be  bad,  let  the  government  be  ever  so  good,  they  will 
endeavour  to  warp  and  spoil  it  to  their  turn. 

"  I  know  some  say,  let  us  have  good  laws,  and  no  matter 
for  the  men  that  execute  them ;  but  let  them  consider,  that 
though  good  laws  do  well,  good  men  do  better ;  for  good  laws 
may  want  good  men,  and  be  abolished  or  evaded  by  ill  men ; 
but  good  men  will  never  want  good  laws,  nor  suffer  ill  ones. 
It  is  true,  good  laws  have  some  awe  upon  ill  ministers,  but 
that  is  where  they  have  no  power  to  escape  or  abolish  them, 
and  the  people  are  generally  wise  and  good,  but  a  loose  and 
degraded  people  (which  is  to  the  question)  love  laws  and  an 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  561 

administration  like  themselves.  That,  therefore,  which  makes  1682. 
a  good  constitution,  must  keep  it,  viz.  men  of  wisdom  and  '"^■^  ' 
virtue,  qualities  that,  because  thej  descend  not  with  worldly 
inheritances,  must  be  carefully  propagated  by  a  virtuous  edu- 
cation of  youth,  for  which  after-ages  will  owe  more  to  the 
care  and  prudence  of  founders  and  the  successive  magistracy, 
than  to  their  parents  for  their  private  patrimonies. 

"  These  considerations  of  the  weight  of  government,  and 
the  nice  and  various  opinions  about  it,  made  it  uneasy  to  me 
to  think  of  publishing  the  ensuing  frame  and  conditional 
laws,  foreseeing  both  the  censures  they  will  meet  with  from 
men  of  differing  humours  and  engagements,  and  the  occasions 
they  may  give  of  discourse  beyond  my  design. 

'<  But  next  to  the  power  of  necessity,  (which  is  a  solicitor 
that  will  take  no  denial,)  this  induced  me  to  a  compliance, 
that  Ave  have  (with  reverence  to  God  and  good  conscience  to 
men)  to  the  best  of  our  skill,  contrived  and  composed  the 
frame  and  laws  of  this  government,  to  the  great  end  of  all 
government,  viz.  to  support  power  in  reverence  with  the  peo- 
ple, and  to  secure  the  people  from  the  abuse  of  power,  that 
they  may  be  free  by  their  just  obedience,  and  the  magistrates 
honourable  for  their  just  administration ;  for  liberty  without 
obedience  is  confusion,  and  obedience  without  liberty  is 
slavery.  To  carry  this  evenness  is  partly  owing  to  the  con- 
stitution, and  partly  to  the  magistracy;  where  either  of  these 
fail,  government  will  be  subject  to  convulsions,  but  where  both 
are  wanting,  it  must  be  totally  subverted ;  then  where  both 
meet,  the  government  is  like  to  endure,  which  I  humbly  pray 
and  hope  God  will  please  to  make  the  lot  of  this  of  Penn- 
sylvania.    Amen.  William  Penn. 

"  The  Frame,  ^-c. — To  all  people  to  whom  these  presents  Preamble, 
shall  come :  Whereas,  King  Charles  the  Second,  by  his  letters- 
patent  under  the  great  seal  of  England,  for  the  consideration 
therein  mentioned,  hath  been  graciously  pleased  to  give  and 
grant  unto  me,  William  Penn,  (by  the  name  of  William  Penn, 
esquire,  son  and  heir  of  Sir  William  Penn,  deceased,)  and  to 
ray  heirs  and  assigns  for  ever,  all  that  tract  of  land  or  pro- 
vince called  Pennsylvania,  in  America,  with  divers  great 
powers,  pre-eminences,  royalties,  jurisdictions,  and  authorities, 
necessary  for  the  well-being  and  government  thereof:  Now 
know  ye,  that  for  the  well-being  and  government  of  the  said 
province,  and  for  the  encouragement  of  all  the  freemen  and 


562  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.  planters  that  may  be  therein  concerned,  in  pursuance  of  the 
'  ^  '  powers  aforementioned,  I,  the  said  William  Penn,  have  de- 
clared, granted,  and  confirmed,  and  by  these  presents,  for  me, 
my  heirs  and  assigns,  do  declare,  grant,  and  confirm,  unto  all 
the  freemen,  planters,  and  adventurers,  of,  in,  and  to  the  said 
province,  these  liberties,  franchises,  and  properties,  to  be  held, 
enjoyed,  and  kept  by  the  freemen,  planters,  and  inhabitants 
of  the  said  province  of  Pennsylvania,  for  ever. 

"  I.   That  the  government  of  this  province  shall,  according 
Government  to  the  powcrs  of  the  patent,  consist  of  the  governor  and 
03ed^°°^'      freemen  of  the  said  province,  in  form  of  a  provincial  council 
and  general  assembly,  by  whom  all  laws  shall  be  made,  oflBcers 
chosen,  and  public  affairs  transacted,  as  is  hereafter  respec- 
tively declared.      That  is  to  say  : 

« II.  That  the  freemen  of  the  said  province  shall,  on  the 
Timet?  eiec-  20th  day  of  the  twelfth  month,  which  shall  be  in  this  present 

tion  and  -  i-iii-i  i  i 

number  in  year  onc  thousand  six  hundred  eighty  and  two,  meet  and 
the  provin-  assemblc  in  some  fit  place,  of  which  timely  notice  shall  be 
beforehand  given  by  the  governor  or  his  deputy,  and  then  and 
there  shall  choose  out  of  themselves  seventy-two  persons,  of 
most  note  for  their  wisdom,  virtue,  and  ability,  who  shall 
meet  on  the  10th  day  of  the  first  month,  next  ensuing,  and 
always  be  called  and  act  as  the  provincial  council  of  the  said 
province. 

"  III.  That  at  the  first  choice  of  such  provincial  council, 
Terms  of  onc-third  part  of  the  said  provincial  council  shall  be  chosen 
in^offioe''"'^^  to  scrvc  for  thrcc  years  then  next  ensuing,  one-third  part  for 
two  years  then  next  ensuing,  and  one-third  part  for  one  year 
then  next  following  such  election,  and  no  longer ;  and  that 
the  said  third  part  shall  go  out  accordingly ;  and  on  the  20th 
day  of  the  twelfth  month,  as  aforesaid,  yearly  for  ever  after- 
wards, the  freemen  of  the  said  province  shall  in  like  manner 
meet  and  assemble  together,  and  then  choose  twenty-four 
persons,  being  one-third  of  the  said  number,  to  serve  in  pro- 
vincial council  for  three  years ;  it  being  intended  that  one- 
third  part  of  the  whole  provincial  council,  always  consisting. 
and  to  consist  of  seventy-two  persons  as  aforesaid,  falling  off 
yearly,  it  shall  be  yearly  supplied  by  such  new  yearly  elec- 
tions as  aforesaid,  and  that  no  one  person  shall  continue 
therein  longer  than  three  years ;  and  in  case  any  member 
shall  decease  before  the  last  election  during  his  time,  that 
then  at  the  next  election  ensuing  his  decease,  another  shall 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  563 

be  chosen  to  supply  his  place  for  the  remaining  time  he  was     1682. 
to  have  served,  and  no  longer.  "^-r— ' 

"IV.  That  after  the  first  seven  years,  every  one  of  the 
said  third  parts  that  goeth  yearly  off,  shall  be  incapable  of  Alternation 
being  chosen  again  for  one  whole  year  following,  that  so  all  '"  ° 
may  be  fitted  for  government,  and  have  experience  of  the  care 
and  burden  of  it. 

<«  V.  That  the  provincial  council,  in  all  cases  and  matters  Quorum. 
of  moment,  as  their  arguing  upon  bills  to  be  passed  into 
laws,  erecting  courts  of  justice,  giving  judgment  upon  crimi- 
nals impeached,  and  choice  of  ofiicers,  in  such  manner  as  is 
hereinafter  mentioned,  not  less  than  two-thirds  of  the  whole 
provincial  council  shall  make  a  quorum,  and  that  the  consent 
and  approbation  of  two-thirds  of  such  quorum  shall  be  had 
in  all  such  cases  and  matters  of  moment.  And  moreover, 
that  in  all  cases  and  matters  of  lesser  moment,  twenty-four 
members  of  the  said  provincial  council  shall  make  a  quorum, 
the  majority  of  which  twenty-four  shall  and  may  always  de- 
termine in  such  cases  of  lesser  moment. 

"  VI.  That  in  this  provincial  council,  the  governor,  or  his  GoTemor  to 
deputy,  shall  or  may  always  preside,  and  have  a  treble  voice ;  p'"'^^'*^"- 
and  the  said  provincial  council  shall  always  continue,  and  sit 
upon  its  own  adjournments  and  committees. 

"VII.   That  the  governor   and  provincial   councils   shall  councils  to 
prepare  and  propose  to  the  general  assembly  hereafter  men-  bmrroras- 
tioned,  all  bills  which  they  shall  at  any  time  think  fit  to  be  sembiy. 
passed  into  laws  within  the  said  province ;  which  bills  shall 
be  published  and  aflSxed  to  the  most  noted  places  in  the  in- 
habited parts  thereof,  thirty  days  before  the  meeting  of  the 
general  assembly,  in  order  to  the  passing  them  into  laws,  or 
icejecting  of  them,  as  the  general  assembly  shall  see  meet. 

"VIII.  That  the  governor  and  provincial  council   shall  La^stobe 
take  care  that  all  laws,  statutes,  and  ordinances,  which  shall 
at  any  time  be  made  within  the  said  province,  be  duly  and 
diligently  executed. 

"  IX.  That  the  governor  and  provincial  council  shall  at  all  Guardians 
times  have  the  care  of  the  peace  and  safety  of  the  province,  °(,rnmert. 
and  that  nothing  be  by  any  person  attempted  to  the  subver- 
sion of  this  frame  of  government. 

"  X.  That  the  governor  and  provincial  council  shall  at  all  situation  of 
times  settle  and  order  the  situation  of  all  cities,  ports,  and  ^^^^'  ^' 
market-towns,  in  every  county,  modelling  therein  all  public  pointed. 


564: 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1682, 


Inspection 
the  trea- 
sury. 


Public 
schools. 


Council  di- 
vided into 
four  com- 
mittees. 


buildings,  streets,  market-places,  and  shall  appoint  all  neces- 
sary roads  and  highways  in  the  province. 

"  XI.  That  the  governor  and  provincial  council  shall  at  all 
of  times  have  power  to  inspect  the  management  of  the  public 
treasury,  and  punish  those  who  shall  convert  any  part 
thereof  to  any  other  use  than  that  which  hath  been  agreed 
upon  by  the  governor,  provincial  council,  and  general  as- 
sembly. 

<<  XII.  That  the  governor  and  provincial  council  shall  erect 
and  order  all  public  schools,  and  encourage  and  reward  the 
authors  of  useful  sciences  and  laudable  inventions,  in  the 
said  province. 

"XIII.  That  for  the  better  management  of  the  powers 
and  trust  aforesaid,  the  provincial  council  shall  from  time  to 
time  divide  itself  into  four  distinct  and  proper  committees, 
for  the  more  easy  administration  of  the  affairs  of  the  pro- 
vince, which  divides  the  seventy-two  into  four  eighteens,  every 
one  of  which  eighteens  shall  consist  of  six  out  of  each  of 
the  three  orders  or  yearly  elections,  each  of  which  shall  have 
a  distinct  portion  of  business,  as  followeth :  First,  a  com- 
mittee of  plantations,  to  situate  and  settle  cities,  ports,  and 
market-towns,  and  highways,  and  to  hear  and  decide  all  suits 
and  controversies  relating  to  plantations.  Secondly,  a  com- 
mittee of  justice  and  safety,  to  secure  the  peace  of  the  pro- 
vince, and  punish  the  maladministration  of  those  who  subvert 
justice,  to  the  prejudice  of  the  public  or  private  interest. 
Thirdly,  a  committee  of  trade  and  treasury,  who  shall  regu- 
late all  trade  and  commerce  according  to  law,  encourage 
manufacture  and  country  growth,  and  defray  the  public 
charge  of  the  province ;  and  fourthly,  a  committee  of  man- 
ners, education,  and  arts,  that  all  wicked  and  scandalous 
living  may  be  prevented,  and  that  youth  may  be  successively 
trained  up  in  virtue  and  useful  knowledge  and  arts :  the 
quorum  of  each  of  which  committees  being  six,  that  is,  two 
out  of  each  of  the  three  orders  or  yearly  elections,  as  afore- 
said, make  a  constant  and  standing  council  of  twenty-four, 
which  will  have  the  power  of  the  provincial  council,  being 
the  quorum  of  it,  in  all  cases  not  excepted  in  the  fifth  article; 
and  in  the  said  committees  and  standing  council  of  the  pro- 
vince, the  governor  or  his  deputy  shall  or  may  preside  as 
aforesaid,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  governor  or  his  deputy, 
if  no  one  is  by  either  of  them  appointed,  the  said  committees 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  565 

or  councils  shall  appoint  a  president  for  that  time,  and  not  1682. 
otherwise ;  and  what  shall  be  resolved  at  such  committees  '  '  ' 
shall  be  reported  to  the  said  council  of  the  province,  and 
shall  be  by  them  resolved  and  confirmed,  before  the  same 
shall  be  put  in  execution ;  and  that  these  respective  commit- 
tees shall  not  sit  at  one  and  the  same  time,  except  in  cases 
of  necessity. 

"  XIV.  And  to  the  end  that  all  laws  prepared  by  the  go-  Assembly 
vernor  and  provincial  council  aforesaid,  may  yet  have  the  ^'^^,"°'^ 
more  full  concurrence  of  the  freemen  of  the  province,  it  is  chosen. 
declared,  granted,  and  confirmed,  that  at  the  time  and  place 
or  places  for  the  choice  of  a  provincial  council  as  aforesaid, 
the  said  freemen  shall  yearly  choose  members  to  serve  in  a 
general  assembly  as  their  representatives,  not  exceeding  two  Number  of 
hundred  persons,  who  shall  yearly  meet,  from  the  20th  day  ™"™^^'^^- 
of  the  second  month,  which  shall  be  in  the  year  one  thousand 
six  hundred  eighty  and  three  following,  in  the  capital  town  or 
city  of  the  said  province,  where  during  eight  days  the  several 
members  may  freely  confer  with  one  another,  and  if  any  of 
them  see  meet,  with  a  committee  of  the  provincial  council, 
(consisting  of  three  out  of  each  of  the  committees  aforesaid, 
being  twelve  in  all,)  which  shall  be  at  the  time  purposely  ap- 
pointed to  receive  from  any  of  them  proposals  for  the  altera- 
tions or  amendments  of  any  of  the  said  proposed  and  promul- 
gated bills ;  and  on  the  ninth  day  from  their  so  meeting,  the 
said  general  assembly,  after  reading  over  the  proposed  bills 
by  the  clerk  of  the  provincial  council,  and  the  occasion  and 
motives  for  them  being  opened  by  the  governor  or  his  deputy, 
shall  give  their  afiirmative  or  negative,  which  to  them  seemeth  Sanction  of 
best,  in  such  manner  as  hereinafter  is  expressed.     But  not  ^^"^' 
less  than  two-thirds  shall  make  a  quorum  in  the  passing  of 
laws,  and  choice  of  such  officers  as  are  by  them  to  be  chosen. 

"  XV.  That  the  Jaws  so  prepared  and  proposed  as  aforesaid.  Laws  to  be 
that  are  assented  to  by  the  general  assembly,  shall  be  en-  <'"''°"®'^- 
rolled  as  laws  of  the  province,  with  this  style,   '  By  the  go-  Tuie. 
vernor,  with  the  assent  and  approbation  of  the  freemen  in 
provincial  council  and  general  assembly.' 

"  XVI.  That  for  the  better  establishment  of  the  govern-  Number  of 
ment  and  laws  of  this  province,  and  to  the  end  there  may  be  ^^ay  be'L- 
an  universal  satisfaction  in  the  laying  of  the  fundamentals  creased. 
thereof,  the  general  assembly  shall  or  may,  for  the  first  year, 
consist  of  all  the  freemen  of  and  in  the  said  province,  and 

SB 


566  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROrRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.  ever  after  it  shall  be  yearly  chosen  as  aforesaid ;  which  num- 
^"""^  '  ber  of  two  hundred  shall  be  enlarged  as  the  country  shall 
increase  in  people,  so  as  it  do  not  exceed  five  hundred  at  any 
time,  the  appointment  and  proportioning  of  which,  as  also 
the  laying  and  methodizing  of  the  choice  of  the  provincial 
council  and  general  assembly,  in  future  time,  most  equally  to 
the  divisions  of  the  hundreds  and  counties,  which  the  country 
shall  hereafter  be  divided  into,  shall  be  in  the  power  of  the 
provincial  council  to  propose,  and  the  general  assembly  to 
resolve. 

"  XVII.  That  the  governor  and  the  provincial  council  shall 
Courts  how    erect,  from  time  to  time,  standing  courts  of  justice,  in  such 
established,    places  and  number  as  they  shall  judge  convenient  for  the 
good  government  of  the  said  province,  and  that  the  provincial 
councils  shall,  on  the  13th  day  of  the  first  month,  yearly, 
elect  and  present  to  the  governor  or  his  deputy,  a  double 
Judges  and    number  of  persons,  to  serve  for  judges,  treasurers,  masters  of 
how'ciTser  ^°^^^'  within  the  said  province,  for  the  year  next  ensuing ; 
and  the  freemen  of  the  said  province,  in  the  county  courts, 
when  they  shall  be  erected,  and  till  then  in  the  general  assem- 
bly,  shall,   on  the  three  and  twentieth  day  of  the  second 
month,  yearly,  elect  and  present  to  the  governor  or  his  de- 
puty, a  double  number  of  persons  to  serve  for  sheriffs,  jus- 
tices of  the  peace,  and  coroners,  for  the  year  next  ensuing, 
out  of  which  respective  elections  and  presentments,  the  go- 
vernor or  his  deputy  shall  nominate  the  proper  number  for 
each  office,  the  third  day  after  the  said  presentments,  or  else 
the  first  named  in  such  presentment  for  each  office  shall  stand 
and  serve  for  that  office  the  year  ensuing. 

"  XVIII.  But  forasmuch  as  the  present  condition  of  the 
Penn  com-  provincc  rcquircs  some  immediate  settlement,  and  admits  not 
SScel?  0^  ^^  ^'^^^^  ^  revolution  of  officers,  and  to  the  end  the  said 
province  may,  with  all  convenient  speed,  be  well  ordered  and 
settled,  I,  William  Penn,  do  therefore  think  fit  to  nominate 
and  appoint  such  persons  for  judges,  treasurers,  masters  of 
the  rolls,  sheriffs,  justices  of  the  peace,  and  coroners,  as  are 
most  fitly  qualified  for  those  employments,  to  whom  I  shall 
make  and  grant  commissions  for  the  said  officers,  respectively, 
to  hold  to  them  to  whom  the  same  shall  be  granted,  for  so 
long  time  as  every  such  person  shall  well  behave  himself  in 
the  office  or  place  to  him  respectively  granted,  and  no  longer. 
And  upon  the  decease  or  displacing  of   any  of  the  said 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  567 

officers,  the  succeeding  officer  or  officers  shall  be  chosen  as     1682. 
aforesaid.  ' — • — ' 

"  XIX.  That  the  general  assembly  shall  continue  so  long 
as  may  be  needful  to  impeach  criminals  fit  to  be  there  im-  Duties  of 
peached,  to  pass  bills  into  laws  that  they  shall  think  fit  to  pass  ='^'"-'™'''^- 
into  laws,  and  till  such  time  as  the  governor  and  provincial 
council  shall  declare  that  they  have  nothing  further  to  pro- 
pose unto  them  for  their  assent  and  approbation,  and  that 
declaration  shall  be  a  dismissal  to  the  general  assembly  for 
that  time  ;  which  general  assembly  shall  be,  notwithstanding, 
capable  of  assembling  together  upon  the  summons  of  the 
provincial  council,  at  any  time  during  that  year,  if  the  said 
provincial  council  shall  see  occasion  for  their  so  assembling. 

"  XX.  That  all  the  elections  of  members  or  representatives  Election  to 
of  the  people,  to  serve  in  provincial  council  and  general  '"'  ^^  ^^^°'' 
assembly,  and  all  questions  to  be  determined  by  both  or  either 
of  them,  that  relate  to  passing  of  bills  into  laws,  to  the 
choice  of  officers,  to  impeachments  made  by  the  general 
assembly,  and  judgment  of  criminals  upon  such  impeachments 
by  the  provincial  council,  and  to  all  other  cases  by  them  re- 
spectively judged  of  importance,  shall  be  resolved  and  deter- 
mined by  the  ballot ;  and  unless  on  sudden  and  indispensable 
occasions,  no  business,  in  provincial  council,  or  its  respective 
committees,  shall  be  finally  determined  the  same  day  that  it 
is  moved. 

"  XXI.  That  at  all  times  when,  and  so  often  as  it  shall  infancy  of 
happen  that  the  governor  shall  or  may  be  an  infant  under  the  guar™^g  to 
age  of  one  and  twenty  years,  and  no  guardians  or  commis-  be  appointed, 
sioners  are  appointed  in  writing  by  the  father  of  the  said 
infant,  or  that  such  guardians  or  commissioners  shall  be  de- 
ceased, that  during  such  minority,  the  provincial  council  shall 
from  time  to  time,  as  they  shall  see  meet,  constitute  and  ap- 
point guardians  or  commissioners,  not  exceeding  three,  one  of 
■which  three  shall  preside  as  deputy  and  chief  guardian,  during 
such  minority,  and  shall  have  and  execute,  with  the  consent 
of  the  other  two,  all  the  power  of  a  governor,  in  all  the  pub- 
lic affairs  and  concerns  of  the  said  province. 

<'  XXII.  That  as  often  as  any  day  of  the  month  mentioned  Provision  for 
in  any  article  of  this  charter,  shall  fall  upon  the  first  day  of  JJ;''/'°"''^' 
the  week,  commonly  called  the  Lord's  Day,  the  business  ap- 
pointed for  that  day  shall  be  deferred  till  the  next  day,  unless 
in  case  of  emergency. 


568  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.  "  XXIII.  That  no  act,  law,  or  ordinance  whatsoever,  shall 

"    "^^     at  any  time  hereafter  be  made  or  done  by  the  governor  of 

this  province,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  or  by  the  freemen  in  the 

Alterations    provincial  council  or  the  general  assembly,  to  alter,  change, 

of  charter     ^^  diminish  the  form  or  eflFect  of  this  charter,  or  any  part  or 

guarded.  '  •'    i 

clause  thereof,  or  contrary  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning 
thereof,  without  the  consent  of  the  governor,  his  heirs  or 
assigns,  and  six  parts  of  seven  of  the  said  freemen,  in  pro- 
vincial council  and  general  assembly. 

"XXIV.  And  lastly,  that  I,  the  said  William  Penn,  formy- 

Penn's         self,  my  heirs  and  assigns,  have  solemnly  declared,  granted, 

gran^&c.^^  and  Confirmed,  and  do  hereby  solemnly  declare,  grant,  and 

here  made,     confirm,  that  neither  I,  my  heirs  nor  assigns,  shall  procure  or 

do  any  thing  or  things  whereby  the  liberties  in  this  charter 

contained  and  expressed  shall  be  infringed  or  broken ;  and  if 

any  thing  be  procured  by  any  person  or  persons,  contrary  to 

these  premises,  it  shall  be  held  of  no  force  or  efi"ect. 

"  In  witness  whereof,  I,  the  said  William  Penn,  have  unto 
this  present  charter  of  liberties  set  my  hand  and  broad  seal, 
this  five  and  twentieth  day  of  the  second  month,  vulgarly 
called  April,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  six  hun- 
dred and  eighty-two.  William  Penn.''^ 
For  the  purpose  of  payment  of  small  sums,  the  assembly 
May.           of  New  Jersey  pass   an  act  authorizing  the  circulation  of 
Mark  New-    Mark  Ncwby's  halfpence,  called  Patrick's  halfpence,  at  their 
^ence^tho-  P^''  valuc,  he  being  required  to  give  security  to  the  speaker 
rized.           of  the  housc,  that  he  will  "  change  the  said  halfpence  for  pay 
equivalent,  upon  demand,  and  provided,  that  no  person  or 
persons  be  obliged  to  take  more  than  five  shillings  in  one 
payment."     These  were  Irish  halfpence,  a  parcel  of  which 
Newby  had  brought  in  with  him.     This  is  the  first  mention 
of  coin  that  we  have  noticed  legally  authorized.     It  is  pro- 
bable some  of  them  may  have  found  their  way  into  Penn- 
sylvania.^ 

The  frame  of  government  was  shortly  followed  by  certain 

May  15.        laws  passcd  in  England,  which  were  intended  to  be  altered  or 

Laws  agreed  amended  by  an  assembly  in  Pennsylvania,  and  which  was 

laniT  ^°^     afterwards  done.     For  the  purpose  of  comparison,  they  are 

inserted  at  length. 

"  Laws  agreed  upon  in  England,  ^c. — I.  That  the  charter 

1  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  pp.  337—340. 

2  Learning  &  Spicer,  p.  444.     Smith's  N.  J.  p.  153. 


libsrties  con- 
firmed. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  11.  569 

of  liberties  declared,  granted,   and  confirmed  the  five  and    1682. 
twentieth  day  of  the  second  month,  called  April,  1682,  before     "    '~~' 
divers  witnesses,  by  William  Penn,  governor  and  chief  pro- 
prietor of  Pennsylvania,  to  all  the  freemen  and  planters  of  charter  of 
the  said  province,  is  hereby  declared  and  approved,  and  shall 
be  for  ever  held  as  fundamental  in  the  government  thereof, 
according  to  the  limitations  mentioned  in  the  said  charter. 

"  II.  That  every  inhabitant  in  the  said  province  that  is  or  QuaMca- 
shall  be  a  purchaser  of  one  hundred  acres  of  land,  or  up-  f|.°emaii* 
wards,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  and  every  person  who  shall  have 
paid  his  passage,  and  taken  up  one  hundred  acres  of  land  at 
one  penny  an  acre,  and  have  cultivated  ten  acres  thereof; 
and  every  person  that  hath  been  a  servant  or  bondman,  and 
is  free  by  his  service,  that  shall  have  taken  up  his  fifty  acres 
of  land,  and  cultivated  twenty  thereof;  and  every  inhabitant, 
artificer,  or  other  resident  in  the  said  province,  that  pays  scot 
and  lot  to  the  government,  shall  be  deemed  and  accounted  a 
freeman  of  the  said  province ;  and  every  such  person  shall 
and  may  be  capable  of  electing  or  being  elected  representa- 
tives of  the  people  in  provincial  council  or  general  assembly 
in  the  said  province. 

"  III.  That  all  elections  of  members  or  representatives  of  Election, 
the  people  and  freemen  of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  to  p"nj^^^'(i  ^^ 
serve  in  provincial  council  or  general  assembly,  to  be  held 
within  the  said  province,  shall  be  free  and  voluntary,  and  that 
the  elector  that  shall  receive  any  reward  or  gift,  in  meat, 
drink,  moneys,  or  otherwise,  shall  forfeit  his  right  to  elect ; 
and  such  person  as  shall  directly  or  indirectly  give,  promise, 
or  bestow  such  reward  as  aforesaid,  to  be  elected,  shall  forfeit 
his  election,  and  be  thereby  incapable  to  serve  as  aforesaid : 
and  the  provincial  council  and  general  assembly  shall  be  the 
sole  judges  of  the  regularity  or  irregularity  of  the  elections 
of  their  own  respective  members. 

"  IV.  That  no  money  or  goods  shall  be  raised  upon,  or  paid  Taxes,  &c. 
by  any  of  the  people  of  this  province,  by  way  of  public  tax,  posedby 
custom,  or  contribution,  but  by  a  law  for  that  purpose  made;  i^^- 
and  whosoever  shall  levy,  collect,  or  pay  any  money  or  goods 
contrary  thereto,  shall  be  held  a  public  enemy  to  the  province, 
and  a  betrayer  of  the  liberties  of  the  people  thereof. 

<'  V.  That  all  courts  shall  be  open,  and  justice  shall  neither  au  courts 
be  sold,  denied,  or  delayed. 

«  VI.  That  in  all  courts,  all  persons  of  all  persuasions  may 

72  3 1)2 


570 

1682. 


Persons  may 
plead  in 
their  own 


Canse  must 
be  just. 
Regulations. 


Proceedings 
to  be  short, 
and  in  Eng- 
lish. 


Juries ; 
mode  of  se- 
lecting. 


Fees  mode- 
rate, and  to 
be  hung  up. 


Prisons  to  be 
work-houses. 


Bailable 
offences. 


False  impri- 
sonment. 


Prisons  free. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

freely  appear  in  their  own  way,  and  according  to  their  own 
manner,  and  there  personally  plead  their  own  cause  them- 
selves, or  if  unable,  by  their  friend ;  and  the  first  process 
shall  be  the  exhibition  of  the  complaint  in  court,  fourteen 
days  before  the  trial,  and  that  the  party  complained  against 
may  be  fitted  for  the  same,  he  or  she  shall  be  summoned  no 
less  than  ten  days  before,  and  a  copy  of  the  complaint  de- 
livered him  or  her,  at  his  or  her  dwelling-house.  But  before 
the  complaint  of  any  person  be  received,  he  shall  solemnly 
declare  in  court,  that  he  believes  in  his  conscience  his  cause 
is  just. 

"  VII.  That  all  pleadings,  processes,  and  records  in  court, 
shall  be  short,  and  in  English,  and  in  an  ordinary  and  plain 
character,  that  they  may  be  understood,  and  justice  speedily 
administered. 

"  VIII.  That  all  trials  shall  be  by  twelve  men,  and  as  near 
as  may  be,  peers  or  equals,  and  of  the  neighbourhood,  and 
men  without  just  exception.  In  cases  of  life,  there  shall  be 
first  twenty-four  returned  by  the  sheriff's  for  a  grand  inquest, 
of  whom  twelve  at  least  shall  find  the  complaint  to  be  true, 
and  then  the  twelve  men  or  peers,  to  be  likewise  returned  by 
the  sheriff,  shall  have  the  final  judgment.  But  reasonable 
challenges  shall  be  always  admitted  against  the  said  twelve 
men,  or  any  of  them. 

"  IX.  That  all  fees  in  all  cases  shall  be  moderate,  and  set- 
tled by  the  provincial  council  and  general  assembly,  and  be 
hung  up  in  a  table  in  every  respective  court,  and  whosoever 
shall  be  convicted  of  taking  more,  shall  pay  twofold,  and  be 
dismissed  his  employment,  one  moiety  of  which  shall  go  to 
the  party  wronged. 

"  X.  That  all  prisons  shall  be  workhouses  for  felons,  va- 
grants, and  loose  and  idle  persons,  whereof  one  shall  be  in 
every  county. 

"  XI.  That  all  persons  shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient  sure- 
ties, unless  for  capital  offences,  where  the  proof  is  evident,  or 
the  presumption  is  great. 

"  XII.  That  all  persons  wrongfully  imprisoned  or  prose- 
cuted at  law,  shall  have  double  damages  against  the  informer 
or  prosecutor. 

"  XIII.  That  all  prisons  shall  be  free  as  to  fees,  food,  and 
lodging. 

"  XIV.  That  all  lands  and  goods  shall  be  liable  to  pay 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  571 

debts,  except  where  there  is  legal  issue,  and  then  all  the    1682. 
goods,  and  one-third  of  the  land  only.  '     '    ' 

"  XV.  That  all  wills  in  writing,  attested  by  two  witnesses, 
shall  be  of  the  same  force  as  to  lands,  as  other  conveyances,  wnis. 
being  legally   proved    within   forty   days,   either  within  or 
without  the  said  province. 

"XVI.  That  seven  years  quiet  possession  shall  give  an  un-  Right  by 
questionable  right,  except  in  cases  of  infants,  lunatics,  married  p°^**^^'**°- 
women,  or  persons  beyond  the  seas. 

"  XVII.  That  all  briberies  and  extortions  whatsoever  shall  Bribery. 
be  severely  punished. 

"  XVIII.    That  all  fines   shall  be  moderate,  and  saving  Fines  mode- 
men's  contenements,  merchandise,  or  wainage.  ^^^' 

"  XIX.  That  all  marriages  (not  forbidden  by  the  law  of  Marriages. 
God,  as  to  nearness  of  blood  and  affinity  by  marriage)  shall 
be  encouraged ;  but  the  parents  or  guardians  shall  be  first 
consulted,  and  the  marriage  shall  be  published  before  it  be 
solemnized,  and  it  shall  be  solemnized  by  taking  one  another  Ceremony, 
as  husband  and  wife,  before  credible  witnesses,  and  a  certifi- 
cate of  the  whole,  under  the  hands  of  parties  and  witnesses, 
shall  be  brought  to  the  proper  register  of  that  county,  and 
shall  be  registered  in  his  office. 

"  XX.  And  to  prevent  frauds  and  vexatious  suits  within  Deeds,  &c.  to 
the  said  province,  that  all  charters,  gifts,  grants,  and  convey-  ^nd  regis- 
ances  of  land,  (except  leases  for  a  year  or  under,)  and  all  tered. 
bills,  bonds,  and  specialties  above  five  pounds,  and  not  under 
three  months,  made  in  the  said  province,  shall  be  enrolled  or 
registered  in  the  public  enrolment  office  of  the  said  province, 
within  the  space  of  two  months  next  after  the  making  thereof, 
else  to  be  void  in  law.     And  all  deeds,  grants,  and  convey- 
ances of  land,  (except  as  aforesaid,)  within  the  said  province, 
and  made  out  of  the  said  province,  shall  be  enrolled  or  regis- 
tered as  aforesaid,  within  six  months  next  after  the  making 
thereof,  and  settling  and  constituting  an  insolvent  office  or 
register  within  the  said  province,  else  to  be  void  in  law  against 
all  persons  whatsoever. 

"  XXI.  That  all  defacers  or  corrupters  of  charters,  gifts,  Defacers,  &c. 
grants,  bonds,  bills,  wills,  contracts,  and  conveyances,  or  that  ^^^^f^^^ 
shall  deface  or  falsify  any  enrolment,  registry,   or  record,  punished, 
within  this  province,  Shall  make  double  satisfaction  for  the 
same,  half  whereof  shall  go  to  the  party  wronged,  and  they 


572 

1682. 


Register  of 
births,  &c. 


And  of  ser- 
vants. 


Lands  of 
felons  made 
liable. 


Estates  of 
capital  of- 
fenders. 


Witnesses' 
attestations. 


Peijury. 


One  office 
at  a  time. 


Children  to 
be  taught 
trades,  &c. 


Servants. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

shall  be  dismissed  of  all  places  of  trust,  and  be  publicly  dis- 
graced as  false  men. 

"  XXII.  That  there  shall  be  a  register  for  births,  mar- 
riages, burials,  -wills,  and  letters  of  administration,  distinct 
from  the  other  registry. 

"  XXIII.  That  there  shall  be  a  register  for  all  servants, 
■where  their  names,  time,  wages,  and  days  of  payment  shall 
be  registered. 

"  XXIV.  That  all  lands  and  goods  of  felons  shall  be  liable 
to  make  satisfaction  to  the  party  wronged  twice  the  value ; 
and  for  want  of  lands  or  goods,  the  felons  shall  be  bondmen, 
to  work  in  the  common  prison  or  workhouse,  or  otherwise,  till 
the  party  injured  be  satisfied. 

"  XXV.  That  estates  of  capital  offenders,  as  traitors  and 
murderers,  shall  go  one-third  to  the  next  of  kin  to  the  suf- 
ferer, and  the  remainder  to  the  next  of  kin  to  the  criminal. 

« XXVI.  That  all  witnesses  coming  or  called  to  testify 
their  knowledge  in  or  to  any  matter  or  thing  in  any  court,  or 
before  any  lawful  authority  within  the  said  province,  shall 
there  give  or  deliver  in  their  evidence  or  testimony,  by 
solemnly  promising  to  speak  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and 
nothing  but  the  truth,  to  the  matter  or  thing  in  question. 
And  in  case  any  person  so  called  to  evidence  shall  be  con- 
victed of  wilful  falsehood,  such  person  shall  suffer  and  undergo 
such  damage  or  penalty  as  the  person  or  persons  against  whom 
he  or  she  bore  false  witness,  did  or  should  undergo ;  and  shall 
also  make  satisfaction  to  the  party  wronged,  and  be  publicly  ex- 
posed as  a  false  witness,  never  to  be  credited  in  any  court,  or 
before  any  magistrate,  in  the  said  province. 

"XXVII.  And  to  the  end  that  all  officers  chosen  to  serve 
within  this  province,  may,  with  more  care  and  diligence,  an- 
swer the  trust  reposed  in  them,  it  is  agreed,  that  no  such 
person  shall  enjoy  more  than  one  public  oflSce  at  one  time. 

"  XXVIII.  That  all  children  within  this  province,  of  the 
age  of  twelve  years,  shall  be  taught  some  useful  trade  or  skill, 
to  the  end  none  may  be  idle,  but  the  poor  may  work  to  live, 
and  the  rich,  if  they  become  poor,  may  not  want. 

"XXIX.  That  servants  be  not  kept  longer  than  their  time, 
and  such  as  are  careful  be  both  justly  and  kindly  used  in 
their  service,  and  put  in  fitting  equipage  at  the  expiration 
thereof,  according  to  custom. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  573 

"  XXX.  That  all  scandalous  and  malicious  reporters,  back-     1682. 
biters,  defamers,  and  spreaders  of  false  news,  whether  against     '    •    ' 
magistrates  or  private  persons,  shall  be  accordingly  severely 
punished,  as  enemies  to  the  peace  and  concord  of  this  province. 

"XXXI.  That  for  the  encouragement  of  the  planters  and  charter  of 
traders  in  this  province,  who  are  incorporated  into  a  society,  ^"Z  '^'^'^"^ 
the  patent  granted  to  them  by  William  Penn,  governor  of  the 
said  province,  is  hereby  ratified  and  confirmed. 

a  XXXII.  *******  * 

"XXXIII.  That  all  factors  or  correspondents  in  the  said  Breach  of 
province,  wronging  their  employers,  shall  make  satisfaction  ''^"^*' 
and  one-third  over,  to  the  said  employers  ;  and  in  case  of  the 
death  of  any  such  factor  or  correspondent,  the  committee  of 
trade  shall  take  care  to   secure   so  much   of  the  deceased 
party's  estate  as  belongs  to  his  said  respective  employers. 

"  XXXIV.  That  all  treasurers,  judges,  masters  of  the  rolls,  officers  and 
sheriffs,  justices  of  the  peace,  and  other  officers  and  persons  electors  to 

'   »)  L  '  1  beheve  in 

whatsoever,  relating  to  courts  or  trials  of  causes,  or  any  other  jesus  Christ 
service  in  the  government,  and  all  members  elected  to  serve 
in  provincial  council  and  general  assembly,  and  all  that  have 
right  to  elect  such  members,  shall  be  such  as  profess  faith  in 
Jesus  Christ,  and  are  not  convicted  of  ill-fame,  or  unsober 
and  dishonest  conversation,  and  that  are  of  twenty-one  years 
of  age  at  least ;  and  that  all  such  so  qualified,  shall  be  capa- 
ble of  the  said  several  employments  and  privileges  as  aforesaid. 

"  XXXV.  That  all  persons  living  in  this  province  who  Religious 
confess  and  acknowledge  the  one  Almighty  and  Eternal  God,  '''^'^*y- 
to  be  the  Creator,  Upholder,  and  Ruler  of  the  world,  and 
that  hold  themselves  obliged  in  conscience  to  live  peaceably 
and  justly  in  civil  society,  shall  in  noways  be  molested  or 
prejudiced  for  their  religious  persuasion  or  practice  in  matters 
of  faith  and  worship ;  nor  shall  they  be  compelled  at  any 
time  to  frequent  or  maintain  any  religious  Avorship,  place  or 
ministry  whatever. 

"  XXXVI.  That  according  to  the  good  example  of  primi-  observance 
tive  Christians,  and  the  ease  of  the  creation,  every  first  day  °^J'^^^°'"^'^ 
of  the  week,  called  the  Lord's  Day,  people  shall  abstain  from 
their  common  daily  labour,  that  they  may  the  better  dispose 
themselves  to  worship  God  according  to  their  understandings. 

"XXXVII.  That  as  a  careless  and  corrupt  administration  ah  offences 
of  justice  draws  the  wrath  of  God  upon  magistrates,  so  the  to"be  pun-'* 
wildness  and  looseness  of  tlie  people  provoke  the  indignation  ishea. 


574 

1682. 


Crimes  to  be 
punished. 


Laws  to  be 
published, 
exliibited, 
and  annual- 
ly read. 


Alterations 
by  consent 
of  six- 
eevenths  of 
the  freemen. 

Additions 
and  amend- 
ments. 


Date. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  G0\T;RN0R. 

of  God  against  a  country ;  therefore,  that  all  offences  against 
God,  as  swearing,  cursing,  lying,  profane  talking,  drunken- 
ness, drinking  of  healths,  obscene  words,  incest,  sodomy, 
rapes,  whoredom,  fornication,  and  other  uncleanness,  (not  to 
be  repeated,)  all  treasons,  misprisons,  murders,  duels,  felony, 
sedition,  maims,  forcible  entries,  and  other  violences  to  the 
persons  and  estates  of  the  inhabitants  within  this  province ; 
all  prizes,  stage-plays,  .cards,  dice.  May-games,  gamesters, 
masks,  revels,  bull-baitings,  cock-fightings,  and  the  like,  which 
excite  the  people  to  rudeness,  cruelty,  looseness,  and  irreligion, 
shall  be  respectively  discouraged,  and  severely  punished,  ac- 
cording to  the  appointment  of  the  governor  and  freemen  in 
provincial  council  and  general  assembly,  as  also  all  proceed- 
ings contrary  to  these  laws,  that  are  not  here  made  expressly 
penal. 

"  XXXVIII.  That  a  copy  of  these  laws  shall  be  hung  up 
in  the  provincial  council,  and  in  public  courts  of  justice,  and 
that  they  shall  be  read  yearly  at  the  opening  of  every  pro- 
vincial council  and  general  assembly,  and  court  of  justice ; 
and  their  assent  shall  be  testified,  by  their  standing  up  after 
the  reading  thereof. 

"  XXXIX.  That  there  shall  be  at  no  time  any  alteration 
of  any  of  these  laws,  without  the  consent  of  the  governor, 
his  heirs  or  assigns,  and  six  parts  of  seven  of  the  freemen, 
met  in  provincial  council  and  general  assembly. 

"  XL.  That  all  other  matters  and  things  not  herein  pro- 
vided for,  which  shall  and  may  concern  the  public  justice, 
peace,  or  safety  of  the  said  province,  and  the  raising  and  im- 
posing taxes,  customs,  duties,  or  other  charges  whatsoever, 
shall  be,  and  are  hereby  referred  to  the  order,  prudence,  and 
determination  of  the  governor  and  freemen  in  provincial 
council  and  general  assembly,  to  be  held  from  time  to  time 
in  the  said  province. 

"  Signed  and  sealed  by  the  governor  and  freemen  aforesaid, 
the  fifth  day  of  the  third  month,  called  May,  one  thousand 
six  hundred  and  eighty- two. "^ 

Penn  wrote  to  several  persons  whom  he  supposed  were  set- 
tled within  his  bounds,  the  following  letter,  warning  them  not 
to  pay  taxes  to  Lord  Baltimore,^  dated  September  16,  1681 : 


*  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  pp.  357 — 359.     Votes  of  Assembly,  vol.  i. 
2  This  letter  is  from  a  copy  in  the  Laiid-OfBce,  which  we  have  met  with  only 
novir,  which  will  account  for  its  not  being  inserted  in  its  proper  place. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  575 

"London,  16th  of  7th  month,  1681.         1682. 

«  My  friends — I  hope  I  do  not  improperly  call  you  so,  be-         • 
cause  in  being  so  you  will  extremely  befriend  yourselves,  as 
well  as  perform  an  act  of  duty  to  the  king  and  justice  to  me.  Letter  from 

"I  am  equally  a  stranger  to  you  all,  but  you  being  repre-  j^^jj^^""^^ 
sented  men  of  substance  and  reputation  in  that  part  of  the  eastera 
bay  which  I  presume  falls  within  my  patent,  I  chose  to  take  ^^°'^- 
this  opportunity  to  begin  your  acquaintance,  and  by  you  with 
the  rest  of  the  people  on  your  side  of  my  country,  and  do 
assure  you  and  them  that  I  will  be  so  far  from  taking  any 
advantage  to  draw  great  profits  to  myself,  that  you  shall  find 
me  and  my  government  easy,  fair,  and  just,  and  as  you  shall 
study  to  be  fair  and  respectful  to  me  and  my  just  interests,  I 
will  not  be  short  of  giving  you  all  reasonable  assurances  on 
my  part  that  I  will  live  kindly  and  well  with  you,  and  for 
this  you  have  my  word,  under  my  hand.  I  think  fit  to  caution 
you,  (if  within  my  bounds,  as  I  am  ready  to  believe,  but  I 
desire  no  more  than  my  own,)  that  none  of  you  pay  any  more 
taxes  or  sessments,  by  any  order  or  law  of  Maryland,  for  if 
you  do,  it  will  be  greatly  to  your  own  wrong,  as  well  as  my 
prejudice,  though  I  am  not  conscious  to  myself,  of  such  an 
insufficiency  of  power  here  with  my  superiors,  as  not  to  be 
able  to  weather  the  difficulty,  if  you  should ;  but  the  opinion 
I  have  of  the  Lord  Baltimore's  prudence,  as  well  as  justice, 
and  of  your  regard  to  your  own  interests,  and  future  good  of 
your  posterity,  makes  me  to  waive  all  objections  of  that  na- 
ture, and  to  hope  we  shall  all  do  the  thing  that  is  just  and 
honest,  (which  is  always  wise,)  according  to  our  respective 
stations.  I  have  no  more  to  add,  but  my  good  wishes  for  all 
your  happiness,  and  that  by  the  help  of  Almighty  God,  next 
spring  I  shall  have  some  testimony  of  my  best  endeavours  to 
contribute  towards  it,  as  becomes  my  duty  to  God,  to  the 
king,  and  to  their  people.     I  am  your  real  friend. 

"  Signed,  William  Penn. 

"Pray  salute  me  to  all  your  neighbours." 

The  superscription  was,  "  For  James  Frisbie,  Edward 
Jones,  Augustus  Herman,  George  Oulderfield,  Henry  Ward, 
and  Henry  Johnson,  at  their  plantations  in  Pennsylvania." 

It  appears,  by  the  following  instructions  to  Philip  Ford, 
that  not  long  after  the  departure  of  Thomas  Holme,  a  list 
of  the  lands  sold  in  England,  Ireland,  and  Scotland,  was 
prepared,  to  be  sent  to  him.     A  copy  of  this  list  is  in  the 


576  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.     Land  OflSce  at  Harrisburg,  giving  tlie  names  of  the  several 

'"''^    '     purchasers,  and  the  quantity  of  land  to  each ;  from  this  list 

we  have  ascertained  that  the  sales  amounted  to,  at  this  time, 

junei.        about  565,500  acres,  in  parcels  of  from  250  to  10,000  acres; 

List  of         of  the  latter  quantity  are  two  lots  to  the  Free  Society  of 

lands  sold  in  Traders,  making  up  their  20,000  acres.     It  is  entitled,  "An 

England,  to  'or?  ^  ' 

be  sent  to      account  of  the  lands  in  Pennsylvania,  granted  by  William 
T.  Holme.     Penn,  Esq.,  &c.,  to  several  purchasers  in  England,  Ireland, 
and  Scotland,  &c."     Penn's  order  to  Ford  is  as  follows : 

"  These  are  to  authorize  thee  to  set  my  name  to  the  list 
of  purchasers  now  to  be  sent  away  to  Thomas  Holme,  my 
surveyor-general  for  that  province.  Given  under  my  hand, 
this  22d  day  of  the  3d  month,  1682.  William  Penn." 
Ford's  order  to  Holme  is  in  these  words : 
"  To  my  loving  friend,  Thomas  Holme,  surveyor-general 
of  Pennsylvania,  greeting — These  are  to  authorize  thee  to 
set  out  the  surveyed  bounds  to  the  respective  purchasers'  use, 
according  to  the  last  lists  of  purchasers  sent  by  Philip  Ford, 
and  by  him  signed,  according  to  authority  given  him  by  me ; 
and  for  so  doing,  this  shall  be  thy  suflBcient  warrant.  Given 
under  my  hand,  this  22d  day  of  3d  month,  1682. 

"  Signed,  William  Penn,  [l.  s.] 

"per  Philip  Ford."* 
The  first  meeting  of  the  Free  Society  of  Traders  was  held 
June  8.         in  London,  May  29,  for  choosing  officers ;  the  following  were 
First  meet-     elected — Nicholas  Moore,  of  London,  medical  doctor,  presi- 
tkm  of'offi-'^  dent ;  John  Simcock,  of  Pennsylvania,  yeoman,  deputy  pre- 
cersofFree    sideut J  Jamcs  Claypoole,  of  London,  merchant,  treasurer; 
Trlders"*^      all  to  contiuue  for  seven  years  :  John  Boy,  of  Wilts,  surveyor, 
and  the  following  committee  of  twelve,  to  reside  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, Thomas  Brassey,  Robert  Turner,  Thomas  Holme,  John 
Bezer,  Francis  Plumstead,  Griffith  Jones,  Anthony  Elton, 
James  Harrison,  John  Blunston,  Isaac  Martin,  Walter  King, 
William  Haige :  Joseph  Martin,  of  London,  merchant,  chief 
agent ;  Philip  Ford,  of  London,  merchant,  deputy  agent ; 
William    Sherlow,   merchant,   John    Sweetapple,   goldsmith, 
Thomas  Barker,  wine-cooper,  Edward  Pelrod,  oilman,  all  of 
London,  assistants. 

Agreed  to  request,  through  the  governor,  the  first  provin- 
cial council  and  assembly  to  be  held  in  Pennsylvania ;  "  that 
the  twenty-four  assistants  of  the  committees  shall  be  chosen 
out  of  such  subscribers  that  are  most  apt  for  managing  the 
*  See  Appendix. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  577 

affairs  there,  and  that  by  the  assent  and  approbation  of  the     1682. 
governor,  the  provincial  council,  and  general  assembly  afore-     '    '    ' 
said,  but  that  this  shall  not  be  a  precedent  hereafter."  Every 
subscriber  to  pay  5  per  cent,  at  subscribing. 

Another  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Free  Traders  was  held,  June  12. 
at  which,  having  agreed  to  fine  "  disorderly  talkers,"  and  for  Meeting  of 
interrupting  a  speaker,  or  "speaking  out  of  course,"  Id.  for  ^^^50°^"^^' 
first  offence,  Bd.  for  the  second,  and  6d.  for  the  third,  and  tiuiwa 
adding  Francis  Burroughs,  Edward  West,  John   Crow,  and  anTsend  a' 
Francis  Plumsted  to  the  committee  of  advice,  resolved  to  build  letter  to  the 
"  a  glass-house,  with  all  convenient  speed,  on  the  society's 
lands,"  and  to  send  a  deputy  with  a  letter  from  the  president, 
and  some  present,  "  to  the  Emperor  of  Canada  and  tributary 
king,  to  be  prepared  according  to  the  wisdom  of  the  com- 
mittee, in  order  to  the  engaging  a  trade." 

About  this  time,  William  Penn  met  with  a  very  severe  June, 
affliction,  in  the  loss  of  his  mother,  "for  whom  he  had  the  Death  of 
deepest  filial  affection."     "  It  is  said  that  he  was  so  affected  |'^°'^'^"i°- 
by  her  death,  that  he  was  ill  for  some  days."^ 

Thomas  Holme,  the  surveyor-general,  probably  arrived 
about  this  time,  and  appears  to  have  entered,  very  soon  after 
it,  upon  his  labours. 

At  the  next  court  at  Upland,  Markham  does  not  appear  to  juness. 
have  been  present.    Jacob  Fabricius  is  a  plaintiff.    There  is  a  change  of 
curious  case  of  cj^im.  con.     The  following  record  appears :  °'^™^  °^ 
"  The  grant  formerly  made  from  Governor  Markham  to  the  Hoot, 
inhabitants  of  Markus  Hook,  at  their  request,  for  the  calling 
the  name  of  the  said  town  Chicester,  which  said  grant  bears 
date  20th  April,  1682,  and  was  read  and  published  in  the 
court  held  at  Upland,  June  13th,  1682,  according  to  order, 
as  a  record  thereof."^ 

The  society  having  appointed  a  messenger  for  Pennsylvania,  june  29. 
wrote  by  him  to  the  "Emperor  of  Canada,"  as  directed,  the 
following  letter,  in  explanation  of  the  views,  and  objects  of 
the  society  in  its  formation  :^ 

"  To  THE  Emperor  of  Canai>a.  [l.  s.] 
"  London,  the  19th  day  of  the  4th  month,  called  June,  1682. 
"  Friend :  I  have  sent  ^ou  this  letter  and  messenger,  to  let 

'  Clarkson,  vol.  i.  p.  233.  2  Records  at  West  Chester. 

•3  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  397.  Tlie  original  manuscript  of  tliis  letter,  on 
parchment,  is  in  the  Land-Office,  at  Harrisljnrg,  so  much  defaced  by  rats  as  to 
render  many  word.s  illegible  ;  these  are  supplied  in  the  foregoing,  and  italicized. 
Another  warning  against  the  destruction  of  j)ublio  documents! 


578  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.  you  know  that  I  am  elected  president  of  the  Free  Society  of 
"  •  '  Traders  of  Pennsylvania,  and  as  I  am  sucli,  have  the  power 
and  free  consent  of  all  these  good  men  to  treat  with  you, 
Letterof  the  your  kings,  and  your  people,  in  all  things  pertaining  to  trade, 
theEmperor  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  g^^^  you  assurancc  that  all  our  intentions  and 
of  Canada,  purposes  towards  you  are  good  and  just;  and  unto  this  mes- 
senger we  have  given  full  power  to  agree  with  you  in  all 
things  relating  to  our  affairs ;  he  is  a  good  and  just  man ; 
what  you  do  with  him  we  will  ratify  and  confirm  without  de- 
lays or  exception,  and  you  shall  find  that  we  are  a  people  that 
love  peace  and  justice,  and  are  not  afraid  of  war.  Our  God 
is  a  God  of  peace,  a  God  of  love,  grace,  mercy,  and  justice, 
and  we  are  his  followers,  having  the  same  principle,  and  will 
always  endeavour  to  be  found  in  the  like  practice.  He  is 
always  doing  good  unto  all  His  creatures,  whom  you  and  we 
are ;  we  also  being  persuaded  of  this  duty,  have  now  resolved 
to  seek  to  do  you  good  in  all  we  are  able ;  therefore,  it  will 
not  be  our  faults  if  you  are  not  happy  in  our  neighbourhood, 
for  we  will  be  kind  and  loving  to  you  at  all  times,  and  will  be 
your  friends,  which  ihmg  we  also  expect  from  you,  and  can- 
not but  suppose  that  you  shall  readily  consider  and  accept  of 
our  kindness,  and  rejoice  at  it.  And  we  are  willing  also  to 
receive  you  into  a  perpetual  friendship  and  protection  amongst 
us. 

"  In  witness  whereof,  I  do  propose  unto  you,  that  we  are 
willing  to  receive  you,  your  kings  and  ^leople  in  our  society 
of  trade,  and  if  you  will  bring  in  your  goods  in  our  society 
for  a  free  trade,  you  shaW  greatly  enrich  yourselves  by  it,  for 
we  will  improve  it  for  you,  as  well  as  for  us,  and  in  so  doing, 
you  shall  have  what  you  and  yours  shall  want  of  all  good 
things,  without  being  beholden  to  any  other  people  whatsoever, 
for  we  and  you  being  united,  we  shall  take  off  your  goods, 
and  we  shall  help  you  with  ours,  to  your  content,  so  that  the 
advantage  shall  be  equal ;  therefore  it  is  your  interest  to 
command  your  kings  and  people  to  ti'ade  with  us,  thus  united, 
alone,  it  being  your  proper  advantage,  and  you  yourself  may, 
from  time  to  time,  come  and  see  our  trade  and  improvement, 
and  take  your  profits  which  shall  arise  therefrom,  proportion- 
ably  to  what  you  shall  join  with  us :  this  we  propose  as  a 
proper  means  to  unite  all  our  interests  for  ever.  We  shall 
be  glad  to  see  you  the  next  spring,  to  conclude  some  good 
treaty  together  in  peace ;  and  to  show  you  that  we  are  good 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  579 

men,  we  have  sent  you  this  present ;  -when  we  meet  you,  you  1682. 
sAall  know  this  to  be  altogether  true.  In  the  mean  time  pre-  "  '  ' 
pare  for  trade,  as  we  do.    I  rest  your  true  friend,     N.  More.^ 

"Directed  for  the  Emperor  of  Canada." 

William  Penn  also  furnished  the  society  with  the  following  Juiy  i. 
introductory  letter  to  the  "emperor,"  soliciting  his  friendly 
offices : 

"  The  great  God  that  made  thee  and  me,  and  all  the  world.  Letter  from 
incline  our  hearts  to  love  peace  and  iustice,  that  we  may  live  '^^'"i- ^^'''i 

,,.„to  Emperor 

friendly  together,  as  becomes  the  workmanship  of  the  great  of  Canada, 

God.     The  King  of  England,  who  is  a  great  prince,  hath,  for  J"''^";';"" 

divers  reasons,  granted  to  me  a  large  country  in  America, 

which,  however,  I  am  willing  to  enjoy  upon  friendly  terms 

with  thee ;  and  this  I  will  say,  that  the  people  who  comes  with 

me  are  a  just,  plain,  and  honest  people,  that  neither  make 

war  upon  others,  nor  fear  war  from  others,  because  they  will 

be  just.     I  have  set  up  a  society  of  traders  in  my  province, 

to  traffic  with  thee  and  thy  people,  for  your  commodities,  that 

you  may  be  furnished  with  that  which  is  good,  at  reasonable 

rates ;  and  that  society  hath  ordered  their  president  to  treat 

with  thee  about  a  future  trade,  and  have  joined  with  me  to 

send  this  messenger  to  thee  with  certain  presents  from  us,  to 

testify  our  willingness   to  have  a  fair  correspondence  Avith 

thee,  and  what  this  agent  shall  do  in  our  names,  we  will  agree 

unto.     I  hope  thou  will  kindly  receive  him,  and  comply  with 

his  desires  on  our  behalf,  both  with  respect  to  land  and  trade. 

The  great  God  be  with  thee.     Amen.         William  Penn. 

"  Philip  Theodore  Lehnman,  secretary. 

"  London,  the  21st  day  of  the  4th  month,  called  June,  1682."^ 

J.  Claypoole,  from  whose  letters  we  have  already  quoted,  July  24. 
after  all  his  doubts  and  uncertainties,  finally  has  made  up  his  J-  ciaypooie 
mind  to  remove  to  Pennsylvania.      He  thus  writes  upon  the  Pe'^syira- 
Bubject  to  his  brother  :  ^ia. 

"  I  have  taken  up  resolutions  to  go  next  spring,  with  my  Location  of 
whole  family,  for  Pennsylvania,  so  have  not  sent  my  orders  probtwy'd!- 
for  a  house  or  planting,  but  intend  to  do  it  when  I  come.     /  termined. 
have  100  acres  where  our  capital  city  is  to  be,  upon  the  river 
near  Schuylkill  and  Peter  Cock;  there  I  intend  to  plant  and 
build  my  first  house."^ 

'  So  spelled  here  :  in  most  other  cases,  Moore.  ' 

2  From  a  copy  takea  from    the  original  manuscript  in  the  Land-OfTioe  at 

Harrisburg,  certilied  by  S.  Workman,  among  die  MSS.  of  Penns.  Hist.  Soc. 

Reg.  Penn3.  vol.  ix.  p.  112.  3  Claypoole. 


580  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.         This  extract  seems  to  confirm  the  fact  that  the  present  lo- 
'    '    '     cation  of  Philadelphia  had  heen  decided  upon  by  the  com- 
missioners ;    that  Penn   had  been  informed   of  the   fact  in 
England,  and  that  he  had   communicated  it  to  purchasers 
there. 

In  the  following  extract  we  have  some  further  information 
Further  par-  respecting  the  society,  and  of  their  plans  and  powers  under 
fperttng  the   *^®  charter.     The  writer  again  alludes  to  the  capital  city : 
society.  "We  havc  erected  a  society  for  trade  in  Pennsylvania, 

according  to  enclosed  book.  We  have  already  subscribed 
XlOjOOO  stock,  of  which  we  receive  at  present  but  one-half 
part,  which  is  about  ,£5000,  and  after  the  arrival  of  the  first 
ship  belonging  to  the  company  in  Pennsylvania,  which  may 
probably  be  in  the  eighth  month  next,  the  subscriptions  will 
continue  for  six  months  following ;  so  if  there  be  any  friend 
or  acquaintance  of  thine  that  is  inclined  to  join  with  us,  I 
desire  thee  to  encourage  it,  for  the  greater  the  stock  the  more 
easily  will  it  bear  the  charge,  for  we  could  very  well  employ 
,£20,000  stock.  One  Doctor  Moore,  a  very  worthy,  ingenious 
person,  is  chosen  president,  John  Symcock,  of  Pennsylvania, 
deputy  president.  I  am  chosen  treasurer.  They  allow  the 
president  ,£150,  deputy  and  treasurer  each  =£100  per  annum, 
agreed  for  seven  years  to  come.  We  are  to  send  out  100  ser- 
vants to  build  houses,  to  plant  and  improve  land,  and  for  cat- 
tle, and  to  set  up  a  glass-house,  for  bottles,  drinking  glass, 
and  window  glass,  to  supply  the  islands  and  continent  of 
America ;  and  Ave  hope  to  have  wine  and  oil  for  merchandise, 
and  some  corn ;  however,  hemp  for  cordage,  and  for  iron  and 
lead,  and  other  minerals,  we  have  no  doubt  of;  so  that  through 
the  blessing  of  God,  we  may  hope  for  a  great  increase,  and 
it  may  come  to  be  a  famous  company.  We  have  sent  a  mes- 
senger to  the  emperor  and  kings,  to  settle  a  constant  friend- 
ship and  trade  between  us,  and  have  sent  them  divers  presents 
in  the  name  of  the  society,  and  do  reserve  about  £2000  for 
the  beaver  and  fur  trade  and  skins.  We  have  bought  20,000 
acres  of  land,  and  shall  have  400  acres  of  it  in  the  capital 
city,  where  our  house  must  be  built,  with  divers  warehouses 
and  offices.  As  for  the  governor,  William  Penn,  he  has  been 
and  will  be  very  kind  to  us,  besides  his  subscription,  which  is 
considerable.  He  has  given  us  the  quit-rent  of  all  our  land, 
and  most  ample  patent  or  charter,  to  be  confirmed  by  the 
first  general  assembly  in  Pennsylvania,  with  as  many  privi- 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  581 

leges  as  "we  could  desire,  whereby  we  are  a  corporation,  a     1682. 
lordship,  and  manor,  having  a  magistracy  and  government     '    •    ' 
within  ourselves,  the  three  principal  officers  aforesaid  being 
justices  of  the  peace."^ 

In  a  letter,  a  short  time  afterwards,  he  says,  "I  may  send  a  map  of 
thee  a  map  of  Pennsylvania,  and  William  Penn's  book  about  ^^°'^^y^''^- 
it,  and  the  laws  agreed  on,  and  what  other  papers  may  be 
necessary  for  thy  perusal."  By  Avhom  was  this  map  pre- 
pared ?  Was  it  by  Holme,  before  he  left  England,  and  from 
materials  furnished  by  the  commissioners  ?  If  so,  it  was  pro- 
bably only  an  outline,  and  filled  up  afterwards,  as  we  now 
see  it. 

The  first  purchase  of  lands  made  by  or  for  Penn,  from  the  July  25. 
Indians,  that  we  have  seen  any  account  of,  was  the  following, 
made  by  William  Markman,  of  lands  near  Neshaminy.  The 
Dutch,  Swedes,  and  English,  before  Penn's  time,  as  we  have 
seen,  had  made  similar  purchases.  This  is  a  copy  taken  from 
the  original  deed  on  parchment,  remaining  in  the  Secretary 
of  State's  office  at  Harrisburg : 

"  This  indenture,  made  the  15th  day  of  July,  in  the  year  coed  be- 
of  our  Lord,  according  to  English  account,  1682,  between  Jmlnd''^  ' 
Idquahon,  Jeanottowe,  Idquoquequon,  Sahoppe,  for  himself  the  Indians, 
and  Ocomickon,   Merkekowan,   Oreckton,   for  Nannacussey,  aWFaiis 
Shaurwaughon,  Swanpisse,  Nahoosey,  Tomackhickon,  Wes-  "f  ^eia- 
kekitt,  and  Tohawsis,  Indian  sachamakers,  of  the  one  part, 
and  William  Penn,  chief  proprietor,  &c.,  on  the  other,  wit- 
nesseth,  that  for  and  in  consideration  of  the  sums  and  quan- 
tities of  goods,  merchandises,  and  utensils  hereinafter  men- 
tioned and  expressed,  (that  is  to  say,)  350  fathoms  of  wampum, 
20  white  blankets,  20  fathoms  of  strawdwaters,  60  fathoms 
of  duffields,  20  kettles,  (4  whereof  large,)  20  guns,  20  coats, 
40  shirts,  40  pair  stockings,  40  hoes,  40  axes,  2  barrels  pow- 
der, 200  bars  lead,  200  knives,  200  small  glasses,  12  pair 
shoes,  40  copper  boxes,  40  tobacco  tongs,  2  small  barrels  of 
pipes,  40  pair  scissors,  40  combs,  24  pounds  red  lead,  100  awls, 
2  handsful  fish-hooks,  2  handsful  needles,  40  pounds  shot, 
10  bundles  beads,  10  small  saws,  12  drawing-knives,  4  ankers 
tobacco,  2  ankers  rum,  2  ankers  cider,  2  ankers  beer,  and 
300  guilders,  by  the  said  William  Penn,  his  agents  or  assigns, 
to  the  said  Indian  sachamakers,  for  the  use  of  them  and  their 
people,  at  and  before  sealing  and  delivery  hereof,  in  hand 

'  Claypoole. 


582  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.     paid  and  delivered,   whereof  and  -wherewith  they  the  said 
' — ^ — '     sachamakers  do  hereby  acknowledge  themselves  fully  satisfied, 
contented  and  paid,  the  said  Indian  sachamakers,  parties  to 
July  25.        these  presents,  as  well  for  and  on  behalf  of  themselves,  as  for 
Indian  deed  and  on  behalf  of  their  respective  Indians  or  people  for  whom 
to  Markham  ^j^gy  ^^e  concemed,  have  granted,  bargained,  sold,  and  deli- 
vered, and  by  these  presents  do  fully,  freely,  and  absolutely 
grant,  bargain,  sell,  and  deliver  unto  the  said  William  Penn, 
his  agents  and  assigns  for  ever,  all  that  or  those  tract  or 
tracts  of  land  lying  and  being  in  the  province  of  Pennsylvania 
aforesaid,  beginning  at  a  certain  white  oak  in  the  land  now 
in  the  tenure  of  John  Wood,  and  by  him  called  the  Gray- 
stones,  over  against  the  Falls  of  Delaware  River,  and  so  from 
thence  up  by  the  river  side,  to  a  corner-marked  spruce-tree, 
with  the  letter  P,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  and  from  the 
said  corner-marked  spruce-tree,  along  by  the  ledge  or  foot  of 
the  mountains  west-north-west,  to  a  corner  white  oak,  marked 
with  letter  P,  standing  by  the  Indian  path  that  leads  to  an 
Indian  town  called  Playwicky,  and  near  the  head  of  a  creek 
called  Towsissinck,  and  from  thence  west  to  the  creek  called 
Neshammony's   Creek,   and    along   by    said   Neshammony's 
Creek  unto  the  River  Delaware,  alias  Makerisk-kitton,  and 
so  bounded  by  the  said  main  river  to  the  said  first-mentioned 
white  oak  in  John  Wood's  land,  and  all  those  islands  called 
or  known  by  the  several  names  of  Mattinicunk  Island,  Se- 
passnick's  Island,  and  Oreckton's  Island,  lying  or  being  in 
the  said  River  Delaware,  together  also,  with  all  and  singular 
the  isles,  islands,  rivers,  rivulets,  creeks,  waters,  ponds,  lakes, 
plains,  hills,  mountains,  meadows,   marshes,  swamps,  trees, 
woods,  mines,  minerals,  and  appurtenances  whatsoever  to  the 
said  tract  or  tracts  of  land  belonging,  or  in  anywise  apper- 
taining, and  the  reversion  and  reversions,  remainder  and  re- 
mainders thereof,  and  all  the  estate,  right,  title,  interest,  use, 
property,  claim,  and  demand  whatsoever,  as  well  of  them  the 
Indian  sachamakers,  (parties  to  these  presents,)  as  of  all  and 
every  other  the  Indians  concerned  therein,  or  in  any  part  or 
parcel  thereof;  to  have  and  to  hold  the  said  tract  and  tracts 
of  land,  islands,  and  all  and  every  other  the  said  granted 
premises,  with  their  and  every  of  their  appurtenances,  unto 
the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns  for  ever,  to  the 
only  use  and  behoof  of  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and 
assigns,  for  evermore.     And  the  said  Indian  sachamakers, 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY. —CHARLES  II.  683 

their  heirs  and  successors,  and  every  of  them,  the  said  tract  or    1G82. 
tracts  of  land,   islands,   and  all   and  every  other  the  said    "^ 
granted  premises,  with  their  and  every  of  their  appurtenances, 
unto  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns  for  ever,  against  Juiy  25. 
them  the  said  Indian  sachamakers,  their  heirs  and  successors,  Indian  deed 
and  against  all  and  every  Indian  and  Indians,  and  their  heirs  *=°'**'""*^- 
and  successors,  claiming  or  to  claim  any  right,  title,  or  estate 
into  or  out  of  the  said  granted  premises,  or  any  part  or  par- 
cel thereof,  shall  and  will  warrant  and  for  ever  defend,  by 
these  presents.     In  witness  whereof,  the  said  parties  to  these 
presents  interchangeably  have  set  their  hands  and  seals,  the 
day  and  year  first  above  written,  1682. 

"  Signed,  "William  Markham, 

"  Deputy  Governor  to  William  Penn,  Esq. 

"  Sealed  and  delivered  in  presence  of  Kowyockhicken, 
Alloiwham,  &c.,  Lasse  Cock,  Richard  Noble,  Thomas  Revell. 

"  Recorded  p.  50,  &c. — N.  B.  Boileau,  secretary." 

There  is  a  duplicate^  of  the  foregoing,  with  a  memorandum 
dated  August  1,  1682,  rectifying  certain  mistakes,  or  explain- 
ing some  items,  viz.  "  the  number  of  10  guns  more  than  we 
mentioned,  which  we  should  have  received,  we  now  acknow- 
ledge the  receipt  of  from  William  Penn."  The  350  fathoms 
of  wampum,  quality  not  expressed,  means,  "  to  be  one-half 
white  wampum  and  one-half  black."  "  Pecerappamand,  Py- 
terhay,  and  Elkpamachitte,  Indian  sachamakers,  who  were 
the  right  owners  of  the  land  called  Soepassincks,  and  of  the 
island  of  the  same  name,  and  who  did  not  formei'ly  sign  and 
seal  the  within  deed,  nor  were  present  when  the  same  was 
done,"  now  confirm  the  proceedings.^ 

It  is  probable  that  William  Penn  availed  himself  of  the  August  24. 
advice  of  persons  whom  he  deemed  capable  of  furnishing  it, 
calculated  to  be  useful  to  him  in  the  settlement  or  manasre- 
ment  of  his  colony.  Among  these  was  perhaps  the  celebrated 
Sir  William  Petty,  who  wrote  at  least  two  letters  to  him  on 
the  subject.  The  second  letter  exists  at  Harrisburg,  in  the 
Land-Office,  apparently  original,  directed  to  William  Penn, 
then  in  London,  though  without  the  name  of  the  writer,  but 
endorsed  as  from  him,  of  which  it  shows  internal  evidence. 
His  views  are  curious  and  prospective,  and  it  is  highly  pro- 

'  This  spells  the  name  of  the  river,  Makerisk-Hickon. 

2  Recorded  in  Secretary's  Office  at   Harrisburg,  in  book  of  "  Records  of 
Charters  and  Indian  Deeds,"  pp.  50 — 52. 


584  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.    bable  may  have  suggested  hints  of  -which  Penn  availed  him- 
' — ' — '    self  afterwards. 

«'  London,  14th  August,  1682. 
"  Old  friend — My  opinion  is,  that  not  only  Pennsylvania, 
August  24.  but  all  the  habitable  land  upon  the  face  of  the  earth  will 
(within  the  next  fifteen  hundred  years)  be  as  fully  peopled  as 
England  is  now ;  that  is  to  say,  that  there  will  be  a  head  for 
every  four  acres  of  land,  whereas  in  Ireland  there  are  about 
ten  acres  to   every   head,   the   medium    whereof   is   seven. 

advise 


economical' 


Letter  of 
Sir  WilUam 
Petty  to 
Wm.  Penn, 
viewing 
Pennsylva- 
nia poUtico-    Wherefore,  when  God  sendeth  you  to  Pennsylvania,  I 

you  to  take  a  perfect  account  of  every  soul  within  your  ter- 
ritory and  jurisdiction,  and  then  to  set  out  a  piece  of  land 
containing  seven  times  that  number  in  acres,  which  land 
ought  to  be  chosen  for  its  situation,  healthfulness,  and  fer- 
tility, and  to  be  defensible  by  nature,  as  much  as  may  be. 
It  is  not  likely  that  in  seven  years  that  your  people  will  in- 
crease so  fast  as  to  bring  your  said  seven  acres  to  four  acres 
per  head.  Wherefore  making  no  alteration  in  seven  years,  I 
would  then  again  number  the  inhabitants,  and  add  to  the  first 
parcel  such  another  parcel  as  might  contain  seven  times  as 
many  acres  as  was  the  number  of  increase  of  people,  and 
would  consider  whether  it  were  best  to  make  this  additional 
parcel  contiguous  to  the  first,  or  a  new  colony  distant  from  it. 

"  It  may  be  here  objected,  how  this  method  would  agree 
with  the  disposures  which  you  have  already  made  of  great 
scopes  of  land  within  your  territory,  for  such  scopes  may  be 
so  set  out,  as  by  this  method  to  have  no  people  at  all,  to  the 
total  loss  of  those  who  purchased  from  you. 

«  To  which  I  answer,  1.  That  I  would  have  the  whole  ter- 
ritory of  Pennsylvania  valued,  suppose  at  £20,000,  more  or 
less,  and  suppose  you  have  received  £8000  for  shares  out  of 
the  same,  I  should  then  think  it  reasonable  that  yourself 
should  have  but  three-fifths  of  the  profit  of  any  new  planta- 
tion or  colony,  and  that  your  purchasers  should  have  the  other 
two-fifths,  to  be  proportionably  divided  amongst  them  by  lot 
or  agreement.  My  next  consideration  is,  how  to  make  a  pro- 
portion between  the  value  of  your  lands  and  hands,  which  I 
will  suppose,  by  the  example  of  England,  to  be  as  one  to 
three,  that  is  to  say,  that  the  rent  of  the  land  peopled  as 
above  mentioned,  is  to  be  one-quarter  part  of  all  that  is  pro- 
duced or  gained  by  the  said  inhabitants,  which,  when  you  can 
value  by  silver,  then  you  may  pronounce  not  only  what  your 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  585 

land  is    locally  wortli  in  commodities,  but   universally   in    1682. 
silver.  '    '    ' 

"  It  is  to  be  feared,  that  if  lands  fit  and  prepared  for  til- 
lage be  worth  in  England  but  one-quarter  of  the  produce,  August 
that  in  Pennsylvania  the  best  uncultivated  lands  cannot  be  wm.  Petty's 
worth  so  much,  by  the  labour  which  must  be  bestowed  in  |f "'''■ 'o''- 

,      .  tinued. 

making  them  as  fit  for  use  as  the  lands  in  England  already 
are. 

« I  also  think  it  not  amiss  (supposing  your  territory  to  be 
200  miles  square)  to  conceive  it  divided  into  400  parts  or 
squares,  of  ten  miles  in  the  side,  and  thereupon  supposing  the 
whole  to  be  worth  <£20,000,  and  each  of  the  said  squares  X50 
at  a  medium,  I  say  I  would  have  each  of  the  said  squares 
valued  at  more  or  less  than  the  said  £50,  as  the  hopes  of 
their  being  planted  appears  to  be,  but  so  as  that  the  whole 
may  amount  to  the  just  sum  of  £20,000,  and  according  to 
this  method,  with  a  lot  cast  upon  it,  every  one  of  the  pur- 
chasers may  have  his  whole  scope  set  out  together  where  his 
lot  falleth,  and  his  lot  may  fall  upon  land  which  may  be  forth- 
with planted,  or  which  may  not  be  planted  till  five  hundred 
years  hence,  or  perhaps  not  till  the  last  century  of  fifteen 
hundred  years  above  mentioned. 

"  I  conclude  with  repeating  what  I  mentioned  in  my  former 
letter,  that  by  degrees  a  perfect  survey  may  be  made  of  your 
whole  territory,  with  divisions  of  the  same,  according  to  the 
bounds  of  nature,  with  a  description  of  the  animals,  vege- 
tables, and  minerals  appearing  upon  them ;  for  such  a  survey 
[would  give]  great  light  to  your  plantation  and  foreign  com- 
merce.    I  am  your  faithful  friend." 

[No  signature,  but  endorsed  "  Sir  William  Petty's  letter, 
and  directions  about  Pennsylvania."] 

Thomas  Holme,  surveyor-general,  not  long  after  his  arrival,  August. 
convened  the  Indians,  and  read  to  them  the  following  letter  Letter  of 
from  William  Penn,  with  which  he  had  been  charged.     A  ^the^^"^ 
fac-simile  of  this  letter  is  hung  up  in  the  hall  of  the  Histori-  Indians. 
cal  Society.     It  is  to  be  regretted  that  Holme  does  not  men- 
tion the  place  where  he  read  it  to  the  Indians ;  some  suppose 
it  was  at  Shackamaxon. 

"  The  great  God,  who  is  the  power  and  wisdom  that  made 
you  and  me,  incline  your  hearts  to  righteousness,  love,  and 
peace.  This  I  send  to  assure  you  of  my  love,  and  to  desire 
your  love  to  my  friends,  and  when  the  great  God  brings  me 

74 


586  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.     among  you,  I  intend  to  order  all  things  in  such  a  manner 

'    '    '     that  we  may  all  live  in  love  and  peace  one  with  another, 

which  I  hope  the  great  God  will  incline  both  me  and  you  to 

Another  let-  do.     I  Seek  nothing  but  the  honour  of  His  name,  and  that 

Wnf'pennto  ^®'  ^^°  ^^®  ^^^  Avorkmauship,  may  do  that  which  is  well- 

the  Indians,  pleasing  to  Him.     The  man  which  delivers  this  unto  you  is 

them  by  T.    ^J  Special  frioud,  sober,  wise,  and  loving ;  you  may  believe 

Holme.         jiim.     I  have  already  taken  care  that  none   of  my  people 

wrong  you,  by  good  laws  I  have  provided  for  that  purpose ; 

nor  will  I  ever  allow  any  of  my  people  to  sell  rum,  to  make 

your  people   drunk.     If  any  thing  should  be  out  of  order, 

expect,  when  I  come,  it  shall  be  mended,  and  I  will  bring 

you  some  things  of  our  country  that  are  useful  and  pleasing 

to  you.     So  I  rest  in  the  love  of  our  God  that  made  us. 

"  I  am  your  loving  friend,        William  Penn. 
"  England,  21st  of  second  month,  1682. 
"  I  read  this  to  the  Indians,  by  an  interpreter,  the  sixth 
month,  1682. — Thomas  Holme." 

The  Duke  of  York  executed  a  deed  for  Pennsylvania  to 
August  31.    William  Penn,  by  way  of  security  against  any  pretensions 
which  might  at  any  time   be  set  up  by  the   duke  to  this 
province. 

"  The  DuJce  of  York's  Deed  for  Pennsylvania. — This 
The  Duke  of  indenture,  made  the  one  and  twentieth  day  of  August,  in  the 
to  wm.  Penn  fo^n'  ^ud  thirtieth  year  of  the  reign  of  our  sovereign  lord 
for  Pennsyi-  Charlcs  the  Sccoud,  by  the  grace  of  God,  of  England,  Scot- 
land, France,  and  Ireland,  king,  defender  of  the  faith,  &;c. 
Annoque  Domini  1682,  between  the  most  illustrious  prince, 
his  royal  highness,  James,  duke  of  York  and  Albany,  earl  of 
Ulster,  &c.,  of  the  one  part,  and  William  Penn,  esquire,  son 
and  heir  of  Sir  William  Penn,  knight,  deceased,  of  the  other 
part :  Whereas  his  royal  highness,  being  willing  and  desirous 
that  the  tract  or  part  of  land  called  Pennsylvania,  hereinafter 
mentioned,  should  be  granted  and  assured  unto  the  said  Wil- 
liam Penn,  and  his  heirs,  and  for  that  purpose  having  signified 
and  declared  his  assent  thereunto,  to  the  right  honourable 
the  lords  of  the  committee  of  plantations,  his  said  majesty, 
by  his  letters-patent  under  the  great  seal  of  England,  bearing 
date  the  4th  day  of  March,  in  the  three  and  thirtieth  year  of 
his  reign,  for  the  considerations  therein  mentioned,  did  grant 
unto  the  said  William  Penn,  and  his  heirs,  all  that  tract  or 
part  of  land  in  America,  with  the  islands  therein  contained, 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  587 

and  thereunto  belonging,  as  the  same  is  bounded  and  described    1682. 
in  and  bj  the  said  letters-patent,  and  therein  called  Pennsyl-    '    "    ' 
vania,  together  with  the  several  royalties,  franchises,  jurisdic- 
tions, and  privileges  therein  contained.  And  whereas,  in  consi-  Duke's  deed 
deration  of  five  shillings,  and  for  the  considerations  hereinafter  l^ni^*"^^'" 
mentioned,  his  said  royal  highness  is  willing  and  pleased  to 
confirm  and  make  any  farther  assurance  of  the  said  tract  of 
land  and  premises,  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  and  his  heirs. 

"  Now,  therefore,  this  indenture  witnesseth,  that  his  said 
royal  highness,  out  of  a  special  regard  to  the  memory  and 
many  faithful  and  eminent  services  heretofore  performed  by 
the  said  Sir  William  Penn,  to  his  said  majesty  and  royal 
highness,  and  for  the  better  encouraging  him,  the  said  Wil- 
liam Penn,  to  proceed  in  cultivating  and  improving  the  said 
tract  of  ground,  and  islands  therein  and  thereunto  belonging, 
and  reducing  the  savage  and  barbarous  natives  thereof  to 
civility,  and  for  the  goodwill  which  his  said  royal  highness 
hath  and  beareth  to  the  said  William  Penn,  and  for  other  good 
causes  and  considerations,  hath  remised,  released,  and  for 
ever  quit  claim,  and  by  these  presents  doth  for  him  and  his 
heirs,  remise,  release,  and  for  ever  quit  claim,  unto  the  said 
William  Penn,  (in  his  peaceable  possession  now  being,)  his 
heirs  and  assigns,  all  the  estate,  right,  title,  interest,  rents, 
services,  duties,  payments,  property,  claim,  and  demand  what- 
soever, of  his  said  royal  highness,  of,  into,  or  out  of  the  said 
tract  of  land,  and  all  and  singular  other  the  lands,  islands, 
tenements,  hereditaments,  and  other  things  comprised  in  the 
said  recited  letters-patent,  and  within  the  bounds  and  limits 
therein  mentioned,  to  have  and  to  hold  the  said  tract  of  land, 
rents,  services,  hereditaments,  and  premises,  unto  the  said 
William  Penn,  his  heirs,  to  the  only  use  and  benefit  of  the 
said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns  for  ever.  In  witness 
whereof,  his  royal  highness  hath  to  these  presents  set  his 
hand  and  seal,  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

"James,  [l.  s.] 

"  Sealed  and  delivered  in  the  presence  of  J.  Werden  and 
George  Mann."^ 

Having  made  arrangements  with  the  Duke  of  York,  for  Septembers 
the  "territories,"  William  Penn  obtains  from  him  a  regular 
transfer  of  them,  in  two  instruments  termed  "  deeds  of  feoff- 
ment," both  dated  on  the  24th  of  August,  one  being  for  New 

•  Reg.  Poiins.  vol.  i.  p.  375. 


588  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.  Castle,  and  twelve  miles  about  it,  and  the  other  for  the  lands, 
"  "^  '  &c.,  between  New  Castle  and  Cape  Henlopen.  To  these  ter- 
ritories Lord  Baltimore  entered  a  claim,  which  led  to  a  long 
and  irritating  controversy,  as  will  hereafter  appear.  The 
Duke  of  York  himself  did  not  obtain  from  the  king  a  regular 
conveyance  of  them  till  22d  March,  1683. 

"  The  Duke  of  York's  Deed  of  Feoffment  of  Neiv  Castle, 
Deed  of  and  twelve  miles  circle,  to  William  Perm. — This  indenture, 
NewTa^tie^  ^^^6  the  four  and  twentieth  day  of  August,  in  the  four  and 
and  twelve  thirtieth  year  of  the  reign  of  our  sovereign  lord  Charles  the 
it.  Second,  by  the  grace  of  God,  of  England,  Scotland,  France, 

and  Ireland,  king,  defender  of  the  faith,  &c.,  Annoque  Do- 
mini 1682,  between  the  most  illustrious  prince,  his  royal 
highness,  James,  duke  of  York  and  Albany,  earl  of  Ulster,  &c., 
of  the  one  part,  and  William  Penn,  esquire,  son  and  heir  of 
Sir  William  Penn,  knight,  deceased,  of  the  other  part,  wit- 
nesseth,  that  his  said  royal  highness,  out  of  a  special  regard 
to  the  memory  and  many  faithful  and  eminent  services  here- 
tofore performed  by  the  said  Sir  William  Penn  to  his  said 
majesty  and  royal  highness,  and  for  the  good  will  which  his 
royal  highness  hath  and  beareth  to  the  said  William  Penn ; 
and  for  and  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  ten  shillings,  to 
him  in  hand  paid  by  the  said  William  Penn,  at  and  before  the 
sealing  and  delivery  hereof,  the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby 
acknowledged,  and  for  other  good  causes  and  considerations, 
doth  bargain,  sell,  enfeoff,  and  confirm  unto  the  said  William 
Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  for  ever,  all  that  the  town  of 
New  Castle,  otherwise  called  Delaware,  and  all  that  tract  of 
land  lying  within  the  compass  or  circle  of  twelve  miles  about 
the  same,  situate,  lying,  and  being  upon  the  River  Delaware, 
in  America,  and  all  islands  in  the  said  River  Delaware,  and 
the  said  river  and  soil  thereof,  lying  north  of  the  southern- 
most part  of  the  said  circle  of  twelve  miles  about  the  said 
town,  together  with  all  rents,  services,  royalties,  franchises, 
duties,  jurisdictions,  liberties,  and  privileges  thereunto  be- 
longing ;  and  all  the  estate,  right,  title,  interest,  powers, 
property,  claim,  and  demand  whatsoever,  of  his  said  royal 
highness,  of,  in,  or  to  the  same,  or  any  part  or  parcel  thereof: 
saving  always,  and  reserving  to  his  said  royal  highness,  his 
agents  and  servants,  free  use  of  all  ports,  ways,  and  passages 
into,  through,  and  out  of  the  bargained  premises,  and  every 
part  and  parcel  thereof:  to  have  and  to  hold  the  said  town 


for  New 
Castle,  &c. 


W.  MAEKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  589 

and  circle  of  twelve  miles  of  land  about  the  same,  islands,  1682. 
and  all  other  the  before-mentioned  or  intended  to  be  hereby  "  •  ' 
bargained  premises,  with  their  appurtenances,  unto  the  said 
William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  to  the  only  use  and  Duke's  deed 
benefit  of  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns  for 
ever,  yielding  and  paying  therefor  yearly  and  every  year, 
unto  his  said  royal  highness,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  the  sum  of 
five  shillings  of  lawful  money  of  England,  at  the  Feast  of 
St.  Michael  the  Archangel  only.  And  the  said  William  Penn, 
for  himself,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  doth  covenant  and  grant, 
to  and  with  his  said  royal  highness,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  by 
these  presents,  that  he,  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and 
assigns,  shall  and  will  well  and  truly  pay,  or  cause  to  be  paid, 
to  his  said  royal  highness,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  the  said 
yearly  rent  of  five  shillings,  at  the  days  whereon  the  same  is 
reserved  to  be  paid  as  aforesaid.  And  his  said  royal  high- 
ness, for  himself,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  doth  covenant  and 
grant,  to  and  with  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and 
assigns,  by  these  presents,  that  his  said  royal  highness,  his 
heirs  and  assigns,  will  at  any  time  or  times  hereafter,  during 
the  space  of  seven  years  next  ensuing  the  date  hereof,  upon 
the  request,  and  at  the  costs  and  charges  in  the  law  of  the 
said  AVilliam  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  do  make  and  exe- 
cute, or  cause  or  procure  to  be  made,  done,  and  executed,  all 
and  every  such  further  act  and  acts,  conveyances  and  assur- 
ances in  the  law  whatsoever,  for  the  further  conveying  and 
assuring  the  said  town  and  circle  of  twelve  miles  of  land 
about  the  same,  and  islands,  and  all  other  the  premises,  with 
the  appurtenances,  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and 
assigns  for  ever,  as  by  the  counsel,  learned  in  the  law  of  the 
said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  shall  be  reasonably 
devised,  advised,  or  required.  And  his  said  royal  highness 
hath  hereby  made,  constituted,  and  appointed  John  Moll,  of 
New  Castle  aforesaid,  esquire,  and  Ephvaim  Harman,  of  New 
Castle  aforesaid,  gentleman,  jointly,  and  either  of  them  seve- 
rally, his  true  and  lawful  attorneys,  and  by  these  presents, 
doth  give  and  grant  unto  the  said  John  Moll  and  Ephraim 
Harman,  his  said  attorneys,  or  either  of  them,  full  power 
and  authority  for  him,  and  in  his  name  and  stead,  into  all  and 
singular  the  premises  hereinbefore  mentioned,  or  intended  to 
be  hereby  aliened,  enfeofi"ed,  and  confirmed,  and  into  every 
or  any  part  or  parcel  thereof,  in  the  name  of  the  whole,  to 


3D 


590  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.  enter,  and  quiet  and  peaceable  possession  and  seisin  thereof, 
"  ^  '  or  of  any  part  or  parcel  thereof,  in  the  name  of  the  "whole, 
to  enter  and  receive.  And  after  peaceable  possession  thereof 
had  and  taken  as  aforesaid,  to  deliver  quiet  and  peaceable 
possession  and  seisin  thereof,  or  of  any  part  or  parcel  thereof, 
in  the  name  of  the  whole,  to  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs 
or  assigns,  or  to  his  or  their  lawful  attorney  or  attorneys, 
sufficiently  authorized  to  receive  and  take  the  same,  and  him 
or  them  to  leave  in  the  quiet  and  peaceable  possession  thereof, 
according  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  of  these  presents. 
And  his  said  royal  highness  doth  hereby  allow  of,  ratify,  and 
confirm  whatsoever  the  said  John  Moll  and  Ephraim  Harman, 
his  said  attorneys,  shall  lawfully  do,  or  cause  to  be  done,  in 
and  about  the  premises,  by  virtue  of  these  presents,  to  be  as 
good  and  effectual  in  the  law,  to  all  intents  and  purposes 
whatsoever,  as  if  his  said  royal  highness  had  done  the  same 
in  his  own  person,  or  had  been  present  at  the  doing  thereof. 
"  In  witness  whereof,  his  said  royal  highness  hath  to  these 
presents  set  his  hand  and  seal,  the  day  and  year  first  above 
■written.  James,  [l.  s.] 

"  Sealed  and  delivered  in  the  presence  of  John  Werden, 
George  Mann."^ 

"  The  Duke  of  York's  Deed  of  Feofftnent  of  a  tract  of 

Deed  of        land  ttvelve  miles  south  from  New  Castle  to  the  WJwreJcills, 

Srritorie?^  io  William  Penn.—Thh  indenture,  made  the  four  and  twen- 

BouthofNew  tieth  day  of  August,  in  the  four  and  thirtieth  year  of  the 

^  ^'         reign  of  our  sovereign  lord  Charles  the  Second,  by  the  grace 

of  God,   of  England,   Scotland,  France,  and  Ireland,  king, 

defender  of  the  faith,  &c.,  Annoque  Domini  1682,  between 

the  most  illustrious  prince,  his  royal  highness,  James,  duke 

of  York  and  Albany,  earl  of  Ulster,  &c.,  of  the  one  part, 

and  William  Penn,   esquire,   son  and   heir  of   Sir  AVilliam 

Penn,  knight,  deceased,  of  the  other  part,  witnesseth,  that 

his  said  royal  highness,  out  of  a  special  regard  to  the  memory 

and  many  faithful  and  eminent  services  heretofore  performed 

by  the  said  Sir  William  Penn,  to  his  said  majesty  and  royal 

highness,  and  for  the  goodwill  which  his  said  royal  highness 

hath  and  beareth  to  the  said  William  Penn,  and  for  and  in 

consideration  of  the  sum  of  ten  shillings  to  him  in  hand  paid 

by  the  said  William  Penn,  at  and  before  the  ensealing  and 

delivery  of  these   presents,    the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby 

>  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  pp.  375—376. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  591 

acknowledged,  and  of  the  rent  and  covenants  hereinafter  1682. 
reserved  and  contained,  doth  bargain,  sell,  enfeoff,  and  con-  "  ■  ' 
firm  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  for 
ever,  all  that  tract  of  land  upon  Delaware  River  and  Bay,  Deed  of 
beginning  twelve  miles  south  from  the  town  of  New  Castle,  territories,"^ 
otherwise  called  Delaware,  and  extending  south  to  the  Whore-  continued. 
kills,  otherwise  called  Cape  Henlopen,  together  with  free  and 
undisturbed  use  and  passage  into  and  out  of  all  harbours, 
bays,  waters,  rivers,  isles,  and  inlets,  belonging  to  or  leading 
to  the  same,  together  with  the  soil,  fields,  woods,  underwoods, 
mountains,  hills,  fens,  isles,  lakes,  rivers,  rivulets,  bays,  and 
inlets,  situate  in  or  belonging  unto  the  limits  and  bounds 
aforesaid,  together  with  all  sorts  of  minerals ;  and  all  the 
estate,  interest,  royalties,  franchises,  powers,  privileges,  and 
immunities  whatsoever,  of  his  said  royal  highness  therein,  or 
in  or  unto  any  part  or  parcel  thereof;  saving  always,  and 
reserving  to  his  said  royal  highness,  his  agents  and  servants, 
free  use  of  all  ports,  ways,  and  passages  into,  through,  and 
out  of  the  said  bargained  premises,  and  every  part  and  parcel 
thereof ;  to  have  and  to  hold  the  said  tract  of  land,  and  all 
and  singular  other  the  premises,  with  the  appurtenances,  unto 
the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  to  the  only  use 
and  behoof  of  him,  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and 
assigns,  for  ever,  to  be  holden  of  his  said  royal  highness,  and 
his  heirs,  as  of  their  castle  at  New  York,  in  free  and  common 
soccage,  yielding  and  paying  therefor  yearly  and  every  year, 
to  his  said  royal  highness,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  one  rose,  at 
the  Feast  of  St.  Michael  the  Archangel,  yearly,  if  demanded. 
And  the  said  William  Penn,  for  himself,  his  heirs  and  assigns, 
doth  covenant  and  agree  to  and  with  his  said  royal  highness, 
his  heirs  and  assigns,  that  he,  the  said  William  Penn,  his 
heirs  or  assigns,  shall  and  will,  within  the  space  of  one  year 
next  ensuing  the  date  of  these  presents,  erect  or  cause  to  be 
erected  and  set  up,  one  or  more  public  ofiice  or  offices  of 
registry  in  or  upon  the  said  bargained  premises,  wherein  he 
or  they,  or  some  of  them,  shall  and  will,  amongst  other  things, 
truly  and  faithfully  account,  set  down,  and  register,  all  and 
all  manner  of  rents  and  other  profits,  which  he  or  they,  or 
any  of  them,  shall  by  any  ways  or  means  make,  raise,  get, 
or  procure  of,  in,  or  out  of  the  said  bargained  premises,  or 
any  part  or  parcel  thereof,  and  shall  and  will,  at  the  Feast  of 
St.  Michael,  the  Archangel,  yearly  and  every  year,  well  and 


592  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.  truly  yield,  pay,  and  deliver  unto  his  said  royal  liigliness,  Ws 
'  •  '  heirs  and  assigns,  one  full  moiety  of  all  and  all  manner  of 
rents,  issues,  and  profits,  as  well  extraordinary  as  ordinary, 
Deed  of  as  shall  be  made  or  raised  upon,  or  by  reason  of  the  premises, 
terri™rres,  Or  any  part  thereof.  And  if  it  shall  happen  the  same  shall 
continued.  ])q  behind  and  unpaid,  in  part  or  in  all,  by  the  space  of  twenty 
days  next  after  the  same  ought  to  be  yielded,  paid,  or  deli- 
vered, that  then,  and  so  often,  it  shall  be  lawful  to  and  for 
his  said  royal  highness,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  to  enter  in  and 
upon  the  said  premises,  or  any  part  or  parcel  thereof,  and 
there  to  distrain,  and  the  distress  and  distresses  there  taken, 
to  take  and  detain,  until  the  said  moiety,  and  arrears  thereof, 
shall  be  well  and  truly  satisfied  and  paid,  together  with  all 
costs  and  damages  for  the  same.  And  his  said  royal  high- 
ness, for  himself,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  doth  covenant  and 
grant,  to  and  with  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and 
assigns,  by  these  presents,  that  his  said  royal  highness,  his 
heirs  and  assigns,  will  at  any  time  or  times  hereafter,  during 
the  space  of  seven  years  next  ensuing  the  date  hereof,  upon 
the  request,  and  at  the  costs  and  charges  in  the  law  of  the 
said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  do,  make,  and  exe- 
cute, or  cause  or  procure  to  be  made,  done,  and  executed,  all 
and  every  such  further  act  and  acts,  conveyances  and  assur- 
ances in  the  law  whatsoever,  for  the  further  conveying  and 
assuring  the  said  tract  of  land,  and  all  and  singular  other  the 
premises,  with  the  appurtenances,  unto  the  said  William  Penn, 
his  heirs  and  assigns  for  ever,  as  by  the  counsel  learned  in 
the  law  of  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  shall 
be  reasonably  devised,  advised,  or  required.  And  his  said 
royal  highness  hath  hereby  made,  constituted,  and  appointed 
John  Moll,  of  New  Castle  aforesaid,  esquire,  and  Ephraim 
Harman,  of  New  Castle  aforesaid,  gentleman,  jointly,  and 
either  of  them  severally,  his  true  and  lawful  attorneys,  and 
by  these  presents  doth  give  and  grant  unto  the  said  John 
Moll  and  Ephraim  Harman,  his  said  attorneys,  or  either  of 
them,  full  power  and  authority  for  him,  and  in  his  name  and 
stead,  into  all  and  singular  the  premises  hereinbefore  men- 
tioned, or  intended  to  be  hereby  aliened,  enfeoffed,  and  con- 
firmed, and  into  every  or  any  part  or  parcel  thereof,  in  the 
name  of  the  whole,  to  enter,  and  quiet  and  peaceable  posses- 
sion and  seisin  thereof,  or  of  any  part  or  parcel  thereof,  in 
the  name  of  the  whole,   to  take  and  receive.     And  after 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  593 

peaceable  possession  thereof  had  and  taken  as  aforesaid,  to     1682. 
deliver  quiet  and  peaceable  possession  and  seisin  thereof,  or     "    '    ' 
of  any  part  or  parcel  thereof,  in  the  name  of  the  whole,  to 
the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  or  to  his  or  their  Deed  of 
lawful  attorney  or  attorneys,  sufficiently  authorized  to  receive  tlrritorie.<!° 
and  take  the  same,  and  him  or  them  to  leave  in  the  quiet  and  continued, 
peaceable  possession  thereof,  according  to  the  true  intent  and 
meaning  of  these  presents.     And  his  said  royal  highness 
doth  hereby  allow  of,  ratify,  and  confirm  whatsoever  the  said 
John  Moll  and  Ephraim  Harman,  his  said  attorneys,  shall 
lawfully  do,  or  cause  to  be  done,  in  and  about  the  premises, 
by  virtue  of  these  presents,  to  be  as  good  and  effectual  in  the 
law,  to  all  intents  and  purposes  whatsoever,  as  if  his  said 
royal  highness  had  done  the  same  in  his  own  person,  or  had 
been  present  at  the  doing  thereof. 

"  In  witness  whereof,  his  said  royal  highness  hath  to  these 
presents  set  his  hand  and  seal,  the  day  and  year  first  above 
written.  James,  [l.  s.] 

"  Sealed  and  delivered  in  the  presence  of  J.  Werden  and 
George  Mann."^ 

Having  arranged  all  his  business  matters,  and  provided  a  Sept.  ii. 
ship  for  his  departure,  William  Penn  prepares  to  embark  on  Penn  sail? 
board  the  ship  Welcome,  Captain  Robert  Greenway,  master,  ,^^^1  ^r'' 
of  300  tons.      After  writing  a  pathetic  letter  of  advice  to  his  Pennsyiva- 
wife  and  children,  in  company  with  several  friends  he  departed  welcome. 
for  Deal,  where  he  embarked,  with  about  one  hundred  pas- 
sengers,  chiefly   Quakers,  for  Pennsylvania,  the  names   of 
whom,  with  few  exceptions,  are  now  unknown  to  us.     On  the 
30th  August,  he  addressed,  from  the  Downs,  "a  salutation  to 
all  faithful  friends  in  England,"  which  is  in  print.-     On  or 
about  the  1st  of  September,  they  took  their  final  departure. 
Claypoole  writes  on  the  3d,  "  we  hope  the  '  Welcome,'  with 
William  Penn,  is  gotten  away  clear."^ 

Markham  is  again  present  at  a  court  at  Upland ;  his  name  Sept.  22. 
does  not  again  appear.  Markham  at 

It  is  probable  that  soon  after  the  arrival  of  Markham  and  '^°^'^*" 
the  commissioners,  they  entered  upon  the  discharge  of  their  Sept. 29., 
duties.      The  purchase  of  land  from  the  Indians  has  already 
been  noticed,  and  there  are  numerous  warrants  for  the  survey 

>  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  pp.  429—430.         2  See  "The  Friend;'  vol.  i.  p.  47. 
3  Clarkson,   vol.   i.    p.  242,   where  see  the   letter  to  lii.s  wife,  &c.     Proud, 
vol.  i.  p.  228. 

75  3d2 


594  WILIJAM  PENN,  PROPEIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.     of  lands,  issued  by  them  throughout  the  year,  as  may  be  seen 
'"^     by  the  public  records.     But  the  primary  object  of  their  com- 
mission (see  page  527)  appears  to  have  been  the  selection  of 

■cocationof    a  Suitable  location  for  "a  great  town."     After  providing  for 

piua^  '^  ^^®  comfortable  accommodation,  on  their  arrival  at  Upland, 
of  the  emigrants  who  no  doubt  accompanied  them,  the  com- 
missioners were  instructed  by  Penn  to  make  a  careful  exami- 
nation, by  sounding,  of  "the  rivers  and  creeks,"  on  his  "side 
of  the  Delaware,"  especially  "Upland,"  to  ascertain  "where 
most  ships  may  best  ride,  of  deepest  draft  of  water."  Their 
first  attention  would  be  naturally  directed  to  Upland,  but 
how  far  up  the  river  this  examination  extended,  is  perhaps 
unknown.  Tradition  says  that  Pennsbury  was  at  one  time 
selected  for  the  town.  The  commissioners,  however,  as  is 
well  known,  determined  otherwise,  by  fixing  the  present  site 
between  Delaware  and  Schuylkill.  When  this  choice  was 
made,  we  have  no  means  of  ascertaining,  but  we  presume, 
from  the  extract  of  a  letter  on  page  579,  that  it  must  have 
been  early  in  the  year.  As  we  have  shown  already,  this 
site  was  early  granted  by  the  court  of  Upland  to  several 
Swedes  named  Swenson,  from  whom  it  was  purchased,  or  to 
whom  other  land  was  given  in  exchange  for  it.  On  the  arrival 
of  the  surveyor-general,  in  June,  he  and  the  commissioners 
probably  proceeded  to  lay  off  the  ground  into  streets  and 
lots,  as  nearly  conformable  to  the  general  directions  of  Penn 
as  possible  ;  names  Avere  assigned  to  the  streets  different  from 
those  which  they  now  bear,  as,  for  instance,  Mulberry  was 
Holmes  street.  Chestnut,  Winn  street,  AValnut,  Pool  street, 
&c. ;  and  it  is  believed  that  the  city  itself  received  its  pre- 
sent name  about  this  time.  These  names  were  probably 
changed,  and  other  alterations  made,  after  Penn's  arrival, 
which  perhaps  he  alludes  to,  in  his  letter  in  1683,  when  he 
says,  "  Philadelphia  is  at  last  laid  out,  to  the  general  content 
of  those  here."     The  first  residences  of  the  settlers  were 

Firstbomin  caves  dug  into  the  river  bank;  in  one  of  these,  John  Key 
was  the  first  born  child  of  English  parents. 

On  the  19th  of  7th  month,  (September,)  there  was  a  dis- 

Distribution  tributiou  of  lots  ou  scvcral  streets,  as  we  learn  from  a  copy 
of  a  record  furnished  by  a  friend,  from  an  original  book  of 
warrants  and  surveys,  then  in  the  Recorder's  Office  of  this 
city,  which,  unfortunately  for  our  present  purpose,  cannot 
now  be  found.     It  is  a  certificate  placed  in  connection  with 


Philadel- 
phia. 


of  lots,  &c. 


W.  MARKHAM,  DEPUTY.— CHARLES  II.  595 

the  names  of  the  purchasers  of  Second  street  lots,  No.  1  1682. 
to  54:  '"^^ 

"  These  lots  were  drawn  before  us,  this  19th  of  7th  month, 
1682.— Signed,  AVilliam  Markham,  Thomas  Holme,  William 
Haig,  Griffith  Jones." 

A  similar  certificate  accompanies  the  drawing  of  Broad 
street  lots,  Fourth  street  lots,  and  Back  street  lots,  &c.^  The 
first  house  was  commenced  by  George  Guest,  in  Front  street, 
near  the  dock,  and  was  unfinished  when  Penn  arrived.^ 
Within  less  than  a  year  thereafter,  fourscore  houses  were 
erected.^ 

Claypoole  says,  "above  fifty  servants  belonging  to  the  so-  October i. 
ciety  are  going  away  in  a  great  ship  for  Pennsylvania ;  would  Large  ship 
suppose  it  is  this  night  in  the  Downs ;  it  is  about  500  tons,  ^^''^  '^^ 

'■  '■  "  '  _     _  '   Pennsylva- 

called  the  Geoffrey,  Thomas  Arnold,  master.  William  Penn,  nia.  sixty 
and  those  friends  in  the  Welcome,  we  hope  may  be  half  way  °^  ^eve'ity 

'  A  •'  ''    servants, 

there.  There  have  been  divers  false  reports  to  discourage  and  many 
people,  as,  of  a  ship  from  Bristol,  with  friends,  being  cast  toard!*"^ 
away,  and  that  Carolina  was  seized  by  the  Spaniards." 

And  two  days  later,  he  says,  "Captain  Arnold  is  in  the  Octobers. 
Downs.  I  have  sent  by  him  an  honest  man,  to  build  a  house 
and  plant  an  orchard,  and  clear  some  ground."  He  wants  two 
negro  men,  and  directs  them  to  be  sent  "  to  John  Goodson, 
chirurgeon  to  the  Society  of  Traders,  at  Upland,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, or,  in  his  absence,  to  Ralph  Withers,  to  whom  I  have 
given  a  letter  of  attorney  to  be  deputy  treasurer  to  the 
society  till  my  arrival."  "  In  the  ship  in  the  Downs  is  the 
president  of  the  society,  with  about  sixty  or  seventy  servants, 
besides  many  other  passengers.  It  is  a  great  ship,  near 
500  tons,  and  never  was  at  sea.  We  reckon  there  may  be 
near  one  thousand  people  gone  this  year."* 

Penn,  not  many  months  after  the  death  of  his  own  mother, 
was  again  afflicted  by  the  decease  of  his  wife's  mother,  Mary 
Penington ;  she  was  to  be  buried  on  this  day,  7th  month,  21st, 
of  course  after  Penn's  departure  from  England.  Under  this 
date,  Claypoole  also,  speaking  of  a  servant  whom  he  was 
sending  over,  says,  "  I  expect  he  should  enter  upon  my  land 
where  the  first  city  is  intended  to  he  built.''^ 

'   See  Appendix. 

2  Proud,  vol.  i.  p.  235. 

3  The  author  hopes  to  avail  himself  of  furtlier  information  respecting  the 
city,  in  his  second  volume,  which  want  of  space  in  the  present  precludes. 

*  Claypoole's  Letters.  6  Ibid. 


596 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1682. 


November. 

ArriTal  of 
President 
Moore,  &c. 


KoTember  i 

■Wm.  Penn 
arrives  at 
the  capes. 


Deaths  by 
small-pox  on 
the  passage. 


November  7. 


Record  of 
Penn's  arriv- 
al.   Taking 
possession 
of  New  Cas- 
tle. 


Thomas  Dungan  was  commissioned,  bj  the  Duke  of  York, 
to  be  governor  of  New  York.^ 

About  this  time,  the  ship  in  which,  as  before  stated,  Presi- 
dent Moore,  sixty  or  seventy  servants,  and  numerous  other 
passengers  left  England,  arrived  in  Pennsylvania,  having  had 
only  twenty-nine  days'  passage.  Another  ship  arrived  about 
the  same  time,  having  been  equally  fortunate.^ 

After  a  prosperous  passage  of  about  two  months,  as  Penn 
himself  informs  the  "lords  of  plantations,"  he  arrived  on  the 
24th  of  October,  which  was  for  many  years  observed  as  the 
anniversary.  But  as  a  record  of  it  at  New  Castle  places  it 
on  the  27th  there,  the  only  way  to  reconcile  the  two  appears 
to  be,  to  suppose  that  he  intended  to  speak  of  his  arrival  at 
the  capes.  On  the  passage,  several  were  attacked  with  small- 
pox, and  many  died.  Richard  Townsend,  who  was  a  fellow- 
passenger,  thus  speaks  of  Penn's  services :  "  his  good  con- 
versation was  very  advantageous  to  all  the  company.  His 
singular  care  was  manifested  in  contributing  to  the  necessities 
of  many  who  were  sick  with  the  small-pox  then  on  board, 
out  of  which  company  about  thirty  died."  "We  had  many 
good  meetings  on  board." 

The  arrival  of  William  Penn  at  New  Castle  is  thus  re- 
corded : 

"  October  28 — On  the  2Tth  day  of  October,  arrived  before, 
the  town  of  New  Castle,  in  Delaware,  from  England,  William 
Penn,  Esq.,  proprietary  of  Pennsylvania,  who  produced  two 
certain  deeds  of  feoffment  from  the  illustrious  prince,  James, 
duke  of  York,  Albany,  &c.,  for  this  town  of  New  Castle,  and 
twelve  miles  about  it,  and  also  for  the  two  lower  counties,  the 
Whorekills  and  St.  Jones's,  which  said  deeds  bore  date  the 
24th  August,  1682 ;  and  pursuant  to  the  true  intent,  purpose, 
and  meaning  of  his  royal  highness  in  the  same  deeds,  he  the 
said  William  Penn  received  possession  of  the  town  of  New 
Castle,  the  28th  of  October,  1682."3 

This  proves  that  Penn,  when  he  spoke  of  his  arrival  as  on 
the  24th,  must  have  intended  his  entrance  into  the  bay  or 
capes. 

The  following  memorandum  and  certificates  show  the  fact 
of  delivery,  and  the  ceremony  by  which  it  was  attended : 

"New  Castle,  the   28th   October,  1682. — Memorandum, 


'   London  Doc\imcnts,  vol.  iv.  p.  133. 

3  New  Castle  «  Old  Records  transcribed,"  p.  2G1. 


-  Claypoole's  Letters. 


CHARLES  II.  597 

that  the  day  and  year  first  above  written,  William  Penn,  Esq.,     1682. 
hj  virtue  of  an  instrument  of  indenture,  signed  and  sealed     '    '    ' 
by  his  royal  highness,  James,  duke  of  York,  &c.,  did  then 
and  there  demand  possession  and  seisin  of  John  Moll,  Esq.,  certificate  of 
and  Ephraim  Harman,  gentleman,  (attorneys  constituted  by  ^'g^deuTcry 
his   royal  highness,)  of  the  town  of  New  Castle,  otherwise  of  NewC;is- 
called  Delaware,  with  twelve  miles  circle  or  compass  of  the      ' 
said  town ;  that  the  possession  and  seisin  was  accordingly 
given  by  the  said  attorneys  to  the  said  William  Penn,  accord- 
ing to  the  usual  form,  by  delivery  of  the  fort  of  the  said 
town,  and  leaving  the  said  William  Penn  in  quiet  and  peace- 
able possession  thereof,  and  also  by  the  delivery  of  turf  and 
twig,  and  water  and  fowle^  of  the  River  Delaware^  and  that 
the  said  William  Penn  remained  in  the  peaceable  possession 
of  the  premises,  as  witness  our  hands  and   seals,  the   day 
abovesaid,  and  when  the  words  and  water  and  soyle  of  the 
River  Delaware  were  interlined  before  us.     Signed,  Thomas 
Holme,  William  Markham,  Arnoldus  de  la  Grange,  George 
Forman,  James  Graham,  Samuel  Land,  Richard  Tugels,  Jo- 
seph Curies,  John  Smith. "^ 

The  inhabitants  of  New  Castle  formally  make  the  following 
pledge  of  obedience  to  Penn : 

"  We,  underwritten,  being  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  New  And  submi* 
Castle,  upon  Delaware  River,  having  heard  the  indenture  iJihabUants. 
read  made  between  his  royal  highness,  James,  duke  of  York 
and  Albany,  &c.,  and  William  Penn,  Esq.,  governor  and  pro- 
prietor of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  &c.,  wherein  the 
said  duke  transferreth  his  right  and  title  to  New  Castle,  and 
twelve  miles  circle  about  the  same,  with  all  powers,  and  juris- 
dictions, and  services  thereunto  belonging,  unto  the  said  Wil- 
liam Penn,  and  having  seen,  by  the  said  duke's  appointed 
attorneys,  John  Moll  and  Ephraim  Harman,  both  of  New  Cas- 
tle, possession  given,  and  by  our  governor,  William  Penn,  Esq., 
possession  taken,  whereby  we  are  made  subjects,  under  the 
king,  to  the  said  William  Penn,  Esq.,  we  do  hereby,  in  the 
presence  of  God,  solemnly  promise  to  yield  to  him  all  just 
obedience,  and  to  live  quietly  and  peaceably  under  his  govern- 
ment. Witness  our  hands,  this  28th  day  of  October,  Annoque 
1682.  Signed,  Arnoldus  de  la  Grange,  J.  de  Haes,  H.  V. 
D.  Brieth,  William  Simpill,  John  Holmes,  Hendrick  Lem- 

'  So  in  the  record,  but  evidently  intended  for  soyle. 
*  New  Castle  Records.     Pea  Patch  Case,  p.  21, 


598  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.    mons,  Joseph  Moore,  James  Parmes,  Jonas  Arskins,  Giles 
'■""'    '    Barrotts,  Pieter  Classen,  Samuel  Land."^ 

On  the  same  day  he  appointed  William  Markham  his  attor- 
ney to  receive  from  Moll  and  Harman  possession  of  counties 
below  New  Castle,  which  was  accomplished  a  few  days  after- 
wards. 

One  of  Penn's  first  acts,  after  taking  possession,  was  to 
November;,  commissiou  justicos  of  the  peace  for  New  Castle.     The  ori- 
ginal commission  is  preserved  at  Harrisburg,  in  the  Land- 
Office,  from  which  we  have  copied  the  following : 

"William  Penn,  Esq.,  proprietor  and  governor  of  Pennsyl- 
Penn'scom-  vania,  Ncw  Castle,  St.  Jones,  Whorekills,  alias  Deal,  with 
iustiles  at     their  proper  liberties  : — I  do,  in  the  king's  name,  hereby  con- 
New  Castle,    stitute  and  authorize  you,  John  Moll,  Peter  Alricks,  Johannes 
Lgation!^"'^  de  Haes,  William  Simple,  Arnoldus  de  la  Grange,  and  John 
Cann,  to  be  justices  of  the  peace,  and  a  court  of  judicature, 
for  the  town  of  New  Castle,  upon  Delaware,  and  twelve  miles 
north  and  west  of  the  same,  to  the  north  side  of  Duck  Creek, 
whereof  any  four  of  you  shall  make  a  quorum,  to  act  in  the 
said  employment  and  trust,  for  the  preservation  of  the  peace 
and  justice  of  the  province,  according  to  law,  hereby  willing 
and  charging  all  persons  within  the  said  limits,  to  take  notice 
hereof,  and  accordingly  to  yield  you  all  due  and  just  obedience 
in  the  discharge  of  the  said  trust.     And  this  commission  to 
be  of  force  for  the  space  of  one  whole  year,  or  until  further 
ordered.    Given  under  my  hand  and  seal,  in  New  Castle,  this 
28th  day  of  October,  1682.  William  Penn.^ 

"For  my  loving  friends,  John  Moll,  Peter  Alricks,  Jo- 
hannes de  Haes,  William  Simple,  Arnoldus  de  la  Grange, 
and  John  Cann,"  whose  acceptance  and  obligation,  signed  by 
themselves,  is  also  preserved,  as  follows  : 

"  We,  whose  names  are  here  subscribed,  being  by  William 
Penn,  Esq.,  proprietor  and  governor  of  the  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  Castle,  &c.,  appointed  justices  of  peace  for 
the  town  of  New  Castle,  upon  Delaware,  and  twelve  miles 
north  and  west  of  the  same,  to  the  north  side  of  Duck  Creek, 
do  hereby,  in  the  presence  of  God,  declare  and  solemnly  pro- 
mise that  we  will,  by  the  help  of  God,  be  just  and  true,  and 
faithfully  discharge  our  trust,  in  obedience  to  the  same  com- 
mission, and  act  therein  according  to  the  best  of  our  under- 

1  New  Castle  Records.     Patent-Book  A  2,  p.  121,  Harrisburg. 

2  All  of  the  signature,  except  a  part  of  the  flourish,  torn  off  by  some  Vandal. 


CHARLES  II.  599 

standings.     Witness  our  hands  and  seals.     Given  at  Dela-     1682. 
ware,  the  28th  October,  1682."     [Signed  by  all  of  them.]  ^^'^ ' 

John  Carver,  and  Mary  his  wife,  came  over  with  Penn ; 
their  daughter  Mary,  who  married  Isaac  Knight,  of  Abingdon,  November  7. 
is  stated  to  have  been  "one  of  the  first  children  born  of  Another 
English  parents  in  Pennsylvania."     Her  birth  is  dated  28th  ^'^^'>"'- 
of  8th  month,  1682.     In  a  printed  memorial  of  her,  it  is 
said,  "she  was  born  in  or  near  Philadelphia."     If  the  date 
of  her  birth  be  correct,  she  must  have  been  born  on  the  day 
of  Penn's  landing  at  New  Castle.     Giles  Knight  and  wife, 
and  son  Joseph,  also  came  over  with  Penn.^ 

From  the  following  instructions,  the  original  of  which  is  in  Novembers. 
the  Land-Office,  it  would  appear,  that  on  the  next  day  after  Letter  of 
landing,  Penn  was  at  Upland,  unless  he  dated  the  order  as  from  ^*°°'  ^''^, 

.  r  J  ^  notices  to  at- 

that  place  while  at  New  Castle,  considering  the  former,  for  tend  court 
the  time  being,  as  his  seat  of  government.     The  notice,  at  ^*^'*"^^'^^' 
any  rate,  appears  short,  only  three  days  before  the  meeting. 

"  Ephraim  Harman — With  my  love,  this  is  to  desire  thee 
to  despatch  away  a  messenger,  upon  receipt  hereof,  with  the 
enclosed  letters,  to  the  several  persons  and  places  they  are 
directed  to,  that  so  they  may  be  at  New  Castle,  at  the  court, 
the  2d  of  9th  month,  in  which  thou  wilt  oblige  thy  loving  and 
true  friend,  William  Penn. 

"  Upland,  29th  of  8th  month,  1682. 

"  Salute  me  to  thy  wife  and  kind  neighbours. 

"  Direct  the  enclosed  letters  and  seal  them.  I  will  pay  the 
messenger.  W.  P."^ 

William  Penn  notifies  William  Clarke,  Luke  Watson,  John  a  notice  to 
Roads,  John  Avery,  Hermanns  Wiltbank,  and  Alexander  ^^^^  *^° 
Molestyn,  of  the  deeds  of  feofi'ment ;  desires  them  "  to  meet 
him  next  Thursday  at  New  Castle,  (November  2,)  where  he 
intends  holding  a  general  court  for  settling  jurisdiction  of 
these  and  your  parts,  in  which  they  will  oblige  him.  If  there 
be  any  persons  of  note,  or  others,  that  desire  to  be  present, 
they  may  come  freely."^ 

James  Harrison,  afterwards  Penn's  steward,  and  who  be-  November  9. 
came  also  a  useful  public  man,  having,  on  the  5th  September, 
left  Liverpool  in  the  ship  "  Submission,"  Captain  James  Set- 
tle, in  company  with  Phineas  Pemberton,  his  son-in-law,  and 

'  Smith's  Pennsylvania,  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iii.  p.  274. 

2  Copy  from  orit;inal  in  Laud-Office  at  Harrisburg. 

3  Sussex  Records,  Breviat. 


600 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1682. 


Arrival  of 
James  Har- 
rison, Piii- 
neas  Pem- 
berton,  and 
others. 


Settlement 
in  Bucks 
county. 


Not.  12. 


First  court 
at  New  Cas- 
tle. 


their  wives,  children,  and  servants,  and  others,  to  the  number 
of  forty  or  fifty,  (whose  names  are  recorded  in  Bucks  county.) 
arrived  in  Patuxent  River,  on  the  30th  October,  where  they 
were  carried  through  the  dishonesty  of  the  captain,  and  much 
to  their  disadvantage.  By  the  terms  of  their  agreement, 
Settle  was  to  receive  £4,  5s.  per  head  for  each  person  over 
twelve  years  of  age,  and  £2,  2s.  6d.  for  each  under  twelve 
years,  and  30s.  per  ton  for  their  goods,  and  was  to  proceed 
to  the  Delaware  or  elsewhere  in  Pennsylvania,  to  the  best 
convenience  of  the  freighters.  Their  goods  were  landed  at 
Choptank,  where  Harrison  and  Pemberton  left  their  families 
at  the  house  of  William  Dickinson,  to  proceed  by  land  to  their 
place  of  destination,  which  was  near  the  Falls  of  Delaware, 
in  Bucks  county.  When  they  arrived  at  Philadelphia,  such 
was  the  want  of  accommodation,  that  they  were  unable  to 
procure  accommodation  for  their  horses,  and  were  obliged  to 
turn  them  into  the  woods  to  graze,  and  subsequently,  after 
diligent  search,  were  unable  to  find  them  again,  and  were 
compelled  to  proceed  on  their  journey  to  the  falls  without 
them,  by  water.  William  Yardley,  an  uncle  of  Pemberton, 
had  arrived  before  them,  (September  28,)  at  the  falls,  taken 
up  land,  and  commenced  erecting  a  dwelling.  Phineas  con- 
cluded to  settle  there,  and  next  spring  purchased  a  tract  of 
300  acres,  which  he  called  "  Grove  Place,"  where  they  and 
their  families  did  not  arrive  till  May,  1683.^ 

Agreeably  to  notice,  a  court  was  held  at  New  Castle,  at 
which  the  proprietary  was  present.  The  following  are  the 
proceedings : 

"A  court  was  held  at  New  Castle,  in  the  name  of  our 
sovereign  lord.  King  Charles  II.  &c.,  and  by  the  commission 
and  appointment  of  William  Penn,  Esq.,  proprietary  and 
governor  of  Pennsylvania,  &c.,  Thursday,  2d  November,  in 
the  34th  year  of  his  majesty's  reign,  A.  d.  1682. 

«  Present,  Right  Honourable  Proprietary,  and  Captain  Wil- 
liam Markham  ;  Mayor  Thomas  Holme,  Mr.  William  Haigh, 
Mr.  John  Simcock,  Mr.  Thomas  Brazie,  of  the  council ;  John 
Moll,  John  de  Haes,  William  Simpill,  Arnoldus  de  la  Grange, 
John  Cann,  justices.     [See  commission,  October  28,  1682.] 

"  The  right  honourable  proprietary,  William  Penn,  by  his 
public  speech,  directed  to  the  inhabitants  in  general,  did  in 


>  MSS.  Biographical  Sketch,  by  W.  Carr,  of  Doylestown,  prepared  from 
reliable  sources. 


CHARLES  II.  601 

open  court  declare  that  he  had  appointed  and  called  this  court    1682. 
chiefly  to  signify  and  declare  unto  them,  in  a  more  public     "    '    ' 
manner,  First,  that  it  had  graciously  pleased  the  illustrious 
prince,  James,  duke  of  York  and  Albany,  &c.,  to  give  and  Penn's 
grant  unto  him  this  town  of  New  Castle  and  its  precincts,  ^|^^g^'  '^'^^' 
with  the  counties  of  St.  Jones  and  Whorekills,  doAvnwards, 
and  therefore  he  was  resolved,  for  the  encouragement  of  all 
the  inhabitants  thereof,  and  for  the  better  settlement,  quiet, 
and  satisfaction  of  them,  first  to  state  and  settle  their  lands 
and  possessions,  and  therefore  he  willed  and  desired  them  to 
bring  in  at  the  next  court  to  be  held  within  the  town  of  New 
Castle,  all  their  patents,  surveys,  grants,  and  claims,  wdiich 
they  had  to  their  lands,  livings,  tenements,  and  possessions, 
promising  to  ascertain,  adjust,  and  confirm  not  only  those  as 
had  a  sufficient  title  and  right,  but  also  those  as  yet  wanted  a 
certain  right  to  the  same,  so  far  forth  as  equity,  justice,  and 
reason  could  require. 

"  Second,  the  proprietary  recommended  to  the  magistrates, 
and  desired  them  to  take  inspection,  view,  and  look  over  their 
town-plots,  to  see  and  find  out  what  vacant  room  may  be 
found  therein  for  the  accommodating  and  settling  of  new- 
comers, traders,  and  handicraftsmen  therein,  and  for  the 
general  and  public  good,  and  encouragement  of  the  place  and 
parts,  of  which  he  desired  that  an  account  might  be  given  him. 

"  Thirdly,  that  if  any  person  had  requests  or  petitions  to 
present  to  him,  he  willed  them  to  do  it,  for  an  answer  at  the 
next  court  day. 

"  Fourthly.  In  regard  that  for  want  of  a  present  assembly, 
there  are  not  as  yet  fitting  laws,  regulations,  orders,  and  by- 
laws for  the  country  provided,  he,  the  proprietary,  therefore 
recommended  the  magistrates,  in  the  interim,  to  follow  and 
take  the  laws  of  his  royal  highness,  provided  for  the  province 
of  New  York,  for  their  guide,  so  far  forth  as  they  are  con- 
sistent, and  not  repugnant  to  the  laws  of  England,  assuring 
the  inhabitants  of  this  and  the  other  two  counties  downwards, 
that  they  should  have  and  enjoy,  full  and  equal,  the  same 
privileges  with  those  of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
that  for  the  future  they  should  be  governed  by  such  laws  and 
orders  as  they  themselves,  by  their  deputies  and  representa- 
tives, should  consent  to,  and  that  he  would  call  an  assembly 
for  the  purpose,  as  soon  as  conveniently  might  be,  &c. 


602  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.         "  The  court   adjourned   till  first   Tuesday   of   December 
''^"^'    '    next."^ 

In  obedience  to  the  power  given  by  Penn  to  William  Mark- 
NoT.  17.        ham,  to  receive  for  him  possession  of  that  part  of  the  terri- 
tories south  of  New  Castle,  delivery  was  made  to  him  this 
day,   agreeably  to  the  following  certificate  from  numerous 
witnesses : 

"  Whereas,  his  royal  highness,  James,  duke,  &c.,  by  one 
Delivery  of  indenture  bearing  date  the  2tl:th,day  of  August,  in  the  34th 
beiowNew^  year  of  his  majesty's  reign,  1682,  hath  empowered  and 
Castle.  authorized  John  Moll,  of  town  of  New  Castle,  esquire,  and 
Ephraim  Harman,  of  same  place,  gentleman,  to  deliver  pos- 
session unto  William  Penn,  Esq.,  of  all  that  part  of  Dela- 
ware River  and  Bay,  from  twelve  miles  distance  from  the 
town  of  New  Castle,  downward  as  far  as  Cape  Henlopen, 
which  his  said  royal  highness,  by  the  said  deed  first  above 
mentioned,  hath  been  pleased,  upon  certain  conditions  therein 
mentioned,  to  give  and  grant  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  Esq., 
as  by  the  said  indenture  and  deed,  bearing  date  as  above, 
respect  being  thereunto  had,  may  more  at  large  appear. 
And  whereas  the  said  William  Penn,  Esq.,  hath,  by  his  letter 
of  attorney,  bearing  date  the  28th  of  October  last  past,  em- 
powered and  authorized  Captain  William  Markham,  of  Upland, 
late  deputy  governor  of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  his 
true  and  lawful  attorney,  for  him  and  in  his  name,  but  to  his 
sole  use  and  behoof,  to  demand  and  receive  of  the  said  John 
Moll  and  Ephraim  Harman,  as  attorneys  constituted  by  his 
said  royal  highness  as  aforesaid,  delivery  of  possession  of  all 
the  said  tract  of  land  on  Delaware  River  and  Bay,  beginning 
twelve  miles  south  of  the  town  of  New  Castle,  and  extending 
south  to  the  Whorekills,  otherwise  Cape  Henlopen,  as  afore- 
said, and  these  are  therefore  to  testify  and  declare  unto  all 
whom  these  presents  may  concern,  that  we  whose  names  are 
here  underwritten,  on  the  day  of  the  date  thereof,  have  been 
present  and  seen  that  the  said  John  Moll  and  Ephraim  Har- 
man, in  pursuance  of  his  royal  highness's  command,  and  by 
virtue  of  the  power  given  them  by  and  in  the  first  above- 
mentioned  instrument  of  indenture,  bearing  date  as  above, 
have  given  and  delivered  actual  possession  unto  the  said 
Captain  William  Markham,  to  the  sole  use  and  behoof  of  the 
said  William  Penn,  of  part  in  the  name  of  the  whole  of  the 

»  New  Castle  Records,  pp.  268,  269. 


CHARLES  II.  603 

land,  soil,  and  premises  in  the  said  instrument  of  indenture     1682. 
mentioned,  and  according  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  of     '    ''^^ 
his  said  royal  highness,  mentioned  in  the  same.    Witness  our 
hands,  on  Delaware  River,  this  7th  of  November,  in  the  34th 
year  of  his  majesty's  reign,  a.  d.  1682. 

"  Signed,  Luke  Watson,  William  Clark,  Francis  Whitwels, 
John  Hylliard,  Norton  Claypoole,  John  Vines,  Alexander 
Molestyn,^  John  Hill,  Helmanus  Wiltbank,  Alexander  Draper, 
Samuel  Gray,^  Edward  Cantwell,  John  Avery. 

"  Memorandum.  The  word  <  soil'  interlined  in  the  original, 
before  signing."^ 

"A  writ,"  under  Penn's  hand  and  seal,  to  Peter  Bancomb,  Nov.  is. 
the  sheriff  of  Jones  county,  requires  him  to  summon  all  free-  writ  to  cau 
holders  to  meet  on  20th  instant,  and  elect  out  of  themselves  New"castie» 
seven  persons  of  most  note  for  wisdom,  sobriety,  and  integrity,  on  20th. 
to  serve  as  their  deputies  and  representatives  in  general  as-    » 
sembly,  to  be  held  at  Upland  in  Pennsylvania,  December  6th 
next,  and  then  and  there  to  consult  with  him  for  the  common 
good  of  the  inhabitants  of  that  province,  and  adjacent  coun- 
ties of  New  Castle,   St.  Jones,  and  Whorekill,   alias   Deal, 
under  his  charge  and  jurisdiction,  and  true  return  to  make  to 
William  Penn. 

Same  day  he  appoints  John  Vines  sheriff  of  Whorekill,  sheriff  ap. 
alias  Deal,  and  directs  him  to  hold  an  election  for  seven  re-  ^°"^ 
presentatives.^     Similar   notices    were  issued    to    the    other 
counties."* 

There  is  no  date  to  the  following  document,  the  original  of 
which  is  in  the  Land-Office,  though  the  tenor  of  it  indicates 
the  period  to  have  been  between  the  issuing  of  the  order  for 
the  election  of  council  and  assembly,  and  the  time  of  meeting. 
It  is  a  petition  assigning  their  reasons  for  not  choosing  as 
many  representatives  as  required,  from  ten  inhabitants  of 
Chester  county,  several  of  whose  names  cannot  be  deciphered : 

"  To  William  Penn,  proprietary  and  governor  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Pennsylvania,  and  territories  thereof. — The  petition 
of  the  freeholders  of  the  county  of  Chester,  respectfully 
showeth,  That  in  obedience  to  the  writ  sent  to  our  sheriff,  we 
have  chosen  twelve  persons  for  our  delegates  to  serve  in  the 

1  Made  their  marks. 

2  New  Castle  Records.  Patent-Book  A.,  No.  2,  pp.  120,  121.  Pea  Patch  Case. 

3  Sussex  Records,  in  Breviat. 

*  See  that  for  Bucks  County,  in  Proud,  vol.  i. 


604 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1682. 


Petition  of 
Chester 
county  that 
12  only  may 
serve  in 
council  and 
assembly,  on 
account  of 
the  smaU 
number  of 
inhabitants. 


i 


Nov.  18. 

Friends' 
meetings  ori- 
ginally held 
at  Thomas 
Fairman's. 


Nov.  19. 

Market  esta- 
blished at 
New  Castle. 


provincial  council,  but  considering  that  the  numbers  of  the 
people  are  as  yet  small,  and  that  we  have  but  few  fit  for  or 
acquainted  with  such  public  business,  and  also  that  we  are 
unable  to  support  the  charge  of  greater  elections  and  assem- 
blies. After  our  humble  acknowledgments  of  the  favour 
intended  us  therein,  we  take  leave  humbly  to  request  that 
three  of  the  twelve  which  we  have  chosen  may  serve  for  pro- 
vincial councillors,  and  the  other  nine  for  the  assembly,  which 
provincial  councillors  are  John  Simcox,  for  three  years,  Ralph 
Withers  for  two  years,  and  William  Clayton  for  one  year, 
leaving  it  to  thee  to  increase  the  number,  as  occasion  shall 
serve,  hereafter." 

[The  following  appear  to  be  original  signatures — James 
Browne,  William  Woodmancy,  William  Gross,  Robert  Randall, 
Robert  Yarnall,  John  Sharpless,  Albert  Hendrickson,  and 
three  others.] 

[These  being  all  in  the  same  handwriting,  are  probably  the 
nine  for  assembly — Joshua  Hastings,  Nathaniel  Evans,  Jo- 
seph Richards,  Walter  Martin,  Thomas  Minshall,  William 
Rawson,  John  Martin,  James  Kennedy,  Wm.  Clayton,  jun.] 

"At  a  monthly  meeting,  the  8th  of  9th  month,  1682  :  at 
this  time  Governor  William  Penn,  and  a  multitude  of  Friends 
arrived  here,  and  erected  a  city  called  Philadelphia,  about  half 
a  mile  from  Shackamaxon,  where  meetings,  &c.  were  esta- 
blished, &c.  Thomas  Fairman,  at  the  request  of  the  governor, 
removed  himself  and  family  to  Tacony,  where  there  was  also 
a  meeting  appointed  to  be  kept,  and  the  ancient  meeting  of 
Shackamaxon  removed  to  Philadelphia,  from  which  meeting, 
also,  other  meetings  were  appointed  in  the  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania."^ "  This  goes  to  prove,"  says  Watson,  "that  the 
Friends'  meetings  were  originally  held  at  Shackamaxon,  at 
the  house  of  Thomas  Fairman."^ 

At  a  meeting  of  the  deputy  governor  and  justices  in  New 
Castle,  on  a  commission  directed  to  them  by  the  proprietary, 
"touching  the  keeping  a  weekly  constant  market,"  it  was 
resolved,  "  that  Saturday,  the  18th  instant,  shall  be  the  first 
market-day,  to  be  continued  on  every  future  Saturday,  for 
this  town,  when  all  persons  are  desired  to  repair  with  their 
commodities  to  the  fort  in  the  market-place,  at  present  ap- 
pointed for  the  same,  and  that  the  sheriff  shall  proclaim  the 


'  Abingdon  Minutes,  quoted  by  Watson,  vol.  L 
'  Watson,  ibid. 


p.  140. 


to  New 
Yoi-k. 


CHARLES  II.  605 

same  to  begin  at  10  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  continue  till    1682. 
4  o'clock,  p.  M."^  ' — '^^ 

Immediately  after  Penn's  arrival,  lie  despatched  two  per- 
sons to  Lord  Baltimore,   "  to  ask  of  his  health,  offer  kind  Norember. 
neighbourhood,  and  ajgree  upon  a  time  the  better  to  establish  Penn's  visit 
it."     While  they  were  gone,  he  went  to  New  York,  to  pay 
his  "  duty"  to  the  duke,  in  the  visit  to  his  government  and 
colony,-  from  which  he  returned  towards  the  end  of  this  month. 

The  province  was  divided  into  three  counties,  Philadelphia, 
Bucks,  and  Chester,  and  the  territories  into  New  Castle, 
Jones,  and  Whorekills,  alias  Deal.  The  names  of  the  two 
last  were,  towards  the  close  of  the  year  (December  25)  again 
changed ;  Deal  to  Sussex,  and  Jones  to  Kent,  and  Penn 
directed  that  Cape  Henlopen  be  called  Cape  James. ^ 

Penn,  upon  his  arrival  at  Upland,  changed  its  name,  as  upland 
thus  related  by  Clarkson :   "  This  was  a  memorable  event,  ^^^°s«<^  ^ 

/    11     T  1  •  •  \  Chester. 

(alluding  to  his  calling  an  assembly  there,)  and  to  be  distin- 
guished by  some  marked  circumstance  ;  he  determined,  there- 
fore, to  change  the  name  of  the  place.  Turning  round  to  his 
friend  Pearson,  one  of  his  own  society,  who  had  accompanied 
him  in  the  ship  Welcome,  he  said,  '  Providence  has  brought 
us  here  safe ;  thou  hast  been  the  companion  of  my  perils ; 
what  wilt  thou  that  I  should  call  this  place  ?'  Pearson  said, 
'  Chester,  in  remembrance  of  the  city  from  whence  he  came.' 
William  Penn  replied,  that  it  should  be  called  Chester,  and 
that  when  he  divided  the  land  into  counties,  he  would  call 
one  of  them  by  the  same  name  also."'* 

A.  Brockholls,  deputy  governor  of  New  York,  issues  a  de-  December  i. 
claration  to  the  justices  of  the  three  lower  counties.  After  Declaration 
reciting  the  two  deeds  of  feoffment  to  Penn  from  the  Duke  of  °f'=°'°"^^'i'i- 

a  _  er  ana  coun- 

York,  and  the  appointment  of  Moll  and  Harman  as  attorneys  cii  of  New 
to  deliver  possession,  savs,  "and  we  being  fully  satisfied  (after  ^"'^^'"^^^ 

'■^  ,  o  J  \  TOurofPenn. 

seeing  the  indentures)  of  the  said  William  Penn's  right  to  the 
possession  and  enjoyment  of  the  premises,  have  therefore 
thought  fit  and  necessary  to  signify  and  declare  the  same  to 
you,  to  prevent  any  doubt  or  trouble  that  might  arise  or  ac- 
crue, and  to  give  you  our  thanks  for  your  good  services  done 
in  your  sev.eral  offices  and  stations,  during  the  time  you  re- 
mained under  his  royal  highness's  government,  expecting  no 
further  account  than  that  you  readily  submit  and  yield  all 

'  New  Castle  Records,  p.  270.         2  Penn's  Letter  to  Lords  of  Plantations. 
3  Sussex  Records,  in  Breviat.  "  Clarkson,  vol.  i.  p.  259. 

2e2 


606  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.     due  obedience  and  conformity  to  the  powers  granted  to  the 
'    '    '     said  William  Penn,  in  and  by  the  said  indentures,  in  the  per- 
formance and  enjoyment  of  which  we  wish  you  all  happiness. 
New  York,  21st  November,  1682."i 

Before  the  receipt  of  this,  as  we  have  seen,  Penn  was  in 
possession. 

John  Moll,  one  of  the  commissioners  to  deliver  possession, 
December  1.  having  accomplished  the  duty  assigned  him  and  Harman  by 

Mou's  ao-      the  duke,  drew  up  the  following  account  of  the  whole  trans- 
count  of  the  _  _j.* 
transitions    ^CllOn  : 

of  the  deiiT-  a  Thcsc  are  to  certify  all  whom  it  may  concern,  that  Wil- 
c^tieto*^^  li^'^  Penn,  Esq.,  proprietary  and  governor  of  the  province 
Penn.  Qf  Pennsylvania,  and  the  territories  thereunto  belonging,  at 

his  first  arrival  from  England,  by  the  town  of  New  Castle, 
upon  Delaware,  in  the  month  of  October,  1682,  did  send  then 
and  there  one  messenger  ashore  to  give  notice  to  the  commis- 
sioners of  his  desire  to  speak  with  them  aboard ;  I  being  then 
left  the  first  in  commission,  by  Sir  E.  Andross,  governor- 
general  under  his  royal  highness,  James,  duke  of  York  and 
Albany,  &c.,  of  all  his  territories  in  America,  did  go  aboard 
with  some  more  of  the  commissioners,  at  which  time  Esquire 
Penn  did  show  me  two  sundry  indentures  or  deeds  of  enfeoff- 
ment from  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  his  royal  highness, 
granted  unto  him,  both  bearing  date  the  28th  day  of  August, 
Anno  1682,  the  one  for  the  county  of  New  Castle,  with  twelve 
miles  distance  north  and  south  thereunto  belonging,  and  the 
other  beginning  twelve  miles  below  New  Castle,  and  extend- 
ing south  unto  Cape  Ilenlopen,  together  with  the  mills  and 
waters  of  said  river,  bay,  rivulets,  and  islands  thereunto  be- 
longing ;  and  underneath  both  which  said  indentures  or  deeds 
of  enfeofibient,  were  added,  by  his  royal  highness,  letters  of 
attorney  directed  unto  me  and  Ephraim  Harman,  deceased, 
with  full  power  and  authority  for  to  give,  in  his  royal  high- 
ness's  name,  unto  said  William  Penn,  Esq.,  quiet  and  peaceable 
possession  of  all  what  was  inserted  in  the  said  indentures,  as 
above  briefly  specified ;  that  the  said  Ephraim  Harman  hap- 
pened to  be  gone  from  home,  so  that  he  was  not  at  the  time 
aboard  with  me,  of  the  said  ship ;  I  therefore  did  desire  from 
Esquire  Penn  twenty-four  hours'  consideration,  for  to  commu- 
nicate with  the  said  Harman  and  the  rest  of  the  commis- 

'  See  it  at  length,  in  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  iii.  p.   33.     New  Castle   Records. 
Patent-Book  A.  2,  j)p.  117,  118,  Harrisburg. 


count,  con- 
tinued. 


CHARLES  II.  607 

sioners  about  the  premises,  in  which  compass  of  time  we  did  1682. 
unanimously  agree  to  comply  withhis  royal  highness's  orders.  '  "  ' 
Whereupon,  by  virtue  of  the  power  given  unto  us  by  the 
above-mentioned  letters  of  attorney,  we  did  give  and  surren-  moU's  ac- 
dcr,  in  the  name  of  his  royal  highness,  unto  him  the  said 
William  Penn,  Esq.,  actual  and  peaceable  possession  of  the 
fort  of  New  Castle,  by  giving  him  the  key  thereof,  to  lock 
upon  himself  alone  the  door,  which  being  opened  by  him  again, 
we  did  deliver  also  unto  him  one  turf,  with  a  twig  upon  it,  a 
porringer  with  river  water  and  soil,  in  part  of  all  what  was 
specified  in  the  said  indenture  or  deed  of  enfeoffment  from  his 
royal  highness,  and  according  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning 
thereof;  and  a  few  days  after  that,  we  went  to  the  house  of 
Captain  Edward  Cantwell,  at  the  south  side  of  Appoquinimy 
Creek,  by  computation  above  twelve  miles  distance  from  the 
town  of  New  Castle,  as  being  part  of  the  two  lower  counties 
here  above  mentioned  and  specified  in  his  royal  highness's 
other  indenture  or  deed  of  feoffment,  and  after  we  had  shown 
unto  the  commissioners  of  these  counties  the  power  and  orders 
given  unto  us  as  aforesaid,  we  asked  them  if  they  could  show 
us  any  cause  why  and  wherefore  we  should  not  proceed  to  act 
and  do  there  as  we  had  done  at  New  Castle,  and  finding  no 
manner  of  obstruction,  we  made,  then  and  there,  in  his  royal 
highness's  name,  the  same  manner  and  form  of  delivery  as  we 
had  done  at  New  Castle,  which  acting  of  us  was  fully  accepted 
and  well  approved  of  by  Anthony  Brockholls,  then  comman- 
der-in-chief, and  his  council  at  New  York,  as  appears  by  their 
declaration  bearing  date  the  21st  of  November,  1682,  from 
which  jurisdiction  we  had  our  dependence  all  along,  ever  since 
the  conquest,  until  we  had  made  the  above-related  delivery 
unto  Governor  William  Penn,  by  virtue  of  his  royal  highness's 
orders  and  commands,  &c.  John  Moll."^ 

On  Penn's  arrival  from  New  York,  he  found  his  messengers  Penn  re- 
returned  from  Maryland,  and  the  time  fixed  for  meeting  Lord  '^^'■"^J'^o™ 

J  '  o  Ivew  York. 

Baltimore  the  19th  December. 

Agreeably  to  the  summons,  an  assembly  met  on  the  4th  of  Dec.  u. 
December,  at   Chester.     We  have  not  the  names  of  all  the  First  assem- 
members.     Christopher  Taylor,  of  Bucks  ;  President  Moore,  ^|fj;;*'  ''* 
Philadelphia ;  John  Simcock,  Chester ;  William  Clark,  Deal ;  First  day's 
Francis  Whitwell,   Jones's;    Griffith  Jones,   Luke    Watson,  committees' 
William   Sample,    William    Yardly,    Thomas    Brassy,    John  appointed. 
'  Recorder's  Office,  New  Castle,  Record  B.  9,  pp.  407—112. 


608 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1682. 


Dec.  15. 

Second  day's 
proceedings. 
Contested 
election. 


Kules  and 
regulations 
adopted  by 
tiio  house. 


Briggs,  Ralph  Withers,  are  mentioned  on  the  first  day,  as  on 
committees  of  election  and  privileges,  and  a  committee  "  for 
justice  and  grievances"  was  appointed,  the  former  to  meet  at 
8  o'clock,  A.  M. ;  N.  Moore  was  appointed  its  chairman  next 
day,  who  is  generally  mentioned  as  the  president  of  the 
assembly  also,  though  the  minutes,  as  inserted  in  the  "  Votes 
of  Assembly,"  make  no  mention  of  it. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  assembly,  the  speaker  having  taken 
the  chair,  the  chairman  of  the  committee  of  privileges  and 
elections  reported,  "  that  Abraham  Man  and  his  party  had 
made  some  illegal  procedure  the  day  of  election  at  incw  Cas- 
tle, that  he  might  be  elected  a  member  of  the  house,  the 
sheriff  of  New  Castle  having  been  previously  called  to  account 
by  the  committee,  for  undue  electing  a  member."  The  house, 
after  hearing  witnesses,  declare  John  Moll  to  be  duly  elected. 
A  committee  of  "  foresight,  for  the  preparation  of  provincial 
bills,"  was  appointed  out  of  the  above  two  committees,  viz. 
John  Simcock,  Christopher  Taylor,  William  Clark,  N.  Moore, 
Griffith  Jones,  and  Luke  Watson.  A  committee  was  then 
appointed  to  be  sent  to  the  governor,  "  humbly  to  desire  him 
to  honour  the  house  with  a  transmission  of  his  constitutes," 
("supposed  to  be  the  written  constitution  or  proposed  laws,") 
viz.  Thomas  Holme,  surveyor-general,  William  Clark,  Thomas 
Winn,  and  Edward  Southrin.  The  governor  replied,  "  they 
were  not  ready,  but  when  ready  he  would  send  them  by  one 
of  his  servants."  There  was  then  a  debate  on  fines  upon 
delinquents,  and  the  governor's  power,  by  6th  article  of 
«  Charter  of  Methods,"  agreed  to  reprove  offending  members 
for  first  offence ;  for  second,  reproval  and  fine  of  12d.,  and  so 
on  for  each,  not  to  exceed  10s. ;  offenders  to  be  brought  to 
the  bar.  The  whole  house  may  resolve  itself  into  a  grand 
committee.  No  member  to  absent  himself  on  a  journey  with- 
out leave.  No  question  to  be  taken  on  a  resolution  "  before 
seconded  or  thirded,"  when  the  matter  may  be  discussed,  and 
amendments  made.  All  questions  to  pass  in  negative,  or 
affirmative.  Any  member  presuming  "  to  pervert  the  sense 
of  questions  agreed  to  by  the  house,"  shall  be  "put  out  of 
the  house."  Thos.  Usher,  sheriff  of  Chester,  has  leave  of  ab- 
sence for  two  days.  "  Two  members  elected  to  inspect  which 
party  carried  it  by  the  major  votes,  on  diversity  ^of  votes 
arising  in  the  house."  In  case  of  tie,  speaker  to  have  a 
casting  vote.     In  a  matter  in  debate,  if  the  question  arise, 


CHARLES  II.  609 

"wlietlier  the  house  now  proceed  or  not,"  on  division,  the  1682. 
noes  go  out ;  if  for  adjournment,  the  yeas.  "  None  to  speak  '  '  ' 
but  once  before  the  question  is  put,  nor  after  but  once."  No 
member,  in  any  discourse,  to  mention  the  name  of  another  Proceedings 
member,  but  as  "that  member  that  last  or  lately  spoke,"  only  °^  *!"!  ^^ 
a  member  may  be  used  by  his  office  or  sitting  in  a  certain  tinuea. 
place,  as  "near  the  chair,"  &c.  None  to  fall  from  the  mat- 
ter to  the  person,  and  superfluous  and  tedious  speeches  may 
be  stopped  by  the  speaker.  When  the  speaker  leaves  the 
chair,  in  grand  committee,  a  chairman  to  be  elected ;  when 
discharged,  the  speaker  to  resume  his  seat,  and  the  chairman 
of  grand  committee  to  report  in  writing.  The  grand  com- 
mittee never  to  adjourn  without  consent  of  the  house.  "  No 
other  committee  to  determine  the  right  or  property  of  the 
subject  without  leave  of  the  house."  "No  private  committee 
can  alter  a  question  agreed  upon  among  themselves,  without 
consent  of  the  house."  "Any  member  may  have  access  to 
any  committee,  except  committee  of  secrecy."  Charter  of 
order.  Bills  at  committees  to  be  considered  by  parts,  pre- 
amble last.  Bills  not  to  be  blotted,  but  mended  in  other 
papers,  and  voted  singly.  No  erasures  or  interlineations. 
Clerk  to  read  bills,  then  deliver  to  speaker,  who,  standing 
with  bill  in  hand,  reads  title ;  this  "  the  first  reading ;  no 
member  to  speak  till  second  reading,  unless  to  cast  it  out." 
"  If  exceptions  to  a  bill  be  not  mendable  at  the  table,  then  com- 
mitted, but  no  bill  without  exceptions  committed ;  if  not  com- 
mitted or  rejected,  then  engrossed."  He  "that  is  against 
the  body  of  a  bill  shall  not  be  on  a  committee  about  that 
bill."  No  private  bill  to  be  introduced  without  leave;  public 
bills,  the  matter  to  be  opened  before  brought  into  the  house. 
"  No  bill  to  repeal  a  law  to  be  introduced  without  leave. 
Bills  amended  to  be  engrossed,  but  first  in  a  full  house ;  title 
endorsed  on  the  back.  Any  member  may  offer  any  bill  tend- 
ing to  public  good,  except  for  levying  taxes."  "  Any  law,  &c., 
constituted  by  a  committee,  shall  not  be  in  force  except  esta- 
blished by  the  whole  house."  "A  member  speaking  shall  direct 
his  discourse  to  the  speaker,  and  stand  up,  that  all  may  see 
him,"  and  shall  "have  liberty  in  his  speech,  without  interrup- 
tion from  any  member." 

The  speaker  inquired  "whether  any  absolute  note  of  dis- 
tinction betwixt  one  officer  and  another  should  be  concluded 

77 


610  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPKIETARY  AND  GOVEE,NOR. 

1682.     on  by  a  vote,  as  the  carrying  a  white  rod  or  reed."     Left  in 
"    ■    '    suspense. 

"  A  petition  is  presented  for  an  act  of  union  betwixt  the 

Third  day's    freemen  of  the  three  lower  counties,  New  Castle,  Jones,  and 

Petiuou  pre-  ^^w  Deal,  and  the  freemen  of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania, 

sentedfrom   that  as  One  United  province,  they  may  be  endowed  with  the 

coundes^for   samo  privileges  of  law  and  government."     This  petition  was 

a  union.       acceptod  and  approved  of  by  the  vfhole  house.     John  Moll 

and  Francis  Whitwell,  two  members,  delivered  the  aforesaid 

petition  in  the  name  of  the  rest  of  the  freeholders,  the  names 

of  several  freeholders  of  the  three  aforesaid  counties  being 

subscribed.-^ 

This  is  probably  that  petition  ;  it  was  signed  by  seven  per- 
The  petition  ggns  from  Now  Deal,  six  from  St.  Jones's,  and  five  from  New 
Castle  :  "humbly  desiring  that  they  may  be  favoured  with  an 
act  of  union,  by  the  governor  and  assembly,  for  their  incor- 
poration in  and  with  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  in  order 
to  the  enjoyment  of  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  afore- 
said province,  and  that  they  might  ever  after  be  esteemed  and 
accounted  as  freemen  of  the  before-mentioned  province.  This 
being  our  desire  and  humble  request  in  the  assembly,  we 
have  desired  the  president  and  two  other  members  of  the  up- 
per counties,  part  of  this  province,  to  present  it  to  your 
honours,  and  if  we  are  so  happy  to  obtain  our  request,  we 
will  for  ever  acknowledge  it,  and  in  all  faithfulness  subscribe 
ourselves  yours  in  all  lawful  obedience."^ 

"  An  act  for  the  aforesaid  union,  (authorized  by  the  gover- 
nor,) was  twice  read,  and  being  put  to  vote,  was  carried  in 
the  affirmative." 

"  The  act  was  read  a  third  time,  which  afterwards,  by  the 
assent  of  the  whole  house,  was  appointed  to  be  presented  to 
the  governor  by  the  hands  of  the  president  and  Christopher 
Taylor,  two  members  of  the  house,  in  order  to  get  his  sub- 
scription as  an  established  law,  which  the  governor  confirmed." 
"  A  petition  to  the  governor  from  the  Swedes,  Finns,  and 
Dutch,  is  presented,  that  the  governor  would  be  pleased  to 
make  them  as  free  as  other  members  of  this  province,  and 
that  their  lands  may  be  entailed  on  them  and  their  heirs  for 
ever." 

The  remainder  of  this  day's  session  was  occupied  chiefly 
with  "  the  printed  laws,  and  the  written  laws  or  constitutions," 

1  Votes  of  Assembly.  2  Breviat. 


CHARLES  II.  611 

which  were  taken  up  and  discussed  separately,  and  after  being    1682. 
altered  or  amended,  finally  adopted,  when  the  assembly  ad-     '    '    ' 
journed  to  half-past  seven  next  day.      The  "  power  of  the 
Free  Society  of  Traders  was  also  debated;"  the  result  is  not 
given. 

They  met  again,  December  7th :   "  The  governor  assuming  Dec.  n. 
the  chair,  expresses  himself  after  an  obliging  and  religious  proceedings 
manner,"  and  after  si2;nino;  "the  bills  for  naturalization  and  of  ^.^s^^^^'y' 

^  ,  o         o  contmued. 

union,  &c.,  delivered  them  to  the  speaker  as  his  act  and  deed." 
The  president  consults  the  governor  on  "  divers  material  con- 
cerns." The  governor  then  "urges  upon  the  house  his  reli- 
gious counsel."  "A  debate  arising,"  as  to  the  time  of  ad- 
journment of  the  house,  "  the  president  endeavours  to  miti- 
gate," and  "to  afiect  the  people  with  the  governor's  condes- 
cension, and  that  after  a  divine  manner."  The  members  of 
the  lower  counties  "  were  in  a  great  strait,  by  reason  of  being 
obliged  to  assemble  again  in  twenty-one  days."  Two  mem- 
bers are  appointed  to  inform  the  governor  of  it,  who  return 
with  intelligence  that  the  governor  is  willing  that  the  assem- 
bly adjourn  for  twenty-one  days,  which  was  done,  by  order 
of  the  speaker."  [We  have  seen  no  account  of  this  meeting, 
if  it  took  place.] 

Thus  terminated  the  session  of  the  first  assembly,  having, 
besides  the  act  of  union,  and  the  act  of  settlement,  or  new 
constitution,  passed,  in  little  more  than  three  days,  the  cele- 
brated body  of  laws  called  the  "  Great  Law." 

The  following  is  the  act  of  union  and  naturalization,  which, 
though  generally  spoken  of  as  two  distinct  enactments,  appear 
to  be  embraced  in  one  act : 

^'An  Act  of  ZTnionfor  cmnexing  and  uniting  of  the  coun-  Act  of  union 
ties  of  New   Castle,  Jones's,  and    Whorekill,  alias  Deal,  to  pfj^gy^^a- 
tJie  province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  of  naturalization  of  all  niaandthe 
foreigners  in  the  province  and  counties  aforesaid — Since,  by 
the  good  providence  of  God,  it  hath  graciously  pleased  King 
Charles  II.  of  England,  &c.,  for  divers  good  considerations, 
to  grant,  by  his  letters-patent,  under  the  great  seal  of  Eng- 
land, to  William  Penn,  son  and  heir  of  Sir  William  Penn, 
deceased,  and  to  his  heirs  and  assigns  for  ever,  this  province 
of  Pennsylvania,  according  to  the  bounds  therein  expressed, 
with  all  requisite  powers  for  the  good  government  thereof,  by 
such  lav/s  as  he  and  they  shall  make,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  freemen  of  the  said  province,  or  their 


612  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.  deputies,  not  repugnant  to  their  faitli  and  allegiance,  and  the 
'  '  '  legal  government  of  the  said  realm ;  and  it  having  also  fa- 
vourably pleased  James,  duke  of  York  and  Albany,  earl  of 
Act  of  union,  Ulstor,  &c.,  to  release  his  right  and  claim  to  all  and  every 
continued.  ^^^^  thereof  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns, 
whereby  the  said  William  Penn  is  become  the  undoubted  and 
rightful  proprietary  and  governor  of  the  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  is  hereby  fully  and  freely  so  recognised  and 
acknowledged,  and  is  a  beneficial  and  requisite  addition  to  the 
territory  of  the  said  proprietary  and  governor,  it  hath  also 
pleased  the  said  James,  duke  of  York  and  Albany,  earl  of 
Ulster,  &c.,  for  divers  good  considerations,  to  grant  unto  the 
said  William  Penn,  and  his  heirs  and  assigns,  all  that  tract 
of  land  from  twelve  miles  northward  of  New  Castle,  on  the 
River  Delaware,  down  to  the  south  cape,  commonly  called 
Cape  Henlopen,  and  by  the  proprietary  and  governor  now 
called  Cape  James,  lying  on  the  west  side  of  the  said  river 
and  bay,  formerly  possessed  by  the  Dutch,  and  bought  by 
them  of  the  natives,  and  first  surrendered,  upon  articles  of 
peace,  to  the  king's  lieutenant-governor.  Colonel  Nicholls,  and 
a  second  time  to  Sir  Edmund  Andi-oss,  lieutenant-governor  to 
the  said  duke,  and  hath  been  by  him  quietly  possessed  and 
enjoyed,  as  also  the  said  River  of  Delaware,  and  soil  thereof, 
\  and  all  islands  therein,  lately  cast  into  three  counties,  called 

New  Castle,  Jones's,  and  Whorekill,  alias  Deal,  together  with 
all  royalties,  powers,  and  jurisdictions  thereunto  belonging, 
as  by  two  deeds  of  feoffment,  bearing  date  the  24th  of  the 
6th  month,  called  August,  1682,  doth  more  at  large  appear. 
And  forasmuch  as  there  must  always  be  a  people  before  there 
can  be  a  government,  and  that  people  must  be  united  and 
free,  in  order  to  settle  and  encourage  them,  for  the  prosperity 
of  the  government ;  and  since  the  inhabitants  of  the  tract  of 
land  lately  passed  from  the  duke  as  aforesaid,  are  not  yet 
thereby  under  the  same  capacity  that  those  are  that  belong 
to  the  province  of  Pennsylvania ;  and  whereas  the  freemen 
of  the  said  counties  have,  by  their  deputies,  humbly  besought 
their  present  proprietary  and  governor  to  annex  the  said 
counties  to  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  to  grant  unto 
them  the  same  privileges,  and  that  they  may  live  under  the 
same  laws  and  government  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  said 
province  now  do,  or  hereafter  shall  enjoy,  and  since  the  union 
of  the  two  distinct  people  that  are  under  one  governor,  is 


CHARLES  II.  613 

both  most  desirable  In  itself,  and  beneficial  to  the  public,  and  1682. 
that  it  cannot  be  so  cordially  and  durably  maintained,  to  the  '  '  ' 
mutual  benefit  of  each  other,  as  by  making  them  equally 
sharers  in  benefits  and  pi-ivileges,  be  it  enacted  by  the  pro-  Act  of  union, 
prietary  and  governor  aforesaid,  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  deputies  of  the  freemen  of  the  province  and 
counties  aforesaid,  in  assembly  met,  that  the  counties  of  New 
Castle,  Jones's,  and  Whorekills,  alias  Deal,  shall  be  annexed, 
and  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  are  hereby  annexed  unto  the 
province  of  Pennsylvania,  as  of  the  proper  territory  thereof, 
and  the  people  therein  shall  be  governed  by  the  same  laws, 
and  enjoy  the  same  privileges,  in  all  respects,  as  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Pennsylvania  do  or  shall  enjoy,  from  time  to  time 
therein,  any  thing  in  this  law,  or  any  other  law,  act,  or  thing, 
in  this  province,  to  the  contrary  in  anywise  notwithstanding. 
And  forasmuch  as  it  is  apparent  that  the  just  encouragement 
of  the  inhabitants  of  this  province  and  territories  thereunto 
belonging,  is  likely  to  be  an  effectual  way  for  the  improve- 
ment thereof,  and  since  some  of  the  people  that  live  therein, 
and  are  like  to  come  thereinto,  are  foreigners,  and  so  not  free- 
men, according  to  the  acceptation  of  the  law  of  England,  the 
consequences  of  which  might  prove  very  detrimental  to  them 
in  their  estates  and  traffic,  and  so  injurious  to  the  prosperity 
of  this  province  and  territories  thereof,  be  it  enacted  by  the  Act  of  natu- 
governor  and  proprietary  of  the  province  and  counties  afore-  raiization. 
said,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  deputies  of  the  freemen 
thereof,  in  assembly  met,  that  all  persons  who  are  strangers 
and  foreigners,  that  do  now  inhabit  this  province  and  counties 
aforesaid,  that  hold  land  in  fee  in  the  same,  according  to  the 
law  of  a  freeman,  and  who  shall  solemnly  promise,  within 
three  months  after  the  publication  hereof,  in  their  respective 
county  courts  where  they  live,  upon  record,  faith  and  alle- 
giance unto  the  King  of  England,  and  his  lawful  heirs  and 
successors,  and  fidelity  and  lawful  obedience  to  William  Penn, 
proprietary  and  governor  of  these  provinces,  &c.,  and  his 
heirs  and  assigns,  according  to  the  king's  letters-patent,  shall 
be  held  and  reputed  freemen  of  the  province  and  counties 
aforesaid,  in  as  ample  and  full  manner  as  any  person  residing 
therein ;  and  it  is  hereby  further  enacted  by  the  authority 
aforesaid,  that  when  at  any  time  any  person  that  is  a  foreigner 
shall  make  his  request  to  the  proprietary  of  this  province,  for 
the  aforesaid  freedom,  the  said  person  shall  be  admitted  on  the 

3? 


614  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.     conditions  herein  expressed,  paying,  at  admission,  twenty  shil- 

'    '    '     lings  sterling,  and  no  more,  any  thing  in  this  law,  or  any 

other  law,  act,  or  thing  in  this  province,  to  the  contrary  in 

Act  of  union,  anywisc  notwithstanding. 

li  Given  at  Chester,  alias  Upland,  the  7th  day  of  Decem- 
ber, 1682,  under  the  hand  and  broad  seal  of  William  Penn, 
proprietary  and  governor  of  this  province  and  the  territories 
thereunto  belonging,  being  the  second  year  of  his  government, 
by  the  king's  authority.  William  Penn."^ 

In  connection  with  this  document,  the  following  is  inserted : 
it  is  a  copy  made  from  an  apparently  original  instrument, 
which  the  author  found  in  the  Secretary  of  State's  Office,  at 
Harrisburg,  written  on  parchment.  It  is  endorsed  "  An  act 
of  union  for  annexing  the  counties  of  New  Castle,  Jones,  and 

confirmar     Whorckill,  alias  Deal,  and  the  province,  to  be  as  a  proper 

acTof union?  territory  thereto  belonging."  It  bears  the  same  date  as  the 
above  act,  and  its  language  is  very  similar,  and  in  several 
parts  exactly  the  same.  It  does  not  embrace  the  act  for 
naturalization.  Whether  it  is  Penn's  authority  to  the  assem- 
bly, alluded  to  in  their  proceedings,  or  the  confirmation  of 
the  act  of  union,  is  uncertain ;  if  either,  it  is  probably  the 
latter,  judging  from  its  date.  We  have  never  seen  it  in  print. 
The  words,  "by  the  king's  authority,"  are  written  in  a  dif- 
ferent hand  from  the  rest. 

"  Forasmuch  as  all  that  tract  of  land  lying  on  the  west 

I'ec.  7.  si(Je  of  the  River  Delaware,  beginning  from  twelve  miles  above 
New  Castle,  upon  said  river,  northward,  and  extending  to  the 
south  cape,  commonly  called  Cape  Henlopen,  making  the 
mouth  of  the  Bay  of  Delaware,  of  late  divided  into  three 
counties,  and  called  by  the  names  of  New  Castle,  Jones,  and 
Whorekill,  alias  Deal,  with  their  appurtenances,  and  the  juris- 
diction and  royalties  thereunto  belonging,  are  granted  to 
William  Penn,  proprietary  and  governor  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  his  heirs  and  assigns  for  ever,  by  James,  duke  of  York 
and  Albany,  &c.,  as  by  two  deeds  of  feofiment,  dated  the 
24th  August,  1682,  more  at  large  appears.  And  whereas  the 
freemen  of  the  said  counties  have,  by  their  deputies,  humbly 
besought  the  present  proprietary  and  governor  to  annex  the 
said  counties  to  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  to  grant 
unto  them  the  same  privileges,  and  that  they  may  live  under 
the  same  laws  and  government  that  the  inhabitants  of  said 

1  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  i.  p.  430. 


CHARLES  II.  615 

province  now  do,  or  hereafter  sliall  enjoy;  and  since  tlie  union  1682. 
of  two  distinct  people,  that  are  under  one  government,  is  both  *  ■  ' 
most  desirable  in  itself,  and  beneficial  to  the  public,  and  that 
it  cannot  be  so  cordially  and  durably  maintained,  to  the  mu- 
tual benefits  of  each  other,  as  by  making  them  equally 
sharers  in  benefits  and  privileges,  be  it  enacted  by  the  pro- 
prietary and  governor  aforesaid,  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  deputies  of  the  freemen  of  the  province  and 
counties  aforesaid,  in  assembly  met,  that  the  counties  of  New 
Castle,  Jones,  and  Whorekill,  alias  Deal,  shall  be  annexed, 
and  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  are  hereby  annexed  unto  the 
province  of  Pennsylvania,  as  of  the  proper  territory  thereof, 
and  the  people  therein  shall  be  governed  by  the  same  laws, 
and  enjoy  the  same  privileges  in  all  respects,  as  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Pennsylvania  do  or  shall  enjoy,  from  time  to  time 
therein,  any  thing  in  this  law,  or  any  other  law,  act,  or  thing 
in  this  province  to  the  contrary  in  anyAvise  notwithstanding. 
Given  at  Chester,  alias  Upland,  this  7th  day  of  December, 
1682,  being  the  second  year  of  the  government  of  William 
Penn,  proprietary  and  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  hy  the 
king's  authority.  William  Penn." 

Penn,  in  a  letter,  shortly  after,  says,  that  the  act  of  natu- 
ralization "much  pleased  the  people."  "The  Swedes,  for 
themselves,  deputed  Lacy  Cock  to  acquaint  him,  on  one  oc- 
casion, that  they  would  love,  serve,  and  obey  him  with  all 
they  had,  declaring  it  was  the  best  day  they  ever  saw."^ 

The  following  document,  termed  the  "act  of  settlement,"  Dec.  17. 
is  without  date,  but  is  generally  considered  as  of  the  same 
date  as  the  act  of  union,  though  it  does  not  appear  to  be  dis- 
tinctly referred  to,  unless  included  in  the  terms  "  written 
laws  or  constitutions,"  of  which  the  governor  promises  to 
send  "the  original."  The  object  seems  to  be  to  provide  for 
certain  difficulties  arising  from  the  "fewness"  of  the  inhabit- 
ants, which  rendered  it  impracticable  to  form  so  large  an 
assembly  as  first  proposed,  by  which  their  acts  would  other- 
wise be  invalidated. 

i^Act  of  Settlement  made  at   Chester^   1682. — Whereas,  The  act  of 

iTT'iT  T>  •    .  1  f>    ,  1  '  c    settlement. 

vviluam  Penn,  proprietary  and  governor  01  the  province  01 
Pennsylvania  and  territories  thereunto  belonging,  hath,  out 
of  his  great  kindness  and  goodness  to  the  inhabitants  thereof, 
been  favourably  pleased  to  give  and  grant  unto  them  a  char- 
'  Clarkson.     Proud. 


616  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.     ter  of  liberties  and  privileges,  dated  tlie  25th  of  the  2d  month, 
'    ■    '     1682,  by  which  charter  it  is  said,  the  government  shall  con- 
sist of  the  governor  and  freemen  of  the  said  province,  in  the 
The  act  of     form  of  a  provincial  council  and  general  assembly  ;  and  that 
conu^ed*^    *^^  provincial  council  shall  consist  of  seventy-two  members, 
to  be  chosen  by  the  freemen,  and  that  the  general  assembly 
may,  the  first  year,  consist  of  the  whole  body  of  the  free- 
holders, and  ever  after  of  an  elected  number,  not  exceeding 
two  hundred  persons,  without  the  consent  of  the  provincial 
council  and  general  assembly ;  and  such  assembly  to  sit  yearly, 
on  the  20th  day  of  the  3d  month,  as  in  the  1st,  2d,  3d,  6th, 
14th,  and  16th  articles  of  the  charter,  reference  being  there- 
unto had,  doth  more  at  large  appear. 

"  And  forasmuch  as  this  charter  was  the  first  of  those  pro- 
bationary laws  that  were  agreed  to  and  made  by  and  between 
the  proprietary  and  governor,  and  freemen,  in  England,  that 
were  purchasers  in  this  province,  which  said  laws,  in  the  whole 
and  in  every  part  thereof,  were  to  be  submitted  to  the  expla- 
nation and  confirmation  of  the  first  provincial  council  and 
general  assembly  that  was  to  be  held  in  this  province,  as  by 
the  title  and  first  law  of  the  said  agreement  doth  plainly 
appear. 

"  And  whereas  the  proprietary  and  governor  hath,  accord- 
ing to  that  charter,  issued  out  writs  to  the  respective  sheriiFs 
of  the  six  counties  of  this  province,  to  summon  the  freemen 
thereof,  to  choose  in  each  county  twelve  persons  of  most  note 
for  their  sobriety,  wisdom,  and  integrity,  to  serve  in  provin- 
cial council,  and  also  to  inform  the  freemen  that  they  might 
come,  for  this  time,  in  their  own  persons,  to  make  up  a  gene- 
ral assembly  according  to  charter.  And  that  the  said  respec- 
tive sheriffs,  by  their  returns,  have  plainly  declared,  that  the 
fewness  of  the  people,  their  inability  in  estate,  and  unskilful- 
ness  in  matters  of  government,  will  not  permit  them  to  serve 
in  so  large  a  council  and  assembly,  as  by  the  charter  is  ex- 
pressed, and  therefore  do  desii-e,  that  the  members  now  chosen 
to  be  their  deputies  and  representatives  may  serve  both  for 
provincial  council  and  general  assembly;  that  is  to  say,  three 
out  of  each  county  for  the  provincial  council,  and  the  remain- 
ing nine  for  the  general  assembly,  according  to  act,  as  fully 
and  amply  as  if  the  said  provincial  council  and  general  assem- 
bly had  consisted  of  the  said  numbers  of  members  mentioned 
in  the  charter  of  liberties,  upon  consideration  of  the  pre- 


CHARLES  11.  617 

mises ;  and  that  tlie  proprietary  and  governor  may  testify  Lis  1682. 
great  willingness  to  comply  with  that  which  may  be  most  '  •  ' 
easy  and  pleasing,  he  is  willing  that  it  be  enacted : 

"And  be  it  enacted  by  the  proprietary  and  governor,  by  The  act  of 
and  with  the  unanimous  advice  and  consent  of  the  freemen  ^'''■"•^°''^^*' 

continued. 

of  this  province  and  territories  thereunto  belonging,  in  pro- 
vincial council  and  general  assembly  met,  that  the  numbers 
desired  by  the  inhabitants  in  their  several  petitions,  and  ex- 
pressed to  be  their  desires  by  the  sheriflf's  returns  to  the  pro- 
prietary and  governor,  to  serve  as  the  provincial  council  and 
general  assembly,  be  allowed  and  taken,  to  all  intents  and 
purposes,  to  be  the  provincial  council  and  general  assembly 
of  this  province,  and  that  the  quorum  shall  be  proportionably 
settled,  according  to  the  method  expressed  in  the  fifth  article, 
that  is  to  say,  two-thirds  to  make  a  quorum  in  extraordinary 
cases,  and  one-third  in  ordinary  cases,  as  is  provided  in  the 
said  fifth  article ;  which  said  provincial  council  and  general 
assembly  so  already  chosen,  are  and  shall  be  held  and  reputed 
the  legal  provincial  council  and  general  assembly  of  the  pro- 
vince and  territories  thereof,  for  this  present  year,  and  that 
from  and  after  the  expiration  of  this  present  year,  the  pro- 
vincial council  shall  consist  of  three  persons  out  of  each 
county  as  aforesaid ;  and  the  assembly  shall  consist  of  six 
persons  out  of  each  county ;  which  said  provincial  council  and 
general  assembly  may  be  hereafter  enlarged,  as  the  governor 
and  provincial  council  and  assembly  shall  see  cause,  so  as  the 
said  number  do  not,  at  any  time,  exceed  the  limitations  ex- 
pressed in  the  third  and  sixteenth  articles  of  the  charter,  any 
thing  in  this  act,  or  any  other  act,  charter,  or  law,  to  the 
contrary  in  anywise  notwithstanding. 

"And  because  the  freemen  of  this  province  and  territories 
thereof,  are  deeply  sensible  of  the  kind  and  good  intentions 
of  the  proprietary  and  governor  in  this  charter,  and  of  the 
singular  benefit  that  redounds  to  them  thereby,  and  are  desir- 
ous that  it  may  in  all  things  best  answer  the  design  of  the 
public  good,  the  freemen  of  the  said  provincial  council  and 
general  assembly  met,  having  unanimously  requested  some 
variations,  explanations,  and  additions,  in  and  to  the  said 
charter,  he,  the  proprietary  and  governor,  hath  therefore 
yielded  that  it  be  enacted, 

«  And  it  is  hereby  enacted,  that  the  time  for  the  meeting 
of  the  freemen  of  this  province  and  territories  thereof,  to 

78  3f2 


528  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.     choose  their  delegates  to  represent  and  serve  them  in  provin- 

"—" — '     cial  council  and  general  assembly,  shall  be  yearly,  hereafter, 

on  the  tenth  day  of  the  first  month ;  which  members  so  chosen 

The  act  of     for  the  provincial  council  shall  make  their  appearance,  and 

^^^t^'^d*'    §^^®  their  attendance  in  provincial  council,  within  twenty  days 

after  their  election ;  and  the  said  members  elected  to  serve  in 

general  assembly,  shall  yearly  meet  and  assemble  on  the  tenth 

day  of  the  said  third  month,  to  the  end  and  purposes  declared 

in  the  charter,  and  in  such  place  as  is  limited  in  the  said 

charter,  unless  the  governor  and  provincial  council  shall,  at 

any  time,  see  cause  to  the  contrary. 

"  And  whereas  it  is  expressed  in  the  said  charter,  that  the 
governor  and  provincial  council  shall  prepare  and  propose  to 
the  general  assembly  all  bills  which  they  shall  think  fit  to 
pass  into  laws,  within  the  said  province :  be  it  enacted  by  the 
authority  aforesaid,  that  the  governor  and  provincial  council 
shall  have  the  power  of  preparing  and  proposing  to  the  gene- 
ral assembly,  all  bills  that  they  shall  jointly  assent  to  and 
think  fit  to  have  passed  into  laws,  in  the  said  province  and 
territories  thereof,  that  are  not  inconsistent  with,  but  accord- 
ing to  the  powers  granted  by  the  king's  letters-patent  to  the 
proprietary  and  governor  aforesaid,  which  bills  shall  be  pub- 
lished in  the  most  noted  towns  and  places  in  the  said  province 
and  territories  thereof,  twenty  days  before  the  meeting  of 
the  general  assembly  aforesaid. 

"And  for  the  better  decision  and  determination  of  all  mat- 
ters and  questions  upon  elections  of  representatives,  and  de- 
bates in  provincial  council  and  general  assembly,  it  is  hereby 
declared  and  enacted,  &c.,  that  all  questions  upon  elections 
of  representatives,  and  debates  in  provincial  council  and 
general  assembly,  in  personal  matters,  shall  be  decided  by  the 
ballot ;  and  all  questions  about  preparing  and  enacting  laws, 
shall  be  determined  by  the  vote. 

«  And  that  so  united  an  interest  may  have  an  united  term 
and  style  to  be  expressed  by,  it  is  hereby  declared  and 
enacted,  that  the  general  assembly  shall  be  henceforth  termed 
or  called  '  The  Assembly,'  and  the  meeting  of  the  governor, 
provincial  council,  and  assembly,  and  their  acts  and  proceed- 
ings, shall  be  styled  and  called  '  The  meetings,  sessions,  acts 
or  proceedings  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  province  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  territories  thereunto  belonging.'  And 
that  the  freemen  of  this  province  and  the  territories  thereof, 


CHARLES  II.  619 

may  not,  on  their  part,  seem  unmindful  or  ungrateful  to  their    1682. 
proprietary  and  governor,  for  the  testimony  he  hath  been    " — ' — ' 
pleased  to  give  of  his  great  good  will  towards  them  and  theirs, 
nor  be  wanting  of  that  duty  they  owe  to  him  and  themselves,  The  act  of 
they  have  prayed  leave  hereby  to  declare  their  most  hearty  settlement, 

•^  -^      "^  ,  ''  ,  *'    continued. 

acceptance  of  the  said  charter,  and  their  humble  acknowledg- 
ments for  the  same,  solemnly  promising  that  they  will  inviola- 
bly observe  and  keep  the  same,  except  as  is  herein  excepted, 
and  will  neither  directly  nor  indirectly  contrive,  propose, 
enact,  or  do  any  thing  or  things  whatsoever,  by  virtue  of  the 
power  thereby  granted  unto  them,  that  shall  or  may  redound 
to  the  prejudice  or  disadvantage  of  the  proprietary  and  go- 
vernor, his  heirs  and  successors,  in  their  just  rights,  proper- 
ties, and  privileges,  granted  to  him  and  them  by  the  king's 
letters-patent,  and  deeds  of  release  and  feoffment  made  to  him 
by  James,  duke  of  York  and  Albany,  &c.,  and  whom  they 
desire  may  be  hereby  acknowledged  and  recognised  the  true 
and  rightful  proprietaries  and  governors  of  the  province  of 
Pennsylvania  and  territories  annexed,  according  to  the  king's 
letters-patent,  and  deeds  of  release  and  feoffment  from  James, 
duke  of  York  and  Albany,  unto  the  said  proprietary  and  go- 
vernor, his  heirs  and  successors,  any  thing  in  this  act,  or  any 
other  act,  grant,  charter,  or  law,  to  the  contrary  of  these 
things  herein  and  hereby  explained,  altered,  limited,  promised, 
declared,  and  enacted,  in  anywise  notwithstanding."^ 

We  now  come  to  the  "  Great  Law,"  as  passed  by  the  as- 
sembly, so  justly  celebrated  for  its  provision  for  "  liberty  of 
conscience." 

"  The  Great  Law,  or,  the  body  of  Laws  of  the  province 
of  Pennsylvania  and  territories  thereunto  belonging,  passed 
at  an  assembly  at  Chester,  alias  Upland,  the  1th  day  of  the 
10th  month,  December,  1682. 

"Whereas  the  glory  of  Almighty  God,  and  the  good  of 
mankind,  is  the  reason  and  end  of  government,  and  therefore  Preamble, 
government,  in  itself,  is  a  venerable  ordinance  of  God ;  and 
forasmuch  as  it  is  principally  desired  and  intended  by  the 
proprietary  and  governor,  and  the  freemen  of  the  province  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  territories  thereunto  belonging,  to  make 
and  establish  such  laws  as  shall  best  preserve  true  Christians 
and  civil  liberty,  in  opposition  to  all  unchristian,  licentious, 
and  unjust  practices,  whereby  God  may  have  his  due,  Caisar 

'  Reg.  Penns.  vol.  ii.  pp.  156 — 157. 


620 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1682. 


Liberty  of 
conscience. 


Observance 
of  the 
Lord's  Day. 


his  due,  and  the  people  their  due,  from  tyranny  and  oppres- 
sion of  the  one  side,  and  insolency  and  licentiousness  of  the 
other,  so  that  the  best  and  firmest  foundation  may  be  laid  for 
the  present  and  future  happiness  of  both  the  governor  and 
people  of  this  province  and  territories  aforesaid,  and  their 
posterity. — Be  it  therefore  enacted,  by  William  Penn,  pro- 
prietary and  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  deputies  of  the  freemen  of  this  province,  and  counties 
aforesaid,  in  assembly  met,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  same, 
that  these  following  chapters  and  paragraphs  shall  be  the 
laws  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  territories  thereof. 

1.  "  Almighty  God  being  only  Lord  of  conscience,  father 
of  lights  and  spirits,  and  the  author  as  well  as  object  of  all 
divine  knowledge,  faith,  and  worship,  who  only  can  enlighten 
the  mind,  and  persuade  and  convince  the  understanding  of 
people,  in  due  reverence  to  his  sovereignty  over  the  souls  of 
mankind.  It  is  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  that  no  per- 
son now  or  at  any  time  hereafter  living  in  this  province,  who 
shall  confess  and  acknowledge  one  Almighty  God  to  be  the 
creator,  upholder,  and  ruler  of  the  world,  and  that  professeth 
him  or  herself  obliged  in  conscience  to  live  peaceably  and 
justly  under  the  civil  government,  shall  in  anywise  be  molested 
or  prejudiced  for  his  or  her  conscientious  persuasion  or  prac- 
tice, nor  shall  he  or  she  at  any  time  be  compelled  to  fre- 
quent or  maintain  any  religious  worship,  place,  or  ministry 
■whatever,  contrary  to  his  or  her  mind,  but  shall  freely  and 
fully  enjoy  his  or  her  Christian  liberty  in  that  respect,  without 
any  interruption  or  reflection ;  and  if  any  person  shall  abuse 
or  deride  any  other  for  his  or  her  different  persuasion  and 
practice  in  matter  of  religion,  such  shall  be  looked  upon  as  a 
disturber  of  the  peace,  and  be  punished  accordingly.  But  to 
the  end  that  looseness,  irreligion,  and  atheism  may  not  creep 
in  under  pretence  of  conscience,  in  this  province,  be  it  further 
enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  that  according  to  the 
good  example  of  the  primitive  Christians,  and  for  the  ease 
of  the  creation,  every  first  day  of  the  week,  called  the  Lord's 
Day,  people  shall  abstain  from  their  common  toil  and  labour, 
that  whether  masters,  parents,  children,  or  servants,  they  may 
the  better  dispose  themselves  to  read  the  Scriptures  of  truth 
at  home,  or  to  frequent  such  meetings  of  religious  worship 
abroad  as  may  best  suit  their  respective  persuasions. 

2.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 


CHARLES  II.  621 

that  all  officers  and  persons  commissionated  and  employed  in     1682. 
the  service  of  the  government  of  this  province,  and  all  members     "    •    ' 
and  deputies  elected  to  serve  in  assembly  thereof,  and  all  that 
have  right  to  elect  such  deputies,  shall  be  such  as  profess  and  ah  officers  to 
declare  they  believe  in  Jesus  Christ  to  be  the  Son  of  God,  ?.''f?-\^'^' 

•^  '    lief  m  the 

and  Saviour  of  the  world,  and  that  are  not  convicted  of  ill-fame,  divinity  of 
or  unsober  and  dishonest  conversation,  and  that  are  of  one  ^^'^'^ 
and  twenty  years  of  age  at  least.     And  be  it  further  enacted, 
by  the  authority  aforesaid,  that  whosoever  shall  swear,  in  their 
conversation,  by  the  name  of  God,  or  Christ,  or  Jesus,  being  Profancness 
legally  convicted  thereof,  shall  pay  for  every  such  offence  igi^e^^^"^' 
five  shillings,  or  suffer  five  days'  imprisonment  in  the  house 
of  correction,  at  hard  labour,  to  the  behoof  of  the  public,  and 
be  fed  with  bread  and  water  only,  during  that  time. 

3.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  Against 
that  whosoever  shall  swear  by  any  other  thing  or  name,  and  is  ^enerau^ 
legally  convicted  thereof,  shall,  for  every  such  offence,  pay 

half  a  crown,  or  suffer  three  days'  imprisonment  in  the  house 
of  correction,  at  hard  labour,  having  only  bread  and  water 
for  their  sustenance. 

4.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  Biaspiiemy. 
for  the  better  preventing  of  corrupt  communication,  that  who- 
soever shall  speak  loosely  and  profanely  of  Almighty  God, 
Christ  Jesus,  the  Holy  Spirit,  or  the  Scriptures  of  truth,  and 

is  legally  convicted  thereof,  shall,  for  every  such  offence,  pay 
five  shillings,  or  suffer  five  days'  imprisonment  in  the  house 
of  correction,  at  hard  labour,  to  the  behoof  of  the  public,  and 
be  fed  with  bread  and  water  only,  during  that  time. 

5.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  Cursing, 
that  whosoever  shall,  in  their  conversation  at  any  time,  curse 
himself  or  another,  or  any  thing  belonging  to  himself  or  any 
other,  and  is  legally  convicted  thereof,  shall  pay  for  every 

such  offence  five  shillings,  or  suffer  five  days'  imprisonment, 
as  aforesaid. 

6.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  Murder  pun- 
that  if  any  person  shall,  with  malice  or  premeditation,  kill,  or  doaihlnd 
be  accessory  to  the  death  of  another  person,  man,  woman,  or  coifi'^rat'on 
child,  being  legally  convicted  thereof,  shall,  according  to  the 

law  of  God  and  all  nations,  suffer  death ;  and  that  the  estates 
of  all  capital  offenders  shall  go  one-half  to  the  next  of  kin  of 
the  sufferer,  and  the  remainder  to  the  next  kin  of  the  cri- 
minal. 


622 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPKIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1682. 


Man- 
Ela,ughter. 


Adultery, 
how  pun- 
ished. 


Incest. 


Sodomy. 


Sape. 


7.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  all  persons  guilty  of  manslaughter,  or  chance-medley, 
shall  be  punished  according  to  the  nature  and  circumstance 
of  the  offence. 

8.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  whosoever  defileth  the  marriage-bed,  by  lying  with  another 
woman  or  man  than  their  own  wife  or  husband,  being  legally 
convicted  thereof,  shall,  for  the  first  offence,  be  publicly 
whipped,  and  suffer  one  whole  year's  imprisonment  in  the 
house  of  correction,  at  hard  labour,  to  the  behoof  of  the  pub- 
lic, and  longer,  if  the  magistrate  see  meet ;  and  both  he  and 
the  woman  to  be  liable  to  a  bill  of  divorcement,  if  required  by 
the  grieved  husband  or  wife,  within  the  said  term  of  one  whole 
year  after  conviction ;  and  for  the  second  offence,  imprison- 
tnent  in  manner  aforesaid  during  life ;  and  if  the  party  with 
whom  the  husband  or  wife  shall  defile  their  beds,  be  unmar- 
ried, for  the  first  offence  they  shall  suffer  half  a  year's  im- 
prisonment, in  the  manner  aforesaid;  and  for  the  second 
offence,  imprisonment  for  life. 

9.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  if  any  person  shall  be  legally  convicted  of  incest,  which 
is  uncleanness  betwixt  near  relations  in  blood,  such  shall  for- 
feit one-half  of  his  estate,  and  both  suffer  imprisonment  a 
whole  year  in  the  house  of  correction,  at  hard  labour ;  and 
for  the  second  offence,  imprisonment,  in  manner  aforesaid, 
for  life. 

10.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  if  any  person  shall  be  legally  convicted  of  the  unnatural 
sin  of  sodomy,  or  joining  with  beasts,  such  persons  shall  be 
whipped,  and  forfeit  one-third  part  of  his  or  her  estate,  and 
work  six  months  in  the  house  of  correction,  at  hard  labour ; 
and  for  the  second  offence,  imprisonment,  as  aforesaid,  during 
life. 

11.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  whosoever  shall  be  proved  guilty  of  a  rape  or  ravishment, 
that  is,  forcing  a  maid,  widow,  or  wife,  shall  forfeit  one-third 
of  his  estate  to  the  parent  of  the  said  maid,  and  for  want  of 
a  parent,  to  the  said  maid,  and  if  a  widow,  to  the  said  widow, 
and  if  a  wife,  to  the  husband  of  the  said  wife,  and  be  whipped, 
and  suffer  a  year's  imprisonment  in  the  house  of  correction, 
at  hard  labour ;  and  for  the  second  offence,  imprisonment,  in 
manner  aforesaid,  during  life. 


CHARLES  II.  623 

12.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  1682. 
that  whosoever  shall  be  convicted  of  uncleanness,  or  conirait-  """"  ^ 
ting  of  fornication,  that  is,  if  any  single  man  shall  defile  a 

single  woman,  they  shall  suffer  three  months'  imprisonment  in  Fornication, 
the  house  of  correction,  at  hard  labour,  and  after  the  expira- 
tion of  the  said  term,  shall  take  one  another  in  marriage,  and 
live  as  man  and  wife  together ;  but  if  the  man  be  married,  he 
shall  forfeit  one-third  of  his  estate,  and  both  be  imprisoned  as 
aforesaid.  And  whosoever  shall  be  convicted  of  speaking 
an  obscene  or  an  unclean  word,  shall,  for  every  such  offence, 
pay  one  shilling,  or  sit  in  the  stocks  two  hours. 

13.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  Polygamy, 
that  whosoever  shall  be  convicted  of  having  two  wives,  or  two 
husbands,  shall  be  imprisoned  all  their  lifetime  in  the  house 

of  correction,  at  hard  labour,  to  the  behoof  of  his  former  wife 
or  children,  or  her  former  husband  or  children  ;  and  if  a  man 
or  woman,  being  unmarried,  do  knowingly  marry  the  husband 
or  wife  of  another  person,  he  or  she  shall  be  punished  after 
the  same  manner  aforesaid. 

14.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  Drunkpn- 
that  every  person  disordering  and  abusing  himself  with  drink  °^^' 
unto  drunkenness,  being  legally  convicted  thereof,  shall  for  the 

first  time,  pay  five  shillings,  or  work  five  days  in  the  house  of 
correction  at  hard  labour,  and  be  fed  only  with  bread  and 
water ;  and  for  the  second  offence,  and  ever  after,  ten  shil- 
lings, or  ten  days'  labour,  as  aforesaid. 

15.  <•'  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  Permitting 
that  they  who  do  suffer  such  excess   of  drinking  at  their  J^^  '^°' 
houses,   shall  be  liable  to   the  same  punishment  with  the 
drunkard. 

16.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  Drinking 
that  if  any  person  do  drink  healths  which  may  provoke  peo- 
ple to  unnecessary  and  excessive  drinking,  being  legally  con- 
victed  thereof,   shall,   for    every   such    offence,    forfeit   five 
shillings,  and  whosoever  shall  pledge  the  same  shall  be  liable 

to  the  same  punishment. 

17.  "Whereas  divers  persons,  as  English,  Dutch,  Swedes,  seiiingmm, 
&c.,  have  been  wont  to  sell  to  the  Indians  rum  and  brandy,  J^_ 
and  such  like  distilled  spirits,  though  they  know  the  said  In- 
dians are  not  able  to  govern  themselves  in  the  use  thereof, 

but  do  commonly  drink  of  it  to  such  excess  as  makes  them 
sometimes  to  destroy  one  another,  and  grievously  annoy  and 


G24 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1682. 


Araon. 


House- 
breaking and 
larceny. 


Thieves  to 
restore  four- 
fold. 


House- 
breakinj;. 


disquiet  the  people  of  this  province,  and  peradventure  those 
of  neighbouring  governments,  whereby  they  make  the  poor 
natives  worse,  and  not  better,  for  their  coming  among  them, 
which  is  an  heinoug  oifence  to  God,  and  a  reproach  to  the 
blessed  name  of  Christ  and  his  holy  religion.  It  is  therefore 
enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  that  no  person  within  this 
province  do,  from  henceforth,  presume  to  sell  or  exchange  any 
rum  or  brandy,  or  any  strong  liquors,  at  any  time,  to  any 
Indian  within  this  province,  and  if  any  one  shall  offend  therein, 
the  person  so  convicted  shall,  for  every  such  offence,  pay  five 
pounds. 

18.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  whosoever  shall  be  convicted  of  wilfully  firing  any  man's 
house,  warehouse,  outhouse,  barns,  stacks  or  ricks  of  corn, 
vessels,  or  boats,  in  any  part  of  this  province,  or  territory 
thereunto  annexed,  every  such  offender  shall  be  liable  to  make 
satisfaction  double  the  value,  and  suffer  imprisonment  for  one 
year  in  the  house  of  correction,  and  bear  such  corporal  pun- 
ishment as  shall  be  inflicted  by  the  court  of  justice  of  that 
county  where  the  party  offending  hath  committed  the  fact, 

19.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  if  any  person  shall  break  into  the  dwelling-house  of  any 
other,  to  the  affrighting  of  any  dwelling  therein,  and  shall 
intend  or  offer  to  take  any  thing  out  of  the  said  house,  such 
person  convicted  thereof  shall  make  fourfold  satisfaction,  and 
suffer  three  months'  imprisonment  at  hard  labour,  in  the  house 
of  correction ;  and  if  the  party  offending  be  not  able  to  make 
restitution,  he  or  she  shall  be  imprisoned  seven  years. 

20.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  the  lands  and  goods  of  thieves  and  felons  shall  be  liable 
to  make  satisfaction  to  the  party  wronged  fourfold  the  value, 
and  for  want  of  lands  or  goods,  the  thief  or  felon  shall  be 
bondsman  to  work  in  the  common  prison  or  workhouse,  or 
otherwise,  till  the  party  injured  be  satisfied. 

21.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  if  any  person  shall  violently  or  forcibly  enter  the  house 
or  possessions  of  any  other,  being  duly  convicted  thereof, 
shall  be  punished  as  a  breaker  of  the  peace,  and  make  such 
satisfaction  to  the  party  aggrieved  as  the  circumstance  of  the 
fault  will  bear. 

22.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  if  any  persons,  to  the  number  of  three,  shall  meet  to- 


CHARLES  II.  625 

gether  with  clubs,  staves,  or  any  hurtful  weapon,  to  the  terror    1682. 
of  any  of  the  peaceable  people  of  this  province,  and  commit,     '    '    ' 
or  design  to  commit  any  violence  or  injury  upon  the  person 
or  goods  of  any  of  the  said  inhabitants,  they  shall  be  reputed 
and  punished  as  rioters,  and  that  act  of  terror  and  violence, 
or  design  of  violence,  accounted  a  riot. 

23.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  violence  to 
that  whosoever  shall  assault  or  menace  a  parent,  and  shall  be  p^"^®"^*^- 
duly  proved  guilty  thereof,  shall  be  committed  to  the  house 

of  correction,  and  there  remain  at  hard  labour  during  the 
pleasure  of  the  said  parent. 

24.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  violence  to 
that  if  any  person  shall  assault  or  menace  a  magistrate,  and  "^^^istrates. 
be  duly  convicted  thereof,  he  shall  be  fined  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  fact,  and  be  committed  to  the  house  of  correc- 
tion, at  hard  labour,  for  one  month  after  conviction. 

25.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  Assaxiitsoa 
that  if  any  servant  assault  or  menace  his  or  her  master  or  '^^*^^'^^- 
mistress,  he  shall  be  punished  at  the  discretion  of  two  justices 

of  the  peace,  so  it  be  suitable  to  the  nature  of  the  offence. 

26.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  Assault  and 
that  any  person  convicted  of  an  assault  or  battery  committed    *  "^' 
by  him  on  another  person,  he  shall  be  reputed  a  breaker  of 

the  peace,  and  shall  be  punished  according  to  the  nature  and 
circumstance  of  the  fact. 

27.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  Giving  or  ao- 
that  whosoever  shall  challencre  another  person  to  fiwht,  he  "^p^'^s* 

o  1  o      '  challenge. 

that  challengeth,  and  he  that  accepteth  the  challenge,  shall, 
for  every  such  offence,  pay  five  pounds,  or  suffer  three  months' 
imprisonment  in  the  house  of  correction,  at  hard  labour. 

28.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  Against 
that  whosoever  shall  introduce  into  this  province,  or  frequent  r^^^^n^** 
such  rude  and  riotous  sports  and  practices,  as  prizes,  stage-  riotous 
plays,  masks,  revels,  bull-baits,  cockfighting,  with  such  like,  ^^°^^^' 
being  convicted  thereof,  shall  be  reputed  and  fined  as  breakers 

of  the  peace,  and  suffer  at  least  ten  days'  imprisonment  at 
hard  labour,  in  the  house  of  correction,  or  forfeit  twenty 
shillings. 

20.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  oambiing, 
that  if  any  person  be  convicted  of  playing  at  cards,  dice,  '' 

lotteries,  or  such  like  enticing,  vain,  and  evil  sports  and 
games,  such  persons  shall,  for  every  such  offence,  pay  five 

79  3  0 


626 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1682. 


Seditious 

■writings. 


Speaking  dis- 
respectfully 
of  magis- 
trates. 


Slander. 
Spreaders  of 
false  news. 


Scolding  and 
railing. 


Marriages 
encoiiraged. 


To  be  pub- 
lished. 
How  to  be 
celebrated. 


sliillings,  or  suffer  five  days'  imprisonment  at  hard  labour,  in 
the  house  of  correction,  &c. 

30.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  if  any  person  shall  speak,  write,  or  act  any  thing  tending 
to  sedition  or  disturbance  of  the  peace,  and  be  duly  convicted 
thereof,  the  party  so  offending  shall,  for  every  such  offence, 
be  fined  according  to  the  nature  and  circumstance  of  the  fact, 
provided  it  be  not  less  than  twenty  shillings. 

31.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  if  any  person  speak  slightingly,  or  carry  themselves 
abusively  against  any  magistrate,  or  person  in  office,  being 
duly  convicted  thereof,  shall,  for  every  such  offence,  suffer 
according  to  the  quality  of  the  magistrate,  and  nature  of  the 
offence,  always  provided  it  be  not  less  than  twenty  shillings, 
or  ten  days'  imprisonment  at  hard  labour,  in  the  house  of 
correction. 

32.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  all  scandalous  and  malicious  reporters,  defamers,  and 
spreaders  of  false  news,  whether  against  magistrates  or  pri- 
vate persons,  being  duly  convicted  thereof,  shall  be  accord- 
ingly severely  punished,  as  enemies  to  the  peace  and  concord 
of  the  province. 

33.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  if  any  person  shall  be  clamorous,  scolding,  or  railing 
with  their  tongues,  upon  complaint,  and  full  proof  thereof, 
before  a  justice  of  the  peace,  the  said  justice  shall,  for  every 
such  offence,  commit  such  person  to  the  house  of  correction, 
and  there  remain  three  days  at  hard  labour. 

34.  "  And  to  prevent  clandestine,  loose,  and  unseemly  pro- 
ceedings about  marriage,  be  it  enacted,  by  the  authority 
aforesaid,  that  all  marriages  not  forbidden  by  the  law  of  God, 
shall  be  encouraged,  but  the  parents  or  guardians  shall  be 
first  consulted,  and  the  parties'  clearness  of  all  other  engage- 
ments assured  by  a  certificate  from  credible  persons ;  and  the 
marriage  shall  be  published  before  it  be  solemnized,  and  it 
shall  be  solemnized  by  taking  and  owning  one  another  as 
husband  and  wife,  before  sufficient  witnesses,  and  a  certificate 
of  the  whole,  under  the  hands  of  parties  and  witnesses,  shall 
be  brought  to  the  proper  register  of  the  county  where  they 
are  married,  and  shall  be  registered  in  his  office. 

35.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  no  person,  be  it  either  widower  or  widow,  shall  contract 


CHARLES  II.  627 

marriage,  much  less  marry,  under  one  year  after  the  decease    1682. 
of  his  wife  or  her  husband.  '    '~^ 

36.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 

that  if  any  person  shall  fall  into  decay  and  poverty,  and  be  Provision  for 
unable  to  maintain  themselves  and  children,  with  their  honest  orp^^g^. ''"'* 
endeavour,  or  who  shall  die  and  leave  poor  orphans,  that  upon 
complaint  to  the  next  justices  of  the  peace  of  the  same  county, 
the  said  justices,  finding  the  complaint  to  be  true,  shall  make 
provision  for  them,  in  such  way  as  they  shall  see  convenient, 
till  the  next  county  court,  and  that  then  care  be  taken  for 
their  comfortable  subsistence. 

37.  "And  to  prevent  exaction  in  public  houses,  be  it  fur-  Price  of  beer 
ther  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  that  all  strong  beer, 

and  ale  made  of  barley  malt,  shall  be  sold  for  not  above  two 
pennies  a  full  Winchester  quart ;  and  all  beer  made  of  mo- 
lasses shall  not  exceed  one  penny  a  quart. 

38.  "  And  to  prevent  fraud  in  measure,  and  to  reduce  all  weights  and 
foreisrn  measures  here  to  the  Endish  standard,  be  it  further  ™''^"""^  ^* 

o  o  '  _      in  Ka?lana. 

enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  that  the  measures  of  this . 
province  shall  be  according  to  the  standard  of  weights  and 
measures  in  England,  that  is  to  say,  a  bushel  shall  contain 
eight  gallons,  according  to  the  Winchester  measure,  and  all 
weights  to  be  avoirdupois,  which  hath  sixteen  ounces  to  the 
pound,  within  three  months  after  the  first  session  of  this 
assembly. 

39.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  Licenses  for 
that  no  person  presume  to  keep  an  ordinary  without  a  license  prlceTfo'r 
first  obtained  of  the  governor ;  and  to  the  end  that  all  travel-  meais,  u. 
lers,  and  such  as  are  not  housekeepers,  may  be  'reasonably 
accommodated,  in  places  where  ordinaries  now  are,  or  shall 

be  hereafter  erected,  no  such  keeper  of  such  ordinary  shall 
demand  above  six  pennies  a  meal  by  the  head,  which  meal 
shall  consist  of  beef  or  pork,  or  such  like  produce  of  the  coun- 
try, and  small-beer ;  and  of  a  footman  he  shall  not  demand 
above  twopence  per  night  for  his  bed ;  and  of  a  horseman 
nothing,  he  paying  six  pennies  a  night  for  his  horse's  hay. 

40.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  Days  and 
that  the  days  of  the  week,  and  the  months  of  the  year,  shall  ^l^^l^l '" 
be  called  as  in  Scripture,  and  not  by  heathen  names,  (as  are 
vulgarly  used,)  as,  the  first,  second,  and  third  days  of  the 

week ;  and  first,  second,  and  third  months  of  the  year,  &c., 


628  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.    beginning  with  the  day  called  Sunday,  and  the  month  called 
"—^^^    March. 

41.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid. 
Courts  of  to  the  end  that  justice  may  be  faithfully  and  openly  done, 
lated!*  ^*'^"'  according  to  law,  that  all  courts  of  justice  shall  be  open,  and 

justice  shall  not  be  sold,  denied,  nor  delayed ;  and  in  every 
county  there  shall  be  one  court  erected,  to  which  the  inhabit- 
ants thereof  may  every  month  repair  for  justice,  and  in  case 
any  person  shall  hold  himself  aggrieved  by  the  sentence  of  the 
said  county  court,  that  such  persons  may  appeal  to  the  pro- 
vincial court,  which  shall  sit  quarterly,  and  consist  of  not 
less  than  five  judges,  the  appellant  giving  security  for  the 
charges  of  the  suit ;  and  no  further  appeal  to  be  admitted 
till  the  appellant  deposit  in  court  the  sum  he  is  condemned 
to  pay,  and  give  security,  in  case  he  be  cast  by  the  last  juris- 
diction, which  shall  be  the  provincial  council. 

42.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid. 
Parties  may  that  in  all  courts,  all  persons,  of  all  persuasions,  may  freely 
thlmseiiTea    ^pps^i"?  i^  their  owu  Way,  and  according  to  their  own  manner, 

and  there  personally  plead  their  own  cause  themselves,  or  if 
unable,  by  their  friends,  and  the  first  process  shall  be  the  ex- 
hibition of  the  complaint  in  court,  fourteen  days  before  the 
trial,  and  that  the  defendant  be  prepared  for  his  defence,  he 
or  she  shall  be  summoned,  no  less  than  ten  days  before,  and 
a  copy  of  the  complaint  delivered  him  or  her,  at  his  or  her 
dwelling-house,  to  answer  unto ;  but  before  the  complaint  of 
any  person  shall  be  received,  he  or  she  shall  solemnly  declare 
in  open  court,  that  he  or  she  believes,  in  his  or  her  conscience, 
his  or  her  cause  is  just;  and  if  the  party  complained  against 
shall,  notwithstanding,  refuse  to  appear,  the  plaintiff  shall 
have  judgment  against  the  defendant  by  default. 

43.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
Avitnesses  to  that  there  shall  be  two  credible  witnesses  in  all  cases,  in  order 
truth."        *°  judgment,  and  all  witnesses  coming  or  called  to  testify 

their  knowledge  in  or  to  any  matter  or  thing,  in  any  court, 
or  before  any  lawful  authority  within  the  said  province,  shall 
there  give  or  deliver  in  their  evidence  or  testimony,  by  so- 
lemnl}^  promising  to  speak  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and 
nothing  but  the  truth,  to  the  matter  or  thing  in  question ; 
False  wit-  and  in  case  any  person  so  called  to  evidence,  shall  afterwards 
punished.  ^^  convictcd  of  wilful  falsehood,  such  person  shall  suffer  and 
undergo  such  damage  or  penalty  as  the  person  or  persons 


CHARLES  II.  629 

against  whom  he  or  she  bore  false  witness,  did  or  should  un-  1682. 
dergo,  and  shall  also  make  satisfaction  to  the  party  wronged,  " — ' — ' 
and  be  publicly  exposed  for  a  false  witness,  never  to  be 
credited  again  in  any  court,  or  before  any  magistrate  in  the 
said  province ;  and  whosoever  shall  be  convicted  of  lying  in 
conversation,  shall,  for  every  such^  offence,  pay  half  a  crown, 
or  suffer  three  days'  imprisonment  in  the  house  of  correction, 
at  hard  labour. 

44.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  Records ta 
that  all  pleading  processes  and  records  in  court,  shall  be  short,  ''.';  '"^  ^°s- 
and  in  English,  and  in  an  ordinary  and  plain  character,  that 

they  may  be  easily  read  and  understood,  and  justice  speedily 
administered. 

45.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  Juries, 
that  all  trials  in  civil  cases  shall  be  by  twelve  men,  and  as 
near  as  may  be,  peers  or  equals,  and  of  the  neighbourhood, 

and  men  without  just  exception ;  and  in  criminal  matters  of 
life,  there  shall  be  first  twenty-four  returned  by  the  sheriff, 
for  a  grand  inquest,  of  whom  twelve  at  least  shall  find  the 
complaint  to  be  true,  and  then  forty-eight  shall  be  likewise 
returned  by  the  sheriff,  of  whom  twelve  shall  have  the  final 
judgment,  but  reasonable  challenges  shall  be  always  admitted, 
against  any  or  all  of  them. 

46.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  Fines mode- 
that  all  fines  shall  be  moderate,  saving  contenemeuts,  mer-  ^^^^' 
chandise,  or  wainage,  which  is  to  say,  the  furniture  of  their 
calling  and  means  of  livelihood. 

47.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  fpb and 
that  all  fees  and  salaries  in  all  cases,  shall  be  moderate  and  ^'*'^''y '^'"^ 

'  to  be  hung 

limited  by  the  governor  and  assembly,  and  be  hung  up  in  a  up. 
table  in  every  respective  court ;  and  whosoever  shall  be  con- 
victed of  taking  more,  shall  pay  twofold,  and  be  dismissed 
his  employment,  one  moiety  of  which  shall  go  to  the  party 
wronged.  And  that  all  persons  convicted  of  bribery  and  ex- 
tortion shall  forfeit  double  the  same. 

48.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  Debtors  and 
for  avoiding  of  numerous  suits,  if  two  men,  dealing  together,  creditors. 
be  indebted  to  each  other  upon  bills,  bonds,  bargains,  or  the 

like,  provided  they  be  of  equal  truth  and  clearness,  the  de- 
fendant shall,  in  his  answer,  acknowledge  the  debt  which  the 
plaintiff  demandeth,  and  defaulk  what  the  plaintiff  owes  to 
him  upon  the  like  clearness. 

3o2 


630 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 


1682. 


Arrest  of 
persons 
leaying  the 
proTince. 


Obserrance 
of  contracts. 


Charters, 
grants,  &c. 
to  be  regis- 
tered or  en- 
rolled. 


Force  of 
■wills  in 
cases  of 
lands. 


Testators  to 
be  compos 
mentis. 


Intestate's 
estates. 


49.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  tbe  authority  aforesaid, 
that  if  in  case  any  man  arrest  another  going  out  of  the  pro- 
vince, he  shall  be  ready  with  his  declaration  and  evidence  the 
next  day,  and  shall  put  in  security  to  pay  the  charges  and 
damages  sustained  by  the  party  arrested,  if  he  shall  be  found 
in  the  wrong. 

50.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  all  bargains,  promises,  and  agreements,  about  buying  and 
selling,  being  made  appear  by  sufficient  evidence,  shall  stand 
good  and  firm,  and  such  as  shall  violate  the  same,  he  or  she 
shall,  for  every  such  offence,  pay  twice  the  value  to  the  party 
wronged. 

51.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
to  prevent  frauds  and  vexatious  suits  within  the  said  province, 
all  charters,  gifts,  grants,  and  conveyances  of  land,  (except 
leases  for  a  year  or  under,)  and  all  bills,  bonds,  and  special- 
ties above  five  pounds,  and  not  under  three  months,  made  in 
the  said  province,  shall  be  enrolled  or  registered  in  the  pub- 
lic enrolment-office  of  the  said  province,  within  the  space  of 
two  months  next  after  the  making  thereof,  else  to  be  void  ia 
law ;  and  all  deeds,  grants,  and  conveyances  of  land,  (except 
as  aforesaid,)  within  the  said  province,  and  made  out  of  the 
said  province,  shall  be  enrolled  or  registered  as  aforesaid, 
within  six  months  next  after  the  making  thereof,  and  settling 
and  constituting  an  enrolment-office  or  registry  within  the 
said  province,  else  to  be  void  in  law  against  all  persons  what- 
soever ;  and  in  case  the  deeds  of  purchase  in  England,  made 
of  lands  in  this  province,  should  be  lost  by  the  way,  and  so 
cannot  be  registered,  copies  of  the  deeds,  attested  by  a  pub- 
lic notary,  shall  be  of  equal  force  therein. 

52.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  all  wills  in  writing,  attested  by  two  sufficient  witnesses, 
shall  be  of  the  same  force  as  to  land,  as  other  conveyances, 
being  legally  proved  within  forty  days,  either  within  or  with- 
out the  said  province. 

53.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  the  will  of  no  person  shall  be  of  force  that  is  not  in  his 
or  her  right  mind,  and  usual  understanding,  at  the  making 
thereof. 

54.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  the  estates  of  intestates  shall  go  to  the  wife  and  to  the 
children,  and  if  no  wife  be  living  at  the  time  of  death,  all  the 


CHARLES  II.  631 

estate  shall  go  to  the  children,  and  if  no  children,  one-third     1682. 
to  the  governor,  and  two-thirds  to  the  next  of  kin.  '    '    ' 

55.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 

that  there  shall  be  a  registry  for  births,  marriages,  burials,  Registers  of 
wills,  the  names  of  executors,  and  guardians,  and  trustees,  '^''^'^^' ''''• 
and  letters  of  administration,  distinct  from  the  other  registry. 

56.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  Respecting 
that  servants  shall  not  be  kept  longer  than  their  time,  and  ^®'^^^*^'  *°- 
such  as  are  careful  shall  be  both  justly  and  kindly  used  in 

their  service,  and  put  in  fitting  equipage  at  the  expiration 
thereof,  according  to  custom ;  and  such  as  run  away  and  serve 
not  their  time,  when  caught  shall  serve  twice  the  time  he  or 
she  was  absent,  and  pay  the  charges,  or  serve  out  the  value 
after  their  time  is  expired ;  and  if  any  master  abuse  his  ser- 
vant, on  complaint  to  the  next  justice  of  the  peace,  he  shall 
take  care  to  redress  the  said  grievance. 

57.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  To  be  regis- 
that  there  shall  be  a  registry  for  all  servants,  where  their 
names,  time,  wages,  and  days  of  freedom  or  payment,  shall 

be  registered. 

58.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  Against  un- 
that  all  factors  or  correspondents  in  this  province,  wronging 
their  employers,  shall  make  satisfaction,  and  one-third  over, 
to  their  said  employers ;  and  in  case  of  the  death  of  any  such 

factor  or  correspondent,  the  committee  of  trade  shall  take 
care  to  secure  so  much  of  the  deceased  party's  estates  as  be- 
longs to  his  said  respective  employers. 

59.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  Defacing  ia- 
that  all  defacers  or   corruptors  of   charters,  gifts,  grants,  ^''■^™«'^'^- 
bonds,  bills,  wills,  contracts,  or  conveyances,  or  that  shall 
deface  or  falsify  any  enrolment,  registry,  or  record,  within 

this  province,  shall  make  double  satisfaction  for  the  same, 
half  whereof  shall  go  to  the  party  wronged,  and  they  shall 
be  dismissed  of  all  places  of  trust,  and  be  publicly  disgraced 
as  false  persons. 

60.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  Lands  and 
that  all  lands  and  goods  shall  be  liable  to  pay  debts,  except  f°°j',"f '^ 
where  there  be  legal  issue,  and  then  all  goods,  and  one-half 

of  the  land  only,  in  case  the  land  was  bought  before  the 
debts  yifeve  contracted. 

61.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  Bail  to  be 
that  all  prisoners  shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient  sureties,  un- 


faithful fac- 
tors. 


632  WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

1682.     less  in  capital  offences,  where  the  proof  is  evident,  or  the  pre- 
'    ■'~^     sumption  great ;  and  every  quarter  of  a  year  there  shall  be 

a  jail  delivery  in  every  county,  •where  imprisonment  is  not  the 

punishment. 

62.  «  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
Prisons  to  be  that  all  prisons  shall  be  workhouses  for  felons,  thieves,  va- 
workhouses.  gj-g^jj^g^  ^-^^  loosc,  abusivc,  and  idle  persons,  whereof  one  shall 

be  in  every  county. 

63.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
Prisoners  to  that  jailcrs  shall  not  oppress  their  prisoners,  and  that  all  pri- 
weu  treated,  g^j^g  gj^^H  bc  frcc  as  to  room,  and  all  prisoners  shall  have 

liberty  to  provide  themselves  bedding,  food,  and  other  neces- 
saries, during  their  imprisonment,  except  such  whose  punish- 
Faiseimpri-  mcnt  by  law  will  not  admit  of  that  liberty.  And  be  it  further 
Bomnent.  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  that  any  person  wrong- 
fully imprisoned  shall  have  double  damages  against  the  in- 
former or  prosecutor. 

64.  "And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
Explanation  that  as  in  divcrs  laws  the  penalty  of  the  offences  is  thus  ex- 

of  penalties.  i        -.i  ,     •  r>  j.    •        j.*  r 

pressed,  either  a  certain  sum  oi  money,  or  certain  time  oi 
imprisonment  at  hard  labour,  in  the  house  of  correction,  it 
shall  be  left  to  the  choice  of  the  civil  magistrate  which  of  the 
punishments  he  will  inflict  upon  the  person  so  offending. 
That  whosoever  shall  know  any  of  the  aforementioned  offences, 
Informers,  and  inform  the  civil  magistrate  thereof,  shall  have  one-third 
of  the  fine,  and  if  any  one  shall  conceal  such  person,  he  or 
she  shall  pay  half  the  fine  due  from  the  guilty  person. 

65.  "And  to  the  end  that  it  may  be  known  who  those  are 
TThoare       that  in  this  province  and  territory  thereunto  belonging,  have 
entitild't'cr    I'ig^t  of  freemen,  to  choose  or  be  chosen,  and  with  the  pro- 
Tote,  &c.       prietary  and  governor,  make  and  enact  laws,  that  every  inha- 
bitant of  the  said  province  and  territories  annexed,  that  is  or 
shall  be  a  purchaser  of  one  hundred  acres  of  land,  and  hath 
seated  the  same,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  and  every  person  who 
shall  have  paid  his  passage,  and  taken  up  one  hundred  acres 
of  land,  at  one  penny  an  acre,  and  hath  seated  the  same ; 
and  every  person  that  hath  been  a  servant  or  bondsman,  and 
is  free  by  services,  that  shall  have  taken  up  his  fifty  acres  of 
land,  and  seated  the  same ;  and  every  inhabitant,  artificer,  or 
other  resident  in  the  said  province,  that  pay  scot  and  lot  to 
the  governor,  shall  be  deemed  and  accounted  a  freeman  of 
this  province  and  territory  thereof,  and  such  only  shall  have 


CHARLES  II.  633 

right  of  election,  or  being  elected  to  any  service  in  the  go-    1682. 
vernment  thereof.     Provided  also,  and  be  it  further  enacted,     '    '    ' 
by  the  authority  aforesaid,  that  all  persons  holding  any  office 
in  this  province,  or  the  territories  thereunto  belonging,  or  Proviso: 
that  hath  or  shall  have  right  to  choose  or  be  chosen  members  subscribe  a 
in  assembly,  shall  be  such  as  shall  first  subscribe  this  follow-  declaration. 
ing  declaration :  'I,  A.  B.,  do  hereby  freely  acknowledge, 
and  solemnly  declare  and  promise  fidelity  and  lawful  obe- 
dience to  William  Penn,  son  and  heir  of  Sir  William  Penn, 
deceased,  and  his  heirs  and  assigns,  as  rightful  proprietary 
and  governor  of  the  same,  according  to  the  king's  letters- 
patent,  and  deeds  of  grant  and  feofi'ment,  from  James,  duke 
of  York  and  Albany,  &c. ;  and  that  I  will  never  act  nor  do, 
by  word  or  deed,  directly  or  indirectly,  any  thing,  nor  con- 
sent to,  nor  conceal  any  person  or  thing  whatsoever,  to  the 
breach  of  this  solemn  engagement.     In  witness  of  which,  I 

have  hereunto  set  my  hand,  this  — —  day  of ,  in  the 

year .     A.  B.' 

66.  "And  that  all  elections  may  not  be  corruptly  managed,  Purity  of 
upon  which  the  present  and  future  good  of  the  province  so  «i<='="°'i^- 
much  depends,  that  all  elections  of  members  or  representatives 

of  the  people  and  freemen  of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania 
and  territories  annexed,  to  serve  in  the  assembly  thereof, 
shall  be  free  and  voluntary,  and  that  the  elector  that  shall 
receive  any  reward  or  gift  in  meat,  drink,  moneys,  or  other- 
wise, shall  forfeit  his  right  to  elect  such ;  and  such  persons 
as  shall  give,  promise,  or  bestow  any  such  reward  as  afore- 
said, to  be  elected,  shall  forfeit  his  election,  and  be  thereby 
incapable  to  serve  as  aforesaid.  And  the  assembly  shall  be 
sole  judges  of  the  regularity  or  irregularity  of  the  elections 
of  the  members  thereof. 

67.  "And  that  the  people  may  be  fully  secured  in  the  en-  No  taxes  or 
joyment  of  their  property,  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  Reraised 
authority  aforesaid,  that  no  money  or  goods  shall  be  raised  but  by  law. 
upon  or  paid  by  any  of  the  people  of  this  province  and  terri- 
tories annexed,  by  way  of  a  public  tax,  custom,  or  contribu- 
tion, but  by  a  law  for  that  purpose,  made  by  the  government 

and  freemen  of  the  said  province  and  territory  thereof;  and 
whosoever  shall  levy,  collect,  receive,  or  pay  any  money  or 
goods  contrary  thereunto,  shall  be  held  and  punished  as  a 
public  enemy  to  the  province,  and  a  betrayer  of  the  liberty 


634 

1682. 


laws  to  be 
published 
and  printed, 
and  taught 
in  schools. 


Other  mat- 
ters to  be 
fixed  by  the 
governor 
and  free- 
men. 


Penn's  visit 
to  Lord  Bal- 
timore. 


Penn's 
treaty  at  the 
£lm  Tree. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

of  the  people ;  and  that  no  public  tax  at  any  time  shall  con- 
tinue longer  than  the  space  of  one  "whole  year. 

68.  «  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  the  laws  of  this  province,  from  time  to  time,  shall  be 
published  and  printed,  that  every  person  may  have  the  know- 
ledge thereof ;  and  that  they  shall  be  one  of  the  books  taught 
in  the  schools  of  this  province  and  territory  thereof. 

69.  "  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  all  other  matters  and  things  not  herein  provided  for, 
which  shall  and  may  concern  the  public  good,  justice,  peace, 
and  safety  of  the  said  province,  and  the  raising  and  imposing 
taxes,  customs,  duties,  or  other  charges  whatsoever,  shall  be, 
and  are  hereby  referred  to  the  order,  prudence,  and  deter- 
mination of  the  governor  and  freemen  of  the  said  province, 
from  time  to  time."^ 

After  the  meeting  of  the  assembly,  at  Chester,  Penn  set 
out  on  the  11th ;  at  West  Kiver,  he  met  his  lordship,  attended 
suitable  to  his  character,  "  who  took  occasion,  by  his  civili- 
ties, to  show  him  the  greatness  of  his  power."  The  next  day 
he  had  a  conference  respecting  the  bounds,  "  at  the  same  ta- 
ble with  our  respective  members  of  council."  Penn  presented 
to  Lord  Baltimore  "the  king's  letter,"  on  the  subject  of  the 
boundaries,  in  which  Lord  Baltimore  said  the  king  was  mis- 
taken. The  conference  only  resulted  in  an  appointment  to 
meet  again  in  the  spring.^ 

Tradition,  as  well  as  historians,  poets,  and  painters,  have 
informed  us,  that  about  this  period,  a  treaty  between  William 
Penn  and  the  Indians  was  held  at  Shackamaxon.  Great  dif- 
ference of  opinion  has  existed  as  to  the  object  of  it,  some 
asserting  that  it  was  for  the  purchase  of  lands,  and  others 
that  it  was  intended  as  a  league  of  friendship  between  the 
parties.  If  it  had  been  for  the  purchase  of  lands,  they  say 
we  should  have  some  recorded  memorials  of  it,  or  if  a  treaty 
at  all,  the  written  narrative  of  it  would  have  descended  to 
us,  as  in  other  cases  of  a  similar  nature ;  hence,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  both,  the  conclusion  has  been  arrived  at  by  some, 
that  no  such  treaty  or  conference  did  take  place.  The  His- 
torical Society,  desirous  that  so  interesting  an  event,  and  one 
which  has  gained  for  our  founder  so  much  celebrity  and  praise, 


>  These  laws  are  recorded   in  an  old  book  in  Secretary's  office  at  Hairis- 
burg,  and  also  transcribed  on  a  long  roll  of  parchment. 
2  Penn's  Letter  to  Lords  of  Plantations. 


CHARLES  11,  635 

should  no  longer  remain  in  doubt,  several  years  since  ap-  1682. 
pointed  a  committee^  to  collect  all  the  facts,  and  investigate  "  •  ' 
the  subject  as  far  as  at  this  late  period  could  be  done.  The  re- 
sult of  their  labours  was  a  very  able  report,  taking  a  view  of  Penn'a 
the  whole  ground,  and  embracing  almost  all  that  has  been  ''^'^*^^*y- 
said  or  written  on  the  subject.  It  is  printed  in  the  Society's 
Memoirs,  vol.  iii.  part  2,  page  143,  to  which  we  refer  those 
who  are  desirous  of  information  respecting  it.  It  shows  con- 
clusively and  satisfactorily,  as  the  author  thinks,  that  such  a 
treaty  or  conference  did  take  place,  probably  in  November, 
1682,  at  Shackamaxon,  under  the  Great  Elm  Tree,  which 
was  blown  down  in  1810,  the  position  of  which  is  now  desig- 
nated by  a  marble  obelisk,  erected  by  the  Penn  Society.  The 
treaty  was  probably  made,  according  to  the  committee,  with 
the  Lenni  Lenape  or  Delaware  tribes,  and  some  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna Indians ;  that  it  was  "  a  treaty  of  amity  and 
friendship,"  and  perhaps  confirmatory  of  one  made  previously 
by  Markham.  In  the  concluding  language  of  the  report, 
therefore,  "  we  hope  that  the  memory  of  the  Great  Treaty, 
and  of  our  illustrious  founder,  will  remain  engraved  on  the 
memory  of  our  children,  and  children's  children,  to  the  end 
of  time." 

We  would  refer  also  to  vol.  i.  of  Clarkson's  Life  of  Penn, 
who  enters  largely  into  the  subject,  giving  even  the  speeches 
made,  and  a  description  of  Penn's  dress.  He  says  that  the 
blue  sash  worn  by  Penn  at  the  time,  was,  when  he  wrote,  still 
in  existence.  Also  to  Memoirs  by  John  F.  Watson,  in  same 
vol.  of  Memoirs,  p.  129 ;  and  another  by  Roberts  Vaux,  in 
vol.  i.  page  79 ;  also  to  the  Histories  of  Proud  and  Gordon, 
and  Watson's  Annals.  Although  much  of  fancy  may  be 
found  in  some  of  these,  they  serve  to  show  the  interest  taken 
by  all  writers  in  the  event.  Voltaire  says,  that  this  is  "  the 
only  treaty  which  was  never  sworn  to,  and  never  broken." 
West  has  immortalized  it  with  his  pencil. 

Captain  Brockholls,  in  a  letter  of  this  date,  to  Sir  John  Dec.  28. 
Werden,  says,  "  I  received  yours  of  24th  August  past,  the  captaia 
4th  December,  but  too  late  to  assist  or  serve  William  Penn  i5^«<^khoii8's 

'         _  ^  _  letter  to  Sir 

in  giving  possession  of  what  his  royal  highness  has  been  johnwer- 
pleased  to  grant  him ;  being  before  possessed  thereof  by  the  f„\^''o^ 
persons  empowered  in  the  body  of  the  deeds,  which  Mr.  Penn,  Penn  being 
having  since  been  here,  hath  shown  and  recorded ;  am  ready  ^°  t^rtorri^ 

•  P.  S.  Duponceau  and  J.  Francis  Fisher.  tones. 


636 

1682. 


Dec.  31. 

Penn  in- 
structs the 
court  re- 
specting 
lands. 
Townships 
to  be  laid  off. 


A  ship  of 
550  tons  ar- 
rives, with 
350  passen- 
gers.    Get 
ashore. 
Kindness  of 
Indians  to 
them. 


WILLIAM  PENN,  PROPRIETARY  AND  GOVERNOR. 

to  obey  all  his  royal  highness's  commands,  and  serve  his  in- 
terests, but  fear  what  is  left  of  liis  province  not  able  to  defray 
the  charge."^ 

Penn  commissions,  under  his  hand  and  seal,  the  justices 
of  the  peace  of  Kent  and  other  counties,  ordering  and  ap- 
pointing them,  in  open  court,  to  receive  all  petitions  from 
persons  wanting  to  take  up  lands  amongst  them ;  to  grant 
warrants  to  the  surveyor  to  measure  the  same ;  not  to  exceed 
300  acres  to  a  master  of  a  family,  nor  100  to  a  single  person, 
at  one  single  penny  per  acre,  or  value  thereof  in  the  produce 
of  the  country,  which  done,  surveyor  to  make  his  return  into 
my  secretary's  office.  All  lands  formerly  granted,  and  not 
taken  up  and  settled  within  the  time  limited  by  the  methods 
of  your  own  court,  shall  be  accounted  vacant  lands.  All 
persons,  for  the  future,  that  shall  have  grants,  shall  be  limited 
to  seat  in  a  year,  else  the  grants  to  be  void.  Endeavour  to 
seat  the  lands  by  way  of  townships,  as  3000  acres  among  ten 
families ;  if  single  persons,  1000  acres  among  ten  of  them, 
laid  out  in  a  long  square,  five  or  ten  of  a  side,  and  a  way  of 
200  feet  broad  left  between  them,  for  a  highway,  in  the  town- 
ship, for  the  future  good  and  great  benefit  of  the  country.^ 

"  A  large  ship  of  550  tons  burden  arrived  in  West  Jersey, 
which  got  aground  in  Delaware  Bay,  where,  after  laying  eight 
days,  by  a  favourable  wind  and  tide,  got  off,  and  landed  her 
passengers,  being  360,  between  Philadelphia  and  Burlington, 
on  the  Jersey  shore.  Their  provisions  being  nigh  gone,  they 
sent  ten  miles,  to  an  Indian  town  near  Rancocas  Creek,  for 
Indian  corn  and  pease.  The  king  of  this  tribe  being  there, 
treated  them  kindly,  and  directed  such  Indians  as  had  pro- 
visions to  bring  them  in  next  morning,  who  accordingly 
brought  plenty,  which  being  delivered  and  put  in  bags,  the 
messengers  took  leave  of  the  king,  who  kindly  ordered  some 
of  the  Indians  to  carry  these  bags  for  them  to  their  canoes."^ 

Having  completed  the  first  part  of  our  plan,  by  tracing  the 
settlements  on  the  Delaware  from  their  commencement,  and 
placed  William  Penn  in  full  possession  of  his  territory  and 
government,  we  here  close  our  volume,  and  are  now  pre- 
pared to  enter  upon  the  details  of  our  future  history. 

1  New  York  Records,  in  Breviat. 

2  Kent  County  Records.     New  Castle  Records,  in  Breviat. 

3  Smith's  New  Jersey,  p.  150. 


APPENDIX. 


[No.  1.] 

Since  printing  the  instructions  from  William  Penn  to  his  commissioners,  on  page  531,  we 
have  received  from  the  Land-Office,  at  Harrisburg,  through  the  kindness  of  Col.  Grain,  the  fol- 
lowing commission  and  instructions  to  other  commissioners,  of  a  later  date,  partly  for  the  same 
purpose.  It  wiU  be  observed  that  they  refer  to  instructions  dated  14th  October,  1681,  which  we 
have  not  yet  been  able  to  find ;  being  only  about  two  weeks  later,  they  probably  did  not  vary 
much  from  those  on  page  631,  if  indeed  the  same,  dated  September  30,  1681,  be  not  referred  to. 
It  will  be  observed,  likewise,  that  in  the  present  instance,  the  name  of  William  Haige  is  added 
to  the  others. 

"William  Penn,  proprietary  and  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  greeting,  to  his  trusty  and  well- 
beloved  friends,  William  Crispin,  William  Haige,  John  Bezer,  and  Nathaniel  Allen : — These  are 
to  authorize  and  appoint  you  my  commissioners,  in  my  name  fully  and  effectually  to  act  whatever 
may  be  requisite  for  settling  the  present  colony  embarked  this  autumn  at  London  and  Bristol, 
for  Pennsylvania,  and  all  other  adventurers,  with  respect  to  the  survey  and  allotment  of  every 
man  his  share,  according  to  the  catalogue  of  purchasers,  and  the  instnictions  that  are  herewith 
given  to  you ;  for  all  which,  this  shall  be  your  sufiBcient  warrant  and  authority.  G  iven  under 
my  hand  and  seal,  at  London,  in  the  kingdom  of  England,  this  five  and  twentieth  day  of  October, 
in  the  year  of  our  Lord,  according  to  the  EngUsh  account,  one  thousand  six  hundred  eighty  and 
one.  AViLLiAM  Penn.     [l.  s.] 

"  The  present  duty  of  the  commissioners  is  to  lay  out  ten  thousand  acres  for  a  town,  in  which 
the  purchaser  or  purchasers  of  every  five  thousand  acres  shall  have  one  hundred  acres ;  and  that 
the  town  shares  be  laid  out  together,  according  to  this  catalogue,  and  the  contiguousness  of  the 
counties  of  the  purchasers  belong  to.  And  I  do  further  order,  that  the  last  part  of  this  town  be 
laid  out  for  the  present  purchasers;  and  for  the  rest,  I  refer  to  my  instructions  dated  the  14th  of 
October,  1681.  William  Penn."^ 


[No.  2.] 

The  following  is  the  list  referred  to  in  the  directions  of  William  Penn  to  Philip  Ford,  on 
page  5T6,  and  which  immediately  follows  them.  We  copy  it  from  a  paper  in  the  Land-Office, 
endorsed  "List  of  Purchasers,  22d  March,  1682,  (left  by  Isaac  Brown,)  with  order  to  Philip 
Ford."  This  date  evidently  ought  to  be  22d  May,  or  third  month,  (0.  S.)  Holme  was  not  ap- 
pointed till  April. 

"An  account  of  the  lands  in  Pennsylvania  granted  by  William  Penn,  Esq.,  chief  proprietary 
and  governor  of  that  province,  to  several  purchasers  within  the  kingdom  of  England,  Ireland, 
and  Scotland,  &c. 

[3.] 

Edward  Jefferson 1,500 

Thomas  Scot 500 

John  Goodson 500 

John  Beckly 250 

Daniel  Quare 250 

John  Stringfellow 250 

Kichard  Townsend 250 

Caleb  Pusey 250 

John  Hicks 250 

Edward  Blake " 250 

William  Moore 500 

Henry  Sleighton 250 

John'Pusev 250 

Tliomas  Virgo 500 

Thomas  Burbary 250 


Philip  Ford 5,000 

Thomas  Rudyard 2,000 

The  same 2,000 

Harbert  ijpringet 1,500 

10,500 
[2.] 

James  Claypoole 5,000 

John  Moore,  Joseph  Moore 1,000 

Sabian  Cole 1,000 

Thomas  Baker .-. 1,000 

Humphrey  South 1,000 

Samuel  Jobson 1,000 


10,000 

1  From  the  Kecord  in  Book  AA,  page  109. 

3  II  637 


638 


APPENDIX. 


John  Allington 250 

Richard  Jordan 250 

Samuel  Benet 250 

Thomas  Cobb 250 

John  Tibbey 250 

Elizabeth  Shorter 250 

Amos  Nickols 250 

John  Barber 250 

Jonathan  Stanmore 250 

John  Spencer 125 

Mark  Keywton 125 

Edward  Crow 250 

William  Boswell 500 

Edward  Simkins 250 


9,500 


[*•] 


Thomas  Famborrow 5,000 

Hugh  Chamberlaine 5,000 


[5.] 


10,000 


Nicholas  Moore 10,000 


[6.] 

William  Bowman 5,000 

Griffith  Jones 5,000 


[7.] 


10,000 


William  Kent 1,250 

Benjamin  East 1,250 

Charles  Bathurst 1,250 

John  Toovey 1,250 

William  Philip,  Joseph  his  son 1,250 

Nathaniel  Harding... .500)   .  -.  f.^.^. 

WilUam  Carter SOOJ  ^^ ^'""" 

Francis  Hamson 250) 

John  Car\-er 500J   

John  Swift 500  )  ..  qqq 

William  Lawrence 500  J  ' 


,750 


[S.] 


9,000 


*Robert  Dimsdale. ....".. ..5,000  1  ^  .„„ 

«nugh  Lambert 2,500  J  ''^"" 

Thomas  Rudyard 1,000  I  ,  ,.„ 

Harbert  Springet 500  J  ^'°'^" 

William  Busel 1,000 


[9.] 


10,000 


William  Markham 5,000 

Henry  Waddy 750 

John  Day 1,250 

Francis  Plumsted 2,500 

William  Haige 500 


[10.] 


10,000 


George  Fox 1,250 

Alexander  Parker 1,000 

Robert  Lodge 500 

John  Buryeat 500 

Thomas  Zachary 500 

James  Parks 500 

Thomas  Longhom 250 

Thomas  Lawson 250 


Christopher  Taylor 5,000 

A.  B 250 


William  Bacon. 


[11.] 


10,000 
.10,000 


[12.] 

Nathaniel  AUen 2,000 

John  Hartt. 1,000 

Henry  Comley 500 

William  Smith , 500 

James  Wallis 1,000 

Richard  Coslet 1,000 

Edmond  Benet 1,000 

William  Smith  Mariner 1,000 

Margaret  Martindel 1,000 

John  Love 1,000 


[13.] 


10,000 


Charles  Marshall 1,000 

Charles  Jones )  „  „„„ 

Charles  Jones,  jun.  J  ^'""" 

Robert  Vickris...  \  „  ... 

Richard  Vickris.  J  "^'""^ 

.John  Moon 500 

AVilliam  Brown 1,000 

Charch  Harford 1,000 

Richard  Sneed 1,500 

John  Jones 1  -.  .,. 

Michael  Jones...  j  ^'""" 


[14.] 


10,000 


Richard  Marsh 5,000 

The  same 5,000 


[15.] 


10,000 


Thomas  Callowhill 5,000 

The  same 500 

Nathaniel  Evans 600 

Thomas  Pagget 500 

Thomas  Paschall 500 

Joan  Dickson 500 

.James  Petre 500 

John  Jennet» 500 

Roger  Drew 500 

Edward  Erberry 500 

AVilliam  Lane 500 


[16.] 


10,000 


Edward  Martindel 1,000 

Philip  Th.  Lehnman 1,000 

Arnold  Brown ] 

WiUiamCole I   .qq^ 

^ I 

N J 

Peter  Young 500 

Thomas  Bailej' 250 

Joel  Jelson 250 

John  Bristow 500 

Thomas  Priggs 500 

George  Keith 500 

A.  B 500 

10,000 


APPENDIX. 


639 


[17.] 

George  Powell 500 

John  Clare 500 

John  Hill 500 

Christopher  Forford 500 

William  Beaks 1,000 

Samuel  Allen 2,000 

Walter  King 1,000 

John  Passons  and  Abram  Hooper 500 

Thomas  Plaice 250 

Richard  Mills 250 

William  AUoway 250 

Francis  Harford 250 

John  Wall  and  John  Wallis 250 

John  Coats 1,000 

Richard  Collins 1,250 


[18.] 


10,000 


George  White 2,500 

John  Sansom..]  kaq 

John  May J   

George  Green 2,000 

Francis  Smith 5,000 


[19.] 


10,000 


JohnBarljer 2,500 

Thomas  Rowland 2,500 

Thomas  Adams 1,250 

John  Songhurst.  )  i  259 

John  Burns J  ' 

Thomas  Banks 1,250 

William  Wade 1,250 


[20.] 


10,000 


JohnWillard 1,250 

Priscilla  Sheppard 500 

Sarah  Barsnet 500 

Israel  Branch 500 

Elizabeth  Sims 500 

Thomas  Brown 1,250 

Walter  Martin 500 

Thomas  Harriot 2,500 

The  same 2,500 


10,000 

[21.] 

Thomas  Dell 500 

John  Penington 1,250 

William  Penington 1,250 

Edward  Penington 1,250 

Mary  Penington 1,250 

Thomas  i;ilwood 500 

Thomas  Cobourn 600 

Alexander  Beardsly 500 

John  Price 500 

William  Pardo 1,250 

Francis  Fincher 1,250 

10,000 
[22.] 

Charles  Lloyd |  .  qqq 

Margaret  Davis  ....J    ' 

Richard  Davis 5,000 


10,000 


[23.] 

WiUiam  Jenkins 1,000 

John  Poyer 750 

William  Mordant 500 

John  Burge 750 

John  Bevin 750 

William  PoweU * 1.250 

Lewis  Davis 3,000 

Morris  Lenholme 500 

Thomas  Simons ; 500 

John  Bevin 2,000 

Edward  Prichard 2,500 


[24] 


13,500 


WiUiam  Bringley 500 

Anne  Olive 500 

John  Hart 1,000 

Joseph  Richards .'. 500 

Joshua  Hastings 1,000 

Robert  Adams 500 

John  Harper 500 

Richard  Hands 1,000 

John  Hewes 500 

William  CeciU 250 

Edwards  Walter 250 

Thomas  Serey 500 

Edward  Beti-ice 2,000 

Thomas  Minchin 500 

John  March 1,000 


[25.] 


10,000 


John  Ap  John....)  ^^^^ 

John  Winn J  ' 

l  5,000 


John  Thomas 
Evan  Jones 


[26.] 


10,000 


.500 


.500 


00 


.500 


Ralph  Withers 500 

John  Bezer 1,000 

John  Clerk 500 

Isaac  Self ) 

Edward  Guy J    

Edward  Luff. ) 

John  Luff. 5    

Richard  True ) 

Richard  True,  jun..J    

John  Brothers ) 

Robert  Sergei )    

Edward  Bezor 500 

Anthony  Elton 500 

Edward  Brown 500 

Daniel  Smith 500 

John  Harding 500 

.John  Gibbon 500 

WiUiam  Smith 1,250 

Samuel  Noise 500 

Thomas  Sagar  and  Susannah  Daily 500 

John  Buckley 250 

WiUiam  Withers 500 


[27.] 


10,000 


George  Andrews 250 

WiUiam  Sute 500 

Francis  Smith 500 

Ann  Crawley 500 


640 


APPENDIX. 


Robert  Summers 500 

Robert  Stephens 500 

Thomas  Gerish 500 

WiUiam  Clouds 500 

Oliver  Cope 500 

Enoch  Flower 2,000 

John  Retye,  (9th  of  7th  month,  1681) 250 

John  Bunts 250 

John  Kinsman 500 

William  Hitchcock 500 

AVilliam  Bezer 250 

Thomas  Hatt 500 

James  Hill 500 

Thomas  Haywood 250 

A.  B 1,250 


10,000 


[28.] 


John  Boy 1,000 

Jane  May 250 

Edward  Edwards 250 

Robert  France 250 

Philip  Runing 250 

William  Bayly 500 

llenry  Bernard 250 

John  CoUet 500 

Nathaniel  Pask 250 

William  Neale 250 

Edward  Jefferies,  (22d  October,  1681) 500 

William  Isaac,  (20th  March,  1681) 500 

Daniel  Smith 2,000 

Edward  Blardman 1,000 

Edward  Bayly 250 

A.  B 1,000 


1,000 


.5,000 


.5,000 


[29.] 

William  Lowther > 

Margaret  Lowther J    

John  Lowther > 

Charles  Lowther J 

[30.] 
WiUiam  Crispin....)  , 

Silas  Crispin J    ' 

Benjamin  Chambers 1,000 

James  Hunt 1,000 

John  Chambers 500 

Henry  Green 500 

Peter  Bland 500 

Samuel  Fox 1,500 


10,000 


000 


[31.] 


10,000 


Lawrence  Growden 5,000 

Joseph  Growden 5,000 


[32.] 


10,000 


William  Penn,  jun....)  10  000 

Lsetitia  Penn j  ' 


[33.] 

Joseph  Martin 5,000 

James  Lyell 5,000 

10,000 


[34] 

George  Whitehead 5,000 

William  Gibson 5,000 

Richard  Webb 1,000 

Leonard  Fell 250 

Richard  Richardson 250 

Nathaniel  Bromley 2,000 

John  Reynolds 1,000 

WiUiam  Tanner 500 

John  Tanner 500 

Joseph  Tanner 500 

Robert  Greenway 1,500 

Francis  Bourough 1,000 

Edward  West 1,000 


[35.] 


10,500 


Richard  Gunton  sold  to  Rich.  Haslegrove.. 1,000 

Basilion  Foster 1.000 

Dugel  Garmel 1,650 

John  West 1,250 

Ralph  Kinsey 125 

Thomas  Powell 250 

Ralph  Ward 125 

Philip  Alford 125 

Samuel  Atkinson 125 

Gilbert  Mace 500 

James  Boyden 1,000 

Richard  Wooler 500 

Isaac  Martin 500 

Nehemiah  MitcheU 250 

Francis  Dove 500 

Edward  Samway 500 

William  Wiggins 500 

A.  B 150 


[36.] 


10,000 


The  Society  of  Traders 10,000 


[37.] 
The  same  Society  of  Traders 10,000 

[38.] 

Thomas  EUwood  et  ux 1,000 

Henry  Child 500  ]  .  ^„^ 

Amy  Child 500/    ' 

Henry  Child 500 

Thomas  Saunders 500 

John  Kison 500 

Richard  Heming 250 

Robert  Jones 500 

John  Geary 500 

Henry  Geary 500 

John  King 1,000 

Henry  Paxton 500 

Henry  Palling 1,000 

John  Martin 500 

Richard  Baker 1,000 

WiUiam  Ashby 500 

Robert  Dunton 500 

Thomas  WooL^e 250 


[39.] 


10,500 


Samuel  Carpenter 5,000 

Abraham  Pask 1,250 

Richard  Amor  and  William  Amor 250 

WiUiam  Bryon  and  John  Wisdom 500 


APPENDIX. 


641 


Richard  Worrell 500 

Robert  Knight 2,500 

10,000 
[40.] 

Thomas  Rowland 1,000 

Robert  Taylor 1,000 

William  Taylor  and  Peter  Taylor 1,250 

George  Glean 125 

John  Edge 125 

Randal  Maylin 250 

Thomas  Venion 025 

Robert  Vernon 625 

Thomas  MinshaU 625 

Thomas  Powell 500 

Randall  Croxtou 250 

Allen  Robinet 250 

Henry  Maddock....]  ^     .. 

James  Kenuerly....}  l.olU 

John  Sharpless , 1,000 

JohuNeild 250 

10,000 
[41.] 

Joseph  Powell 250 

Jane  Lownds 150 

John  Worrell 250 

Thomas  Cross 250 

George  Pownol 1,000 

Matthew  Grange 100 

Shadrach  Wally 250 

John  Nickson 500 

Shadrach  Welch 500 

John  Clow; 1,000 

.John  Pcirce 250 

William  Charly 500 

William  Bostock 500 

Joseph  Hall 500 

.Tames  Duke 250 

.John  Hoskins 250 

Thomas  Kinsley 250 

John  Brook 1,000 

Charles  Pickering 1,000 

.John  Brown 250 

Peter  Worrel  and  Joshua  AVorrel 500 

Thomas  Buckley  and  Samuel  Buckley 500 

10,000 
[42.] 

Thomas  Brassey  5,000 

John  Simcock 5,000 

10,000 
[43.] 

John  Alsop 1,000 

Thomas  Wooldridge 1,000 

Josiah  Ellis 1,000 

William  Yeardley ,...500 

John  Hitchcock  and  Thomas  Barret 875 

Bartholomew  Coppock 250 

Joseph  Milner  and  Daniel  Milner 250 

Richard  Crosby 1,000 

Joseph  Ketlemore 125 

Peter  Leicester 125 

Bartholomew  Coppock 500 

George  Simcock 500 

John  Simcock 2,875 


10,000 


[44.] 

James  Harrison 5,000 

Cutbert  Hurst 500 

Henry  Bayly 1,500 

John  Shears 1,000 

Thomas  Crosdel 1,000 

Nicholas  Wain 1,000 

10,000 
[45.] 

Robert  Turner 5,000 

Joseph  Fisher 5,000 

10,000 
[46.] 

George  Rogers 2,500 

Francis  Rogers 2,500 

Samuel  Claridge 5,000 

10,000 
[47.] 

Thomas  Holms 5,000 

George  Shore 5,000 

10,000 
[48.] 

William  Sherlow 5,000 

John  Blunston 1,500 

Michael  Blunston 500 

Luke  Hank 500 

Thomas  Whitley 500 

Joshua  Fenn 500 

Edmond  Cartlidge 250 

Joseph  Potter 250 

George  Wood 1.000 

Thomas  Worth 250 

John  Oldham 250 

Samuel  Bradshaw 500 


11,000 

[49.] 

Solomon  Richards') 

Arthur  PaiTin I  ,  „„„ 

Ti      -V-  r 5,000 

John  rvapper ' 

John  Dennison J 

Sarah  Fuller 1,000 

Elizabeth  Lovet 250 

.Tohn  Rowland 1,250 

Edward  Buckman )  oAn 

Thomas  Buckman J   ''* 

Henry  Killingbeck 1,000 

JohnBish 1,000 

A.  B 200 


10,000 

[50.J 

James  Dihvorth 1,000 

Robert  Halgate 250 

John  Burchal 500 

Thomas  Morris 500 

Edward  West 1,000 

Daniel  Midlecut 4  00 

.John  Jones 500 

Roger  Beck 500 

Richard  Hunt 500 

John  Suiobers 500 

Robert  Turner 1,000 

3h2 


642 


APPENDIX. 


William  Lloyd 2,000 

A.  B 350 

10,000 
[51. 

William  Stanley 5,000 

Thomas  Philips 1,000 

Eichard  Pierce 1,000 

James  Craven 1,000 

Samuel  Tavemier 1,000 

Thomas  Pierce 1,000 

10,000 

[52.] 

William  Clerk 500 

Sarah  Woolman 250 

George  Palmer 5,000 

Allen  Foster 1,100 

John  Stevens 250 

John  Mason 1,000 

Richard  Thatcher 1,000 

A.  B 900 

10,000 
[53.] 
Edward  Stubbard 5,000 


A,  B.  (Fuller) 5,000 

10,000 
[54.] 

C.  D.  (John  Gee) 5,000 

E.  F 5,000 

10,000 
[55.] 

G.  H 5,000 

J.  K 5,000 

10,000 
[56.] 
L.  M 5,000 

[57.] 

Isaac  Gelius 5,000 

Peter  Dalbo 500 

John  Barns 500 

John  Songhurst 250 

John  Snashold 500 

Jane  Bachelour 250 

Thomas  Parsons...  )  ,/>„ 

Richard  Parsons...  J  

7,500 


[No.  3.] 

Through  the  kindness  of  John  Cadwalader,  Esq.,  the  author  is  enabled  to  add  to  the  certificate 
of  the  drawing  of  city  lots,  on  page  595,  a  detailed  list,  with  the  names  and  numbers  so  drawn, 
on  the  19th  September,  1682,  from  a  certified  copy  in  the  Land-Ofiice. 


"  Second  Street  Lots,  from  the  River, 


1.  Sir  WUHam  Petty. 

2.  John  AUsop. 

3.  Sarah  Fuller. 

4.  Thomas  Rowland. 

5.  James  Claypoole. 

6.  William  Isaak. 

7.  WiUiam  Penn,  jun. 

8.  William  Crispin. 

9.  George  Evans. 

10.  Edward  Martindale. 

11.  WiUiam  Bingley. 

12.  John  Body. 

13.  Lawrence  Growden. 

14.  WiUiam  Lanther. 

15.  Thomas  CaUowhiU. 

16.  William  Jenkins. 

17.  George  PoweU. 

18.  George  "White. 


19.  George  Whitehead. 

20.  WiUiam  Bowman. 

21.  John  Sinkok. 

22.  George  Andrews. 

23.  Richard  Marsh. 

24.  Thomas  Elwood. 

25.  Thomas  Femburgh. 

26.  Edmund  Jefferson. 

27.  Thomas  Powell. 

28.  WiUiam  Shadloe. 

29.  Samuel  Claradge. 

30.  Thomas  Bracey. 

31.  John  Ap  John. 

32.  Charles  Marshall. 

33.  Benjamin  East. 

34.  WiUiam  Markham. 
85.  PhiHp  Ford. 

36.  Solomon  Richards. 


as  drawn  by  lot  : 

37.  Robert  Turner. 

38.  Society. 

39.  Society. 

40.  Joseph  PoweU. 

41.  Charles  Lloyd. 

42.  John  Barber. 

43.  Thomas  Holmes. 

44.  Nicholas  More. 

45.  William  Penn,  P. 

46.  Joseph  Martin. 

47.  John  WiUard. 

48.  Thomas  DeU. 

49.  Nathaniel  AUen. 

50.  Robert  DimsaU. 

51.  WiUiam  Bacon. 

52.  Ralph  "«'ithers. 
63.  Richard  Amer. 
54.  George  Fox. 


"  These  lots  were  drawn  before  us,  this  19th  of  7th  month,  1682. — WiUiam  Markham,  Thomas 
Holme,  WiUiam  Haig,  GriflSth  Jones. 

"  Broad  Street  Lots  : 


1.  Charles  Marshall. 

2.  James  Claypoole. 

3.  Thomas  CaUowhiU. 

4.  Robert  Turner. 

6.  Sir  William  Petty. 

6.  Sarah  FuUer. 

7.  AVUliam  Crispin. 

8.  George  Evans. 

9.  Society. 
10.  Society. 


11.  John  Allsop. 

12.  WiUiam  Jenkins. 

13.  Richard  Amer. 

14.  Benjamin  East. 

15.  Thomas  Rowland. 

16.  George  Andrews. 

17.  Thomas  Fernburg. 

18.  John  Barber. 

19.  William  Bingley. 

20.  John  Boay. 


21.  William  Lanther. 

22.  WiUiam  Penn,  jun. 

23.  WiUiam  Isaak. 

24.  WiUiam  Markham. 

25.  John  Ap  John. 

26.  Solomon  Richards. 

27.  Joseph  Martin. 

28.  John  WiUard. 

29.  Thomas  EUwood. 

30.  George  White. 


APPENDIX. 


643 


31.  Charles  Lloyd. 

32.  Thomas  Dell. 

33.  Ralph  Withers. 

34.  George  Whitehead. 

35.  William  Penn,  P. 

36.  Thomas  Holmes. 

37.  Robert  Dinsdale. 

38.  Lawrence  Growden. 


"Broad  Street  Lots:  [continued) 

39.  Joseph  Powell. 

40.  Samuel  Claradge. 

41.  Richard  Marsh. 

42.  Edward  Martindale. 

43.  Edward  Joiferson. 

44.  John  Simkok. 

45.  Nathaniel  Allen. 

46.  Nicholas  More. 


"These  lots  were  drawn  before  us,  this  19th  of  7th  month,  1682.- 
Holme,  William  Haig,  Griffith  Jones. 


1.  John  Simcock. 

2.  Samuel  Claradge. 

3.  Edward  Jefferson. 

4.  William  Markham. 
6.  Nicholas  More. 

6.  William  Penn,  jun. 

7.  William  Crispin. 

8.  Joseph  Martin. 

9.  William  Isaak. 

10.  William  Eacon. 

11.  Thomas  CaUowhill. 

12.  William  Shardloe. 

13.  George  Fox. 

14.  Thomas  Holmes. 

15.  Thomas  Fernbm'g. 

16.  Thomas  PoweU. 

17.  John  Ap  John. 

18.  Sarah  PuUer. 


"Fourth  Street  Lots  : 

19.  William  Bowman. 

20.  Thomas  Rowland. 

21.  Solomon  Richards. 

22.  Robert  Dimsdale. 

23.  Robert  Turner. 

24.  John  Bai-ber. 

25.  Charles  Marshall. 

26.  Charles  Lloyd. 

27.  William  Jenkins. 

28.  Nathaniel  Allen. 

29.  Thomas  Elwood. 

30.  Edward  Martindale. 

31.  John  Alls  op. 

32.  John  Willard. 

33.  George  Whitehead. 

34.  Richard  Amor. 

35.  Benjamin  East. 

36.  Philip  Ford. 


"  These  lots  were  drawn  before  us,  this  19th  of  7th  month,  1682.- 
Holme,  WiUiam  Haig,  Griffith  Jones. 


47.  George  Fox. 

48.  Thomas  Powell. 

49.  Philip  Ford. 

50.  Thomas  Bracey. 

51.  George  Powell. 

52.  William  Bacon. 

53.  William  Shardloe. 

54.  William  Bowman. 

-William  Markham,  Thomas 


37.  Lawrence  Growden. 

38.  Richard  Marsh. 

39.  George  Evans. 

40.  William  Lanther. 

41.  George  White. 

42.  Thomas  Dell. 

43.  George  Andrews. 

44.  Thomas  Bracey. 

45.  George  Powell. 

46.  Joseph  PoweU. 

47.  Ralph  Withers. 

48.  Society. 

49.  Society. 

50.  William  Penn,  P. 

51.  WiUiam  Bingley. 
62.  James  Claypoole. 

53.  John  Boay. 

54.  Sir  WiUiam  Petty. 
-William  Markham,  Thomas 


"Back  Street  Lots  : 

19.  William  Jenkins. 

20.  George  Andrews. 

21.  Thomas  CaUowhiU. 

22.  Ralph  Withers. 

23.  Samuel  Claradge. 

24.  John  Simcock. 

25.  William  Crispin. 

26.  Edward  Jefferson. 

27.  Benjamin  East. 

28.  WiUiam  Penn,  P. 

29.  WUliam  Isaak. 

30.  George  Fox. 

31.  John  WiUard. 

32.  George  Whitehead. 

33.  Charles  MarshaU. 

34.  Lawrence  Growden. 

35.  George  Powell. 

36.  Thomas  Bracey. 
us,  this  19th  of  7th  month,  1682 


1.  George  White. 

2.  WiUiam  Bingley. 

3.  AVilliam  Markham. 

4.  Richard  Marsh. 

5.  Thomas  Rowland. 
C.  Solomon  Richards. 

7.  Robert  Dimsdale. 

8.  Robert  Turner. 

9.  Thomas  EUwood. 
10.  John  Ap  John. 
H.  Thomas  DeU. 

12.  Nathaniel  AUen. 

13.  Charles  Lloyd. 

14.  WiUiam  Bacon. 

15.  Joseph  PoweU. 

16.  Society. 

17.  Society. 

18.  Richard  Amor. 
"  These  lots  were  drawn  before 

Holme,  Griffith  Jones. 

"I  do  hereby  certify,  that  I  have  carefully  compared  the  foregoing  with  an  original  paper 
found  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Land-Office,  and  now  remaining  in  the  Surveyor- 
General's  Office,  on  which  there  is  the  following  endorsements,  'Original  lots  in  Pliiladelphia;' 
'Lots  of  the  four  streets;'  'No.  Twenty-one,  John  Hughes;'  'No.  Twenty-one,  Richard  Peters.* 
In  Icstimcmy  whereof,  I  have  liereunto  set  my  hand,  and  affixed  the  seal  of  the  Surveyor-Gene- 
ral's Office,  the  27th  day  of  December,  A.  d.  1845.     For  John  Laiiortc,  Surveyor-General. 

"  R.  M.  Ceain." 


37.  George  Evans. 

38.  James  Claypoole. 

39.  WiUiam  Shardloe. 

40.  Nicholas  Moore. 

41.  Thomas  Farnburg. 

42.  John  Barber. 

43.  Thomas  Holme. 

44.  WilUam  Bowman. 

45.  WiUiam  Penn,  jun. 

46.  John  Alsop. 

47.  Philip  Forde. 

48.  John  Boav. 

49.  Thomas  Powell. 

50.  Sir  WiUiam  Petty. 
61.  Sarah  FuUer. 

52.  WiUiam  Lanther. 

53.  Joseph  Martin. 

54.  Edward  Martindale. 
-William  Markham,  Thomas 


INDEX. 


Adams,  Thomaf?,  licensed  by  Maryland  to  trade 
with  Swedes,  147. 

-ffigedius,  Rev.,  arrives  from  Holland,  331. 

Allerton,  Isaac,  protests  against  Jacquett,  231. 

Alricks,  Jacob,  ajjpointed  director  of  New  Am- 
stel,  226.  Sails  for  New  Amsterdam,  227. 
Shipwrecked  at  Long  Island,  account  of,  230. 
Letters  from,  237,  253.  Describes  the  govern- 
ment and  improvements  of  New  Amstel. 
Number  of  houses  and  families,  239.  Com- 
plaints against,  239.  Complains  of  privation 
and  sickness ;  its  symptoms  and  mortality,  247. 
Complains  of  things,  253.  Great  distress,  254. 
Represents  matters  at  New  Amstel ;  Christina 
in  a  sad  condition,  240.  Apologizes  for  not 
treating  Stuyvesant  better,  244.  Ransoms 
Englishmen  from  savages,  246.  Loses  his 
wife,  250.  Writes  to  Peter  Stuyvesant  about 
purchase  of  AVhorekills,  255.  Sickness,  256. 
Writes  to  Peter  Stuyvesant  about  Maryland, 
257.  Colonel  Utie's  arrival  and  conduct,  260. 
Bad  situation,  260.  Detains  express,  265. 
Charged  with  fear,  265.  Informed  of  their 
an-ival  by  Krygier  and  Van  Ruyven,  with 
soldiers,  271.  He  sick,  271.  Censured  as 
cause  of  misfortunes,  273,  275.  Appoints 
D'llinoyossa  his  successor,  299.  Dies,  299. 
Character,  300.  Consequences  of  his  death, 
300.  A  convention  of  schcpens  on  his  af- 
fairs, 300.  Not  much  lamented,  300.  Tes- 
timony against  him,  301.  Inventory  taken, 
316.  Shameful  conduct  towra-ds,  317.  Books 
and  papers  to  be  sent  to  Ams^terdam,  337. 

Alricks,  Peter,  commander  at  Whorekills,  301. 
Despatched  to  governor  of  Maryland,  328. 
Has  special  license  to  trade,  333.  Estate  con- 
fiscated, 369.  License  granted  to  trade  at 
Whorekills,  369.  Appointed  a  counsellor,  371. 
Negroes  confiscated  restored,  372.  Appointed 
by  Colve,  sheriif  and  commander,  408.  Takes 
oath  of  allegiance,  and  required  to  take  it 
from  others,  408.  Authorized  to  enlist  sol- 
diers, 408.  Their  pay  and  rations,  408.  His 
instructions ;  religion  according  to  Sj'nod  of 
Dordrecht  to  be  preached,  and  nothing  con- 
trary to  it  by  other  sects;  Dutch  government 
to  be  made  palatable  to  Indians,  408. 

Altona,  Fort,  (late  Christina,  which  see,)  226, 
234.  Badly  g^irisoned,  240.  Beekman's  ac- 
count of  garrison  of,  296.  Provisions  scarce, 
313,  315,  318.  A  dnim  borrowed,  having 
none  fit  for  use,  307,  316.  Soldiers  without 
shirts,  310.  Other  wants,  310.  Meeting  at, 
to  negotiate  affairs  with  Indians,  328.  Diffi- 
culty about  grinding,  334.  Speak  of  disband- 
04i 


ing  soldiers,  336.  Several  families  persuaded 
to  move  from,  to  the  colony,  337.  Asks  for  a 
minister;  have  not  had  the  sacrament  for  two 
and  a  half  years;  several  to  be  baptized, 337. 
Badly  provided  with  powder  and  balls,  338. 
Sickness  and  want  of  provisions  at,  339,  340. 
Must  receive  bread-corn  from  Manhattan ; 
Three  Minqua  chiefs  arrive  at,  341.  Scarce 
of  ammunition,  348. 

Amsterdam,  merchants  of,  send  out  vessels  on 
discovery,  5.  Arrival  in  America,  5.  Privi- 
leges, 5.  Many  going  to  South  River  from, 
346. 

Andriessen,  Jan,  grant  of  land  to,  by  Dutch, 
87. 

Andross,  Sir  Edmund,  appointed  governor,  412. 
Arrives  at  New  York,  412.  Issues  proclama- 
tion, 413.  Reinstates  officers,  except  Ah-ieks, 
on  Delaware,  413.  Writes  to  governor  of 
Maryland  of  his  getting  possession,  413.  His 
proclamation,  414.  His  letter  to  CantweU, 
and  instructions,  415.  Remits  quit-rents  for 
first  year  on  new  lands,  416.  Expects  to  go 
to  Delaware,  416.  Writes  to  Gov.  Carteret 
respecting  murders,  and  to  prepare  horses  for 
his  visit  to  Delaware,  417.  Confirms  a  grant 
by  Lovelace,  419.  Purchases  land  from  In- 
dians below  the  Falls,  420.  OflTors  aid  to  go- 
vernor of  Marjdand,  421.  Various  grants  of 
land,  421,  423,  424.  Advises  Maryland  to 
peace,  426.  Instructions  respecting  courts  on 
Delaware,  427.  Petition  to,  from  New  Castle, 
431—435.  His  answer  to,  432—437.  Lands 
to  be  paid  for  to  the  Indians,  and  other  pur- 
chases made,  437.  Reply  to,  from  New  Cas- 
tle, 439.  Requires  land-holders  to  report,  and 
receive  patents,  441.  Directions  to  the  jus- 
tices, 441.  Directs  Upland  Court  to  buy  land 
from  Indians,  442.  AVrites  to  governor  of 
Maryland,  he  is  going  to  England,  -445.  Sends 
musket-balls  to  Billop ;  advice  to  justices  how 
to  act ;  appoints  BrockhoUs  his  deputy,  445. 
Grants  of  land  by,  446.  Returned  from  Eng- 
land ;  deputation  from  New  Castle,  456.  Re- 
vokes order  about  quit-rents,  457.  Other 
directions  about  lands,  457.  Reply  to  peti- 
tion of  the  court,  458.  Allows  a  minister,  458. 
Appoints  six  selectmen  for  Elseborg,  with 
help  of  a  justice  from  New  Castle,  to  form  a 
court,  459.  Appoints  justices  for  New  Cas- 
tle, 459.  Orders  purchase  from  Indians  of 
lands  below  the  Falls,  461.  Appoints  Philip 
Pocock,  surveyor,  461.  Instriicted  to  return 
to  England,  leaving  A.  Broekholls  deputy, 
472.  Notifies  justices,  481.  Levin's  arrival, 
481.  Gives  name  of  Deal  to  Whorekill,  483. 
Commissions  BrockhoUs,  485. 


INDEX. 


Apoquinimy  Creek,  meeting  at,  329.  The  place 
of  delivery  of  tobacco  from  Maryland,  329. 
Finns  at,  374.  Several  families  propose  set- 
tling there,  383.  Settling  rapidly,  394.  Grant 
of  land  at,  395. 

Appeals  from  courts  on  Delaware  to  New  York, 
479.  To  England ;  security  given  to  prose- 
cute, 479. 

Appleboom,  H.,  Swedish  agent,  protests  against 
Dutch,  210.  Action  on  by  States-General, 
210. 

Arasapha,  4.     (See  Delaware  River.) 

Arbitrations  recommended  by  Andross,  428. 

Arbitrators  appointed  between  New  England 
commissioners  and  Stuyvesant,  120.  Their 
award,  121. 

Aren,  ship,  arrival  with  Kysingh,  150. 

Aspinwall,  William,  sent  from  Boston  to  Dela- 
ware, 79.     How  treated,  79. 

Assault  and  battery,  curious  case  of,  311. 

Assembly  of  XIX.,  their  origin,  9.  Complain 
of  frauds,  &c.  in  trade  of  furs,  &c.,  49. 

Assembly,  notice  to  sheriffs  to  hold  election  for 
representatives,  603.  First  meeting,  607. 
Proceedings,  609.  Act  of  union,  petition  for, 
610.  Passed,  611.  Act  of  settlement,  615. 
The  Great  Law,  619. 

Attachment  on  goods  in  New  York;  goods  re- 
moved to  Delaware ;  released  by  court,  con- 
trary to  governor's  orders;  coui-t  to  make 
them  good,  375. 

Attorneys,  pleading,  rale  respecting,  438.  Oath 
taken  by,  439.     To  pay  crier  a  fee,  439. 

Augsburg  Confession  to  be  used  by  Swedes,  53, 
67. 

B. 

Baltimore,  Cecilius,  Lord,  obtains  a  grant  of 
Maryland,  29.  Abstract  of  it,  29.  AiTives 
in  Maryland,  257.  Directs  surveys  of  lands, 
257.  Orders  to  Colonel  Utie,  258.  Letter  to 
Dutch  commander  on  Delaware,  258.  Orders 
Captain  James  Neal  to  represent  his  claim  in 
Holland,  317.  Reply  of  Directors  to,  318. 
States-General  present  situation  of  the  colony 
in  England,  319.  Report  of  his  obtaining 
confirmation  of  his  patent,  327.  Commis- 
sioners to,  to  negotiate  peace,  328.  Meet  at 
Colonel  Utie's,  328.  Agents  oppose  Penn's 
petition,  476.  Disturbances  from,  expected 
at  Jones's,  524.  Penn  sends  messenger  to, 
605. 

Baptist  Church  formed  at  Cape  May,  423. 

Bayard,  Peter,  receives  grant  of  Bombay  Hook, 
423.     Buys  from  Indians,  463. 

Beaver  skins,  large  trade  in,  by  Swedes,  81. 
High  price  of,  108. 

Becker,  J.  Juriansen,  complained  against  for 
selling  liquors  to  soldiers  and  lads ;  bad  ef- 
fects of,  301.     Punished,  312. 

Beekman,  William,  appointed  commissary  and 
vice-director,  248.  His  salary,  oath,  and  in- 
structions, 248.  Authorized,  with  Alricks,  to 
purchase  lands  from  natives,  219.  Writes  to 
Peter  Stuyvesant  about  Colonel  Utie,  261,  262. 
Protest  against  Utie,  202—265.  Sends  sol- 
diers as  express  to  Peter  Stuyvesant,  265. 
Alricks  prevents,  265.     Charges  Alricks  and 


645 

D'Hinoyossa  with  fear,  265.  Stuyvesant's 
letter  to,  complaining  of  his  treatment  of 
Utie,  266.  Letter  to  Peter  Stuyvesant  in  self- 
justification,  275.  Describes  the  garrison  at 
Altona,  297.  Sickness  of,  298.  Applies  for 
a  situation  for  his  son,  301.  Various  extracts 
from  his  letters,  307,  308.  Writes  to  governor, 
&c.  of  Maryland,  to  return  deserters,  315. 
Asks  how  to  act  towards  English,  316.  Scarce 
of  provisions,  317.  Absent,  318.  Complains 
of  D'Hinoyossa's  conduct,  320.  A  sou  bom 
to  ;  wishes  to  have  him  baptized,  320.  A^rites 
of  murders  by  Indians,  320.  Predicts  that 
the  river  will  be  settled  by  English  and 
Swedes,  321.  Persons  from  Maryland  arrive, 
and  ask  if  he  would  give  up  fugitives ;  his 
cautious  replj',  322.  Required  to  act  as  sheriff, 
324.  Wishes  Swedes  and  Finns  to  marry 
Hollanders,  327.  D'Hinoyossa  refuses  to 
speak  to,  328.  DifBculty  about  the  colom's, 
328.  Negotiates  with  Maryland  for  peace,  328. 
Wants  supplies,  328.  Allows  mill  at  Turtle 
Falls;  soldiers  to  pay  no  grist;  great  diffi- 
culty about  grinding,  334.  Dispute  with 
D'Hinoyossa  about  jurisdiction,  <fec.,  334. 
Charges  against  D'Hinoyossa,  335.  Agrees 
to  arrest  soldiers  for  D'Hinoj'ossa,  336.  Van 
Sweringen's  conduct,  336.  Asks  for  a  minis- 
ter at  Altona,  to  baptize  the  children,  and  ad- 
minister the  sacrament,  which  they  have  not 
had  for  two  and  a  half  years,  337.  In^dted 
to  New  Amstel  on  account  of  threats  from 
Indians,  338.  Has  another  son;  twounbap- 
tized;  expects  a  minister,  338.  Writes  to 
Peter  Stuyvesantabout  Printzdorp,  339.  Also 
about  soldiers  for  D'Hinoyossa,  339.  Apolo- 
gizes for  charges  of  merchants,  339.  His  ac- 
count of  capture  and  execution  of  an  English 
runaway  servant,  340.  Willim's  account  of 
D'Hinoyossa's  sudden  departure  for  Mary- 
land, 341.  Orders  beavers  to  pay  for  wages, 
(fee,  341.  Further  charges  against  D'Hino- 
yossa, 342.  Writes  for  medicines  against 
small-pox,  343.  Land  granted  to,  by  Peter 
Stuyvesant,  346.  Asks  for  a  situation,  347. 
Entertains  Lord  Baltimore,  349.  Letter  from 
directors  on  transfer  of  colony,  352.  Writes 
to  Peter  Stuyvesant  for  an  office,  355,  356. 
Resigns  and  leaves  South  River,  359.  Ap- 
pointed sheriff,  359.  Dies,  360.  License  from 
governor  to  sell  his  estate  on  Delaware  con- 
firmed, 373. 

Bengtsen,  Andrew,  arrives,  219. 

Bengtsen,  Matthew,  under-sheriff,  &c.,  dies,  340. 

Berkley,  Lord,  grant  to,  of  New  Jersey,  360. 
SeUs  to  BiUinge,  404.  Grant  by  Duke,  of 
AVest  Jersey,  to  assignees  of,  457. 

Besk,  Captain  J.  Amundson,  grant  of  land  to, 
138.     Appointed  captain  of  the  navy,  141. 

Beversrede,  Fort,  on  Schuylkill,  erected,  77,  78. 
Swedes  build  before  it,  104.  Suffering  state 
of,  the  gari'ison  being  small,  104. 

Bible,  the  test  of  learning,  462. 

Bikker,  Gerrit,  commander  of  Fort  Casirair,  to 
be  apprehended  for  delivering  it  up,  169. 

Billinge,  Edward,  purchases  Lord  Berkley's  in- 
terest in  New  Jersey,  404.  Penn  arbitrates 
l)etwccn  Fenwick  and,  405. 

Billop,  Captain  Xerper,  sub-collector  of   cus- 


546 

toms,440.  Also,  commander,  441.  Complaints 
against,  for  misusing  the  fort,  451. 

Bishop  of  London  aslied  to  prepare  a  law  for 
Protestant  religion,  487. 

Blancke,  Captain  Juriaen,  arrives  on  Schuyl- 
kill with  vessel  for  Hudde,  ordered  away,  84. 
Order  from  Printz  to  depart,  86.  He  leaves, 
86. 

Block,  Captain  Adriaen,  sails  from  Amsterdam, 
6.    His  vessel  burned,  5.    Builds  another,  5. 

Block,  Hans,  appointed  a  counsellor,  371. 

Bloemmaert,  Samuel,  said  to  be  interested  with 
Godyn's  purchase,  24.  Associates  and  be- 
comes patroon,  25.  Purchase  on  east  side,  25. 

Bombay  Hook,  trade  interdicted,  333.  Grant 
of,  to  Peter  Bayard,  423.  Peter  Bayard  pur- 
chases from  Indians,  463.     The  deed,  463. 

Bones,  Hans,  land  granted  to,  369. 

Boston  merchants  send  expedition  to  Delaware 
to  discover  a  lake,  79.  How  treated  by  the 
Swedes,  79,  80.  Another  expedition  from; 
disastrous  results,  82. 

Beyer,  Alexander,  letter  informs  of  outrages  of 
Swedes  at  Schuylkill,  103.  Difficulty  with 
Lieutenant  Schute,  106. 

Breda,  treaty  of  peace  at,  concluded  between 
English  and  Dutch,  370. 

Brick  and  stone  made  in  NewAmstel,  209. 

Bridlington.     (See  Burlington.) 

Brinkloe,  John,  purchases  land  from  Indians, 
between  Jones's  and  Duck  Creek,  487. 

Britton,  Mary,  another  first-bom,  483. 

BrockhoUs,  Anthony,  commissioned  as  deputy 
by  Andross,  485.  Letter  to  court  about  clerk, 
601.  Letter  from,  to  justices,  515.  On  ex- 
pected disturbance  from  Maryland,  524.  Di- 
rections to  Harman  to  collect  quit-rents,  538. 
Laying  out  circle  at  New  Castle,  538.  Decla- 
ration to  justices  of  lower  counties,  of  transfer 
to  Penn,  605.  Letter  to  Werden  on  delivery 
of  territories  to  Penn,  635. 

Broadhead,  John  R.,  New  York  historical  agent 
to  Europe,  41.     Result  of  his  labours,  42. 

Broen,  Thomas,  settles  on  Schuylkill;  buildings 
pulled  down  by  Swedes,  103.  Purchase  of 
Mantes  Corner,  114.  Arrested  for  abuse  of 
Jacquett,  209. 

Brown,  Daniel,  sent  from  WTiorekiU  to  New 
York,  for  contempt  of  court,  397. 

Bucks  county  established,  605.  Early  settlers 
in,  448.  Grants  of  land,  468.  Oldest  deed  for 
land,  501. 

Buffiugton,  Pilchard,  said  to  be  the  first-bom  of 
English  parents  in  what  is  now  Pennsylva- 
nia, 468. 

Burlington  laid  out,  443.  John  Kinsey  dies, 
and  is  buried  there,  443.  First  ship  arrives 
at;  river  frozen  in  one  night,  461.  Sends  a 
vessel  to  Barbadoes,  and  thus  begins  the  fo- 
reign commerce  from  Delaware,  477.  Number 
of  marriages  at,  484.  Priends  con-espond 
with  London,  486.  First  acts  of  assembly 
passed  at,  535.     Made  a  port  of  entry,  537. 

c. 

Callicott,  Richard,  sent  on  voyage  of  discovery 
to  Delaware ;  obliged  by  Dutch  to  return  with 
loss,  80. 


INDEX. 


Calvert,  Governor  Philip,  meets  commissioners, 

329.  Letters  from,  329. 

Camden,  New  Jersey,  first  settlements  at,  526. 

Campanius,  Rev.  John,  (Hohn,)  arrives  with 
Printz,  69.  Consecrates  church  at  Tinnicum, 
69.  Account  of  his  voyage,  69.  Returns  to 
Sweden,  101.  His  passage,  101.  Sketch  of 
of  him;  Indian  translation  of  Catechism,  101. 
Dies,  102. 

CantweU,  Edmund,  high  sheriff  of  New  Castle 
and  Delaware,  to  have  land  cleared  for  Go- 
vernor Lovelace,  399.  To  take  up  strays,  and 
sell  them  for  his  royal  highness's  benefit,  400. 
Appointed  to  appraise  Tinnicum,  403.  Ap- 
pointed sheriff  and  receiver  of  quit-rents,  <fec., 
and,  with  Tom,  to  receive  the  fort  at  New 
Castle,  413.  Instructions,  413.  To  administer 
oath  to  officers,  414.  Inquire  for  colours,  414. 
Letter  from  Andross,  giving  further  orders, 
415.  Sends  express  to  governor  about  mur- 
ders, 417.  Informs  council  of  Fenwick's 
arrival,  421.  To  be  "  checked"  for  raising  an 
alarm,  425.     Fined  for  assault,  425. 

Cape  May  named,  5.  Baptists  settle  at,  and 
form  a  church,  423.     Henlopen  named,  5. 

Carleton,  Sir  Dudley,  instructed  by  England  to 
protest  against  Dutch  trade,  10.  His  protest, 
10.     The  result,  11. 

Caroli,  Laur,  or  Carels,  (see  Laers,)  proceedings 
in  court  of  New  Castle  stopped  in  New  York, 
425.  Grant  of  land,  448.  Complaint  against 
for  his  fence,  459. 

Carr,  Captain  John,  grant  of  land  to,  for  his 
good  conduct  in  taking  Delaware,  369.  An- 
other grant  to,  370.  Appointed  a  counsellor, 
371.  To  deliver  up  Tinnicum  to  Peter  AI- 
ricks,  373.  Censured  severely  by  Governor 
Lovelace,  for  not  doing  his  duty,  yet  receiving 
salary,  392.  Suit  against,  400.  Governor 
Lovelace's  letter  to,  on  Jones's  outrage  at 
WhorekiU,  401.  Estate  to  be  confiscated,  if 
he  do  not  submit  to  Dutch,  409.  House,  &c., 
sold  for  debt,  444. 

Carr,  Sir  Robert,  knight,  commissioned  by  King 
Charles,  with  Nicholls,  <tc.,  to  take  New 
Netherlands,  358.  Commissioned  to  proceed 
with  frigates  to  the  Delaware,  362.  His  in- 
structions, 363.  Arrives  there,  and  captures 
New  Amstel,  364.  Articles  of  capitulation, 
364.  Oath  taken,  365.  His  official  account 
of  his  operations,  365,  366.  Situation  of 
things,  366. 

Carteret,  Sir  George,  grant  to,  of  N.  Jersey,  360. 

Carteret,  Philip,  governor  of  New  Jersey,  ar- 
rives, 369.  To  inquire  about  murders,  and 
prepare  horses  for  Andross,  417.  Authorizes 
purchase  of  lands  from  Indians,  465. 

Cartier,  Jacques,  engineer  and  surveyor,  227. 

Cartwright,  Geo.,  commissioned,  with  NichoUs, 
&c.,  to  take  New  Netherlands,  358. 

Cai-ver,  Mary,  a  first-bom,  599. 

Casimir,  Fort.     (See  Fort  Casimir.) 

Cecilius  obtains  renewal  of  patent  to  his  father, 

330.  Arrived,  330.    Arrives  at  New  Amstel, 
349. 

Census  taken,  442,  444,  446. 
Certificates  of  the  conduct  of  the  Swedes,  105. 
Charles  Gustavus  passes  ordinance  respecting 
tobacco,  laying  duty;  reason  assigned,  173, 


INDEX. 


Charles,  king  of  England,  grant  to  Sir  Edmund 
Plowden,  36. 

Charles  II.  of  England,  grants  to  James,  duke 
of  York,  &c..  New  England,  New  York, 
Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  <tc. ;  commissions 
Colonel  K.  NichoUs,  Carr,  &c.,  to  visit  the 
colonies,  &c.,  356 — 358. 

Charles's  River,  (see  Delaware  River,)  4. 

Charter  granted  to  Dutch  West  India  Company, 
8.  Summary  of,  9.  Of  Swedish  "West  India 
Company,  16. 

Chester  named;  circumstances  attending,  605. 
Memorial  from  inhabitants,  representing  im- 
possibility of  electing  the  required  number 
of  representatives  to  assembly,  603.  Mem- 
bers named,  604.  County  established,  605. 
Court,  first  entry,  525. 

Chichester.     (See  Marcus  Hook.) 

Christians  charged  with  murder  of  savages,  301. 

Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  bom,  21.  Gives 
Tinnicum  to  Governor  Printz,  76.  Assumes 
government,  82.     Abdicates,  155. 

Churcli  consecrated  at  Tinnicum,  and  burial,  89. 

Churches,  only  three,  41T.  Governor  Andross 
and  court  give  directions  about  them,  417. 
Friends'  meeting  at  Salem,  422.  Baptist,  at 
Cape  May,  423.  Churchwardens  appointed 
by  the  court,  438.  Wiccacoa  built,  438.  Af- 
fairs referred  by  court  to  John  MoU  and  Al- 
ricks,  454.  Requires  repair ;  to  be  done  by 
tax,  458.  To  be  repaired  at  expense  of  mem- 
bers, 467. 

Claes,  Abbe,  renders  an  account  for  services, 
236. 

Clapboards  to  be  shipped,  316. 

Claypoole,  James,  extracts  from  his  letter-book, 
showing  the  progress  of  Penn  in  England, 
520,  521,  522,  534,  537,  540,  554,  658,  579, 
580.  His  son  goes  with  Holmes,  557.  Chosen 
treasurer  of  society ;  going  to  Pennsylvania, 
576,  579,  580,  595. 

Cock,  Lacey,  account  of  expenses  of  Indians  and 
justices,  440. 

Cock,  Laurence,  conveys  land  at  Shackamexing, 
460. 

Cock,  Peter,  appointed  a  counsellor,  371.  Grant 
of  land  confirmed  by  Governor  Lovelace,  377. 

Cogswell,  Robert,  captain,  sails  from  New  Ha- 
ven ;  Kieft's  protest  against  him,  58. 

Coinclisse  punished  for  wounding  a  soldier,  by 
sending  him  to  South  River  with  blacks,  49. 

Collier,  John,  appointed  commander  on  Dela- 
ware, 425.  His  instructions,  426.  Also,  sub- 
collector  and  receiver,  426.  To  go  to  Mary- 
land respecting  war  with  Indians,  426.  Other 
duties,  426. 

Colony,  Dutch,  under  Swedish  protection,  about 
to  be  settled  below  Christina,  by  Hockhammer 
&  Co.;  extensive  grant  and  privileges  to 
them,  52. 

Colve,  Anthony,  appointed  governor  of  Dela- 
ware by  the  Dutcfi,  405.  His  commission,  406. 
Appoints  Peter  Alricks  sheriff  and  comman- 
der, 408.  His  instructions,  408.  Provides  for 
BufiFerers  by  Maryland,  410.  Petition  of  fab- 
ricius  to,  411. 

Commerce,  college  of,  to  instruct  Printz,  142. 
Various  privileges  for  settlement  of  country 
granted  by,  145. 


047 

Commissioners  from  Manhattan  an-ive  at  South 
River;  visit  Governor  Printz;  uneourteous 
reception  by  Huygens  and  Pappegoj-a ;  their 
protest  against  occupation  of  Schuylkill,  the 
sale  of  which  is  sanctioned  by  the  Indians, 
102.  Appointed  to  take  New  Netherlands, 
358.  Appoint  Sir  R.  Carr  to  proceed  with, 
frigates  to  Delaware,  362.  His  commission, 
362.    Instnictions,  363. 

Company  formed,  and  privileges  granted  for 
their  discoveries,  6.  Dutch  West  India,  char- 
tered, 9.  Another  formed,  55.  Virginia,  send 
an  expedition  to  the  Delaware,  under  Captain 
Jones,  10. 

Complaints  of  grievances  between  Dutch  and 
Swedes,  123. 

Confiscation  of  estates  of  those  opposed  to  Eng- 
land, 369,  370,  372.  Some  negroes  restored, 
372.  A  general  act  of,  passed  by  the  Dutch, 
409. 

Connecticut,  English  from,  attempt  to  take  Fort 
Nassau,  40. 

Conningsmark,  the  Long  Finn ;  recital  of  his 
crime  ;  order  to  arrest,  375  ;  with  Henry  Cole- 
man, 375;  in  irons,  376.  Letter  from  gover- 
nor, 376.  Printz's  daughter  and  Little  Domine 
concerned.  377.  Debate  in  council,  378.  Sen- 
tence of,  378.  Court  to  try  him,  379.  Sent 
to  Barbadoes,  379. 

Conscience,  liberty  of,  67,  407.  Established  by 
the  Great  Law,  619. 

Constable,  another  appointed  between  Schuyl- 
kill and  Neshaminy,  480. 

Convict  sentenced  to  New  Sweden,  138. 

Cooper,  John,  returns  from  Delaware  and  re- 
ports, 176. 

Comelis,  Cape,  named,  5. 

Corn-mill  erected  at  Turtle  Falls,  334. 

Corn,  prohibition  against  export  of,  removed, 
394. 

CorneUssen,  Isaac,  complains  his  son  is  insane; 
court  order  a  block-house  built  for  him,  452. 

Corssen,  Arent,  commissary  of  Fort  Nassau,  35. 
Purchases  from  Indians  the  Schuylkill ;  deed 
for  it,  35.  Drowned,  84.  Person  applies  to 
marry  his  widow,  95. 

Cortiaenssen,  Captain  Hendrick,  sails  from  Am- 
sterdam, 5.     AiTives,  5. 

Counties  in  province  and  tenitories  established, 
605.     Names  changed,  605. 

Coursay,  Mr.,  conduct  towards,  displeases  Mary- 
land, 314.     Retui'ns  with  his  servants,  315. 

Coursay,  Colonel,  from  Maryland,  reports  and 
alarm  about  him,  437. 

Court,  messenger  appointed,  236.  Provost,  236. 
A  curious  scene  in,  311.  Assault  and  batt«ry, 
311.  Proceedings  in  case  of  Rev.  Mr.  Laers, 
333.  A  special,  to  ti-y  and  punish  the  mur- 
derers, 392.  Contempt  of,  punished,  397. 
Established  at  New  Castle,  416,  417.  Pro- 
ceedings, 424.  Curious  proceedings  at  Whore- 
kill,  425.  Andross's  instructions  as  to  pro- 
ceedings, 427.  Allusion  to  Lovelace's,  427. 
Verbal  commitment  not  valid,  428.  Foes,  439. 
Attorneys,  438,  439.  Request  that  of  Upland 
to  arrest  a  fugitive  debtor;  they  agree  to  it, 
451.  Trial  of  Hutchinson,  a  constable;  ask 
govenior's  inteiijretation  of  the  law,  464. 
Justices  deputed  to  wait  on  governor  at  New 


(348  INDEX. 

York,  464.  To  settle  a  land  case  at  Salem,  465. 
Of  Deal,  fixes  price  to  be  paid  Indians  for 
land,  485.  May  decide  cases  of  equity,  442. 
Of  Upland  orders  roads  to  be  made  from 
neighbom-  to  neighbour,  460.  A  jury,  460. 
Case  of  education,  462.  Petition  for  division 
of  Marcus  Hook,  462.  Order  for  a  lane  to 
house  of  defence,  46.3.  Petition  of  Rambo 
against  Swensons,  and  decision,  463.  A 
transfer  of  grant  by  Lovelace  recorded,  463. 
A  pumpkin  suit,  463.  No  person  to  plead  for 
another  without  admittance  or  power  of  at- 
torney, 440.  Fine  forgiven,  440.  Commander 
not  to  act  as  judge,  440.  Decide  against  the 
jury,  440.  Governor's  instructions,  441.  May 
appoint  vendue-master,  441.  Upland  to  buy 
Indian  land,  442.  Case  of  Peter  Jegou  re- 
moved from  Burlington,  467.  Order  the 
churches  of  Wiccacoa  and  Tinnicum  to  be  re- 
paired and  kept  in  order  at  expense  of  the 
members,  467.  Singular  trial,  535.  Third, 
540.  Overseers  of  highways  appointed,  540. 
Appoints  churchwardens  in  New  Castle,  438. 
Pleading  attorneys  not  allowed  to  practice  in 
the  government,  438.  Attorney's  oath,  439. 
Appoint  tobacco  inspector,  439.  Declarations 
must  be  entered  one  day  before  court,  440. 
To  make  good  a  debt,  for  releasing  goods  un- 
der attachment,  375. 

Cousterier,  Elizabeth,  license  of  Governor  Ni- 
eholls,  to  trade  on  Delaware,  368. 

Crane  Hook,  Swedish  church  erected,  371. 


D. 

Deal,  late  Whorekill,  so  named  by  Andross, 
483.     County  changed  to  Sussex,  605. 

Debtors,  proclamation  of  governor,  forbidding 
can-ying  out  of  country,  or  servants,  395. 

Deeds  for  Godyn's  purchase,  24,  25. 

Deer  skins,  town  meeting  to  fix  prices  of,  at 
Fort  Casimir,  228. 

Defamation,  case  of,  how  punished,  452. 

De  Bogardt,  Jost,  receives  a  commission,  as 
commandant  or  governor;  his  salary,  55.  Di- 
rections to  Printz  respecting,  66. 

De  Haas,  J.,  appointed  a  receiver,  413. 

D'Hiuoyossa,  Lieut.  Alexander,  soldiers  under 
223.  Joined  with  Beekman  in  purchase  of 
Whorekills,  256.  Buys  Hudde'smiU,  297.  Suc- 
ceeds Ab-icks,  299.  Quarrels  with  Van  Gezel, 
803.  Demands  his  dismission,  340.  Treats 
a  letter  from  Peter  Stuyvesant  with  disre- 
spect, 312.  Sells  liquor  to  Indians,  316. 
Shameful  conduct  towards  Alricks,  317. 
Haughty  conduct  of,  319.  Exhibits  a  com- 
mission with  ringing  of  bell,  325.  DifiFers  with 
Van  Gezel,  327.     Refuses  to  see  Beekman, 

328.  Summons  the  Indians  at  Apoquinimy, 

329.  Beekman  and,  have  no  intercom-se,  331. 
Interdicts  trade  between  Bombay  Hook  and 
Cape  Henlopen,  333.  Special  license  to  Al- 
ricks, 333.  Interdicts  liquors ;  authorizes  In- 
dians to  R)b,  333.  Dispute  with  Beekman 
about  jurisdiction,  334.  Charged  with  burn- 
ing palisades,  335.  Asks  arrest  of  soldiers, 
&c.  by  Beekman,  336.  His  intercourse  with 
Maryland,  336.  Invites  Beekman,  338.  Re- 
fuses to  publish  proclamation  of  Peter  Stuy- 


vesant for  a  fast  day,  and  appointed  one 
himself;  letter  to  the  director-general,  336. 
Character  of,  by  Peter  Stuyvesant,  336.  Go- 
ing to  Holland,  339.  To  be  summoned  to 
Amsterdam,  for  hanging  sen"ant,  345.  Sells 
galliot  for  tobacco  and  cattle,  340.  Returns, 
340.  Departs  suddenly  for  Mai-yland,  with 
Van  Sweringen,  341.  Further  charges  against 
him  by  Beekman,  342.  His  mysterious  con- 
duct, 342.  Arrives  in  Amsterdam,  via  New 
York,  348.  Amves  from  HoUand,  354.  Re- 
ceives the  transfer  of  comjiany's  property  for 
city,  355.  Proposals  to  Beekman,  356.  Going 
to  build  a  capital  at  Apoquinimy,  356.  Re- 
turns to  Europe  ;  enters  the  army,  and  dies, 
in  Holland,  368.  Certificate  to  Captain  Carr 
for  several  things  received  for  the  service,  368. 
His  property  confiscated,  370. 

De  Horst  and  others  despatch  a  vessel  from 
HoUand  for  South  River,  51.  Letter  to  in- 
habitants of  Christina  respecting  a  grant  to, 
51. 

De  Koninck,  Frederick,  captain,  employed  in 
expedition  to  Delaware,  180. 

De  Laet,  John,  unites  with  Godyn,  &e.  to  form 
a  colony,  25. 

De  Ringh,  Emilius,  complains  against  the 
church  at  New  Castle,  that  he  does  not  get 
his  pay  as  reader,  437. 

De  SiUe,  V.  D.,  appointed  to  superintend  expe- 
dition, 180. 

De  Vries,  David  Pietersen,  associates  with  Go- 
dyn, (fee.  to  form  a  colony,  24.  Becomes  pa- 
troon,  24.  Sails  from  Texel,  25.  Arrives  in 
Delaware,  at  Lewes  Creek,  25.  Erects  Fort 
Oplandt,  25.  Leaves  colony  in  hands  of 
Hosset,  and  returns  to  Holland,  25.  His  colony 
destroyed  by  Indians;  particulars  of  it,  27. 
Hears,  in  Holland,  of  destruction  of  his  co- 
lony, 30.  Again  sails  for  Delaware,  30. 
Learns  the  tiiith  of  the  report  from  the  In- 
dians, 30.  His  interviews  with  them,  31. 
Makes  peace  and  presents;  prepares  for 
whale-fishing,  31.  Proceeds  up  the  river  to 
procure  provisions,  31.  Escapes  destruction 
through  kindness  of  a  female  Indian,  32. 
Nassau  crowded  with  Indians,  and  on  board 
his  vessel,  32.  Goes  to  Virginia ;  reception 
by  governor,  32.  Ignorance  of  the  Delaware, 
33.  English  murdered  by  Indians,  33.  Re- 
visits the  Delaware,  72.  Describes  Swedes' 
forts,  and  Governor  Printz,  73. 

De  With,  Captain,  sails  from  Amsterdam,  5. 
Arrival,  5. 

Delaware,  Lord,  visits  the  river,  1.  Death  of,  7. 

Delaware  River,  visited  by  northern  whalers,  1. 
Discovery  of,  by  Henry  Hudson,  2.  Names 
given  to,  4.  Reported  arrival  of  vessels  un- 
der license,  9.  Indian  trade  profitable  on,  10. 
First  Dutch  expedition,  under  Captain  Mey, 
arrives,  12.  Fort  Nassau  built,  12.  Minuit 
and  the  Swedes  arrive,  42 — 46.  Grant  of 
land  by  Kieft,  to  Plancke,  Root,  <fec.,  on,  87. 
Deed  for,  88.  Trade  on,  prohibited  by  Dutch,  t 

82.  Vessels  arrive,  97.  A  strange  vessel  ar- 
rives, and  is  fired  upon  by  Fort  Nassau,  9S. 
Early  notices  of,  227.  Sturgeons  abundant, 
227.  Frozen  in  one  night,  241.  Dutch  and 
Swedes  on,  submit  to  Sir  Robert  Carr,  365. 


INDEX. 


Official  account  of  it,  366.  Governor  Ni- 
cholls  licenses  a  woman  to  trade  there,  368. 
Directions  given  for  the  better  government 
of,  371.  A  court  established ;  officers  named, 
371.  English  laws  to  govern,  372.  Insur- 
rection of  Long  Finn,  375.  Present  situation 
of  the  countiy,  381.  Again  falls  into  the 
hands  of  the  I)vitcb,  405.  Anthony  Colve  ap- 
pointed governor,  405.  His  commission,  406. 
Capitulation  with  the  Dutch,  407.  Courts  of 
justice  appointed  for  New  Amstel,  Upland, 
and  AVhorekill,  408.  Officers  reinstated  by 
Andross,  except  Ah-ieks,  413.  E.  Cantwell, 
sheriff;  quit-rents  remitted  for  first  year,  416. 
Andross  prepares  to  visit,  417.  Koads  to  be 
made  between  towns,  418.  Ferry-boat  at  the 
falls,  418.  Disturbances  at,  418.  Warrants 
issued  against  Fabricius  and  Ogle,  419. 
Lauds  bought  by  Andross  of  Indians,  421. 
John  Collier  appointed  commander,  425.  Jus- 
tices of  the  peace  appointed ;  names,  426. 
Several  persons  petition  for  land  below  the 
falls,  for  a  town,  446.  Several  vessels  arrive, 
448.  Frozen  over  in  one  night,  461.  Vessels 
arrive,  461.  Commencement  of  the  foreign 
commerce  of  the,  477.  Large  ship  with  pas- 
sengers arrives,  636.     (See  South  River.) 

Dennison,  Major-General,  statement  of,  135. 

Deserters  to  Maryland,  309. 

Discovery,  voyages  for,  undertaken,  5.  Report 
of,  made,  and  reward  claimed,  5.  Early 
maps  of,  6,  7. 

Distilling  and  brewing  forbidden,  356. 

Divorce  applied  for,  310. 

Dongan,  Thomas,  appointed  governor  of  New 
York,  596. 

Dort,  Confession  of,  to  be  used,  408. 

Douglass,  William,  case  of,  at  Whorekill,  379. 
Sent  off  to  New  England,  379.  Sent  prisoner 
to  New  York,  403.  And  to  Barbadoes,  403. 

Drinker,  Edward,  [John,]  born  on  present  site 
of  Philadelphia,  485. 

Duck  Creek,  lands  between  and  Apoquinimy, 
Indian  deed  for,  481. 

Duke  of  York,  new  grant  to,  by  the  king,  412. 
Appoints  Sir  Edward  Andross  governor,  412. 
New  conveyance  to  Carteret,  412.  Sends 
John  Levin  to  inquire  into  his  affairs ;  com- 
mission and  instructions,  470,471.  Conveys 
West  Jersey  to  William  Penn  and  others,  478. 
Removes  duties  from  WhorekiU,  478.  Deed 
for  Pennsylvania,  586.  Deed  for  the  terri- 
tories, 588—590. 

Dutch  compel  an  English  expedition  from  Bos- 
ton to  return,  80.  Seize  two  cargoes  of  Swedes 
in  Frieshmd,  for  duties,  81.  Con-espondence 
about,  81.  Prohibit  trade  on  Delaware,  82. 
Grant  of  land  to  Plancke,  <fcc.,  87.  Indian 
attempts  to  surprise,  93.  Printz's  conduct  to- 
lyards,  94.  Power  at  New  York  and  on  Dela- 
ware now  terminates,  365.  Patents  to  be 
renewed,  370.  Again  become  masters  of  New 
York,  &c.,  405.  Extent  of  their  claim,  406. 
Governor  grants  liberty  of  conscience,  407. 
Establish  worship  according  to  Synod  of  Dor- 
drecht, and  allow  no  sects  contrary  to  it,  408. 

Dutch  colony  proposed  by  Godyn,  &c.,  22. 
Formed,  24.  Sails,  25.  Arrives  in  Delaware, 
25.     Named  Zwanendal,  25.    Destroyed  by 


649 

Indians,  27.  Complain  of  Swedes  as  injuring 
trade,  60 — 56.  Protest  against  the  Swedes, 
44.  Trade  protested  against  by  England.  10. 
First  settlement  on  Delaware,  12.  And  Eng- 
lish again  at  war,  396.  Difficulties  settled 
by  treaty,  410. 

Dutch  West  India  Company,  incorporated,  8. 
Summary  of  charter,  9,  10.  Begins  opera- 
tions ;  first  settlement  on  Delaware,  12.  Cap- 
tain Mey  arrives,  and  builds  Fort  Nassau,  12. 
Offer  freedoms  and  exemptions,  or  patroon-' 
ships,  to  settlers,  21.  Wish  to  purchase 
patroonships,  38.  Purchase  iJwanendal ;  deed 
of  transfer,  40.  Attack  from  English,  on  set- 
tlements on  Delaware,  by  George  Holmes,  40. 
Their  servants  steal  hogs  on  Staten  Island, 
from  De  Vries,  for  which  the  Indians  suffer, 
56.  Trade  of  Schuylkill  cut  off  by  Printz,  77. 
Directors  propose  applying  to  Swedish  go- 
vernment to  fix  limits,  122.  Account  of 
grievances  from  the  Swedes  ;  certificates,  &c., 
123.  Determine  to  destroy  Fort  Nassau  and 
build  Fort  Casimir,  127.  Directors  sui-prised 
at  destruction  of  Fort  Nassau,  &c. ;  letter  to 
Governor  Stuyvesant,  133.  Affairs  embar- 
rassed, 133.  Plan  for  relief,  134.  Direct  pur- 
chase of  lands  from  Bombay  Hook  to  Hen- 
lopen,  245.  Long  letter  respecting  the  English 
fugitives,  246.  Letter  respecting  situation 
of  colony  on  South  River,  276.  Letter  to 
Peter  Stuyvesant  on  affairs,  299.  Directors 
willing  to  oppose  English,  305.  Captain  Neal 
directed  to  present  claim  of  Lord  Baltimore, 
317.  Answer  of,  317.  Oppress  the  city  co- 
lony, 346.  Receive  proposals  for  city,  intended 
to  promote  the  interests  of  the  colony,  344. 
Their  answer,  344,  345.  Orders  to  W.  Beek- 
man,  on  transfer  of  property  to  city,  354. 
Formal  transfer  by  Stuyvesant  to  the  city, 
through  D'Hinoyossa,  355.  Lose  their  New 
Netherland  possessions,  365 — 367.  Complain 
of  the  conduct  of  the  English,  367. 

Duties  on  beaver  abandoned,  on  South  River, 
345.  Orders  of  Governor  Nicholls  respect- 
ing, 370.     From  Whorekill,  removed,  478. 

E. 

Ear-marks  recorded,  514. 

East  India  Company,  Dutch,  despatch  the  Half- 
Moon  on  a  voyage  of  discovery,  2. 

Eaton,  Theophilus,  president  of  New  Haven, 
writes  to  Kieft  about  injuries  on  Delaware,  88. 
CoiTesponds  with  Stuyvesant  on  duties,  &c., 
118.  Asserts  right  of  New  Haven  to  land  on 
Delaware,  156. 

Edicts  in  favour  of  discoverers,  4.  Expiration 
of,  7.     Partially  renewed,  7. 

Edmundson,  William,  a  public  Friend,  arrives, 
422.     Visit  to  Salem,  New  Castle,  Ac,  422. 

Education  provided  for;  schoolmasters  to  be 
supported,  53,  220.  Curious  case  in  court, 
462. 

Elswyck,  Captain,  of  Golden  Shark,  seized,  155. 
Applies  for  permit  to  sell  cargo,  157.  Answer 
to,  157.  Decree  against,  158.  Inventory  of, 
160.  Letter  to  Stuyvesant,  160.  Stuyvesant*s 
answer,  162.  Attacked  by  one  of  his  men; 
the  trial,  167.  Sails  for  Europe,  203. 
31 


650  INDEX. 

England,  the  Dutch  fear  her  interference  with 
trade,  10. 

English,  suggestion  for  the  removal  of  the 
Swedes  from  Delaware,  43.  From  New  Ha- 
Ten,  attempt  settlements  on  Delaware,  67. 
Suffer  from  the  Dutch ;  purchase  lands,  57, 
58,  59.  Settle  at  Yarken's  kill,  59,  65.  Set- 
tle on  Schuylkill ;  driven  off  by  the  Dutch, 
61 :  and  driven  off  by  the  Swedes,  62,  72. 
To  be  well  treated  by  Grovemor  Printz,  65. 
Permission  to  settle  on  the  Delaware,  on 
conditions,  79.  Voyage  of  discovery  from 
Boston,  79,  80.  Obliged  to  return,  80.  Cap- 
tured by  Indians,  239.  Dutch  view  it  as  a 
tiick,  and  think  they  wish  to  purchase  land, 
245.  Not  to  be  trusted,  134.  Attempt  to 
reconcile  Dutch  and,  134.  Commissioners 
sent  to  Manhattan,  who  return  unsuccessful, 
134.  Fourteen  cast  away  and  taken  by  the 
savages ;  a  part  ransomed,  239.  Three  mur- 
dered by  Indians,  321.  Disposed  to  live  in 
peace,  322.  Indians  in  fear  of  them,  324. 
Four  reside  among  the  Manitos,  near  Cape 
May,  326.  Proposals  respecting  tobacco,  in 
exchange  for  negroes,  &c.,  329.  Murdered 
by  Senecas,  348.  / 

Evertse,  Cornelius,  jun.,  and  Jacob  Benke,  cap- 
ture New  York,  405.  Deputies  sent  from 
Delaware ;  declare  their  submission,  405. 
Anthony  Colve  is  appointed  governor,  405. 
His  commission,  405,  406. 

Execution  of  a  runaway  servant,"  singular  af- 
fair, 340. 

Expedition  against  the  Swedes,  preparations 
for,  179—182.  Sails,  182.  An-ives  at  Dela- 
ware, 183.    Takes  Fort  Casimir,  184. 

F. 

Fabricius,  Rev.  Jacob,  arrives  at  New  York, 
and  licensed  to  preach ;  goes  to  Albany, 
where  he  misbehaves,  373.  Suspension  at 
Albany  continued ;  allowed  to  preach  at  New 
York,  381.  Pass  to  New  Castle;  recom- 
mended to  Captain  Can-,  with  a  suit,  381. 
Congregation  at  New  York  to  pay  him,  385. 
Persons  to  settle  his  accounts,  387.  Further 
complaints  against  him,  387.  Asks  to  deliver 
a  valedictory  sermon,  and  instal  new  minis- 
ter, 388.  Proceedings  in  court  against,  410. 
His  petition  to  Governor  Colve  for  mercy, 
411.  Labours  suspended,  412.  Prays  to  be 
allowed  to  baptize,  412.  Warrant  against, 
for  disturbance,  419,  420.  Appears  at  New 
York ;  is  suspended  as  a  minister,  420. 
Preaches  first  sermon  at  Wiccacoa,  439.  Com- 
plains of  a  swamp,  501.  Churchwardens 
ordered  to  see  him  paid  his  salary,  514. 

Farmers  arrive  in  the  Golden  Mill,  301.  Suffer 
much  for  provisions,  302. 

Fast  day  at  Altona,  &c.,  242.  How  proclaimed, 
253.     And  prayer  day,  331. 

Fendall,  Josias,  governor  of  Maryland,  com- 
manded to  inquire  about  limits,  257.  Com- 
missioners sent  to,  269.     Instructions,  269. 

Fenwick,  John,  and  E.  Billinge,  disagree  ;  Penn 
arbitrates,  404.  Conveys  to  William  Penn,  &c., 
as  trustees,  410.  Arrives  at  Salem,  418.  Pur- 
chases from  the  Indians,  419.  Letter  tocoun- 


cil  at  New  York  respecting,  421.  Order?,  421. 
Proceedings,  424.  430,  431.  To  be  arrested 
by  force  from  New  Castle,  431,  432,  434. 
Soldiers  justified  in  taking,  432.  Proceedings 
against,  436,  455,  456.  Letter  from,  &c.,  453, 
459,  465.     Conveys  to  Penn,  539. 

Fen-y-boat  sunk  at  Whorekills,  316.  To  be  kept 
at  the  Falls  of  Delaware,  418.  Charges  for 
passage,  418. 

Finns  and  Swedes,  tax  proposed  on,  297.  Can- 
not understand  each  other,  306.  Permitted 
to  remain,  308.  Decline  going  to  Esopus,  309. 
Object  to  an  oath,  309.  Retm-n  from  Mary- 
land, and  may  settle  on  Passyunk,  323. 

First-bom  children,  468,  48.3,  594,  599. 

Pons,  John,  murdered,  339. 

Fort  Altona,  guns  to  be  removed  to  New  Amstel, 
353.  Number  in  garrison,  354.  (See  Chris- 
tina.) 

Fort  Beversrede.     (See  Beversrede.) 

Fort  Casimir  built,  126.  Its  location,  127. 
Printz  protests  against  it,  127.  Taken  by 
Rysingh,  account  of,  148,  149.  Named  Fort 
Trinity,  150.  Its  abandonment  suggested  by 
Dutch,  151.  Letters  respecting,  frcm  Stuy- 
vesant  and  Elswyck,  160,  164.  News  of,  how- 
received  in  Amsterdam,  167.  Capture  of,  to 
be  avenged  by  Stuyvesant,  168.  Commander 
to  be  arrested,  169, 170.  Expedition  against, 
under  Stuyvesant,  185.  Capitulates,  186. 
Stuyvesant's  account  of,  183.  Rysingh's  ac- 
count, 189.  Attack  by  Indians,  196.  Com-t 
messenger  appointed,  209.  Submits,  184. 
Terms  of  capitulation,  185.  Name  changed 
to  New  Amstel,  206,  (which  see.)  Terms, 
220,  222.  Instructions  to  Stuyvesant  to  trans- 
fer, 225.  (See  New  Amstel;  New  Castle; 
Trinity.) 

Fort  Christina,  erected  by  Swedes,  45,  47.  Ca- 
pitulates; terms,  189.  Offer  of  restoration  to 
Rysingh  declined,  196.  To  be  garrisoned, 
226.  Name  changed  to  Altona,  226,  234. 
Badly  garrisoned,  240.     (See  Altona.) 

Fort  Elsenborg,  or  Elfsborg,  built,  70.  Its  sit- 
uation, 71.     Described,  73. 

Fort  Nassau,  erected  at  Gloucester,  by  Captain 
Mey,  12.  Arent  Corssen,  commissary,  35. 
Fires  at  a  strange  vessel,  98.  Swedes  endea- 
vour to  purchase  lands  about,  114.  To  be 
destroyed,  and  Fort  Casimir  to  be  built,  126. 

Fort  New  Gottenberg  built,  70.  Reported  de- 
struction of,  196.  (See  Kattenberg.)  To  be 
garrisoned,  226. 

Fort  Oplandt  erected,  25. 

Fort  Trinity  capitulates,  185.  Named  New 
Amstel,  220. 

Fox,  George,  public  Friend,  visits  this  country, 
403. 

Frauds  on  creditors,  &c.,  attempted,  240^  242. 

Free  Society  of  Traders,  first  notice,  539 — 541. 
Act  of  incoriwration,  541 — 550.  Address  of, 
to  persons  wishing  stock,  550.  Abstract  of 
constitution,  552.  Take  large  body  of  lands, 
541.  Officers,  554.  First  meeting  and  elec- 
tion of  officers,  576.  Assembly  to  be  asked 
to  confirm  it,  577.  Their  proceedings,  577. 
Appoints  a  messenger,  and  writes  letter  to  the 
Emperor  of  Canada,  577.  Plans  of  secretary, 
680.  The  president  sails  for,  595.  Arrives,  696. 


Frenchman  has  sold  his  house,  343.  Gets  a 
pass  to  Delaware,  to  hunt,  425. 

Friends  at  Burlington  open  correspondence  with 
those  of  London,  486.  First  yearly  meeting 
established,  524.  From  Dublin  arrive,  525. 
First  meeting  of  record,  at,  638.  Meetings 
appointed,  554.  Meeting  established  at  Sa- 
lem, 422.     At  Shackamaxon,  604. 

Fugitives,  how  to  be  treated,  245. 

a. 

Galliot  arrives,  and  sails  up  river  for  clap- 
boards, 316. 

Garland,  John,  license  to  trade  with  Indians  at 
Whorckill,  404. 

Germany,  charter  of  Swedish  West  India  Com- 
pany confirmed  in,  39. 

Gloucester,  Dutch  arrive  and  build  Fort  Nassau 
at,  12.     (See  Fort  Nassau.) 

Goats  to  have  a  keeper,  209. 

Godyn,  Samuel,  gives  notice  of  his  intention  to 
become  a  patroon,  by  occupying  Bay  of  Dela- 
ware, 22.  His  agents  make  a  purchase,  23. 
Indian  deed  for  lands  on  west  side  of  Dela- 
ware, 23.  Associates  with  De  Tries,  &c..  to 
form  a  colony,  24.  Pu^rchase  on  east  side,  26. 
En-or  corrected,  27. 

Godyn's  Bay,  (see  Delaware  Bay,)  4. 

Golden  Shark,  Captain  Elswyck,  seized  by  Stuy- 
vesant,  155.  Decree  against,  158.  (See 
Elswyck.) 

Government,  Penn's  views  of,  558. 

Grant  of  King  Charles  to  E.  Ployden,  36.  To 
James,  duke  of  York,  &c.,  356.  Of  land  from 
D'Hinoyossa  to  the  Swensons,  359. 

Grave  of  Indian  chief  violated,  320. 

Great  Law,  the,  619. 

Green  Eagle,  ship,  sails  for  Holland,  318. 

Greenland  Company  visit  the  Delaware,  1. 

Gronendike,  Peter,  allowed  to  trade  with  In- 
dians, 382.  Complains  of  wrong  done  by 
court ;  jury  acknowledge  error,  and  ask  pro- 
ceedings to  be  annulled,  425. 

Guinea,  Frigate,  Captiiin  Hyde,  &c.,  arrive  with 
commissioners  oflF  New  Amsterdam,  361.  Or- 
dered to  England  with  the  news,  368. 

Gustavus  Adolphus,  king  of  Sweden,  receives 
proposals  for  a  West  India  Company,  15. 
Recommends  the  company  to  Germany,  30. 
Killed  in  battle  of  Lutzen,  30.  A  proclama- 
tion left  unsigned  by,  published,  34. 

H. 

Hansen,  Laurens,  murdered  by  Indians,  238. 

Harman,  Caspar,  to  take  up  straj's,  423. 

Harman,  Ephraim,  appointed  clerk  of  courts  of 
New  Castle  and  Upland,  426.  Vcndue-mas- 
ter,  439.  Salary,  440.  Clerk  of  permits,  440. 
Certificate  of  good  conduct,  451.  Receiver 
of  quit-rents,  487.  Refuse  his  bills  for  sur- 
veyor's fees;  difficulty  about  currency,  487. 

Harmensen,  Peter,  grant  of  land  to,  by  Dutch, 
87. 

Harrison,  James,  letter  of  Penn  to,  523.  His 
agent,  522.  Power  to,  524.  Arrives  in  Mary- 
land, 599.  Arrives  in  Pennsylvania,  600. 
Prices  of  passage,  600. 

Hartsfelder,  Jurian,  grant  of  land  to,  by  An- 


INDEX.  ggj 

dross,  424.  Resigns  as  under-sheriff,  moving 
up  river,  440. 

Hawley,  Jerome,  treasurer  of  Virginia;  letter 
announcing  arrival  of  Swedish  vessels  there, 
on  their  way  to  Delaware,  42. 

Heermans,  Augustus,  sent  with  Waldron  to 
Maryland,  268.  Instructions,  269.  Aixives 
in  Maryland,  277.  Manifesto,  277—284. 
Commissioners'  views,  286.  Journal  of  voy- 
age and  proceedings,  287 — 296.  Return,  296. 
Letter  to  Beekman,  describing  his  colony, 
321. 

Helm,  Israel,  appointed  a  counsellor,  371.  In- 
terpreter with  the  Indians ;  applies  for  pay, 
431,  437. 

Hendrickson,  Captain,  arrives  in  Delaware  ri- 
ver, and  discovers  SehuylkUl,  6.  Returns  to 
Holland,  6.  Reports  and  claims  privileges,  7. 
Unsuccessful,  7.     His  map,  7. 

Hendrickson,  H.,  permit  to  go  to  Delaware  to 
collect  his  debts,  400. 

Henlopen,  Cape,  named,  5.  Changed  by  Penn 
to  Cape  James,  605. 

Heysen,  Peter,  takes  acknowledgment  of  Go- 
dyn's and  Beekman's  purchase  on  east  side, 
26. 

Highways  and  fences,  overseers  of,  appointed, 
480.  Man  fined  for  not  working  on,  614. 
William  Boyles,  surveyor  of,  614. 

Hockhammer,  Henry,  and  Co.,  send  colony  to 
New  Sweden ;  grant  to  them,  and  special 
privileges,  52.     Guaranty  required,  56. 

Hogs,  wild,  to  be  taken  up  or  killed,  374. 

Holgh,  Rev.  Israel  arrives,  141. 

Holland,  States-General,  edict  encouraging  dis- 
coveries, 4.  Vessels  fitted  out  under  it,  5. 
Arrival,  5.  Report  to,  and  reward  claimed,  5. 
Captain  Powelson  sails  from,  for  New  Swe- 
den, 51.  A  ship  arrives  from,  349.  A  singu- 
lar association  of  Mennonists  propose  emi- 
grating to  Whorekill  from,  335. 

Hollandaer,  Peter,  arrives,  57.  Successor  to 
Minuit,  59. 

Holmes,  George,  attempt  on  Fort  Nassau,  40. 

Holme,  Thomas,  receives  commission  as  sur- 
veyor-general, 555.  Sails  for  Pennsylvania, 
657.  Arrival,  677.  Reads  a  letter  from  Penn 
to  the  Indians,  585. 

Hoist,  Laurs,  Ucense  to  his  wife  to  go  up  Dela- 
ware in  a  boat,  to  sell  shoes,  &c.  made  by 
her  husband,  395. 

Hoorn-kil,  or  Hoerkill.     (See  Whorekill.) 

Hosset,  GiUis,  makes  acknowledgment  of  Go- 
dyn's and  Berkley's  purchase  of  east  side  of 
Delaware,  26.  Has  charge  of  De  Vries's 
colony,  after  his  departure,  25.  He  and  the 
colony  murdered  by  the  Indians  ;  particulars 
of  it,  27.     Is  blamed  for  it  by  De  Vries,  28. 

Hudde,  Andreas,  commissary  of  wares,  41, 
Sent  to  examine  afiiiirs  at  Fort  Nassau,  83. 
Appears  against  Van  Ilpendam,  84.  Contro- 
versy with  Priutz  about  his  vessel  at  Schuyl- 
kill, 85,  86.  Writes  to  Kieft  on  the  subject, 
86.  Directed  by  director-general  to  inquire 
about  minerals  at  falls,  87.  Prevented  by 
Indians,  87.  Protests  against  Priutz  fur  per- 
mitting a  vessel  to  pass  Fort  Nassau  without 
showing  colours,  98.  Describes  i)r()ceeding3 
of  Swedes  at  Schuylkill,  99.     Prepares  to 


652 

build,  99.  Swedes  oppose  it;  serious  pro- 
ceedings between  Dutch  and  Swedes,  100. 
Directed  to  purchase  land,  supposed  where 
Philadelphia  stands ;  puts  up  Dutch  arms, 
■which  Swedes  pull  down,  89.  Violent  pTo- 
ceedings,  89.  Printz  protests  against,  90. 
Goes  up  the  river,  91.  Swedes  forbidden  to 
trade  with  Dutch,  91.  Letter  from,  to  Printz, 
91.  Ill-treatment  of  his  messengers,  92.  Re- 
quested by  inhabitants  to  petition  Stuyvesant 
for  relief  in  trade,  95.  Continued  in  service 
of  West  India  Company,  96.  Visits  Man- 
hattan, 96.  Grants  land  to  several  persons  on 
Schuylkill,  102.  A^isits  Manhattan,  and  re- 
ports the  condition  of  things,  10.3.  Ad-\-ised 
by  A.  Boyer  of  fm-ther  proceedings  of  the 
Swedes,  103.  Writes  to  Printz  through  Huy- 
gens,  104.  Protests,  104,  106.  Letter  from 
Stuyvcsant,  and  censures,  113.  His  expla- 
nation respecting  purchase  of  lands,  114. 
Asks  to  be  appointed  schoolmaster,  173.  Ap- 
pointed secretary  on  South  Eiver,  205.  Dis- 
pirited, 237.  Marries  again,  237.  Proposed 
as  under-sheriff,  237.  Sells  mill  to  D'Hino- 
yossa,  297.  Going  to  Manhattan,  297.  Is 
robbed,  305.  Asks  for  situation,  306.  Abrewer, 
308.  Wishes  to  go  to  Maryland,  308.  Ashamed 
of  his  clothes;  goes  to  Manhattan,  313. 
Wants  employment,  315.  Is  clerk,  315. 
Claims  payment  for  a  house  from  J.  AJricks, 
deceased,  335.  Writes  to  Beekmjin  about 
Indians  going  to  war,  347.  Going  to  Mary- 
land to  brew,  348.  Dismissed  at  his  request, 
353.  Started  for  Apoquinimy,  where  he  dies 
of  a  fever,  on  his  way  to  Maryland,  350. 

Hudson,  Henry,  discovers  the  Delaware,  2.  His 
journal  in  the  Half-Moon,  2.  Early  map  of 
his  discoveries,  6. 

Hutchinson,  a  constable,  tried ;  a  puzzling  case, 
464.  Allowed  to  return  for  a  few  days, 
470. 

Huygh,  Captain  Hendrick,  of  ship  Mercurius, 
arrives,  210.  Goes  to  Manhattan,  214.  Writes 
to  director-general,  214.  Answer  to  it,  214. 
Appears  before  council,  215.  Accepts  offer 
to  pass  and  repass,  216.  Signs  obligation  to 
behave  well,  218.  Petitions  dii-ector-general, 
219. 

Huygens,  Cornelius,  attorney-general,  prohibits 
trade  at  Delaware,  82. 

Huygens,  Hendrick,  commissary,  conduct  to  the 
Dutch  commissioners,  102.  Letter  to,  from 
Hudde,  104.    About  to  move,  343. 

I. 

Indians  sell  land  to  Godyn  on  west  side,  23. 
Their  deed,  24.  And  on  east  side,  24.  Mur- 
der De  Vries's  colonist?,  27.  Sell  Schuylkill 
to  Corssen,  35.  Crowd  De  Vries's  vessel,  32. 
He  sends  them  on  shore,  32.  Visit  De  Vries 
on  second  expedition ;  become  friendly,  31. 
Intend  De  Vries's  destruction,  31.  Saved 
from  it  by  a  female,  31.  At  Fort  Nassau,  32. 
Timber  Creek  at  war  with  Minquas,  33.  Sell 
lauds  to  the  Swedes,  48.  No  powder,  guns, 
Ac.  to  be  sold  to,  on  pain  of  death,  50.  Suffer 
for  hogs  stolen  by  the  company's  servants,  56. 
To  be  well  treated  by  Swedes,  66.    Dutch 


INDEX. 


trade  with,  on  Schuylkill,  cut  off,  77.  At- 
tempt to  surprise  Dutch,  93.  Printz  tries  to 
buy  land  from,  94.  Make  a  public  trans- 
fer, and  sanction  sale  of  Schuylkill,  102.  Two 
Swedes  murdered  by,  104.  Account  of  Dutch 
trade  with,  and  high  jirice  of  beavers,  108. 
Present  lands  to  Stuy^^esant,  126.  Deny 
selling  lands  to  Swedes,  126.  Arrive  at  Fort 
Casimir,  207.  Ask  favom-s,  to  which  Jacquett 
replies,  207.  Inhabitants  make  up  a  pm'se, 
208.  Sums  subscribed,  208.  Murder  L.  Han- 
sen, 238.  Murder ;  take  fourteen  English- 
men, 239.  Take  a'lad,  313.  Emigrating  to 
Maquas'  land,  315.   Murdered  by  Christians, 

301.  By  two  of  Alricks's  servants,  302.  Trou- 
ble expected,  302.     Meeting  in  consequence, 

302.  Commission  to  inquire  into,  304,  305. 
Grave  violated,  320.  Suspicious  conduct; 
murders  by,  320.  Imprisoned  by  D'Hino- 
yossa,  321.  Meeting  at  Passyung  to  con- 
ciUate  the  English,  324.  Senecas  destroy 
plantations  of  Swedes  and  Finns  settled  among 
English,  325.  Maquas  and  Senecas  at  war, 
326.  Meeting  at  Altona  respecting,  328,  329. 
SmaU-pox  among,  329.  One  kiUs  another, 
329.  Wounded;  threaten  New  Amstel,  338. 
Murder  a  boy,  340.  No  war  without  direc- 
tions of  governor,  372.  Sale  of  rum  prohi- 
bited, 372.  Murder  of  two  Christians,  SS2. 
Affair  with,  respited,  383.  Not  the  time  to  go 
to  war  with,  and  steps  for  safety  against,  390. 
No  powder  to  be  sold,  391.  Susquehannas  to 
be  engaged,  392.  Special  court  to  tiy  the 
murderers,  392.  Murderer  taken  and  shot; 
interesting  case,  393.  Body  hung  in  chains, 
394.  License  to  trade  with,  at  Whorekill,  404. 
Murders,  416.     Purchases  from,  by  Fenwick, 

419.  Carr's  meadow  to  be  purchased  from, 

420.  Purchase  from,  by  Andross,  below  the 
falls,  420.  Quarrels  expected,  421.  Mary- 
land at  war  with,  422,  425.  At  Shackamaxon, 
424.  Lands  to  be  purchased,  437,  442.  Sell 
Bombay  Hook  to  P.  Bayard,  463.  Man  sum- 
moned to  New  York  for  treating  with,  473. 
Deed  for  lands  opposite  Marcus  Hook,  pur- 
chased by  permission  of  Governor  Carteret, 
465.  Deed  for  lands  at  Duck  Creek,  481. 
Complains  that  the  whites  take  his  lands,  and 
do  not  pay  him,  485.  Court  of  Sussex  pass 
order,  and  fix  prices  to  be  paid  them,  485. 
Fine  for  selling  liquor  to,  514.  Ask  Removal 
of  prohibition  for  selling  rum,  532.  Penn's 
letter  to,  532.  Deed  for  lands  on  Clay  Creek, 
up  to  the  falls,  to  John  Moll,  for  public  bene- 
fit, 477.  Deed  for  lands  between  St.  Jones's 
and  Duck  Creek,  to  John  Brinkloe,  487.  Sale 
to  Otto  Ernest,  513.  Purchases  over  Schuyl- 
kill, by  William  Warner,  514.  Treatment 
proposed  by  Penn,  519.  Purchase  of  land, 
first  by  Markham,  581. 

Insane  asylum,  the  first,  452. 

Inspectors  of  tobacco  appointed,  225. 

Instructions  to  J.  J.  Van  Ilpendam,  to  drive  off 
the  English  from  Schuylkill,  with  yachts 
Real  and  St.  Martin's,  61. 

Insurrection  on  Delaware  feared  ;  case  of  Long 
Finn,  375 — 377.  Petition  respecting  the  con- 
cerned, 377.     Debate  in  council  on,  378. 

Intolerance,  religious,  by  the  Dutch,  408. 


INDEX. 


Jaeobson,  Hans,  grant  to,  by  Hudde ;  buildings 
burned  by  Swedes,  103. 

Jacquett,  John  Paul,  as  commander  on  tbe 
South  River  by  the  Dutch,  205.  His  instruc- 
tions, 205,  206.  Takes  oath,  206.  Lays 
duties,  207.  Persons  to  examine  fort,  207. 
Meets  sachems,  207.  His  reply  to  sachems, 
soy.  Man  arrested  for  abusing,  209.  Com- 
plains of  Swedes  as  turbulent  and  dangerous, 
211.  Protest  of  AUerton  against  him,  231. 
Removed  by  Peter  Stuyvesant;  letter  to,  233. 
Krygier  sent  to  take  inventory,  234.  Alricks's 
opinion  of  him,  234.  Attorney-general  wishes 
to  arrest  him,  235.  Is  aiTCSted,  236.  Appears 
before  council  and  before  court,  237. 

James,  Cape,  alias  Henlopen,  605. 

James,  duke  of  York,  &o.,  receives  grant  of  a 
large  tract  of  land  in  New  England,  &e.,  356. 
Grants  to  Berkley  and  Carteret,  New  Jersey, 
360.     (See  Duke  of  York.) 

Jansen,  Foppe,  appointed  commissary,  181. 

JegoH,  Peter,  institutes  a  suit  at  Burlington,  for 
recovery  of  Leasy  Point,  opposite,  from  two 
Quakers;  the  case  is  transferred  to  Upland 
court,  and  there  settled  in  his  favour,  466. 

Jews  ask  liberty  to  trade  on  South  River,  204. 
Debate  in  council,  204.  Two  permitted,  205. 
Not  to  trade  on  river,  219. 

Johnson,  Bai-ent,  sails  from  Amsterdam  to 
South  River  with  the  Gilded  MiU  and  pas- 
sengers ;  permit  to  avoid  Manhattan,  247. 

John  and  Sarah,  ship,  arrives,  537. 

Jones,  Captain,  sent  to  Delaware  by  Virginia 
Company;  he  runs  off,  10. 

Jones  county  established,  605.  Changed  to 
Kent,  605. 

Jones, ,  commits  an  outrage  at  Whorekill ; 

Governor  Lovelace  writes  severely  to  gover- 
nor of  Maryland  about  it,  398. 

Jongh,  Jacob,  runs  off  with  wife  of  Rev.  Mr. 
Laers,  328—330. 

Juet,  Robert,  his  journal  in  the  Half  Moon,  3. 

Jurgin,  Captain  Jans,  to  fit  up  a  court-house  at 
Ujjland,  447. 

K. 

Kattenburg  Island,  (see  NewGottenburg,)226. 

Kent,  late  Jones  county,  605. 

Kieft,  William,  director-general,  succeeds  Van 
Twiller,  and  arrives,  41.  His  account  of  the 
arrival  of  the  Swedes,  44.  Protest  against 
Minuit,  44.  Complains  of  injuries  to  trade 
by  Swedes,  56,  57.  Protest  against  Captain 
C6gswell,  58.  Instructs  Van  Ilpendam  to 
drive  English  from  Schuylkill,  01.  Sends 
armed  vessels  against  them,  62.  Ill-treats 
Lamberton,  62.  Letter  to,  from  Hudde,  86. 
Sends  Hudde  after  minerals,  87.  Letter  to, 
from  President  Eaton,  88.  Makes  a  grant  of 
land  on  South  River  to  Plancke,  Root,  <tc., 
87.  Orders  Hudde  to  purchase  land,  89. 
Succeeded  by  Stuyvesant,  93.  Sails  fur  Hol- 
land, and  is  lost,  95. 

Kinsessing  granted  to  Swen  Schute,  138.  Up- 
hind  court  to  meet  at,  473.  Thresli-house  and 
garden  at,  473.     Meets,  501. 


653 

Kinsey,  John,  one  of  the  Jersey  commissioners, 
dies,  and  is  buried  at  Burlington,  443. 

Kock,  Peter,  collector  of  tolls,  takes  oath,  349. 

Kock,  Gerrit,  custom-house  officer  on  South 
River,  352. 

Krygier,  Captain  Martin,  soldiers  under,  223. 
Arrives,  312.  Sent  to  Delaware  by  Peter 
Stuyvesant,  by  land,  guided  by  Derek  Smith, 
234.  To  take  inventory  on,  234.  Sent  with 
Van  Ruyven  to  South  River,  to  regulate  af- 
fairs, 266.  His  commission,  267.  Instrac- 
tions,  268.  Arrival  and  interview  with  Al- 
ricks,  272 — 275.  Instructions  of  Governor 
Lovelace  to,  383,  384. 


Laers,  or  Laersen,  Rev.  Mr.,  marries  a  couple 
without  the  proclamation;  fined,  310.  His 
wife  runs  off  with  Jacob  Jongh,  328,  329. 
Asks  to  marry  again,  329.  Before  council, 
330.  Marries  himself,  330,  331.  Proceed- 
ings in  court,  331.  Statement  of  the  case; 
fined ;  his  marriage  declared  void ;  his  ap- 
peal, 332.  Condemned,  334.  Opposes  Zets- 
coven,  348. 

Qgy  B,7  the  aliove  name  he  i3  generally  callrf  on  the  recordj.  Also, 
Laur  Carels  ;  Carolua,  or  Carelua  ;  by  all  which  is  probably  inunded  the 
same  person.  (See  Caroltu.)  Hi3  real  name  yias  Laurence  Charles 
LolEenins. 

Lake  Lyconnia  sought  for,  79,  80. 

La  Montagne,  one  of  the  council,  visits  South. 
River,  102.     Visits  Governor  Printz,  102. 

Lamberton,  Mr.  George,  from  New  Haven,  fits 
out  a  vessel  for  Delaware,  under  Captain 
Cogswell,  who  arrives  at  New  York ;  Kieft 
protests  against  him,  58.  Ill-treated  by  the 
Swedes,  73.  Is  commissioned  to  go  and  treat 
with  them,  73.  Deposition  of  a  sailor  re- 
specting it,  74.     Lost  at  sea,  93. 

Lands,  grants  of,  47,  223.  Various  grants  of, 
by  English,  369,  370,  372,  373,  374.  Con- 
firmed by  Lovelace,  372.  Grants  heretofore 
made  confirmed,  382,  393,  395,  405.  Time 
for  settling  a  piece  extended,  394.  For  Go- 
vernor Lovelace,  399.  Quit-rents  remitted, 
416.  Patents  to  be  recorded,  418.  First 
grant  by  Andross,  419.  Confirms  a  patent 
of  Lovelace,  419.  Purchase  from  Indians 
by  Andross,  420.  Grants  of,  by  Andross,  421, 
423,  424.  Applications  for,  to  be  made  to  the 
court,  428.  Purchases  from  Indians,  437, 
442.  Grants  of,  440,  444,  447,  448,  450,  452, 
455,  459,  460,  462,  467,  472,  479,  480,  481, 
484,  501,  521.  To  be  reported,  441.  Order 
respecting  quit-rents  revoked,  457.  Below 
the  falls  of  Clay  Creek  to  be  purchased,  461. 
Singular  measurement  of,  459.  Patent  by 
Andross  transferred,  460.  Order  of  court  re- 
specting, 481.  On  Clay  Creek,  &c.  purchased 
from  Indians  by  John  Moll,  477.  Between 
Jones's  and  Duck  Creek,  487.  To  be  laid 
out  by  justices  of  the  territories,  636. 

Language,  Swedes  and  Finns  cannot  under- 
stand each  other,  306. 

Laws  of  England  to  govern  on  Delaware,  372, 
427.     Interpretation  of,  by  the  governor,  in 
case  of  Hutchinson,  464.     Passed  in  Eng- 
land, 508.     The  Great  Law,  C19. 
3i2 


654 

Lenapi  Wihittuck,  (see  Delaware  River,)  4. 
Treaty  with,  4. 

Levin,  John,  sent  by  duke  to  inquire  into  his 
affairs :  commission  and  instructions,  470, 
471.  Arrived,  481.  Produces  his  commission 
to  court,  50.3.     His  report,  6.31. 

Levy  to  meet  public  expenses,  447. 

Lewis,  Thomas,  sloop  detained  for  Alricks  and 
Cousterier,  389.  Pass  for  his  sloop,  390.  May 
alone  export  corn,  391. 

Licenses  granted  to  two  vessels  temporarily,  9. 

Lindstroem,  Peter,  engineer,  arrives  with  Ey- 
singh,  150.  Rebuilds  fort,  and  makes  a  map, 
150. 

Liquors,  sale  of,  to  lads  and  soldiers,  as  neces- 
saries of  life,  301.  Complaint  of  selling  in 
daylight,  314.  Complaint  against  D'Hino- 
yossa  for  selling  to  Indians,  31G.  Indians 
authorized  to  rob  sellers  of,  333.  Sale  pro- 
hibited, 372.  Not  to  be  distilled  without  li- 
cense, 387.  Tax  on,  at  Whorekill,  397.  Sale 
of,  to  Indians,  limited,  418.  Restrictions  on 
sale  of,  418.  Distillation  of  grain  prohibited, 
418. 

Liston,  Morris,  Ms  land  mentioned,  481. 

Lock,  or  Lokenius,  Rev.  Laur.  Charles,  arrives, 
140.  (See  Laers.)  Officiates  at  Crane  Hook 
and  Tinnicum  chm-ches,  371. 

Longevity,  cases  of,  485. 

Lookerman,  Govert,  forbidden  to  trade  on  Dela- 
ware, 82. 

Loper,  Jacob,  asks  permission  to  go  to  South 
River  with  his  vessel ;  cuiious  debate  about 
it,  117. 

Lord's  Day  to  be  observed,  567,  620. 

Lovelace,  Francis,  governor  of  New  York,  ar- 
rives, .370.  Confirms  Dutch  grants,  372.  Is- 
sues order  respecting  Dutch  patents,  374. 
Appoints  W.  Tom  collector,  374.  Allows 
Finns  to  move  to  Apoquinimy,  374.  Pro- 
clamation against  Henry  Coleman,  associated 
with  Conningsmark,  375.  Letter  respecting, 
376.  His  answer  to  petition  respecting,  377. 
Commissions  a  court  to  try  Long  Finn,  378. 
Renews  order  for  duties  at  Whorekill,  380. 
His  order,  380.  Proceedings  with  regard  to 
Fabricius,  381.  Letter  respecting  a  murder 
of  Tom's  servant,  382.  Recommends  to  dis- 
band some  soldiers,  382.  Commissions  J. 
Mills  as  surveyor  at  AVhorekill,  382.  In- 
struction to  Martin  Krygier,  383.  Confirms 
patent  to  the  Swensens,  384.  Submits  mat- 
ters to  CaiT's  discretion,  387.  His  boatmen 
to  Neversink  to  be  paid,  400.  Letter  to  Cap- 
tain Carr,  401.  Writes  to  governor  of  New 
Jersey  about  murder  of  two  Christians,  388. 
Writes  to  William  Tom  as  cause  of  murders ; 
points  out  course  to  be  pursued,  389.  Reso- 
lutions for  safety  of  Delaware,  390.  Censures 
Captain  Carr  for  receiving  salary  and  not 
performing  duty,  392.  Approves  hanging  a 
body  in  chains,  394.  Proclamation  forbid- 
ding carrying  debtors  and  servants  out  of 
country,  395.  Vessels  to  go  up  above  New 
Castle,  395.  Orders  preparations  of  soldiers, 
horses,  &c.  for  intended  visit  to  Delaware, 

395.  His  instnictions  for  a  body-guard,  &e., 

396.  Appoints  members   to  act  in  his  ab- 
sence, 396.     Thanks  magistrates  of  Whore- 


INDEX. 


kill,  397.  Confirms  officers  at  Whorekill,  398. 
Letter  to  governor  of  Maryland,  complaining 
of  conduct  of  Jones,  398.  Orders  land  to  be 
seated  and  cleared  for  himself,  399.  Letter 
to  Captain  Carr  on  Jones's  outrage  at  Whore- 
kill, 401.  Appoints  commissioners  to  ajipraise 
Tinnicum,  403.  Proclamation  to  raise  value 
of  wampum,  405.  Ordered  by  the  Dutch  to 
depart,  but  allowed  to  saU  with  Commander 
Benkes,  406. 
Lutheran  Church,  an  agent  sent  to  Delaware  to 
raise  funds  for,  394. 

M. 

Manhattan,  permit  for  a  vessel  to  go  to  South 
River  from  Amsterdam,  without  touching  at, 
247. 

Manning,  John,  commander  of  fort  at  New 
York,  treacherously  delivers  it  to  the  Dutch, 
405. 

Manufactures  recommended,  53. 

Map,  early,  of  discoveries,  6,  7. 

Maquas  Indians  visit  South  River  for  trade ; 
disappointed  that  no  Dutch  vessels  are  there, 
104. 

Marcus  Hook  granted  to  Captain  Desk,  138. 
Deed  from  one  of  the  original  six  proprietors 
under  Andross,  454.  R.  Pedriek  asks  for  a 
division  of  original  plot,  462.  Record  of 
court  respecting  the  name  of  Chichester,  577. 

Mariskit-ton,  (see  Delaware,)  4. 

Maritties  Hoeck.     (See  Marcus  Hook.) 

JIarkham,  William,  appointed  deputy -governor, 
503.  His  commission,  503.  Inteniew  with 
Lord  Baltimore,  505.  Arrives,  bearing  letter 
from  governor  and  council  of  New  York,  to 
justices  on  Delaware,  515.  Indians'  petition 
to  remove  prohibition  for  selling  rum,  531. 
Attends  court  at  Upland,  535.  Purchases 
from  Indians,  land  for  Penn,  toward  the 
falls,  581.  Appointed  attorney  to  receive 
possession  below  New  Castle,  598.  Receives 
possession  for  Penn,  602.  Certificate  of  wit- 
nesses, 602. 

Marriage  license,  a,  207.  Irregularities  in  cele- 
bration, by  omitting  proclamations,  456. 
Number  of,  at  Burlington,  484. 

Maryland,  Lord  Baltimore  obtains  a  grant  of, 
29.  Abstract  of,  29.  Governor  Stone  grants 
liberty  of  trade  with  Swedes,  147.  Threat- 
ening appearances  in,  257.  Lord  Baltimore 
arrived,  257.  Proceedings  of  council,  257. 
Orders  to  Colonel  Utie  respecting  Dutch  on 
Delaware,  258.  Letter  to  the  commander  on 
Delaware,  258.  Rumors  from,  259.  Removal 
of  families  to,  from  New  Amstel,  260.  Colonel 
Utie  arrives  from,  260.  His  conduct,  260. 
Returns  ;  commissioners  appointed  by  Stuy- 
vesant,  268.  Their  instructions,  269.  Lett'er 
to,  from  Peter  Stuyvesant,  271.  Commis- 
sioners arrive  in,  277.  Their  manifesto,  277. 
Proceedings  of  council,  284.  Answer  to 
Peter  Stuyvesant,  284.  Commissioners  pre- 
sent their  views,  286.  Journal  of  commis- 
sioners to,  287 — 296.  Many  disposed  to 
return  from,  303.  Rumor  respecting  Mr. 
Coursay  ;  arrives  from,  in  pursuit  of  his  ser- 
vants, 308.  Deserters  found  in,  309.   Directs 


INDEX. 


Captain  James  Neal  to  urge  their  claim  in 
Holland,  317.  Reply  of  the  directors  to,  318. 
Trouble  in ;  Lord  Baltimore's  brother  com- 
mands, 320.  Persons  from,  amve,  and  pro- 
pose questions  to  Beekman,  322.  Sends  agent 
to  Holland  on  subject  of  boundaries,  325. 
Commissioners  to  negotiate  peace,  328. 
Meeting  at  Colonel  Utie's,  328.  Removals  to, 
329.  Proposes  visit  to  New  Amstel,  to  esta- 
blish tobacco  trade,  331.  Servants  run  away 
from,  337.  Assists  Indians  with  guns,  349. 
Written  to,  to  recover  lost  children,  384.  Pre- 
tences to  Whorekill,  and  sending  surveyors ; 
course  pursued  by  magistrates  approved,  and 
thanks  by  governor,  397.  Letter  of  Governor 
Lovelace  to,  on  outrage  committed  by  Jones 
at  Whorekill,  398.  Letter  to  Captain  Carr  on 
same  subject,  401.  Further  outrages  from, 
410.  Andross  offers  aid  to  governor  of,  in 
case  of  war  with  Indians,  422.  At  war  with 
Susquehanna  Indians,  422,  425.  Andross 
advises  governor  to  make  peace,  426.  Trade 
in  negroes  between,  and  Delaware,  456. 

Martha,  ship,  arrives  from  Hull ;  captain  ap- 
plies to  go  up  the  river;  consults  court,  who 
consent,  444. 

Mason,  Captain,  of  New  Haven,  declines  going 
to  South  River,  133. 

Mathias, ,  a  Swedish  minister,  arrives,  219. 

Mattehoorn,  an  Indian  sachem's  testimony  re- 
specting arrival  of  the  Swedes,  47. 

Mattinicum,  (see  Tinnicum,)  373. 

Mattiniconck  Island,  a  frontier  to  be  fortified, 
391.  To  be  put  in  possession  of  Robert 
Stacey,  461. 

Maverick,  Samuel,  commanded,  with  Nicholls, 
&c.,  to  take  New  Netherlands,  358. 

May,  Cape,  named,  5. 

Memorial  of  Jaspar  Graine,  William  Tuttle,  &c., 
OB  conduct  of  Dutch  governor  at  Manhattan, 
127.  To  Swedish  resident  at  Hague,  re- 
specting claim  to  New  Sweden,  360. 

Mennonists  propose  emigrating  from  Holland  to 
Whorekill,  335.     Singular  notions,  335. 

Merchants  of  Amsterdam  fit  out  vessels  on  dis- 
cover}', 5.  Their  arrival,  5.  Report  and 
claim,  5.  Company  formed ;  their  privileges, 
6.  Expiration  of,  7.  Make  high  charges,  339. 

Mercurius,  Captain  Huygh,  a  Swedish  ship,  ar- 
rives in  Delaware ;  men  not  to  land ;  news 
sent  to  Manhattan,  211.  Captain  goes  to 
Manhattan,  212.  Writes  to  director-general, 
Ac,  explaining  his  situation,  213.  Messenger 
sent  to  Delaware,  215.  Proceedings  against, 
216,  217.     Arrives  at  Manhattan,  219. 

Mesa,  Isaiah,  a  Jew,  complains  of  Jacquett, 
237. 

Mey,  Captain  Jacobson,  sails  from  Amsterdam, 
5.  Arrives  in  the  Delaware,  6.  Capes 
named,  5.  Petition,  8.  Becomes  a  patroon ; 
sails  for  the  Delaware,  and  builds  Fort  Nas- 
sau, 12.  Time  of  his  departure  uncertain, 
14. 

Mey,  Peter,  assistant  commissary  of  Fort  Nas- 
sau, 41. 

Middlctown,  Delaware,  first  purchase  of  land 
at,  462. 

Mill,  saw  and  grist,  built,  242.  Want  of;  tolls 
to  be  regulated,  418.    Wood  given  for  use 


G55 

of,  442.  At  Carcoon  Hook;  provision  for 
wood,  451.  Erected  in  Jersey;  hand-mills 
being  used  before,  477. 

Mill,  the  ship,  arrives  with  passengers:  several 
deaths  from  scm-vy,  and  much  distress  on 
board,  247,  253. 

Mills,  James,  commissioned  as  surveyor  at 
AVhorekills,  382. 

Ministers  to  be  supported,  53.  Two  Swedish, 
arrive,  140.  Two  expelled,  204.  One  re- 
mains, 204.  Several  expected  from  Holland, 
313.  One  requested  for  South  River,  313. 
Requested  at  Altona,  337.  Eight  or  ten  re- 
turned home,  337.  Of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, number  of,  in  America,  469. 

Minerals  sought  after  by  Kieft,  87. 

Mines  and  minerals,  search  of,  at  Esopus,  Rari- 
tan,  Minisink,  &c.,  255. 

Minisink,  mines  and  mine-holes  at,  notice  of, 
255.  The  first  settlement  in  Pennsylvania, 
255. 

Minqua  chief,  presents  to,  314.  Going  to  Man- 
hattan, 314.  Entertains  deserters,  315.  Ar- 
rive at  Altona,  respecting  a  murder,  341. 
A  large  number  expected,  342.  Going  to  war 
with  Senecas,  342,  346. 

Minquas,  smaU-pox  among,  329.  And  Senecas 
at  war,  330. 

Minuit,  or  Minnewit,  Peter,  amves  at  New  Am- 
sterdam, as  director  of  New  Netherland  Com- 
pany, 15.  Returns  to  Holland,  29.  Arrives 
with  Swedes,  43 — 46.  Builds  Fort  Christina, 
45.  Departs,  45.  Is  said  to  have  died  in 
Christina,  59.  And  to  be  succeeded  by  P. 
HoUandaer,  60. 

MoU,  John,  deputed  to  New  York,  to  represent 
matters  to  Andross,  455.  Buys  Indian  lands, 
477.  Arraigned  in  court  for  words  spoken 
there:  acquitted;  appeal  to  England,  479. 
Tried  at  court;  guilty  in  part,  537.  Delivers 
possession  to  Penn,  597,  607.  His  certificate, 
606. 

Monopoly  opposed  by  general  court  of  Massa- 
chusetts, 79. 

Moore,  or  More,  N.,  elected  president  of  Free 
Society  of  Traders,  576.  Sails,  595.  Ar- 
rives, 596. 

Mortality  on  Delaware,  62,  247,  248. 

Moyamensing,  grant  of  land  to  several  inha- 
bitants of,  4S2. 

N. 

Nassau  River,  (see  Delaware  River,)  4.  Fort, 
built  at  Gloucester,  by  Captain  Mey,  12. 
Question  of  locality  discussed,  13.  How  long 
occupied,  and  when  desti'oyed,  14.  Large 
house  built  at,  50.  Complained  of  as  a  heavy 
burden,  50.  Number  of  men  at,  65.  Goods 
for,  thrown  overboard  in  a  storm,  77.  Hudde 
sent  to,  83. 

Natives  taken  to  Europe  by  Captain  Hendrick- 
son,  7. 

Navy,  captain  of,  A.  Besk,  appointed,  141. 

Neal,  Captain  James,  ordered  to  present  Lord 
Baltimore's  claim  to  Delaware  in  Holland, 
317. 

Negroes  on  South  River,  first  mentioned,  49. 
Sail  from  Manhattan  to  Vkginia,  181.    In 


G56 

exchange  for  tobacco,  329.  Beckman  asks 
for,  331.  Confiscated  by  En2;land,  and  some 
restored,  372.  Trade  in,  between  Delaware 
and  Maryland,  456. 
New  Amstel,  name  given  to,  206,  225.  Brick 
and  stone  made,  209.  Transfer  agreed  upon; 
terms,  221,  222.  Board  of  directors  in  Am- 
sterdam, 223.  Soldiers  under  Krygier  and 
D'Hinoyossa,  223.  Expenses  raised  by  loan, 
223.  Inspectors  of  tobacco  appointed,  225. 
Instructions  to  Stuyvesant  to  convey,  225. 
J.  Alricks  appointed  director,  226.  Town 
meeting  to  fix  prices  of  deer-skins,  228.  Ex- 
peclitions  from  Holland  for,  231.  Transfer 
of,  by  Stuyvesant,  232.  Various  improve- 
ments in,  238.  Number  of  houses  built  first 
year,  238.  Alricks's  account  of  the  govern- 
ment of,  before  and  after  his  arrival,  238. 
Few  disposed  to  leave  Fort  Amsterdam  for, 
239.  Great  sickness  at,  239,  242.  Arrival 
and  purchase  of  cows,  239.  Frauds  attempted 
against  creditors  at,  240.  Things  in  a  sad 
condition,  240,  241,  256.  Distribution  of  lots 
at,  241.  Fast-day  at,  242.  Management  at, 
to  be  examined,  242.  Magisti-ates  ask  for  a 
court  messenger,  and  various  privileges,  of 
director-general,  who  arrived  there,  243.  Suf- 
fers much  from  sickness  and  other  causes, 
247,  253,  254.  Beekman's  powers  at,  249. 
A  captain  runs  off  with  a  vessel  of  provisions, 
254.  Fort  out  of  repair,  and  other  defects, 
253.  Soldiers  run  away;  number  in  garri- 
son, 262.  Has  orders  to  fortify  the  garrison, 
256.  Apprehension  of  danger  at,  from  Eng- 
lish in  Maryland,  257.  State  of  the  colony, 
258.  Families  removing  from,  to  Maryland, 
260.  Colonel  Utie  arrives  at,  260.  Incapa- 
ble of  defence,  260.  Commissioners  arrive  ; 
recommend  removals  to  Manhattan,  274.  Ex- 
change of  soldiers  proposed  with  Altona,  274. 
Soldiers  forbidden  to  obey  Krygier,  275. 
Directors  of  company  complain  of  charge  at, 
276.  Galliot  arrives  with  letters  from  Peter 
Stuyvesant,  297.  Alarm  at  finding  powder, 
297.  Death  of  Rev.  Mr.  Wellius,  297.  Ne- 
gotiations between  colony  and  company,  299. 
Changes  in  consequence  of  Alricks's  death, 

300.  Houses  and  lots,  327.  Van  Gezel  re- 
moved, and  John  Prato  appointed  counsellor, 

301.  Present  administration,  301.  Orphan- 
house  ;  child  baptized,  Amstel's  Hope,  bom 
on  the  Prince  Maurice,  310.  Report  of  its 
being  transferred  to  company,  312,  316.  Com- 
missaries appointed,  316.  City  agrees  to  re- 
ceive the  colony,  318.  Confused  state  of 
affairs,  318.  Great  joy  at  transfer  of,  318. 
Fears  at,  from  Indians,  320.  Reasons  why 
settlements  are  not  more  rapid,  323.  Various 
remedies  proposed,  324.  Difiieulty  from  two 
jurisdictions,  324.  Doubts  expressed  by 
Maryland,  whether  it  lies  below  40  degrees; 
agent  despatched  to  Holland  on  the  subject 
of  Maryland,  325.  Guns  to  be  sent  to,  from 
Christina,  353.  Resolutions  sent  by  directors 
to  Stuyvesant;  emigrants  for,  330.  Tobacco 
warehouse  proposed,  331.  Dispute  about  ju- 
risdiction, .334.  Alarmed  by  sudden  appear- 
ance of  a  wounded  savage,  338.  Recent 
murders;  great  fear,  338.     Alarm  subsides, 


INDEX. 


338,  339.  Conversation  about  Lord  Balti- 
more, &c.,  340.  Proposals  to  West  India 
Company,  343.  And  answer,  344.  Consi- 
derable excitement  at,  347.  Announcement 
of  Van  Sweringen's  pardon  by  bell,  347.  To 
provide  magazines,  348.  Lord  Baltimore  ar- 
rives at,  349.  Transfer  of  the  river  to  city, 
351.  Captured  by  the  English,  305.  Name 
changed  to  New  Castle,  367.  And  again,  407. 
Court  established,  407.     (See  New  Castle.) 

New  Amsterdam,  English  frigates,  with  Ni- 
cholls,  &c.,  arrive  at,  and  take  it,  361.  Name 
changed  to  New  York;  again  falls  into  hands 
of  Dutch,  405.     Reverts  to  England,  410. 

New  Beverly.     (See  Burlington.) 

Newby's,  Mark,  Irish  halfpence  circulate  in 
Jersey,  568. 

New  Castle,  so  named,  367.  Man  to  be  sent 
from,  to  New  York,  for  debt,  383.  Applies 
for  various  privileges ;  a  block -house ;  no 
vessel  to  go  up  river ;  no  distillation  ;  king's 
arms  to  be  set  up  in  courts ;  grants  to  be  con- 
firmed ;  road  to  Maryland,  &c.,  386.  Vessels 
to  go  above,  395.  Incoi-porated ;  articles 
of,  397.  Again  in  hands  of  the  Dutch,  405. 
William  Tom  appointed  clerk  of,  413.  Fort 
to  be  received  by  Tom,  413.  Justices  ap- 
pointed ;  their  names,  414.  Early  court  at, 
416.  Governor  holds  court;  directs  about 
churches,  417.  One  at,  417.  Disturbance 
at,  419.  Wan-ant  against  Fabriciusand  Ogle, 

419.  Dispute  about  Carr's  meadow,  420.  To 
be  purchased  from  Indians  in  duke's  name, 

420.  Dykes  to  be  made,  420.  Block-house 
to  be  moved;  court-house  and  prison,  420. 
Customs  same  as  at  New  York,  421,  422. 
Guard  against  abuses  on  Jersey  side,  421. 
Edmundson  finds  little  accommodation,  422. 
Stay  of  execution  by  Andross,  at  New  York, 
on  judgment  obtained  at,  424,  425.  Justices 
of  peace  and  clerk  of  court,  426.  Justices 
ask  of  governor  various  changes  and  privi- 
leges, 430.  Ruin  of  the  place  feared,  430. 
Watch  to  be  kept,  432.  Magistrates  to  use 
their  own  seals,  432.  Prison  to  be  built,  432, 
435.  Weigh-house  and  officer,  432.  Levy 
for  expenses,  432.  Report  to  court  of  Cant- 
well,  relating  his  proceedings  towards  Fen- 
wick,  432.  Court  issue  warrant  to  raise 
soldiers  and  take  him,  434.  The  warrant, 
434.  Decision  of  court;  a  house  pulled 
down,  435.  Further  powers  asked  by  the 
court,  435.  Swanewiek,  435.  Wills  to  be 
proved,  and  letters  granted  here,  instead  of 
going  to  New  York,  435.  Marks  of  cattle 
recorded,  436.  Reader  at  Christ  Church  com- 
plains of  not  getting  his  pay,  437.  Alarm  at, 
on  account  of  Colonel  Coursay;  soldiers  or- 
dered out,  437.  Tobacco  inspector  appointed, 
439.  Vendue-master  appointed,  439.  John 
Mo'd,  treasurer,  439.  Marshal's  fees,  439. 
Hogs  to  be  ringed,  439.  Ship  Kent  arrives  at, 
with  Jersey  commissioners,  443.  Justices 
appointed,  445.  Number  of  tydiibles  in 
county,  446.  Fort  to  be  repaired,  44S.  Pros- 
titutes to  be  sent  away,  448.  Court  license 
John  Yeo  to  preach,  448.  Petition  respecting 
salary,  and  court's  answer,  449.  John  Moll 
sent  to  New  York,  to  represent  facts  in  An- 


INDEX. 


657 


dross's  absence,  455.  Ask  for  trade  with 
Maryland  for  negroes,  456.  Articles  belong- 
ing to  fort,  457.  Captain  Billop  ordered  to 
New  York,  457.  Justices  appointed,  459. 
Court  to  extend  its  care  to  east  side,  459.  And 
Upland  county,  limits  between  mutually  set- 
tled, 459.  Philip  Pocock  appointed  surveyor, 
461.  Court  addresses  governor  for  relief  in  pay- 
ing quit-rents  in  wheat,  saying  they  have  only 
tobacco,  46S.  An  old  servant  in  the  fort,  469. 
Enlargement  of  the  county  proposed,  469. 
Justices  appointed,  472.  Harnian  surveyor, 
472.  Indian  deed  to  John  Moll,  for  lands  up 
to  the  falls,  for  public  benefit,  477.  Tax  for 
wolf-scalps,  and  charge  for  collecting,  478. 
Commissions  of  justices  continued,  525. 
Windmill  at,  533.  Deeds  of  feoffment,  5S8, 
690.  Penn's  arrival  at,  596.  Record  of  it, 
596.  Formal  possession  given,  596.  Certifi- 
cate of  citizens,  697.  Submission  of  inha- 
bitants, 597.  Commission  to  Penn's  justices, 
698.  Their  written  obligations,  598.  Notices 
to  attend  a  court  at,  599.  First  court  hold 
at,  600.  Proceedings ;  Penn's  speech,  601. 
Weekly  market  established,  604.  Established, 
605. 

New  Gottenberg,  fort  built,  70.  Destroyed  by 
fire,  84.     Name  changed,  226. 

New  Haven,  Connecticut,  settled,  48.  English 
from,  piu-chase  lands  on  Delaware,  57,  58. 
Vessel  sent  there ;  protest  against,  58.  Pro- 
ceedings of  general  court  respecting  Dela- 
ware, 59,  75.  Purchase  at  Delaware,  through 
the  friendship  of  a  Pequot  sachem,  60.  Settle 
on  Schuylkill,  and  are  driven  off  by  Dutch, 
61.  Trading-house  burnt  by  order  of  Kieft: 
Lamberton  ill-treated,  62.  Protests  against 
Kieft,  62.  Deposition  of  John  Thickpenny, 
75.  Letter  from,  to  general  court,  78.  Pre- 
sident Eaton  writes  to  Kieft  about  injuries 
received  on  Delaware,  88.  Shipwreck  of 
several  persons  from,  93.  Governor  Eaton 
writes  to  Stuyvesant  about  his  course  as  to 
duties,  &c.,  118.  Mr.  Leech  presents  a  fa- 
vourable report  of  Delaware,  119.  Governor 
Eaton  inquires  of  United  Colonies  what  is  to 
be  done,  119.  They  discourage  planting  it, 
on  account  of  hands,  119.  But  leave  it  to 
their  discretion,  119.  Allude  to  purchase, 
119.  Justified  by  commissioners  in  their 
course  to  Stuyvesant,  119.  '  Applies  to  Ply- 
mouth Colony  for  help;  they  decline,  123. 
Fifty  men  hire  a  vessel  for  Delaware ;  they 
are  arrested  at  Manhattan,  127.  Memorial 
of  JasparGraine,  ifcc,  respecting  it,  127 — 130. 
Proceedings  of  commissioners  on  it;  they 
■write  to  Dutch  governor,  130,  131.  Deter- 
mine to  settle  plantations  on  Delaware  ;  apply 
to  Captain  Mason;  he  declines,  133.  A  ves- 
sel from,  protested  against,  135.  Proceed- 
ings of  general  court  at ;  letter  to  the  Swedes, 
153.  Right  to  lands  on  Delaware  asserted, 
156.  Further  proceedings  about  Delaware, 
166,  171.  Report  of  commissioner  appointed 
by  last  court  on  Delaware  ;  purchase  of  lands, 
Ac,  171.  Mr.  Davenport  and  liooke  decline 
going,  171.  Proposed  to  two  magistrates  to 
go,  171.  Their  answer,  172.  Petition  of 
Munson  and  Cooper,  for  privileges  in  settling 


Delaware,  174.  Answer  of  the  court  to,  175. 
Court  meets  to  receive  John  Cooper's  report 
on  his  voyage  to  Delaware,  176.  Fmther 
proceedings,  177. 

New  Jersey,  grant  of,  to  Berkley  and  Carteret, 
360,  Name  given,  360.  Letter  from  Love- 
lace to,  about  murders,  388.  Governor  to 
call  assembly,  389.  Complimented  by  Go- 
vernor Lovelace,  392.  Berkley  sells  to  Bil- 
linge,  404.  Fenwick  appoints  Penn,  &c. 
trustees,  410.  Penn  aids  in  settling,  410. 
New  grant  for,  to  duke,  412.  New  convey- 
ance to  Carteret,  412.  John  Fenwick  arrives ; 
Purchases  land  from  Indians,  419.  Divided, 
424.  Ship  Kent  arrives  with  commissioners 
from  the  London  and  Yorkshire  Companies, 
who  purchased  Billinge's  lands,  443.  They 
purchase  from  the  Indians,  443. 

New  Netherlands,  first  so  called,  6.  Company 
ask  for  protection  against  the  English,  7. 
Rejected,  8.  No  appeal  from  judgment  of, 
138.  Divided  into  New  York  and  New  Jer- 
sey, 360. 

New  Port  May,  (see  Delaware  Bay,)  4. 

New  Swedeland  Stream,  (see  Delaware  River,) 
4. 

New  Sweden,  convict  to  be  transported  to,  138. 

New  York.  (See  New  Amsterdam.)  Receives 
its  name,  362.  Court  of  assizes  issue  order 
respecting  patents,  old  and  new,  370.  Go- 
vernor and  council  give  directions  for  better 
government  on  Delaware,  371,  372.  Appeals 
from  Delaware  to,  372.  Dutch  ships,  under 
Evertse  and  Benkes,  arrive,  405.  Commander 
of  the  fort  delivers  it  up,  and  Dutch  power 
again  prevails  there,  and  in  New  Jersey  and 
Delaware,  405.  Reverts  to  England,  410. 
Andross,  governor  under  Duke  of  York,  ar- 
rives, 412.  Issues  jH-oclamation,  414.  M. 
NichoUs  sworn  as  one  of  council,  413.  Re- 
solution of  council  respecting  Fenwick,  421. 
Thomas  Dongan  appointed  governor,  596. 

Nicholls,  Colonel  Richard,  commissioned  by 
King  Charles  to  take  possession  of  New  Ne-  ' 
therlands,  358.  Arrives  with  the  commis- 
sioners at  New  Amsterdam,  361.  Issues  his 
proclamation,  361.  Corresponds  with  Sluy- 
vesaut,  361,  362.  Issues  his  orders  to  Cap- 
tain Hyde,  of  the  Guinea,  362.  Proposals 
to  treat  received  from  Peter  Stuyvesant,  362. 
Commissioners  appointed ;  articles  drawn  up 
and  signed,  362.  Changes  name  to  New 
York,  362.  Turns  attention  to  the  Delaware, 
362.  Commissioners  appoint  Sir  R.  Carr  to 
proceed  there  with  three  frigates,  362.  Ap- 
pointed by  the  others  to  proceed  to  Delaware 
and  establish  government,  Ac,  367.  Grants 
a  license  to  trade  there,  368.  Grants  land 
to  Captain  John  Carr,  369.  Issues  orders  to 
collectors  and  receivers,  to  grant  encourage- 
ment to  trade,  369.  Succeeded  by  Governor 
Lovelace,  370.  Expenses  of  expedition  to 
Delaware  to  be  paid  out  of  fines  of  Long  • 
Finn,  397. 

Noble,  Richard,  a  surveyor,  443.  Produces  his 
commission  as  surveyor  of  Upland,  from  An- 
dross, 470. 

Nova  Cicsarea,  (see  New  Jersey,)  360. 


658 


INDEX. 


0. 


Oath  to  be  administered  to  Swedes  and  Finns, 
359,  Illegally  taken  in  New  York  to  be  void 
at  Whorekill,  465. 

Obbes,  Captain  Lumis,  runs  off  with  a  vessel 
loaded  with  provisions  for  New  Amstel ;  great 
distress  by  it,  25-1. 

Oplandt,  Fort,  erected,  25. 

Oppression  complained  of  by  a  jailor,  245. 

Ordinance  respecting  tobacco,  97,  225. 

Ordinaries,  fit  persons  to  be  appointed,  442. 

Oxenstiem,  John,  Swedish  ambassador  to  Eng- 
land ;  said  to  have  removed  English  claim  to 
America,  28. 

Ozenstiern,  Axel,  chancellor,  publishes  procla- 
mation of  Gustavus,  34.  And  an  address,  34. 
Assigns  reasons  for  previous  failure,  34. 
Death  of  155. 


Pappegoya,  John,  arrives  with  letter  of  intro- 
duction to  Governor  Printz,  76.  Conduct  to 
Dutch  commissioners,  102.  Succeeds  Printz, 
142.  Recommended  by  Ptysingh,  155.  An- 
nounces arrival  of  the  Mercurius  on  Dela- 
ware, 212. 

Pappegoya,  Madame,  [Armgardt  Printz,]  peti- 
tions governor  for  Tinnicum,  219.  Granted, 
220.  And  to  excuse  her  man  from  trainings, 
and  allow  her  to  distil  in  her  own  kettle, 
■which  he  grants,  399.  Suit  against  Captain 
Carr  for  Tinnicum,-  proceedings  in  court, 
400,  401.  Appraisers  commissioned  to  value 
Tinnicum,  and  put  her  in  possession,  403. 

Passengers,  number  who  have  arrived  through 
Penn's  agency,  462. 

Passport,  Swedish,  to  Oloeff  Stille,  39. 

Passyunk,  village  of  Swedes  at,  309.  Swedes 
unwilling  to  remain  there,  314.  Census  of, 
to  be  taken,  313. 

Patents,  order  respecting  old  and  new,  espe- 
cially under  Dutch,  370.  Order  of  Lovelace 
respecting,  374.  For  land  to  be  granted,  382, 
387.  For  land  to  be  recorded,  418.  Of  Love- 
lace confirmed  by  Andross,  419.  From  Ni- 
choUs,  in  1668,  for  lot  at  Upland,  transferred, 
450.     See  Lands. 

Patroonships  offered  by  Dutch  West  India  Com- 
pany to  certain  Swedes,  21.  S.  Godyn  ac- 
cepts the  offer,  22. 

Pedrick,  Roger,  conveys  his  share  of  Marcus 
Hook,  454.     Asks  for  a  division,  462. 

Penington,  Mary,  dies,  595. 

Penn,  William,  bom,  81.  Arbitrates  between 
Fenwick  and  Billinge,  404.  Appointed  a 
ti-ustee  to  Fenwick,  410.  Sends  over  com- 
missioners to  Jersey,  443.  Death  of  his  fa- 
ther, 473.  His  circumstances  then,  473. 
Marriage  to  G.  M.  Springett,  473.  Connec- 
tion with  Jersey,  473.  Debt  of  government 
to  his  father,  474.  Proposes  to  take  land  in 
America,  474.  His  petition  for  it,  474.  Pro- 
ceedings before  privy-council,  475,  476,  480 
— 487.  Receives,  with  others,  conveyance 
of  West  Jersey,  478.  Obtains  removal  of 
duties  from  Whorekill,  478.  Boundaries 
fixed  by   Lord  North,   486.      Lord   Bishop 


asked  to  draft  a  law  for  settling  Protestant 
religion,  487.  Committee  of  lords  present 
charter  to  the  king  for  his  approbation,  leav- 
ing name  blank,  487.  His  majesty  signs  the 
charter,  thus  constituting  William  Penn  pro- 
prietary of  Pennsylvania,  488.  The  charter, 
488 — 499.  Letter  from,  to  R.  Turner,  giving 
history  of  the  name,  and  his  feelings,  500. 
His  letter  to  the  inhabitants,  502.  Instruc- 
tions toMarkham,  503.  Ajjpoints  him  deputy 
governor,  503.  His  commission,  503.  Writes 
letter  to  Lord  Baltimore,  505.  Issues  pro- 
posals; advantage  of  colonies;  description 
and  plan,  505 — 513.  Conditions  and  conces- 
sions, 516 — 520.  Treatment  of  Indians,  519. 
His  progress,  520.  Negotiation  for  New  Cas- 
tle discouraging,  521.  Letter  to  R.  Turner; 
refusal  of  handsome  offers,  521,  522.  Letter 
to  James  Harrison,  explaining  provision  for 
servants,  &c.,  and  appointing  him  agent  in 
England  to  sell  land,  523.  Power  of  attorney 
to,  524.  Appoints  three  commissioners  to  lay 
out  town,  &c.,  627,  639.  Their  insti-uctious, 
527.  Letter  to  the  Indians,  532.  Gives  his 
views  to  James  Harrison  on  several  points, 
638.  Gives  deeds  in  England,  640.  Sends 
to  France  for  grape-vines,  540.  Gives  deed 
for  what  he  sells,  554.  Charters  Free  Society 
of  Traders,  and  grants  land,  641 — 550,  564. 
Commissions  Thomas  Holme,  surveyor-gene- 
ral, 655.  Publishes  frame  of  government, 
and  his  views  on  government,  658 — 668. 
Laws  passed  in  England,  568 — 574.  Letter 
to  persons  from  Maryland,  supposed  to  be 
seated  in  Pennsylvania,  575.  Authorizes 
Philip  Ford  to  sign  list  of  lands  sold  in  Eng- 
land, to  be  sent  Thomas  Holme,  576,  637 — 
642.  Loses  his  mother;  in  great  affliction, 
575.  Penn  introduces,  by  letter,  the  Society 
to  Emperor  of  Canada,  679.  Letter  from 
Sir  William  Petty,  on  future  greatness  of 
Pennsj'lvania,  584.  Letter  to  the  Indians, 
read  by  Thomas  Holme,  585.  Duke  of  York's 
deed  for  Pennsylvania,  686.  Grant  to,  of  the 
territories,  688.  Deeds  of  feoffment,  688, 
690.  Sets  sail  from  England,  after  bidding 
family  and  friends  adieu,  in  ship  Welcome, 
692.  Loses  his  mother-in-law,  Mary  Pening- 
ton, 595.  Arrives  at  the  Capes,  596.  At  New 
Castle,  596.  Record  of  it  there,  696.  Re- 
ceives possession,  596,  697.  Submission  of 
the  inhabitants,  597.  Appoints  Markham 
attorney  to  receive  possession  below  New 
Castle,  598.  Commissions  justices  for  New 
Castle,  598.  Their  obligation,  599.  Issues 
notices  for  a  com-t,  600.  Holds  first  court  at 
New  Castle,  600.  His  speech,  <tc.,  601.  Re- 
ceives possession  below  New  Castle,  602. 
Certificate  of  witnesses,  602.  AYrit  to  sheriffs 
to  hold  elections  for  assembly  at  Upland,  603, 
Petition  of  freeholders  of  Chester  county^ 
respecting  number  of  representatives,  603. 
Appoints  sheriff  of  Deal,  and  orders  election, 
603.  Arrives  at  Shackamaxon,  604.  Esta- 
blishes a  market  at  New  Castle,  604.  Sends 
messenger  to  Lord  Baltimore,  605.  Divides 
into  counties.  605.  Act  of  union,  610.  Act 
of  settlement,  615.  The  Great  Law,  619—634. 
Treaty  under  Elm  Tree,  634.     List  of  lands 


sold  by,  in  England,  63? — 642.  Commission 
to  lay  out  city,  637.  Commission  to  justices 
in  the  counties  about  lands,  636. 

Pennsbury  mentioned  as  a  site  for  Pliiladelphia, 
594. 

Pennsylvania,  the  charter,  488 — 499.  How 
named,  500.  King's  declaration  of  the  grant, 
502.  Markham  appointed  governor,  603. 
Penn's  proposals  and  description,  505 — 513. 
Declaration  of  Governor  BroclvhoUs  to  the 
justices,  515.  Conditions  and  concessions, 
516 — 520.  Extracts  from  private  correspon- 
dence, respecting  progress  of  Penn's  plan, 
520,  522,  534,  537,  540,  554,  558,  579,  580. 
Commissioners  preparing  to  go,  523.  Their 
commission,  530.  Intercourse  between  Eng- 
land and,  534.     Manner  of  taking  up  lands, 

539.  Charter  of  Free   Society   of  Traders, 

540.  Thomas  Holme's  commission  as  sur- 
veyor-general, 555.  Frame  of  government; 
views  on  government,  558 — 568.  Laws  passed 
in  England,  568 — 574.  Letter  to  squatters 
from  Maryland,  574.  List  of  lands  sold  in 
England,  prepared  for  Thomas  Holme,  576, 
637—642.  Map  of,  mentioned,  581.  First 
Indian  purchase  in;  deed,  581.  Letter  on 
future  greatness  of,  by  Sir  William  Petty,  584. 
Duke  of  York's  deed  for,  586.  Deeds  of 
feoffment  for  the  territories,  588,  590.  Penn 
arrives  and  receives  possession  of  the  terri- 
tories, 596 — 598.  Divided  into  counties,  605. 
Act  of  union,  611 — 616.  Act  of  settlement, 
616—619.  The  Great  Law,  619.  List  of 
lands  sold  by  Penn,  in  England,  &c.,  and 
quantities,  637 — 642. 

Permission  granted  to  a  vessel  bound  to  South 
River,  to  go  there  without  stopping  at  Man- 
hattan, 247. 

Petersen,  Jan,  barber  or  surgeon  on  South  Ri- 
ver, 49. 

Petty,  Sir  William,  letter  to  Penn  on  future 
extent  of  Pennsylvania,  684. 

Philadelphia,  site  of  supposed  purchase  of,  by 
Hudde,  89.  The  present  site  of,  petitioned 
for  by  Peter  Rambo,  447.  City  laid  out,  and 
lots  in,  drawn  for,  595,  642,  643.  County 
established,  605.  Names  of  purchasers, 
642. 

Plancke,  Abraham,  grant  of  land  to,  by  Dutch, 
87.     Deed,  88. 

Ployden,  or  Plowden,  Sir  Edmund,  grant  to, 
from  King  Charles,  36.  Mysterious  history 
of,  36.  New  Albion  published,  109.  Various 
opinions  respecting,  109 — 113.  Certificates 
respecting  him,  109. 

Plymouth  Colony,  applied  to  by  New  Haven  for 
help  ;  refuses  it,  123. 

Plymouth  commissioners  make  a  record,  to 
which  New  Haven  commissioners  reply, 
135. 

Pocock,  Philip,  appointed  surveyor  of  New  Cas- 
tle, 461.  Surveyor  of  lands  below  the  Falls, 
on  west  side,  for  persons  lately  from  England, 
465. 

Poutaxat,  (see  Delaware  River,)  4. 

Powelson,  Capt<iin  Jacob,  sails  from  Holland  for 
South  River,  51.  Arrives,  greatly  to  relief 
of  the  Swedes,  52. 

Prato,  John,  appointed  councillor  at  New  Am- 
stel,  301. 


INDEX.  559 

Prediction  that  the  river  will  be  settled  by  Eng- 
lish and  Swedes,  321. 

Preston,  Samuel,  views  respecting  the  mine- 
holes,  255. 

Prince  Hendricks,  (see  Delaware  River,)  4. 

Principle  of  increase  in  cattle,  236. 

Printz,  John,  appointed  governor  of  Swedes,  62. 
His  commission,  63.  Instructions,  64 — 68. 
Salary,  68.  Expenses  of  government,  68. 
Sails  from  Stockholm,  68.  Arrives,  69.  His 
voyage,  69.  State  of  population  on  arrival, 
69.  Selects  Tinnicum  for  his  residence,  70. 
Erects  Fort  New  Gottenberg,  70.  Also  Printz 
HaU,  70.  Builds  Fort  Elsinborg,  70.  De- 
scription of  his  person  by  De  Vries,  73.  Pap- 
pegoya  introduced  to  him,  75.  Treatment  of 
Mr.  Lamberton,  75.    Tinnicum  given  to  him, 

77.  Fortifies  mouth  of  Schuylkill,  and  cuts 
off  Dutch  trade  with  Indians,  77.  Denies 
charges  made  against  him  by  the  colonies, 

78.  Permission  to  plant  on  Delaware,  79. 
Orders  Plancke's  vessel  from  Schuylkill ;  pro- 
ceedings between  him  and  Hudde,  85.  Letter 
from,  to  Elancke,  ordering  him  away,  86. 
Orders  Dutch  arms  pulled  down,  89.  Violent 
proceedings,  89.  Protests  against  Hudde,  90. 
Forbids  Swedes  from  trading  with  Dutch,  91. 
Letter  from  Hudde  to,  91.  Ill-treats  the 
bearer,  92.  Attempts  to  provoke  jealousy 
between  Indians  and  Dutch,  95.  Charged 
with  attempt  to  purchase  land  from  Indians, 
94.  Protest  from  Stuyvesant,  95.  Informs 
his  government  of  the  condition  of  things, 
and  asks  for  increase  of  salary  in  shape  of 
lands;  government  cautious  about  it,  96.  De- 
tains a  Dutch  vessel,  96.  Hudde  protests 
against  a  vessel  which  passes  Fort  Nassau, 
98.  Visited  by  two  commissioners  from  New 
York;  their  singular  reception,  102.  They 
protest,  102.  Orders  house  built  in  front  of 
Dutch  fort,  103.  Letter  and  protest  of  Hudde, 
106.  Stops  a  Dutch  vessel,  117.  Grants 
sea-letter,  138.  Desires  to  return  to  Sweden; 
answer  to,  from  Amsterdam,  141.  Departed 
for  Sweden,  142.  Succeeded  by  Pappegoya, 
142.  To  receive  instructions  i"rom  College 
of  Commerce,  142.  West  India  Company 
complain  of  Governor  Stuyvesant  for  asking 
privileges  for  Printz,  147.  Departure,  148. 
His  pleasure  at,  231. 

Printz,  Miss,  alias  Madame,  in  trouble  about 
removing  from  Tinnicum,  307.  Desires  toi 
pay  recognitions  in  provisions,  313.  Obtains 
judgment  for  a  protested  bill  of  exchange, 
342.  And  appeal  taken,  being  for  part  of 
Tinnicum,  342.  Jeufiro  Armgart,  alias  Pap- 
pegoya, concerned  in  the  insurrection,  379. 
Asks  execution  against  Carr;  may  be  re- 
newed, 423. 

Printzdorp  mentioned,  220.     History  of,  339. 

Privateers  commit  depredations  at  Whorekill, 
397. 

Privileges  granted  to  discoverers,  5,  6.  Expire, 
7.     Applications  for,  7. 

Prisoner  escapes  from  sheriff,  535.  Governor's 
remarks  on,  535. 

Protest  of  William  Kieft,  44,  58.  Against  pro- 
ceedings of  Colonel  Utic,  256,  262. 

Provision,  liberal,  for  religion  and  education, 
by  Swedes,  53. 


660 

Prudence,  ketch,  has  a  pass  for  New  Castle, 

383. 
Punishment  for  crime,  303. 


Q. 

Quit-rents  remitted  by  Andross,  416.  Reserved 
to  the  Duke  of  York,  419.  Order  of  governor 
revoked,  457.  Required  in  wheat ;  can  be 
paid  in  tobacco  only,  468.  Inquiries  of  go- 
vernor respecting  them,  468.  Inhabitants 
required  to  pay,  469.     Origin  of,  503. 

Quiettetting,  appeal  from  court  at  Salem,  re- 
specting land  at ;  Barrow  against  Lefevre  and 
Pledger;  decision,  469. 


R. 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter's,  claim  to  discovery  of  the 
Delaware,  1. 

Rambo,  Peter,  resigns  as  commissary,  324.  Ap- 
pointed a  councillor,  371.  Petitions  court  for 
land  between  Wiccacoa  and  Hartsfelder,  447. 

Rape  committed  by  Indian ;  how  punished,  378. 
A,  to  be  punished  by  whipping ;  commuted 
to  fine  to  be  paid  the  church,  484. 

Religion  liberally  provided  for,  53.  Ministers 
to  be  supported,  220.     Toleration,  573. 

Restless,  the  yacht,  built,  5.  Arrives  in  the 
Delaware,  6.  Discovers  Schuylkill,  6.  Re- 
turns to  Holland,  6. 

Rhodes,  Dr.,  murder  of,  416. 

Robinson,  Rev.  Mr.,  his  associates  arrive  in  the 
Mayflower,  at  Plymouth,  8. 

Roger  Drew,  ship,  an-ives,  and  is  frozen  up  at 
Upland,  637. 

Root,  Simon,  grant  of  land  to,  by  Dutch,  87. 
Receives  injury  from  Swedes,  95.  Certificate 
of  conduct  of  Swedes,  105. 

Rowles,  Walter,  constable,  to  take  census,  442. 

Rynevelt,  Abraham,  commissary,  dies,  247. 

Rysingh,  John,  as  governor;  his  commission, 
142.  Salary,  143.  Grant  of  land  to,  145. 
Arrives,  148.  Surprises  and  takes  Fort  Casi- 
mir,  148.  Account  of  capture,  148,  149. 
Announces  to  Stuyvesant  his  arrival,  150. 
Title  assumed,  151.  OflFers  of  friendship  to 
English,  Dutch,  and  Indians,  161.  Treaty 
with  Indians  at  Tinnicum ;  details  of,  152. 
Letter  from,  to  his  government:  asks  for  a 
wife,  163.  Recommends  Pappegoya  as  sehout, 
&c.,  155.  Letter  to,  from  Eaton,  asserting 
right  to  lands  on  Delaware,  156.  Invited  to 
Manhattan;  declines,  157.  Capitulates  to 
Stuj'vesant,  187.  Report  of  both  actions, 
189.  Declines  offer  of  restoration  of  Fort 
Christina,  196.  Amves  at  Manhattan,  197. 
Charge  against  Stuyvesant;  his  reply,  197. 
Peter  Stuyvesant's  order  to  land  him  in 
Europe,  199.  Receipt  for  payment  according 
to  capitulation,  200.  His  answer  to  Peter 
Stuyvesant,  200.  Sails  for  Europe,  203.  Said 
to  be  arrested  in  Sweden ;  released  on  con- 
dition of  his  attempting  to  recover  South 
River,  324. 

Rysingh,  John,  jun.,  mentioned,  231. 

Hugger,  Joost,  the  miller's,  land  granted  to 
Hans  Bones,  369. 


INDEX. 


S. 


Sacraments  not  administered  at  Altona  for  two 
years  and  a  half,  337. 

St.  Jones  county  separated  from  Whorekill,  484. 
Justices  appointed,  472.  Harman  surveyor, 
472.  Man  fined  for  abusing,  by  words,  the 
justices,  479.  Fears  from  Lord  Baltimore, 
524.     Name,  &c.  changed,  605. 

Salem,  first  ship  arrives  at,  417.  AnotJier  ship 
arrives,  with  John  Fenwick,  Ac,  417. 
Friends'  meeting  established  at,  422.  Made 
a  port  of  entry,  539. 

Salt,  works,  in  Delaware,  239.  High  price  of, 
320. 

Scarborough,  Edmund,  petitions  to  sail  from 
New  York,  with  negroes,  for  Virginia,  181. 
Penalty  for  stopping  at  Delaware,  181. 

Shackamaxon,  many  Indians  there,  424.  Ex- 
penses of,  at,  440.  Laurence  Cock  transfers 
land  at,  to  Elizabeth  Kinsey,  at  the  town  of, 
being  one-sixth  of  original  plat,  460.  Treaty 
at,  634. 

Schoolmasters  to  be  suj)ported,  53.  Curious 
suit  of  a,  462. 

Schute,  Lieutenant  Swen,  his  conduct  towards 
Dutch  at  Mastmaker's  Corner,  117.  Grant 
to  him,  138.  Asks  for  a  receipt  for  goods 
delivered  Derk  Smidt,  209.  Elected  captain, 
244.     Delivers  up  fort,  185.     Censured,  189. 

Schuylkill  River  discovered,  6.  Purchased  by 
Arent  Corssen,  35.  Indian  deed  for,  35. 
Conduct  of  Swedes  and  Dutch  at,  99,  100. 
English  settle  at,  and  are  driven  off  by  the 
Dutch,  61.  Printz  fortifies ;  cuts  off  Indian 
trade  from  Dutch,  77.  Fort  Beversrede 
erected,  77,  78.  Vessel  for  Hudde  arrives  at; 
ordered  ofi",  84.  Public  transfer  of.  and 
sanction  of  sale  by  the  Indians,  102.  Hudde 
grants  land  on,  102.  Ill-treatment  by  the 
Swedes,  103.  Swedes  build  in  front  of  Dutch 
fort,  103.  Mill  to  be  built  on,  at  Moonson's 
Falls,  460. 

Sea-letter  from  Governor  Printz,  138. 

Senecas  kill  an  Indian,  329.  And  Minquas  at 
war,  330,  342,  346.  Murder  two  English, 
348. 

Sei-vants  run  away  from  Maryland,  337,  339. 
One  hung,  &c.,  340.  Proclamation  of  gover- 
nor, forbidding  carrying  out  of  country,  395. 
A  man  sold,  450. 

Settlement,  the  first  European  on  Delaware,  12. 
At  Zwanendal,  25.     Destroyed,  27. 

Shield,  ship,  arrives  from  Hull,  and  proceeds  to 
Burlington,  and  is  frozen  up,  461. 

Sickness  and  mortality  on  Delaware,  C2,  247, 
248.     At  New  Amstel,  247,  253. 

Slander  against  his  majesty  and  court,  455. 

Slavery  among  the  Maquas  and  Mohicans,  7. 

SmaU-pox  desti'oys  many  Minquas,  329.  And 
river  savages,  343.     Remedies  for,  343. 

Sneart,  Jur.  Kuys,  horribly  beaten,  345. 

Smidt,  Derek,  appointed  commandant,  204.  As 
guide  to  Krygier,  overland,  234.  His  instruc- 
tions, 234.     Dies,  327. 

South  River,  (see  Delaware  River,)  4.  Permits 
to  go  there,  from  Manhattan,  necessary,  50. 
Regulations  of  trade  on,  50.  A  vessel  may 
visit,  without  touching  at  Manhattan,  247. 


INDEX. 


661 


Emigration  to,  346.     To  be  ceded  to  the  city, 
349.     Reason  for,  350. 

Stacey,  Mahlon,  sends  out  first  vessel  from 
Delaware  to  foreign  ports,  477. 

States-General  of  Holland  encourage  discove- 
ries, 4.  Vessels  sent  out,  5.  Arrival,  5.  Their 
report,  5.  Charter  the  West  India  Company, 
8.  Pass  resolution ;  no  appeal  from  judgment 
of  New  Netherland,  138. 

Stavely,  James,  a  pass  to  go  to  Delaware;  form 
of  it,  388. 

Stille,  Oloeff  P.,  Swedish  passport  to,  39.  Com- 
missary, returns  with  others  from  Maryland, 
322. 

Strays  to  he  taken  up,  423. 

Sturgeons  abundant  in  the  Delaware,  227. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter,  succeeds  Kieft  as  director- 
general,  93.  His  arrival,  93.  Hudde  sends 
petition,to,  95.  Protests  against  Printz,  95. 
Letter  to,  from  Tienhoven,  108.  Writes  to 
Hudde,  noticing  the  attempts  of  the  Swedes 
to  purchase  land  around  Fort  Nassau,  and 
their  other  designs;  censures  Hudde,  113. 
Correspondence  between,  and  Governor  Ea- 
ton, of  New  Haven,  on  injuries  from  Kieft, 
and  the  course  he  intends  to  pursue  as  regards 
duties,  117.  His  reply,  118.  Letter  from 
New  England  commissioners,  119.  Concludes 
to  meet  them  at  Hartford,  120.  Agrees  to 
arbitrate,  and  appoints  his  men,  120.  Their 
award,  121.  Leave  matters  in  statu  quo  as 
to  Delaware,  122.  Letter  to,  from  directors 
of  Vv''est  India  Company,  122.  Questions  In- 
dians respecting  sales  to  Swedes,  124.  Pre- 
sent of  lands  from  Indians,  127.  Arrests 
people  from  New  Haven,  on  their  way  to 
Delaware,  127.  Letter  of  commissioners  to, 
131.  Letter  to,  from  New  England  colonies, 
131.  New  England  commissioners  invited 
by;  they  attend,  and  leave  in  haste,  135. 
Protests  against  a  ship  from  New  Haven,  135. 
Letter  to  commissioners  of  New  England, 
135.  Answer  of  commissioners,  137.  Swedes 
ask  protection  of,  139.  Prudence  to  Swedes 
recommended  by  West  India  Company,  140. 
Complaint  against,  for  asking  exemption  of 
duties  for  Printz,  147.  Letter  from  llysingh 
to,  announcing  his  arrival,  150.  P>,etaliates 
on  Rysingh  by  capture  of  the  Golden  Shark, 
155.  Answer  to  Elswyck  for  permit,  157. 
Decree  against  the  Shark,  158.  Con-espond- 
ence  with  Elswyck,  160,  162.  Letter  from 
West  India  Company,  giving  their  opinion 
of  the  surrender  of  Fort  Casimir,  and  order 
to  avenge  it,  168,  170.  Sails  for  Barbadocs, 
173.  Course  respecting  Swedish  ship  ap- 
proved, 178.  Instractions  as  to  treatment  of 
the  Swedes,  179.  Prepares  for  the  expedi- 
tion;  orders  a  fast  day,  179.  Proclamation, 
180.  Appoints  superintendents  of  prepara- 
tions, 180,  181.  Persons  appointed  to  act  in 
his  place  when  absent,  181,  182.  Arrives  at 
Delaware,  183.  Sends  council  a  report  of  his 
operations  and  success,  183.  Capitulation 
of  Fort  Casimir,  185.  Takes  Fort  Christina; 
capitulation,  187.  Swedes  take  oath  of  alle- 
giance to,  186.  Offers  Christina  to  llysingh; 
he  refuses,  196.  Letter  to  Rysingh  on  charges 
inade  against  him,  197.     Orders  to  vessels 


that  are  to  carry  out  the  Swedes,  199.  And 
to  land  them  in  Europe,  199.  Departs  for 
Manhattan,  204.  Appoints  Captain  Derek 
Smidt,  commandant,  204.  Appoints  John 
Paul  Jacquett,  205.  His  instructions,  205, 
Letter  from  directors  on  capitulation ;  curious 
argument,  209.  Letter  to,  from  Captain 
Huygh,  of  ship  Mercurius,  213.  Answer  to 
it,  214.  Sends  messenger  to  Delaware,  215. 
Surprise  at  receiving  no  answer,  215.  Send 
soldiers  there,  216.  Various  grants  of  land 
by,  216.  Threatening  aspect  at  Delaware; 
proposes  sending  the  Balance,  <to.,  21G.  Re- 
solution of  council,  217.  Madame  Pappogoya 
applies  to,  for  Tinnicum,  219.  Instructions 
to  transfer  Fort  Casimir  to  city,  225.  Letter 
from  Alricks,  on  his  shipwreck,  230.  Orders 
to  transfer  New  Amstel;  formal  transfer  of, 
232.  Letter  to  Jacquett,  removing  him,  233. 
Instructions  respecting  Jacquett,  236.  Pro- 
clamation against  frauds  on  creditors,  240. 
Arrives  at  South  River;  his  reception,  243. 
Makes  report,  on  his  return,  of  things  re- 
quiring attention,  243.  Frauds,  242.  Letter 
from  Alricks;  apology  for  not  treating  him 
better,  244.  Instructions  how  to  behave  to 
the  English,  245.  And  towards  fugitives 
from  Virginia,  245.  Ordered  to  buj'  land  be- 
low Bombay  Hook,  245.  Appoints  William 
Beekman  commissary  and  vice-director,  248. 
Letter  from  directors  ;  jealousy  of  the  Swedes, 
251.  To  admonish  Alricks  and  assist  Wil- 
liam Beekman,  252.  Weight  of  guns  need 
not  be  sent,  252.  Letter  of  Alricks  about 
purchase  of  Whorekills,  255.  About  Mary- 
laud,  257.  Writes  to  directors  on  state  of  the 
colony,  258.  His  gloomy  apprehensions,  258. 
Rumors  from  Maryland,  258.  Alricks  to, 
informs  of  Colonel  Utie's  arrival,  260.  Let- 
ter from  Beekman  about  Colonel  Utie,  261, 
262.  Express  sent  by  Beekman  to,  205.  His 
disi^leasure  at  Beekman  and  Ahicks's  ac- 
count of  Utie's  visit,  and  their  treatment  of 
him,  266,  275.  Appoints  Hermans  and  Wal- 
dron  commissioners  to  Maryland,  268.  His 
instructions  to,  269.  Letter  to  governor  and 
council  of  Maryland,  271.  Suggests  general 
war  with  Indians,  274.  Letter  from  com- 
pany on  state  of  South  River,  277.  Fears 
of  Swedes  and  English,  277.  Letter  to,  in 
answer  from  Maryland,  284,  285.  Informs 
council  of  appointment  of  commissioners  to 
Maryland;  sends  their  journal,  <fcc.,  298. 
Letter  from  council  to,  298.  Sends  a  com- 
mission to  try  a  case  at  New  Amstel  for  mur- 
der, 304.  Their  instructions,  304.  Opinion 
in  case  of  transfer  of,  to  council,  310.  Re- 
plies to  censures  from  the  council  on  various 
matters  touching  Maryland  and  D'Hinoyossa, 
337.  Appoints  a  fast-day,  which  D'Hino- 
yossa refuses  to  keep,  330.  Insolent  language 
to,  336.  Letter  from  directors  to,  respecting 
ministers  gone  home,  337.  Letter  from  Beek- 
man about  troubles  at  New  Amstel,  338. 
Letter  about  Printzdorp,  339.  Directs  Beek- 
man to  assist  D'Hinoyossa  with  soldiers,  339. 
Complains  of  high  charges  by  merchants, 
339.  His  course  approved  by  directors,  with 
regard  to  a  murder,  345.  Answer  to  letter 
3E 


662 


INDEX. 


respecting  D'Hinoyossa  and  Van  Sweringon, 
345.  Grants  land  to  Beekman,  346.  Order 
to  transfer  river  to  the  city,  350.  General 
instructions,  351.  Some  dissatisfied,  352. 
Advised  by  directors  in  Holland  of  Swedish 
vessels  fitting  out,  supposed  for  South  River; 
two  hundred  soldiers  on  board,  353.  Makes 
formal  transfer  of  company's  property  to  city, 
through  D'Hinoyossa,  355.  Letter  to  Colonel 
NichoUs,  361.  Proposes  to  treat,  362.  Signs 
articles,  362. 

Sussex  county,  late  Deal,  established,  605. 

Swedes,  errors  as  to  their  arrival,  20,  29,  42. 
English  claim  said  to  be  extinguished,  28. 
Arrival  of,  in  Delaware,  42.  Authenticated, 
42 — 44,  46.  Under  Minuit,  arrive  with  the 
Grifiin  and  Key  of  Cahnar,  46.  Their  num- 
ber, 47.  Erect  Fort  Christina,  47.  Purchase 
lands  from  Indians,  48.  Complained  of  as 
injuring  Dutch  trade  on  South  River,  50. 
Successful  in  beaver  trade :  shipments,  50. 
Relieved  by  an  arrival,  52.  Drive  off  Eng- 
lish from  Delaware,  62.  Mortality  amongst, 
62.  John  Printz  appointed  governor,  62. 
Commission,  63.  Instructions,  64.  Much 
discouraged,  and  ready  to  break  up;  relieved 
by  arrival  of  a  vessel,  56,  57.  Governed  by 
laws  of  Sweden,  67.  Use  Augsburg  Confes- 
sion, 67.  Extent  of  claims,  64.  Send  over 
criminals,  and  forbid  it,  72.  Singular  reason 
for  it,  72.  Have  three  forts,  72.  Character 
of,  72.  Treatment  of  Mr.  Lamberton,  73. 
Portify  Schuylkill,  78.  Governor  denies 
charges  made  by  United  Colonies  against 
Lim,  78.  ni-treat  AspinwaU,  79.  Send  valu- 
able cargoes ;  put  into  Friesland ;  difficulty 
about  duties,  81.  Correspondence  with  Dutch, 
81.  Quantities  of  beaver  on  board,  81.  Chris- 
tina assumes  government,  82.  Injure  Simon 
Root,  95.  Oppose  Dutch  at  Schuylkill,  99. 
Destroy  buildings,  103.  Two  murdered  by 
Indians,  104.  Certificates  against,  104,  105. 
Endeavour  to  purchase  lands  about  Fort 
Nassau,  114.  Further  proceedings,  117. 
Dutch  statement  of  grievances,  124.  Indians 
deny  selling  lands  to  the,  126.  Ask/  protec- 
tion of  Stuyvesant,  140.  Directions  to,  140. 
Two  clergymen  arrive,  140.  Various  privi- 
leges to  encourage  settlement  of  the  counti-y 
granted,  146.  License  by  governor  of  Mary- 
land to  trade,  147.  Expenses  of  government, 
174.  How  to  be  treated  by  Stuyvesant,  179. 
Expedition  against,  preparing,  180 — 182. 
Sails  from  Manhattan,  182.  Arrives,  183. 
Stuyvesant's  account  of  his  operations  and 
success,  183,  185.  Capitulate,  187.  Take 
oath  of  allegiance  to  Peter  Stuyvesant,  187. 
Complain  of  treatment  of  Dutch,  196.  Their 
power  on  Delaware  ceases,  203.  Ask  to  con- 
tinue on  their  lands,  208.  Jacquett  complains 
of  them  as  turbulent,  210.  Agent  at  Hague 
protests  against  Dutch,  210.  Action  on,  210. 
Woman  complained  against  for  debauching 
negroes;  transported  to  Delaware,  211.  Ship 
Mercurius,  Captain  Huygh,  arrives,  211.  Ap- 
point Van  Derek  sheriff,  236.  Take  oath ; 
form  of  it,  243.  As^  to  remain  neutral  in 
war,  244.  Dutch  jealous  of,  251.  Appoint- 
ment of  officers  opposed,  251,     Wish  to  re- 


main ;  intend  uniting  in  a  village  at  Pas* 
syunk,  308.  Fitting  out  vessels,  supposed  for 
South  River,  353.  And  Finns  to  appear  at 
Altona,  359.  Refuse  oath,  359.  Church  at 
Crane  Hook,  371.  At  Wiccacoa,  379,  417, 
438,  487. 

Swedish  West  India  Company  proposed  to  king, 
15.  Charter  obtained,  16.  Summary  of  its 
provisions,  &c.,  16 — 20.  First  attempt  un- 
successful, 20.  Recommended  to  Germans 
by  king,  before  his  death,  30.  Time  for  sub- 
scribing extended,  34.  Charter  confirmed  in 
Germany,  38. 

Swenson,  Swen,  <fec.,  Dutch  patent  to,  con- 
firmed, 384,  463.  Official  copy  of  survey  of 
Wiccacoa  to,  615. 

Swine  to  be  yoked,  219, 

T. 

Territories,  or  three  lower  counties;  deeds  of 
feoffment  from  duke  to  Penn,  588,  590.  Pos- 
session taken,  697,  602,  606.  Act  of  union, 
610.     Act  of  settlement,  615. 

Thanksgiving-day  appointed,  155. 

Thickpenny,  John,  deposition  respecting  G. 
Lamberton's  treatment  by  the  Swedes,  75. 

Tienhooven,  attorney-general,  appointed  to  su- 
perintend expedition,  180. 

Tienpoint,  Adriaen  Jorisz,  associated  as  direc- 
tor with  Captain  Mey,  in  expedition  to  Dela- 
ware, 12. 

Tinnicum  Island  selected  for  Governor  Printz's 
residence ;  Printz  Hall,  &c.,  70.  Fort  Gotten- 
burg  buUt,  70.  Given  by  Swedish  govern- 
ment to  Governor  Printz,  for  his  good  conduct, 
76.  His  daughter  applies  to  Peter  Stuyvesant 
for  it,  219.  Church  in,  consecrated  by  Cam- 
panius,  88,  417.  First  burial  there,  89.  Bill 
of  exchange  taken  for,  protested,  342.  Com- 
missioners appointed  by  Governor  Lovelace 
to  appraise,  403.  Levy  to  be  made  to  pay 
expenses  of  court,  455.  Church  to  be  re- 
paired at  expense  of  members,  467. 

Tobacco,  Swedish  ordinance  respecting,  97.  Or- 
dinance laying  duty  on;  curious  reason  for, 
173.  Act  for  inspection  of,  225.  Two  in- 
spectors appointed,  225.  Seized,  231.  Pro- 
posals of  Maryland  to  deliver  for  negroes, 
329.  Warehouse  proposed  at  New  Amstel, 
331.  Inspector  appointed,  439.  The  only 
means  of  payment  on  Delaware,  468. 

Toleration,  religious,  secured,  53,  68,  573,  620. 

Tom,  William,  grant  to,  by  Nicholls,  of  land, 
for  his  good  conduct,  369.  Discharged,  373. 
Appointed  collector  of  quit-rents,  374.  May 
kill  wild  hogs,  374.  Obtains  a  patent  through 
misrepresentation ;  decision  of  the  governor, 
382.  His  servant  miu-dered,  382.  Governor 
writes  to  him,  charging  him  with  the  mur- 
ders, through  negligence,  389.  Directs  his 
course,  389.  Appointed  receiver  and  clerk, 
and  to  take  possession  of  fort,  413.  Com- 
plaints against  him,  418.     Death  of,  448. 

TorkiUus,  Rev.  Reorus,  arrives  with  the  Swedes, 
47.     Dies,  72. 

Trade  regulated  on  South  River,  50.  Dutch,  on 
South  River,  injured  by  Swedes,  50,  56.  With 
Indians  cut  off  from  Dutch  by  Printz,  77. 


INDEX. 


663 


Interdicted  between  Bombay  Hook  and  Cape 
Henlopen,  except  to  Alriuks,  333. 

Treaty  between  England  and  Holland  signed  at 
Westminster,  410.  Under  Elm  Tree,  the,  634. 

Trinity,  Fort,  Casimir  so  called,  150. 

Turcoat,  Jobn,  a  Frenchman,  gets  a  pass  to 
Delaware  to  hunt,  425. 

Turner,  Captain,  from  New  Haven,  purchases 
land,  58.  Court  allow  him  to  go  to  Dela- 
ware, 59.     Lost  at  sea,  93. 

Turner,  Robert,  Penn's  letters  to,  522. 

Turtle  Falls,  a  corn-miU  at,  334.  Wood  granted 
to,  334. 

Tydables,  number  of,  to  be  taken,  442.  Num- 
ber of,  in  New  Castle  county,  446. 

Tyneman,  Peter,  wishes  to  be  employed  as  a 
surgeon,  308. 

u. 

United  Colonies  of  New  England  formed,  V2. 
Commissioners  of;  complaints  to,  of  treat- 
ment of  Lamberton  by  Dutch,  73.  Commis- 
sion Mr.  Lamberton  to  treat  with  Swedish 
governor,  73.  Discourage  New  Haven  from 
settling  Delaware  on  account  of  hands,  119. 
Write  to  Stuyvesant,  justifving  New  Haven, 
119,  120.  He  meets  them'  at  Hartford,  120. 
Arbitrators  appointed,  120.  Award,  120, 121. 
Commissioners  write  to  Edward  Winslow,  in 
London,  stating  facts,  and  asking  about  jia- 
tents  in  England,  132.  Allude  to  kind  of  tes- 
timony taken  by  Governor  Stuyvesant,  134. 
Commissioners  reply  to  Plymouth,  135.  Long 
letter  to,  from  Stuyvesant,  135.  Answer  of, 
137.  Letter  to  Eysingh,  asserting  right  to 
lands  on  Delaware,  156. 

Upland,  court  established  by  the  Dutch,  408. 
R.  Wade  living  there,  422.  Meeting  at,  re- 
specting Indians,  423.  Court  held;  N.  Laer- 
sen's  house,  437.  Petition  for  a  settlement 
and  town  below  the  falls,  by  a  number  of 
Swedes,  446.  Answer  of  the  court,  447.  Pe- 
tition of  Peter  Rambo  for  land  between  Wic- 
cacoa  and  Hartsfelder,  447.  House  of  defence 
to  be  fitted  up  for  the  next  com-tto  sit  in,  447. 
Deed  acknowledged  by  an  owner,  one  of  sis 
original  inhabitants  of  the  town,  450.  Trans- 
fer of  a  patent  granted  by  Nicholls  in  1668, 
451.  Court  agree  to  arrest  a  fugitive  debtor 
from  New  Castle,  451.  Court  held  at  house 
of  Peter  Cock,  452.  And  New  Castle  coun- 
ties, limits  fixed,  459.  Inhabitants  complain 
about  fences  in  way  to  the  "fly,"  459.  A  street 
to  the  house  of  defence,  463.  Transfer  of 
land  at,  467.  Richard  Noble,  surveyor,  470. 
Israel  Helm  transfers  his  house  at,  470. 
Court  fee  for  judgments ;  in  great  want  of 
money  to  pay  for  meat  and  drink,  470.  Jus- 
tices appointed,  472,  473.  Levy  to  meet  court 
charges,  473.  Court  to  meet  at  Kinsesse, 
473.  Court  meets  at  Kinsessing,  501.  Name 
changed  to  Chester,  by  Penn;  manner  of, 
605. 

Usselincx,  William,  proposes  a  Swedish  West 
India  Company,  15. 

Utic,  Colonel  N.,  and  others,  amve  at  New 
Amstcl  from  Maryland,  200.  His  conduct, 
260.    Alricks's  letter  about,  260.  iScckmau's, 


261,  262.  :i^rotest  against,  262—265.  Report 
from,  after  his  return  to  Maryland,  265. 
Views  of  Peter  Stuyvesant,  266.  Instructions 
respecting,  268.  Letter  to,  from  Beekman, 
asking  return  of  deserters,  315.  Meeting  at 
his  house,  328. 


V. 

Van  Dincklage,  L.,  a  member  of  council,  visits 
South  River,  102.  Visits  Governor  Printz; 
imcourteous  reception,  102. 

Van  Dyck,  Gregorius,  Swedish  sheriff,  236. 
Wishes  them  to  form  villages,  236.  Applies 
for  his  salary;  his  duties  performed  by  Beek- 
man, 324.     RemoVed ;  asks  reason,  325. 

Van  Gezel,  Cornells,  removed,  301.  Arrives  at 
Altona ;  asks  protection  against  D'Hinoyossa, 
302. 

Van  Gezel,  Gerrit,  appointed  secretary  at  New 
Amstcl,  299. 

Vanllpendam,  Jan  Jansen,  commissary  of  Fort 
Nassau,  41.  Instructions  to  drive  off  English 
from  Schuylkill,  and  does  it,  61.  Monopoly 
of  trade,  82.  His  silver  plate,  83.  Charged 
with  fraud,  83.  Trial,  83,  84.  SmaU  stock 
of  goods,  83.  To  be  sent  to  Amsterdam  for 
trial,  84. 

Van  Renssalaer,  Killiaen,  unites  with  Godyn 
as  patroon,  25. 

Van  Ruyven,  Cornelius,  secretary,  despatched 
,with  M.  Krygier  to  South  River,  to  regulate 
affairs,  266.  His  commission,  267.  Instruc- 
tions, 268.  Arrival  and  complaint  to  AMcks, 
272,  275. 

Van  Sweringen,  Gerrit,  sheriff  and  secretary, 
301.  And  wife  go  passengers  to  Holland  in 
Green  Eagle,  318.  Shoots  a  man,  336.  His 
conduct  in  arresting  seven  men,  336.  At- 
tacked, 337.  Sudden  departm-e  for  Mary- 
land, 341.  Pardoned,  347.  Still  acts  as 
sheriff,  wearing  his  sword,  348.  Estate  con- 
fiscated, 369. 

Van  Tienhoven,  secretary,  writes  to  Stuyvesant 
from  South  River;  advises  him  to  go  there, 
to  see  the  state  of  things,  108.  Gives  ac- 
count of  Indian  trade,  108. 

Van  Twiller,  Wouter,  director-general  of  New 
Netherland,  arrives  at  New  Amstel,  33. 
Charged  with  neglect,  &c.  at  Fort  Nassau, 
49. 

VarkenskiU,  English  settle  at,  59. 

Vessel,  the  first  built  by  Europeans,  5.  Two 
arrive  in  Delaware ;  one  escapes  shipwreck, 
238.  Sailing  between  Manhattan  and  South 
River;  order  renewed,  316.  A,  arrives  in 
distress  from  West  Indies,  317.  Arrival  at 
Salem  of  first  ship,  417.  For  Pennsylvania, 
526,  534,  535. 

Virginia,  proposals  to  supply  provisions,  316. 
Company  send  a  vessel,  under  Captain  Jones, 
to  protect  trade  on  Delaware,  10.  He  deceives 
them,  10.  Call  attention  of  English  govern- 
ment to  Dutch  trade,  10. 

Vis,  Jacob,  license  to  dispose  of  his  property 
near  New  Castle,  369. 

Volkertsen,  Captain,  sails  from  Amsterdam,  G. 
Arrival,  6. 


66^ 


INDEX. 


w. 

TVade,  Eobert,  arrives;   meeting  held  at  Ms 

house  at  Upland,  422. 
"Waldenses,  expected  to  emigrate  to  the  South 

River,  226. 
Waldron,  Resolved,  sent  with  Hermans,  com- 
missioner to   Maryland,    268.     Instructions, 
269.     An-ives  in  Maryland,  277.    Manifesto, 
277—284.    Journal,  287— 296.    Return,  296. 
"Wampum,  great  scarcity  of;  governor's  procla- 
mation to  raise  value  of,  405. 
War  renewed  between  Dutch  and  English,  396. 
Warner,  AVilliam,    grant   to,    over   Schuylkill, 
455.     And  Jorum  purchase   from   Indians; 
ask  purchasers  to  pay  a  proportion,  514. 
"Weights  and  measures  to  be  English,  458. 
"Welius,  Rev.  Everardus,  about  to  sail  from  Hol- 
land, 232.     Preaches  first  sermon  at  Altona, 
242.     Death  and  burial,  297. 
"^Vest  India  Company,  Dutch,  directors  write  to 
Stuyvesant   to   avenge    the  capture  of  Fort 
Casimir  by  Rysingh,  168.    Expedition  fitting 
out,  168,  170.     Bikker  to  be  arrested,  169. 
Approve  of  seizure    of  Swedish   ship,    178. 
Tlic  expedition  against  Fort  Casimir  to  be 
followed  up,  179.     Treatment  of  the  Swedes, 
179.     Call  on  for  soldiers,   208.     Letter  on 
capitulation ;  curious  reason's,  209.     In  con- 
sequence of  embarrassment,  propose  selling 
Fort  Casimir,  on  certain  terms,  to  city  of  Am- 
sterdam, 220.     Effected,  and  name  of  Fort 
Casimir,  or  Trinity,  changed  to  Xcav  Amstel, 
220.    Terms,  220 — 222.    Resolutions  respect- 
ing New  Amstel,  223.     Directors'  letter  to 
Peter  Stuyvesant;  jealousy  of  the   Swedes, 
251.     Appointment  of  Swedish  otficers   op- 
posed by,  251.    Make  changes  in  regulations 
of  colonists,  which  creates  discontent,   252. 
State  of  their  colony  stated  by  Peter  Stuy- 
vesant, 258. 
West  India  Company,   Swedish,   proposed  by 
William  Usselincx  to  Gustavus  Adolphus,  15. 
Charter  of,  16.     Proclamation  published,  34. 
West   Jersey,    conveyed   by  duke  to  AYilliam 
Penn,   &c.,  478.     A  large  ship  arrives  with 
passengers,  636. 
Westminster,  treaty  between  Dutch  and  Eng- 
lish signed  at,  410. 
Whalers,  northern,  visit  the  Delaware,  1. 
Wharton,  Walter,  surveyor,  387,  408,  442.     A 
commissioner  to  appraise  Tinnicum,  403.  Pre- 
sented for  marrj-ing  himself;  other  charges, 
451.     Case  referred  to  governor,  454.    Fined 
for  not  being  at  court,  454.     Dies,  468. 
WhorekiUs,  Dutch  propose  to   purchase,    255. 
Beekman  and  D'Hinoyossa  proceed  to,  for 
the  purpose,  256.      English  pretensions  to, 
256.     Purchase  of,  256.     Alrieks  asks  trans- 
fer of,  to  the  citj-,  256.   A  fciTy-boat  sunk  at, 
316.     Bark  stranded  at,  319.     To  be  aban- 
doned, and  soldiers  discharged,  330.    Schout 
and  commissaries  appointed,  380.     Purchase 
by  Dutch  to  be  recorded,  &c.,  384.     Customs 
abolished  on  conditions,  382.     J.  Mills,  sur- 
veyor, 382.     W.  MiUs  allowed  to  purchase 


lands,  383.  Instructions  to  M.  Ki^gier,  383. 
Grants  of  land  to  be  confirmed,  387.  Elec- 
tion, 396.  Prisoner  sent  to  New  York  for 
contempt  of  court,  397.  May  lay  tax  on  li- 
quors to  pay  losses  by  privateers,  397.  Of- 
ficers confirmed  by  governor,  398.  Outrage 
of  Jones  at,  398,  401.  Plans  for  reducing; 
commissioners  to  hold  court  in  king's  name, 
and  settle  government,  405.  Court  esta- 
blished by  the  Dutch,  408.  Magistrates  ap- 
pointed, 409,  430,  445,  457,  472.  Man  fined 
for  spreading  reports  against  magistrates, 
461.  Yerhoof,  sun'eyor;  Yines,  sheriff,  464. 
Price  of  survey  to  be  same  as  in  Maryland, 
464.  Oath  administered  illegally,  464.  Ef- 
fect of,  465.  Duties  removed,  478.  Applies 
for  court-house,  prison,  stocks,  and  whipping- 
post, 481.  Named  Deal,  483.  St.  Jones's 
separated  from,  484.  Letter  to  court  about 
clerk,  501.  John  Vines  appointed  sheriff  by 
Penn,  603. 

Wiccacoa,  nucleus  of  the  Swedes'  Church  at, 
379.  Church  at,  to  be  built,  417.  Built,  438. 
Rev.  J.  Fabricius  called,  and  preaches  first 
sermon,  438.  To  be  repaired  at  expense  of 
members,  467. 

Wife,  Rysingh  T\Tites  to  Sweden  for  a,  153. 

Willoms,  J.,  letter  to  Beekman,  informing  of 
sudden  departure  of  D'Hinoyossa  and  Yan 
Sweringen  for  Maryland,  341.  His  death, 
341. 

Williams,  Mr.,  and  others,  propose  moving  to 
Maryland,  329. 

Willing  Mind,  the  ship,  arrives  from  London, 
445. 

Winslow,  Edward,  agent  in  London,  letter  to, 
from  commissioners  of  United  Colonies,  132. 

AYolf-pits  to  be  made,  448. 

Wolf-scalps,  levy  to  defray  expense  of,  in  pro- 
duce, at  rates  named,  446. 


Yacht  Restless  built,  5.  Two  sent  to  Schuyl- 
kill to  drive  otf  the  English,  Real  and  St. 
Martin,  61. 

Young,  Jacob,  summoned  to  New  York,  for 
treating  with  Indians,  473. 

Yeo,  John,  an  Episcopal  minister,  arrives  from 
Maryland ;  licensed  by  court  to  preach,  448. 
Gives  a  gloomy  account  of  morals  in  Mary- 
land ;  his  letter  to  the  archbishop,  449.  Applies 
to  the  court  for  his  salary ;  their  answer,  449. 
Acknowledges  a  deed,  450.  Tried  and  ac- 
quitted for  Certain  expressions,  470. 

z. 

Zetseoven,  Rev.  Abelius,  invited  by  Swedish 
congregation,  348.  Called  as  a  minister; 
preaches  at  Tinnakonk :    does  not  baptize ; 

.    will  not  give  him  up  at  New  Amstel,  353. 

Zwanendal,  settlement  at.  25.  Destroyed  by 
Indians,  27.  AVest  India  Company  desire  to 
purchase,  38.  Transfer  of,  to  Dutch  West 
India  Company,  39.     Deed  for,  39. 


THE    END. 


W35' 


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